Economic Development

The use of renewable energies as a response to the EU targets defined for 2030 Climate Change and Energy has been increasing. Also non-dispatchable and intermittent renewable energies like wind and solar cannot generally match supply and demand, which can also cause some problems in the grid. So, the increased interest in energy storage has evolved and there is nowadays an urgent need for larger energy storage capacity. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a proven technology for storing large quantities of electrical energy in the form of high-pressure air for later use when electricity is needed. It exists since the 1970's and is one of the few energy storage technologies suitable for long duration (tens of hours) and utility scale (hundreds to thousands of MW) applications. It is also one of the most cost-effective solutions for large to small scale storage applications. Compressed Air Energy Storage can be integrated and bring advantages to different levels of the electric system, from the Generation level, to the Transmission and Distribution levels, so in this paper a revisit of CAES is done in order to better understand what and how it can be used for our modern needs of energy storage.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

This strategic plan outlines a comprehensive approach for the international banking lobby to advocate for the adoption of Quantitative Balancing (QB) reform. The plan leverages the framework's potential benefits for systemic stability, regulatory compliance, and ethical banking while addressing potential industry concerns through phased implementation and stakeholder engagement.

Au sommaire :
► Evaluation et design des politiques publiques. Coopérer et hybrider pour transformer l'action publique
Société française de l'évaluation (SFE), Thomas Delahais, Virginie  Besrest, François Jégou et al., Cahiers de la Société française de l'évaluation, n° 12, juillet 2025. 158 p.
► Le vieillissement des espaces ruraux : un enjeu d’aménagement du territoire
Anton Paumelle, Fondation Jean Jaurès, septembre 2025. 11 p.
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This study aims to look on the role of government policy, infrastructure, and business support facility towards the performance of youth entrepreneurs involved in micro SMEs in Malaysia. Entrepreneurship development calls for support from various quarters and primarily the need exists to initiate a youth entrepreneurship culture and drive amongst the youth in the society. The study adopts a quantitative approach whereby a questionnaire survey was used to gather data. Seemingly unrelated regression (SURE) was chosen as a method of analysis and the result of this study is expected to give insight into the existing government policy, infrastructure, and business support facility while assisting in formulation policies for the development of youth entrepreneur specifically involved in micro SMEs.

Knowledge has been at the heart of economic growth and the gradual rise in levels of social well-being since time immemorial. The ability to invent and innovate, that is to create new knowledge and new ideas that are then embodied in products, processes and organizations, has always served to fuel development. (David and Foray, 2003: 20) In this volume the focus is on the relationships between knowledge and the economy and organization that are interwoven with conceptions of 'The Information Society' and related ideas such as 'The Knowledge Society'. The papers in the first part centre on economic perspectives and are followed by papers focusing on new open network models of organization, works on the digital divide, and lastly, papers representing research on organizational change. Economists have concluded that knowledge creation is an important driver of the economy, typically, making little distinction between information and knowledge. From this perspective, it is a very short step from The Information Society to The Knowledge Society, the terminology most often used in the papers in this volume. Of course, ideas about knowledge are not the exclusive preserve of economic analysis

This paper analyzes the sources of U.S. labor productivity growth in the post-1995 period and presents projections for both output and labor productivity growth for the next decade. Despite the recent downward revisions to U.S. GDP and software investment, we show that information technology (IT) played a substantial role in the U.S. productivity revival. We then outline a methodology for projecting trend output and productivity growth. Our base-case projection puts the rate of trend productivity growth at 2.21% per year over the next decade with a range of 1.33 -2.92%, reflecting fundamental uncertainties about the rate of technological progress in IT-production and investment patterns. Our central projection is only slightly below the average growth rate of 2.36% during the 1995-2000 period.

Introduction: During the past 20 years there have been important reductions in mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission rates. From 1994, after the implementation of the Pediatric Trials Clinical Groups 076 protocol which showed the efficacy of prophylactic zidovudine in preventing HIV transmission, a reduction from 25% to 8% of this type of transmission has been observed. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for optimizing effectiveness and preventing mother-to-child transmission by reducing the viral load to undetectable levels. Objective: Evaluate adherence to antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy compared to the postpartum period in women with human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A longitudinal observational descriptive study in two directions was performed with women with HIV, with no previous ART, accompanied at the antenatal clinic of the General Hospital of Nova Iguacu (HGNI). Interviews of two cohorts were analyzed: a retrospective...

This repository item contains a single issue of the Pardee Conference Series, a publication series that began publishing in 2006 by the Boston University Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future. This Conference took place during November 13, 14, and 15, 2003. Co-organized by Cutler Cleveland and Adil Najam.

Este trabalho busca analisar a atuação do ONU Mulheres Brasil a partir de um mapeamento do desenvolvimento e implementação de projetos por revisão sistemática de literatura, pesquisas no site oficial e contato direto com membros da organização e de projetos atrelados. Conclui-se que o órgão, apesar de associado a iniciativas em diversas áreas, alcança resultados de maneira ainda incipiente.

This paper examines the introduction of piped water during the colonial period and how people resisted it. Water is an important basic necessity of life that is crucial to any society's socioeconomic development. Adequate provision of water serves as a basic prerequisite for industrial development. Some of the major sources of water included wells, dams, rainfall/rainwater, and rivers. In addition to the private wells inside the houses, some popular public wells were located in various parts of the city. This paper is using extant literature and oral information to explore the history of the transformation of water supply in Kano. Findings of the study highlight that water supplied had contributed to the economic and social development of Kano. Some of the major impact of the piped water supply include industrialization and urbanization, reducing the prevalence of water-borne diseases, and provision of employment.

This research aims to find out the legal status of uncertified land that is disputed by the heirs and the community of Tolitehuyu village, Monano District, North Gorontalo Regency and to find out the form of legal settlement by the Tolitehuyu Village Government regarding disputed uncertified land. This research uses empirical methods. The results of this research show that the legal status of land ownership by the people of Tolitehuyu Village, Monano District, North Gorontalo Regency, some have a certificate and some do not have a certificate for the land they own. Where those who already have a legal status certificate are already the property of that community. Furthermore, for those who do not yet have a certificate, the legal status of their land is unclear or still weak. So the legal status must be registered with the National Land Agency of North Gorontalo Regency in accordance with the provisions of the applicable laws. The role of the Tolitehuyu Village Government in resolving uncertified land disputes in the community can be achieved by mediating through an intermediary called a modiator. The process of resolving land disputes by the Tolitehuyu Village Government is carried out in stages, namely submitting a complaint to the hamlet head, head The village presents the parties to the dispute, collects data, mediates and reads the decision.

The study investigated the impact and the determinants of Deposit Money Banks' loans and advances granted to agricultural sector in Nigerian sector from 1980 to 2011. In doing this the study employed rigorous econometric methods such as the multiple OLS regression, Philips-Perron, Unit Root Stationarity Test, Johnansen Co-integration, Parsimonious Error Correction Mechanism andGranger Causality Test with the help of E-views statistical package version 3.0. The results of the study revealed that the overall model is statistically significant. Based on this, the study concluded that deposit money banks' loans and advances did make positive impact on the agricultural sector of Nigerian within the period of review. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government and Monetary Authorities should respectively use expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to expand the volume of loans and advances that are given to agricultural sector of Nigeria. As a matter of policy ac...

La producción académica en ciencias sociales en América Latina en las décadas del cincuenta y del sesenta dio como fruto nuevas y originales corrientes teóricas, que han dejado una impronta significativa en la economía, la sociología y la ciencia política. El pensamiento latinoamericano en estas áreas del conocimiento aportó innovación, espíritu crítico y rigurosidad, favoreciendo el avance científico en aspectos nucleares de las mismas, al tiempo que realizó una contribución decisiva en el diseño y la implementación de políticas públicas en la región. En este trabajo se argumenta que uno de los aportes sustanciales de la producción latinoamericana de la época fue su papel en la consti-

Given the importance of hydrocarbons for this area, the purpose of this paper is to explore the response of universities to cope with new demands in the south of Texas and Tamaulipas, especially in relation to gas plays of Eagle Ford (Texas side) and Burgos Basin (Mexican side). To accomplish this task, in the first section of the paper a broad review of selected Texas universities is done, distinguishing their most relevant moves during the last three years. In the second section we do the same for the higher education institutions in the State of Tamaulipas, México. In the third and last section we end up with some final comments about the response of universities to cope with energy sector new demands in both sides of the border. Although related to research, in Texas the response of universities is diverse and also disperses; whilst in Tamaulipas the response mainly consists of new education provision to train human capital.

This article aims to assess whether or not property rates in Ghana are a good potential source of local revenue. Through detailed analysis of six local government case studies, we find that present prospects for most rural local areas to raise substantial rate revenue are circumscribed, but in urban councils they are more promising. Nevertheless, no council is able to collect rates fully and from all rateable properties. This is attributed to several factors: the politicisation of taxation; ethnic homogeneity; intergovernmental transfers; partisan local government elections; resistance caused by elite design; and the denial of public information. Although these factors have been identified in previous literature, the study includes new findings which challenge received academic thinking on how they affect local tax collection in developing countries.

Dear World Bank. I examined how region of residence correlates with poverty levels in Malawi. I used Intergreted Household Survey 2010 data of Malawi or World Bank LSMS-ISA 2010 Malawi data. My research findings show that urban areas had similar poverty levels irrespective of the region of residence (See Table 3). However poverty levels in rural Malawi were not similar. Table 1 and 2 that Central region significantly had lower levels of poverty as compared to Northern and Southern regions.

La economía chilena y la crisis internacional de 1907: vaivenes económicos y financieros en la periferia The Chilean economy and the international crisis of 1907: economic and financial ups and downs in the periphery Andrés Aguirre Briones * RESUMEN En esta investigación, se indaga en la economía chilena y la crisis económica internacional de 1907. Este acontecimiento, escasamente tratado por la historiografía, dispondrá de significativas repercusiones en el país. Se determina el impacto de la crisis en el comercio exterior y la producción exportada, su incidencia en el mercado cambiario, los ingresos fiscales, y en el término de un periodo álgido de creación de empresas. Junto con presentar la función de la banca y el alto comercio extranjero en la transmisión de esta coyuntura al país; además de la actuación del estado chileno ante la crisis, se profundiza en su impacto en el sistema bancario con la quiebra del Banco Mobiliario como suceso distintivo. Palabras clave: Chile a inicios del siglo XX, crisis económica de 1907, comercio exterior, periferia, bancos comerciales, casas comerciales.

Intervento alla presentazione del libro di F. Dandolo, Il mezzogiorno fra divari e cooperazione internazionale. «Informazioni SVIMEZ» e la cultura del nuovo meridionalismo (1948-1960), Bologna, il Mulino, 2017, svoltasi nel quadro delle giornate di incontri “Libri. Produrli, pubblicarli, studiarli”, Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Scienze politiche, 22-24 gennaio 2018.

This article examines the stage of language shift in Tlaxco (Santiago Tlaxco), a bilingual Nahuatl-Spanish-speaking community in Puebla, Mexico. We employ the theory of ecology of pressure framework to identify and analyze the pressures that favor or deter language maintenance of Nahuatl and categorize the level of language shift. The research data were drawn from 207 completed census questionnaires in 50 homes. Our findings show that Nahuatl is vigorous and used in the home and the community. Nahuatl is the preferred language of communication with adults and the older generation, while Spanish is commonly used with and among the youth. Based on these results, we conclude that Nahuatl continues to thrive in the community, with the risk of Spanish gradually replacing Nahuatl as the preferred language of communication across all age groups if the current youth population does not follow the current language use pattern as they enter adulthood. This study is one of the first to analyze the sociolinguistic situation of Tlaxco (Santiago Tlaxco). The findings, which are discussed in conjunction with other qualitative and observational studies, also provide a snapshot of a community at the potential early stage of language shift.

Climate adaptation has become a pressing issue. Yet little attention has been paid to the consequences of adaptation policies and practices for sustainability. Recognition that not every adaptation to climate change is a good one has drawn attention to the need for sustainable adaptation strategies and measures that contribute to social justice and environmental integrity. This paper presents four normative principles to guide responses to climate change and illustrates the significance of the 'sustainable adaptation' concept through case studies from diverse contexts. The principles include: first, recognize the context for vulnerability, including multiple stressors; second, acknowledge that differing values and interests affect adaptation outcomes; third, integrate local knowledge into adaptation responses; and fourth, consider potential feedbacks between local and global processes. We argue that fundamental societal transformations are required in order to achieve sustainable development pathways and avoid adaptation funding going into efforts that exacerbate vulnerability and contribute to rising emissions. Despite numerous challenges involved in achieving such change, we suggest that sustainable adaptation practices have the potential to address some of the shortcomings of conventional social and economic development pathways.

تعرض المجتمع الفلسطيني خلال السنوات الماضية لحالة من حالات عدم الاستقرار الناتجة عن فشل مسار التسوية السياسية وحدوث الانقسام الفلسطيني الداخلي، وتكرار الحروب والأزمات السياسية والأمنية والاقتصادية، مما سبب العديد من التشوهات البنيوية السياسية والمجتمعية، مما ترك تداعيات كبيرة على التجربة الديمقراطية الفلسطينية والسلم الأهلي، الأمر الذي بات يتطلب انتهاج سياسات ومقاربات مختلفة لتعزيز مسار بناء السلام الداخلي، وحماية السلم الأهلي وتعزيز مسار النهج الديمقراطي في المجتمع الفلسطيني.

وتكمّن إشكالية هذه الورقة في تناول سبل بناء السلام الداخلي الفلسطيني، وتعزيز النهج الديمقراطي وحماية السلم الأهلي في المجتمع الفلسطيني خلال مرحلة التشافي، من خلال ثلاث محاور رئيسية، يقدم الأول مدخل مفاهيمي للسلام وتعزيز الديمقراطية والسلم الأهلي، ويستعرض المحور الثاني مقومات عملية بناء السلام والديمقراطية والسلم الأهلي في المجتمع الفلسطيني، بينما يتناول المحور الثالث الآليات والسياسات التي يمكن خلالها حماية الجهة الداخلية الفلسطينية وحل الأزمات والخلافات وحماية التعددية في المجتمع الفلسطيني.

report sets out the findings of research into the relationship between rurality, skills and productivity in the East Midlands. The report has been prepared by the Enterprise Research and Development Unit (ERDU) at the University of Lincoln on behalf of the East Midlands Development Agency (emda). The full report, which includes the detailed data analysis that underpins the findings set out in this summary is available separately. The aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of the relationship between rurality, skills and productivity in the East Midlands. Through this report, emda is seeking to explore the linkages between skills and productivity in rural areas, and to identify whether there are factors associated with rurality or remoteness that inhibit the development of skills and productivity, or exacerbate the negative impacts of low skills on productivity. Previous studies 1 in the East Midlands have indicated a gap in the understanding of the relationship between skills, productivity and rurality in the East Midlands, and point to the need for additional research. The key aims of the project are: To explore and provide an understanding of the relationship between rurality, low skills and productivity; To test the relationship between rurality, low skills and productivity and, specifically, the effect of rurality and remoteness on skills and productivity; To identify the specific factors that may be associated with, or inhibit, skills and productivity in rural and/or remote areas; and To provide a sub-regional analysis of these factors that enables rural and/or remote areas that are particularly disadvantaged by low skills and low productivity to be identified. 1.4 Productivity refers to the rate at which the economy adds value and the how effectively the economy uses the resources it has available. Productivity is important because it is a key driver of economic growth and, therefore, economic wellbeing and sustainability. 1.5 Traditionally, income is a function of land, labour and capital and qualitative as well as quantitative changes in these factor inputs affect output, i.e. GDP measures. When considering the skills relationship with productivity, we therefore concern ourselves with wider factor input effects on GDP. In addition to these factor inputs, there are 'other' effects on productivity. Total factor productivity includes variables which are not direct inputs, but which can have an effect on output. These include factors such as improvements in technologies or infrastructure. In rural areas, total factor productivity variables may include spatial effects such as agglomeration and connectivity. These may provide 'externalities' that improve productivity, or may qualitatively improve the productivity of factor inputs. 1.6 Skills, the ability of people to undertake specific tasks, are identified by the Treasury 2 as one of five key drivers of productivity which also include investment, innovation, enterprise, and competition. Skills are also a dimension, or indicator, of human capital. As indicated by Gary Becker 3 , there are positive relationships between wealth and prosperity and overall levels of human capital, as measured by multiple indicators (normally education attainment).

Main pharmaceutical policy goals in Ghana are access to essential medicines for everybody, quality assurance for all drugs on the market, a functioning and efficient supply chain as well as rational use of medicines by professionals and patients. There is also a commitment to strengthen the domestic pharmaceutical industry, outlined under health industry in the national health policy. Key challenges are limited capacity to enforce regulation, high levels of provider indebtedness due to poor management and flaws in the payment system, a weak public sector supply chain that is increasingly being substituted by the private sector and a fragmented national private sector (manufacturing and distribution), lacking capital to make necessary investments into quality improvements. The National Health Insurance System has significantly improved access to medicines for insured patients, measured in increased utilization of facilities and rapidly growing turnover of revolving drug funds. The risk is now that non-rational prescribing and fraud lead to a growing medicine bill that threatens financial sustainability of NHIS. On the other hand, NHIA has the resources and purchasing power to influence provider behavior as well as the market in terms of quality and price. The incoming government will have to address the challenge of coordinating the various actors and ensure that they work together to develop, review and implement appropriate policies to address the above challenges. Policy options presented for key areas include limited but efficient regulatory measures with focus on high risk products, solutions to fix the supply chain with different degrees of private sector participation, thoughts on a sustainable industrial policy for the sector, solutions to limit NHIS' drug expenditure and measures to improve rational use of drugs.

This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network (HDN). The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor,

The paper assesses the relationship between Nigeria’s stock market returns, interest rate and gross domestic product from 1991Q1 to 2016Q4. VAR model and analysis were used; the results show an inverse relationship between interest rate and stock return. And interest rate shocks affect stock market and gross domestic product. The study recommendation of the study implies that a timely monetary policy adjustment by the monetary policy committee (MPC) and real adjustments in inflation targets and money supply will help to achieve stability in the stock market and economic growth. Also this will help in promoting the desired confidence among participants and economic stability in the stock market. Keyword: Stock Market, Interest Rate, Economic Growth, VAR JEL Classification: G12, C 60, 011, C 1

The objective of this research endeavor is to investigate the disparities based on gender concerning investor cognizance of gold financial instruments within the context of Bengaluru, while also assessing the mediatory function of satisfaction in the correlation between mental accounting and purchasing attitudes. This scholarly inquiry aspires to yield valuable insights into consumer behavior and the mechanisms underpinning investment decision-making processes. A structured questionnaire was used to carry out the survey. Data were gathered using both offline and online methods. Data were gathered online using Google Forms. Participants were chosen using convenience sampling methods. A total of 200 responses from Gold Investors in Bengaluru urban and rural regions were used for data analysis. The research uncovers notable differences between genders regarding their awareness of gold investment options, where men exhibit greater financial literacy while women place a higher value on security. Moreover, satisfaction serves as a mediator in the connection between mental accounting and purchasing attitudes, suggesting that favorable emotional experiences bolster consumer confidence and affect investment choices for both genders.

Currently, one of the main universal challenges is how to warrant food security for a humankind growing population whereas ensuring and abiding sustainable development. As stated by the FAO, food production will need to flourish by 70% to feed humankind population which will attain 9 billion by 2050. The study employed the administration of questioner to fifty (50) selected farmers in the community constituting of male and female farmers to avoid gender bias. fifty (50) farmers were selected at random constituting of five (35) male farmers and five (15) female famers. The study found that Timely harvesting gives 34% higher yield (2,882 vs 2,148 kg/ha). Post-harvest loss is almost half (9% vs 18%). Despite lower losses, timely harvesters face smaller average economic impact. Descriptive Statistics shows that: Yield (kg/ha): avg 2,361 (min 750) (max 3,500) post-harvest loss (%): avg 14.4% (min 5%) (max 25%) Economic Impact (₦): avg ₦53,029 (min ₦20,000) (max ₦119,160). Timely harvest improves both yield and reduces losses. Untimely harvest nearly doubles the loss percentage (17.6% vs 9.1%). Economic burden is higher on untimely farmers, their total impact is ₦344,160 vs ₦133,100 for timely farmers. One extreme case (untimely, 2,700 kg/ha, loss 20%, impact ₦119,160) shows how late harvesting can severely increase losses.

This study aimed to analyze the rate and determinants of farm machinery adoption among smallscale farmers using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The study revealed that only 46% of respondents had adopted at least one form of farm machinery. Education level, farm size, access to credit, and extension services were statistically significant predictors of machinery adoption. A logistic regression model indicated that access to credit increases the likelihood of adoption by 17.1%, while an additional hectare of land increases the odds by 19.6%. The ROC curve had an AUC of 0.82, showing that the model had strong classification accuracy. The correlation matrix showed positive and significant relationships between machinery use and all other independent variables. Regional disparities in adoption rates were also significant (ANOVA, p < 0.01), suggesting location-specific factors influence adoption behavior among 200 small-scale farmers in Biu, Borno State.

The total quality principles implementation contributes to the improving in meeting the consumer needs, essential reduction of costs and increasing sales. The total quality is a concept that assures the total satisfaction of clients on the entire distribution chain, including all the actors in this chain. The aquaculture and fisheries are very diverse sectors which use different breeding and fishing technologies and provide a wide variety of specific products. This induces a real complexity of the supply and distribution chain for fish and fishery products, including the links from the production point (fishery or farm) to the final consumer. The components of the distribution chain differ with the geographic areas, type of farms, transportation, information on the fishery market and management systems. Implementing the total food quality system for fishery products involves the quality specification in all marketing stages for all products, along the entire distribution chain. The present work was focused on identifying the distribution chain for fish and fishery products with the identification of the specificity of this type of chain form farm to end consumer, which is the first step in the implementation of total quality concept in aquaculture, with all the benefits that come with it.

The quality of life in rural settlements of Latin America La investigación aborda el análisis de las diferentes características y condiciones que prevalecen en el medio rural latinoamericano referidas al entorno de la vivienda rural y los asentamientos rurales. Comienza con una breve descripción del medio ambiente latinoamericano, particularmente referida a la problemática ambiental, realidad agraria y ocupación del espacio rural. Continúa con un análisis sobre la población de la región, sus dinámicas de crecimiento, indicadores demográficos y algunos pormenores de los asentamientos rurales. Después se realiza un análisis general de un conjunto de componentes relacionados con la calidad de vida de toda la Región Iberoamericana, con especial referencia a indicadores demográficos, socioeconómicos, de servicios y cobertura de la salud de cada una de las subregiones que conforman América Latina: México, Centroamérica, Caribe Latino, Área Andina, Brasil y el Cono Sur. Finalmente, se analizan los resultados de 20 indicadores de Calidad de Vida a nivel de cada país, referidos a la vivienda y entorno rural, agrupados en cuatro (4) áreas o componentes: importancia económica y condición social de la población rural; situación, recursos y cobertura de los servicios de salud a nivel de área rural; dinámica de la población rural; y, condiciones ambientales y estado de la tierra. Por último, los países se agrupan, dentro de cada componente, en categorías de: mejores a más deficientes condiciones de vida. Palabras clave: calidad de vida; asentamiento rural; Iberoamérica; desarrollo rural; sociedad rural.

In a recent article in Economic Development Quarterly, "Comparative Economic Impact Analyses: Differences Across Cities, Events, and Demographics" (November 2004), Michael Mondello and Patrick Rishe examined the economic impact of small, amateur sporting events on host economies. This response to their work suggests four reasons why ex ante economic impact estimates for smaller sporting events may come closer to matching ex post reality than those for "mega-events" including less crowding out, lower hosting costs, higher multipliers, and less incentive for boosters to published inflated figures.

Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans in late August 2005, resulting in damage to much of the city’s sports infrastructure and the temporary departure of both of New Orleans’ major league professional sports teams, the National Football League Saints and the National Basketball Association Hornets. The city spent over $500 million restoring the sports infrastructure in New Orleans, and both teams subsequently returned to the city. In addition, New Orleans has since hosted numerous mega-sporting events including the Super Bowl, NCAA Men’s Basketball Final Four, and several college football national championships. This paper examines the economic impact of Hurricane Katrina on professional sports in New Orleans and traces the recovery of the city in conjunction with spectator sports

Алберт Хиршман (1915–2012) е известен с интердисциплинарния си подход икономист, чийто принос надхвърля традиционните рамки на иконо-мическата теория и оказва съществено влияние върху останалите обществени науки. През 50-те години на 20 век той формулира теорията за небалансирания растеж, преосмисляйки господстващите възгледи за икономическото развитие. Вместо да залага на едновременно развитие във всички сектори, Хиршман под-чертава, че стратегически насочени инвестиции към избрани сектори могат да предизвикат поредица от положителни икономически ефекти и да ускорят растежа. С помощта на друга своя концепция – „изход“ (exit) и „глас“ (voice), той обяснява поведението на индивидите при неудовлетвореност. Тези механизми според Хиршман допринасят за подобряване на качеството на предлаганите частни и обществени блага. Идеите на Хиршман намират широк отзвук и ста-ват основа на плодотворни теоретични подходи в социалните науки.|| Albert Hirschman (1915–2012) was an economist known for his influential interdisciplinary social science models. In the 1950s, he developed the theory of unbalanced growth, which changed development theory. Hirschman argued that partial effects induced by targeted investments can have positive economic impacts on the development of national economies. In another behavioural model – exit and voice, he explains how dissatisfied individuals can react and how these reactions may affect the quality of output provided in both private and public goods. Hirschman's ideas have been incorporated into many concepts in the social sciences.

Are public participation and the health of the local economy predictors of municipal bond election success? This explanatory study evaluates the impact of public participation programs and the health of the local economy on municipal bond election outcome. Thirty-eight Texas municipal bond elections between the years 2000 and 2007 are observed, controlled for demographic factors of city size, wealth, debt, credit rating, and bond size. Using the scholarly literature as a guide, formal hypotheses dealing with the impact of public participation and the local economy are developed. The hypotheses are tested using a binary logistic regression and the results did not support the hypotheses. The regression failed to reveal any significant relationship among public participation or the local economy on bond election outcomes. Hence, other factors not accounted for by the study should be explored.

The monograph is devoted to a theoretical rethinking of the processes of simple, expanded, and contracted reproduction in a market economy, and to the critique of the methodological foundations of the System of National Accounts (SNA). It is demonstrated that the inclusion of depreciation in the composition of gross product, as established in the SNA, is a methodological error that distorts macroeconomic indicators. As an alternative, the necessity of calculating gross product on the basis of net capital formation is substantiated. On the basis of Smith’s Dogma and a reconstruction of K. Marx’s schemes, the conditions of equivalent exchange are formulated with clarifications: rent is treated as an independent form of income; profit is differentiated into its consumed and saved parts; depreciation is interpreted as redistribution rather than as newly created value. Special attention is given to the problem of unfinished production of capital goods.
A key result of the study is the application of the Symmetric Model, which extends the principle of interaction between the two departments in Marx’s schemes to the entire set of branches of the economy, including households. The model is built on the methodological foundation of second-order dialectics, second-order cybernetics, and social constructivism. It helps explain the nature of cycles and crises as immanent forms of manifestation of the reproduction process under the conditions of spontaneous self-regulation in a competitive economy.
A separate chapter is devoted to the manifestations of reproduction under conditions of monopolization and financialization of the economy, showing that the concentration of profit and the redistribution of resources in favor of the financial sector undermine the circular organization of the economy, disrupt equivalent exchange, and exacerbate structural imbalances. Monopolization, inequality, and financialization are considered as factors leading the market economy into systemic crisis.
In the final part of the monograph, the possibilities of mathematical formalization of reproduction processes are discussed. The Symmetric Model provides a basis for constructing dynamic systems that describe the interaction between branches and factors of production. This makes it possible to conduct local stability analysis, to identify endogenous sources of cycles and crises, and to develop methods of regulation on the basis of simulation modeling and artificial intelligence.
The Appendices contain AI Commentaries that demonstrate new possibilities for analyzing and interpreting complex economic problems with the help of AI. This format makes it possible to combine strict theoretical argumentation with elements of additional verification and methodological validation from the side of AI.
The work is addressed to researchers and practitioners in the fields of economic theory, macroeconomics, and institutional analysis, as well as to all those interested in the problems of reproduction, crises, and the reform of the SNA.

One of the main problems of the Eurozone is the growing and considerable split between vulnerable and resilient member countries. The split pre-existed the crisis, but it was the institutional and policy incompleteness of the Eurozone and the management of the crisis that made the split evident and potentially dangerous for the monetary union. The European Union is gaining time by increasing the use of flexibility that exists in the treaties and pacts and coupling it with the supportive ECB attitude and action. However, it is difficult to see how the monetary union can continue in the long run by imposing unreasonable costs to and causing prolonged economic decline of vulnerable countries and if some of its member countries are unable or unwilling to implement the necessary reforms. External and internal events added a significant economic and financial danger to European integration, and an even greater institutional and political threat. The paper analyzes the causes and consequences of the division between resilient and vulnerable countries. The paper concludes that the EU and its member countries should pragmatically revise and relaunch the process of European integration and suggests important steps in this direction.