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Figure 2. Comparison of Chinese monolingual dictionary and ChatGPT lexicography according to phraseoculture (origin), signification and example 4.1.2 Chinese-Chinese data We also checked the examples provided by the dictionaries of Rey and Chantreau. Despite some variations in page numbers, likely due to different editions, all example references have been confirmed as accurate. 1) Signification: Human dictionaries often begin by carefully explaining some complex characters in PUs before elaborating on the expression's overall meaning. This approach makes sense because many of the Chinese characters used in these expressions date back to ancient times and differ from today's modern Chinese meaning. The meanings given by ChatGPT are generally correct. 2) ChatGPT's examples are concrete and relevant to daily life. For instance, the following example from the human dictionary has been adopted by ChatGPT, modified to be more transparent and conversational, conveying an overall meaning of “At times, setbacks can bring about feelings of despair; however, they can also ignite a fighting spirit within individuals, leading to a rejuvenation:”

Figure 2 Comparison of Chinese monolingual dictionary and ChatGPT lexicography according to phraseoculture (origin), signification and example 4.1.2 Chinese-Chinese data We also checked the examples provided by the dictionaries of Rey and Chantreau. Despite some variations in page numbers, likely due to different editions, all example references have been confirmed as accurate. 1) Signification: Human dictionaries often begin by carefully explaining some complex characters in PUs before elaborating on the expression's overall meaning. This approach makes sense because many of the Chinese characters used in these expressions date back to ancient times and differ from today's modern Chinese meaning. The meanings given by ChatGPT are generally correct. 2) ChatGPT's examples are concrete and relevant to daily life. For instance, the following example from the human dictionary has been adopted by ChatGPT, modified to be more transparent and conversational, conveying an overall meaning of “At times, setbacks can bring about feelings of despair; however, they can also ignite a fighting spirit within individuals, leading to a rejuvenation:”

Related Figures (4)

Figure 1. | Comparison of the French monolingual dictionary and the ChatGPT lexicography based on phraseoculture, signification, and examples.
Figure 1. | Comparison of the French monolingual dictionary and the ChatGPT lexicography based on phraseoculture, signification, and examples.
However, we are unable to verify the accuracy of these responses based on our references. “It presents us with answers (and different answers every time we ask the same question), but we have no way of knowing how it generated them, and therefore no way of verifying their truthfulness. Whether this flaw can be overcome in future versions is not known’ (Rundell 2023, p. 16). ChatGPT is essentially a black box. 3) Examples: Cai's artificial dictionary surpasses mere literary examples, representing over a decade of collection and careful selection of over 1,500 French idiomatic expressions sourced from various materials like French, Swiss, and
However, we are unable to verify the accuracy of these responses based on our references. “It presents us with answers (and different answers every time we ask the same question), but we have no way of knowing how it generated them, and therefore no way of verifying their truthfulness. Whether this flaw can be overcome in future versions is not known’ (Rundell 2023, p. 16). ChatGPT is essentially a black box. 3) Examples: Cai's artificial dictionary surpasses mere literary examples, representing over a decade of collection and careful selection of over 1,500 French idiomatic expressions sourced from various materials like French, Swiss, and
Figure 4. Comparison of the Chinese-French bilingual dictionary and the ChatGPT lexicography according to phraseoculture (origin), translation and example. Belgian newspapers, as well as literary, historical, and philosophical works. Each PU is supported by two or three thoughtfully selected sentences, with detailed definitions in Chinese and French provided for each, exploring their origins, making comparisons to Chinese PU where appropriate, and consolidating them into a comprehensive work (Cai 2014, p. 3). In contrast, ChatGPT generally limits itself to providing examples from everyday life.
Figure 4. Comparison of the Chinese-French bilingual dictionary and the ChatGPT lexicography according to phraseoculture (origin), translation and example. Belgian newspapers, as well as literary, historical, and philosophical works. Each PU is supported by two or three thoughtfully selected sentences, with detailed definitions in Chinese and French provided for each, exploring their origins, making comparisons to Chinese PU where appropriate, and consolidating them into a comprehensive work (Cai 2014, p. 3). In contrast, ChatGPT generally limits itself to providing examples from everyday life.
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