Development Economics

The rampant spread of the COVID-19 infection poses a grave and formidable challenge to global healthcare, with particular concern to the inhabitants of the African continent. In response to these pressing concerns, different strategies have been employed to combat the emergence of this insidious disease, encompassing crucial measures such as physical distancing, the utilization of face masks, meticulous hand hygiene, and widespread vaccination campaigns. Nevertheless, the economic realities faced by numerous African nations, characterized by their classification as “low-income countries (LICs)”, present a formidable barrier to accessing and distributing approved vaccines to their populations. Moreover, it is essential to discuss the hesitancy of the European Union (EU) in releasing intellectual property rights associated with the transfer of vaccine technology to Africa. While the EU has been a key player in global efforts to combat the pandemic, there has been reluctance in sharing...

This study is conducted to assess the credit risk management of MFIs found in Ethiopia and to rate these institutions according to their rank. In conducting this study secondary data from audited annual reports of the MFIs, performance analysis report bulletins, the web sites of the MFIs and from the Mix Market (MIX) was collected. The Morgan Stanley approach was employed to assess the credit risk management of the MFIs rated in accordance to their grade. Accordingly the overall credit risk management of these MFIs is ranked as follows ACSI (1st), DECSI (2nd), Wasasa (3rd ), PEACE, OCSSCO,and BUSSA (4th ), ADCSI (5th ), SFPI(6th ),OMO(7th ),and Wisdom (8th). Based on their result these institutions are recommended to re-assess their credit risk management process and procedures in each rating factors in which they fail to achieve the best grade in the Morgan Stanley grading approach.

The use of renewable energies as a response to the EU targets defined for 2030 Climate Change and Energy has been increasing. Also non-dispatchable and intermittent renewable energies like wind and solar cannot generally match supply and demand, which can also cause some problems in the grid. So, the increased interest in energy storage has evolved and there is nowadays an urgent need for larger energy storage capacity. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a proven technology for storing large quantities of electrical energy in the form of high-pressure air for later use when electricity is needed. It exists since the 1970's and is one of the few energy storage technologies suitable for long duration (tens of hours) and utility scale (hundreds to thousands of MW) applications. It is also one of the most cost-effective solutions for large to small scale storage applications. Compressed Air Energy Storage can be integrated and bring advantages to different levels of the electric system, from the Generation level, to the Transmission and Distribution levels, so in this paper a revisit of CAES is done in order to better understand what and how it can be used for our modern needs of energy storage.

Background: Communities affected by chronic drought conditions face a wide variety of challenges including an adverse effect on their nutritional status. The Government of India, during the year 2002-03, declared nine States viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh and Orissa as drought affected. Material and Methods: At the request of Department of Agriculture, Government of India, a rapid community based cross-sectional study was carried out adopting multistage random sampling procedure with the objective to assess the nutritional status of community in these nine chronic drought affected states in India. Results: In general, the intakes of all the nutrients were grossly deficit as against their RDAs. The nutrition intervention programmes initiated by the Government of India, in general, contributed to meet the daily requirement of staples like cereals & millets in most of the States. Conclusion: In drought-affected...

Pesticide chemicals are playing a fundamental, vital role in crop production generally and in cotton yield specifically. These pesticides are comprised toxic ingredients and while playing their lethal and cidal role against insects/pests and other crop damaging organisms, they also leave harmful impact on human beings and atmosphere. To avoid the pesticide related health hazards by proper handling according to parameters designed by WTO, the study was designed and conducted, obtaining a sample of 220 respondents through simple random sampling technique by selecting 11 cotton grower farmers from each of 20 villages and they were probed for multiple aspects of pesticide handling through a reliable and validated interview schedule. The data collected, were processed through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The results show that in spite of awareness about injurious effects of pesticide chemicals on human health and environment, 94% of cotton growers were involved in pesticides usage for handsome cotton yield. To fulfill the requirements by WTO, formal and informal training of cotton growers is required for Integrated Pest Management.

A quasi cinquant'anni dalla suddivisione in zone urbanistiche del 1977, Roma ha avviato una profonda revisione della propria geografia urbana, per rispondere ai cambiamenti sociali, demografici e territoriali in atto. La nuova mappa nasce dall'esigenza di rappresentare con maggiore aderenza la realtà policentrica della città e di applicare concretamente il modello della "Città dei 15 minuti", basato su prossimità e accessibilità. Attraverso un processo partecipato che ha coinvolto Municipi, Università, Istat e cittadinanza, sono stati individuati 327 quartieri e 22 rioni, con un netto incremento rispetto alle 155 zone precedenti, in particolare nelle aree esterne al Grande Raccordo Anulare. Alla mappatura, realizzata con l'impiego di dati territoriali e strumenti GIS, si affianca l'identificazione di 104 zone funzionali non residenziali. Il progetto è tuttora in corso, aperto al confronto pubblico e soggetto a verifiche e aggiustamenti. L'obiettivo è rafforzare la coesione urbana, valorizzare le periferie e promuovere un nuovo modello di governance locale, in grado di rendere Roma una città più inclusiva, sostenibile e connessa.-Nearly fifty years after Rome's 1977 division into urban zones, the city has launched a comprehensive revision of its urban geography to respond to ongoing social, demographic, and territorial changes. This new mapping initiative seeks to better reflect Rome's polycentric structure and to concretely implement the "15-minute city" model, which emphasizes proximity and accessibility. Developed through a participatory process involving municipalities, universities, Istat, and local residents, the updated framework identifies 327 neighbourhoods and 22 historical districts (rioni)-a significant increase from the previous 155 zones, particularly in areas beyond the Grande Raccordo Anulare. Supported by territorial data and GIS tools, the mapping also includes 104 non-residential functional areas. The project remains a work in progress, open to public consultation and subject to ongoing refinement. Its overarching goal is to foster urban cohesion, strengthen peripheral areas, and promote a new model of local governance, making Rome a more inclusive, sustainable, and interconnected city. Era il 1977 quando, sotto il sindaco Carlo Giulio Argan, Roma si dotava di un nuovo strumento di lettura del territorio attraverso le 165 zone urbanistiche approvate grazie alla Delibera n. 2982 del 29/30 luglio 1977 del Consiglio Comunale di Roma [1]. L'obiettivo era semplice: comprendere e conoscere meglio una città già allora complessa, per poter pianificare con maggiore efficacia gli interventi sul territorio. Con la separazione del Comune di Fiumicino nel 1992, le zone divennero 155 (Tabella 1). Tuttavia, in quasi mezzo secolo, Roma ha vissuto trasformazioni profonde che rendono oggi necessario ripensare radicalmente quella mappa. Il dato più evidente è la progressiva espansione della popolazione verso l'esterno. Anche se il numero complessivo di abitanti è rimasto relativamente stabile, sempre più persone risiedono in quartieri cresciuti fuori o ai margini del Grande Raccordo Anulare. In questi territori, spesso nati senza un vero piano urbanistico, si concentrano giovani famiglie che vivono in condizioni di fragilità, aggravate dalla carenza di trasporti, scuole, centri culturali e servizi di prossimità [2] [3]. Per leggere e affrontare questa nuova realtà urbana, si è deciso di costruire una geografia aggiornata, capace di restituire la vera articolazione della Capitale. Un passo reso necessario anche per applicare concretamente il concetto di "città dei 15 minuti", che propone una visione urbana basata su prossimità e accessibilità dei servizi essenziali. [4] [5] Una mappa fondata sull'esperienza dei territori Il lavoro sulla nuova mappatura è iniziato a dicembre 2021 con una nota formale inviata dall'Assessorato al "Decentramento, La nuova mappa di Roma: un cantiere aperto per la città che verrà Economia e Politica è una pubblicazione online registrata con

Using Ogun State located in south-western Nigeria, this chapter draws attention to the increase in output productivity of priority crops in the State from 2003 to 2015 due to the acquisitions of over 47,334 hectares of agricultural land across 28 communities in different Local Government Areas (LGAs). From Ogun State Agriculture Data, eight priority crops are analyzed: cassava, maize, rice, melon, yam, cocoyam, potato and cowpea. Statistics reveal that the cultivation of cassava gives the highest average output of 4,515,620 metric tonnes and yield per hectare of 16.41 relative to other produce which affirms that Ogun State has the most comparative advantage in the cultivation of cassava followed by maize. The chapter further explores other pro-poor programmes directed at ensuring food security in the State.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the current status of applied entrepreneurship training supported by KOSGEB (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey) in Bilecik province. Entrepreneurship plays an important role from the view of countries in acceleration of economic growth, promotion of welfare, increase in the volume of employment, elimination of regional disparities. Therefore, in all developed or developing countries, a number of training activities for entrepreneurs are made within the government policies which are supporting and incentive for entrepreneurship. As a result of the research; It was seen that the gender of the participants in the training was approximately the same, and the highest level of participation in education was composed of undergraduate graduates. 5,796 participants participated in 188 trainings organized from the beginning of 2012 to the end of 2018, at the same time 251 people (0.44%) was supported by KOSGEB. While there are 16 training organizations, 47% of these trainings are organized by only one organization. Interviews with trainees (10), trainers (3) and KOSGEB (2) officials have done and their opinions about the trainings have got.

This chapter explores the governmental remittance-related development strategies in monarchist and socialist Yugoslavia. It analyzes administrative practices and language regarding the actual or envisaged utilization of remittances. It stresses in particular the policymakers’ misconception regarding the nature of remittances as being private and not a disposable public resource as they assumed. This assumption facilitated grand yet impossible developmental designs based on an anticipated transformative impact of remittances. By establishing a comparative perspective with corresponding Turkish developments in the 1970s and 1980s, this chapter investigates whether the Yugoslav economic failure or Turkish relative success of the 1980s can be related to their previous histories of remittance management.

This is a theoretically informed and empirically grounded research into a wide range of issues on ethnicity and inequality in China. The contributors, who are established scholars and emerging young research stars in the field, turn a reflective and critical eye on changes and challenges in ethnic policies and practices in China. A gift to teachers, researchers, policy analysts, and students interested in ethnicity in China.

The systems for in ationary goals was introduced in Brazil in June 21, 1999, after the country had abandoned the exchange regime linked to the U.S. dollar. The objective of this article is to show the in ation behavior since the introduction of this anti-in ationary regime until the year 2005, for the simple comparison of the annual goal set up by the government, after this system implementation in the country, with the in ation known in the same period. For 1999, the in ation goal was stipulated in 8%, 6% for 2000, 4% for 2001, 3.5% for 2002, 8.5% for 2003, with a tolerance of two percent points up or down from 1 Trabalho Final de Graduação TFG. 2 Acadêmico do Curso de Economia UNIFRA. 3 Orientador UNIFRA. 196 Disc. Scientia. Série: Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Santa Maria, v. 1 , n. 1, p. 195-206, 2005. the goal and tolerance of two and a half percent points for the years of 2004 and 2005, with goals of 5.5% and 4.5%, respectively. The simple comparation between the stipulated goal...

O sistema de metas inflacionarias foi introduzido no Brasil em 21 de junho de 1999, apos o pais abandonar o regime de câmbio atrelado ao dolar americano. O objetivo, neste artigo, e mostrar o comportamento da inflacao desde a implementacao desse regime antiinflacionario ate o ano de 2005, para a simples comparacao da meta anual estipulada pelo governo, posterior a implementacao do sistema no pais, com a inflacao verificada no mesmo periodo. Para o ano de 1999, a meta para a inflacao foi estipulada em 8%, 6% para 2000, 4% para 2001, 3,5% para 2002, 8,5% para 2003, com intervalo de tolerância de dois pontos percentuais para cima ou para baixo do centro da meta e tolerância de dois e meio pontos percentuais para os anos de 2004 e 2005, com metas de 5,5% e 4,5%, respectivamente. A simples comparacao entre a meta estipulada e a inflacao verificada no mesmo periodo indicam que a meta foi cumprida nos anos de 1999, 2000, 2004 e 2005, mas nao foi cumprida nos anos de 2001, 2002, 2003.

The study investigates the macro determinants of global financial inclusion using world data from 1999 to 2023 period. The data were analysed using the fully modified ordinary least squares regression estimator, the two-stage least squares regression estimator and the robust least squares regression estimator. The determinants examined are total domestic investment, macroeconomic management frameworks, international trade openness, total population size, consumer spending, and economic growth rate. The findings reveal that population size and trade openness have a positive effect on global financial inclusion through a higher financial inclusion index and commercial bank branch expansion. Total domestic investment and sound macroeconomic management have a negative effect on global financial inclusion through a decrease in the financial inclusion index and a reduction in the number of bank branches and the negative effect is more pronounced in the post-financial crisis years. However, total population size remain a positive determinant of global financial inclusion in the post-financial crisis years. Trade openness and consumer spending increase global financial inclusion during periods of economic prosperity while total domestic investment and sound macroeconomic management decrease global financial inclusion during periods of economic prosperity. In terms of forward-looking orientation, the study finds that a large population and weak macroeconomic management in the present period leads to financial inclusion gains in the future. It is recommended that policy adjustments in today's population size and macroeconomic management frameworks can help to achieve future financial inclusion targets. The findings contribute to the financial inclusion literature by using world data to offer new insights into the factors that can accelerate global financial inclusion.

Myanmar is a developing country with considerable humanitarian needs, rendering its pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) an especially high priority. Yet progress to date remains under-examined on key fronts. Particularly within the three health-related MDGs (MDGs 4, 5, and 6), the limited data reported point to patchy levels of achievement. This study was undertaken to provide an overview and assessment of Myanmar’s progress toward the health-related MDGs, along with possible solutions for accelerating health-related development into 2015 and beyond. The review highlights off-track progress in the spheres of maternal and child health (MDGs 4 and 5). It also shows Myanmar’s achievements toward MDG 6 targets – in the areas of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Such achievements are especially notable in that Myanmar has been receiving the lowest level of official development assistance among all of the least developed countries in Asia. However, to make similar progre...

People's lives are impacted by their health, which must be preserved. A nation's economy frequently undervalues the health sector. This study aims to see the effect that government spending on health has on economic growth in 508 regions in Indonesia from 2017 to 2019. The method used in this study is panel data regression analysis with the Fixed effect model (FEM) approach. The data used in this study are secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. The study's findings show that while government expenditure on health and education has a positive and significant impact on economic growth, the rate of population expansion has a negative and significant impact.

There is a need for those working in the humanitarian and development sector to be made aware of the importance of ecosystem services and the biodiversity that underpins them, for all, but particularly for the poorest and most vulnerable people in developing countries. Their direct dependence on natural resources can be increased during and after crisis, and the condition of ecosystems can thus affect both people’s vulnerability to crisis and their ability to recover. Conservation organisations have a potentially positive role to play, not only in their humanitarian response but also in reducing risk and enhancing resilience.

FDI as a growth stimulating factor is seen as the largest source of external financing to developing countries and helps to ease capital constraints and contributes to output and employment generation. This paper examined the impact of foreign direct investment on employment generation in Nigeria within the period 1991 to 2021. The variables used in the study include employment rate, foreign direct investment, trade openness and real exchange rate. The paper used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for its regression analysis. The data for the analysis was sourced from CBN statistical bulletin and world bank development indicator. The study finds that foreign direct investment and Trade openness have a positive impact on employment generation in Nigeria. Real exchange rate has a negative impact on employment generation in Nigeria. The paper finds that a short run relationship exists between foreign direct investment, real exchange rate, trade openness and employment generation in Nigeria. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that Government should make effort to attract more Foreign Direct Investment into the country to create more employment opportunities through Multi-National Corporations. The Government should encourage trade openness in order to enhance more Foreign Direct Investment in the country as it will increase the standard of living of the citizens by the provision of highly paid employment.

The study investigated the impact and the determinants of Deposit Money Banks' loans and advances granted to agricultural sector in Nigerian sector from 1980 to 2011. In doing this the study employed rigorous econometric methods such as the multiple OLS regression, Philips-Perron, Unit Root Stationarity Test, Johnansen Co-integration, Parsimonious Error Correction Mechanism andGranger Causality Test with the help of E-views statistical package version 3.0. The results of the study revealed that the overall model is statistically significant. Based on this, the study concluded that deposit money banks' loans and advances did make positive impact on the agricultural sector of Nigerian within the period of review. The study therefore recommended that the Federal Government and Monetary Authorities should respectively use expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to expand the volume of loans and advances that are given to agricultural sector of Nigeria. As a matter of policy ac...

This study examined economic growth through the lens of non-oil export in Nigeria from 1970 to 2008. It was prompted by incessant insignificant contribution of non-oil export to economic growth of Nigeria from 1970 to 2008. The overall objective of the study is to ascertain the impact or influence of non-oil export on Gross Domestic Product by way of finding, if any, the relationship between economic growth and non-oil export through an economic lens. In order to achieve these objectives, research questions were raised and hypotheses were formulated. For these raised issues to be addressed, econometric analysis of Ordinary Least Squares regression method (multiple regression analysis) and the co-integration/error correction technique. The findings of the study include money supply is positively related to economic growth. This implies that an increase in money supply stimulates growth. This is in agreement with our expectation and economic theory. An increase in money supply spurs growth by making investment funds available at a reduced rate to investors. At a lower interest rate people borrow more that is as investment increases, production and output also raises leading to a rise in economic growth. Also, the result of our analysis indicates that non-oil export and money supply are positively related to economic growth. On the other hand credit to the private sector was found to be negatively related to economic growth. Based on the findings, it is therefore recommended that Government should increase investment in non-oil sector; because our result shows that non-oil export is positively related to economic growth but insignificant at 5 percent level. An increase in investment by both private and the government in real sector like agriculture, industry and manufacturing will help boost economic growth through employment creation, output stimulation and improvement in income level. The real sector remains the key avenue for rapid and sustained growth in an economy be it developed or developing countries. The monetary authorities should reduce lending rate to single digit may help stimulate investment and economic growth in the country. We therefore conclude that rise in these variables can stimulate growth while a fall, reduces economic growth. On the other hand credit to the private sector was found to be negatively related to economic growth.

La producción académica en ciencias sociales en América Latina en las décadas del cincuenta y del sesenta dio como fruto nuevas y originales corrientes teóricas, que han dejado una impronta significativa en la economía, la sociología y la ciencia política. El pensamiento latinoamericano en estas áreas del conocimiento aportó innovación, espíritu crítico y rigurosidad, favoreciendo el avance científico en aspectos nucleares de las mismas, al tiempo que realizó una contribución decisiva en el diseño y la implementación de políticas públicas en la región. En este trabajo se argumenta que uno de los aportes sustanciales de la producción latinoamericana de la época fue su papel en la consti-

This paper evaluates consequences of taxation policy changes in• terms of effects on government revenue, households and production. It concentrates on derivation and analysis of effective taxes. The revised economy-wide input-output table prepared at the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics has been used to estimate effective taxes and shadow prices. The paper finds that in Pakistan as in other developing countries effective tax rates diverge substantially from nominal tax rates - a fact whose awareness can greatly help the policy-makers in avoiding unintended consequences of government policies.

Intervento alla presentazione del libro di F. Dandolo, Il mezzogiorno fra divari e cooperazione internazionale. «Informazioni SVIMEZ» e la cultura del nuovo meridionalismo (1948-1960), Bologna, il Mulino, 2017, svoltasi nel quadro delle giornate di incontri “Libri. Produrli, pubblicarli, studiarli”, Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Scienze politiche, 22-24 gennaio 2018.

Afghanistan is one of the developing countries in South Asia with an enormous renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Since 1893, utilization of secondary (modern) form of energy in Afghanistan has been pursued. The trends of sustainable energy provision have been reinforced after the post-conflicts in Afghanistan. The Sustainable Development Goal-7 (affordable and clean energy access) encourages nations to assess their resource development of renewable, affordable, and accessible energy. Unlike many developing countries that struggle to identify domestic sources of clean, sustainable energy, Afghanistan has hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal resources as assets. This literature review analyzes Afghanistan's potential for renewable energy to identify obstacles and challenges like security, economics, and technology. Using surveys conducted by national and international organizations. This research evaluates Afghanistan's progress in meeting SDG-7, identifies the main barriers for renewable energy development, and offers recommended solutions. This study reveals the facts of energy sector development in Afghanistan to enable students, researchers, and practitioners with an overview of the current situation and future direction of the energy sector. Also, this study offers a concise outlook for energy sector investors and donors at the national and international stages.

Background: The Central American Integration System (SICA) faces significant financial and institutional challenges despite its crucial role in regional integration. International cooperation has been instrumental in supporting SICA through the provision of essential financial resources and technical assistance. Aim: This study aimed to analyze the nature and operational dynamics of international cooperation within SICA. Specifically, it sought to develop a comprehensive taxonomy of cooperation actors and establish a Cooperation Quality Index (CQI) to assess the relevance and efficacy of their contributions to regional integration. Methods: International cooperation flows to SICA from 2000-2018 were analyzed through the examination of variables such as volume, thematic focus, modality, and dialogue mechanisms. These variables were refined using the Delphi method with domain experts. A cluster analysis, complemented by the CQI, was then employed to group cooperation actors and construct a contributions-based taxonomy. Results: The analysis identified six distinct cooperation clusters, three of which met high-quality standards and account for a substantial proportion of cooperation resources received by SICA. These findings illuminate the critical characteristics international development cooperation must encompass to significantly impact SICA's functioning and advance regional integration. Conclusion: International cooperation plays a crucial role in SICA by helping to compensate for its financial and resource limitations. The findings indicate that high-quality cooperation is indispensable for fostering regional integration and achieving sustainable, inclusive development in Central America. This research provides a robust framework for optimizing cooperation strategies and maximizing its transformative potential.

Nigeria is confronted with the issue of limited capital and has to resort to foreign debt in order to augment domestic savings, balance of payment deficits, and shortfall in revenue which induce continuous raise in the debt stock at an alarming rate. In the light of this, this study assesses the impact of public debt on external reserve in Nigeria. The objectives of this study include the assessment of the trends and relationship between public debt and external reserve in Nigeria, using the Johansen cointegration and FMOLS technique on the secondary data from 1981 to 2013. The result revealed that public debt has a positive and significant effect on external reserve stock in the long run suggesting that the nation’s debt crisis can be attributed to both exogenous and endogenous factors such as the nature of the economy, economic policies, high dependence on oil, and swindling foreign exchange receipt. This study recommends that the federal government should employ more superior met...

Area. The study reviewed relevant related literature and used the radical feminist theory as the theoretical framework. Stratified and accidental sample techniques were used to select the study participants and the questioimaire as a primary instrument was deployed in eliciting data from respondents. The study used the simple percentage tool as the statistical tool for data analysis. In line with the objectives, some of the findings reveal that education brings about women ' s eInpowerment in Ogbia Local Government Area and that financial constraints are a major impediment towards women's education. Following these findings, some recommendations were made which were 1hat the government and NGOs should promote girl-child educatton and also the agencies in charge of tlhe education sector should be active to discharge their duties effectively.

Microfinance and Cooperative Revolution explores the transformative integration of
microfinance and cooperative models as powerful tools for fostering financial inclusion,
economic empowerment, and sustainable development. The book delves deeply into the
synergy between these models, offering a comprehensive examination across six thematic
areas. The foundation of the book is established by detailing the historical evolution and
shared objectives of microfinance and cooperatives. These systems are portrayed as crucial
mechanisms for addressing global challenges such as financial exclusion and social inequity.
By empowering marginalized communities, they play a pivotal role in poverty alleviation and
fostering inclusive growth. This foundational exploration underscores their continued
relevance in tackling societal challenges.
Delving into operational aspects, the book examines the institutional structures and
governance mechanisms essential for the success of microfinance institutions (MFIs) and
cooperatives. Real-world examples illustrate best practices in organizational management,
risk mitigation, and community participation. Emphasizing accountability and transparency,
the narrative demonstrates how robust governance frameworks drive the efficacy and
sustainability of these systems.
The transformative impact of technology and innovation is another focal point. Digital tools
such as mobile banking, blockchain, and fintech solutions are shown to enhance the
efficiency and scalability of microfinance and cooperatives. The book highlights how
technology overcomes barriers to financial access and fosters innovation, expanding reach
and creating new opportunities for underserved populations.
The social dimensions and global perspectives of microfinance and cooperatives are explored
through compelling case studies. These models are shown to drive social change by
promoting gender equality, youth empowerment, and community resilience. Their
contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are highlighted, along with their
adaptability across diverse cultural and economic contexts, making them invaluable tools for
global development.
Addressing future challenges and opportunities, the book identifies critical issues such as
regulatory hurdles, digital divides, and the risks of commercialization in the microfinance
sector. It offers actionable strategies for practitioners and policymakers to navigate these
complexities, ensuring that the models remain impactful and inclusive. By balancing
challenges with emerging opportunities, the discussion provides a forward-looking
perspective for sustainable advancement.
In conclusion, the book envisions a future where microfinance and cooperatives drive
sustainable growth through technological integration and policy innovation. It emphasizes the
need for collaboration among stakeholders to create resilient financial systems that prioritize
equity and inclusion. This vision sets a hopeful trajectory for the role of collective financial
systems in shaping a more equitable world. Microfinance and Cooperative Revolution serves
both as an academic resource and a practical guide. It equips readers with insights and tools
to drive meaningful change, reaffirming the power of collective action in addressing
economic disparities.

Agriculture is the main source of farmer’s income in India. The target of doubling farmer’s income in a short period requires identification of sources of income growth and enabling conditions for harnessing their growth potential. The pathway for doubling of farmer’s income encompasses several dimensions, from production to post-harvest management. Chickpea, pigeonpea, urdbean, mungbean, lentil, fieldpea, cowpea and lathyrus are the major pulse crops grown in the country. Pulses contributes immensely towards doubling farmer’s income through diminishing cost of production, scaling per unit productivity, efficient marketing networks, increased minimum support price and post harvest value addition.

When viewed from an international standpoint, a country's fight for survival is often mistaken as aggression or extremism. If we look back at the history of South Asia, this is a common trend that can be noticed. But standing in 2023, this trend has become a continuing nightmare for the people of Afghanistan trying to survive in a land of insurgency, conflict, poverty, and an overall lack of human rights. Afghanistan has a long and complicated history with the rest of the world, from the rough terrain cutting it off from the mainland's or tribal clashes that have not been resolved in a century: there is nothing simple about the crisis of this place. In a post-Cold War world, where the bipolar world of the US and the Soviet Union clashed for control of this area, tensions mounted on the country and its people like never before. Everything that followed, has brought Afghanistan to the brink of its worst humanitarian and political crisis in history. As the long-drawn-out conflict with the US concluded in 2021, the Taliban took over the governance of the country, reestablished "Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan". Today, the place has been left marked by decades of internal conflict, and a constant threat of terrorist activities, and lost its status as a free nation. What remains more concerning is how the people of the nation are dealing with this change and what they look forward to in the future. Is it time for Afghanistan to stand up against the extremist government of the Taliban? Or is it finally time to accept defeat and find ways to survive in a nation ruled by guns and bombs?

los Estados Unidos para el resto del mundo, se hace pertinente hacer una descripción de su desempeño en los últimos 10 años. El interés de este trabajo consiste entre otras cosas en proporcionar información de carácter estratégico para las empresas del ramo del comercio exterior, empresas que operan en el mercado nacional así como cualquier lector para que se tomen decisiones adecuadas al entorno que se esta viviendo actualmente. En lo que concierne a la advertencia, la economía americana esta presentando síntomas de crisis la cual se perfila como de las más criticas y serias en la historia económica actual. La advertencia señalada a través de la lectura del documento pone en evidencia la debilidad tanto estructural como de coyuntura de la economía. Su análisis detallado nos permitirá tomar las precauciones debidas para en caso de presentarse una contingencia a escala supranacional, estemos preparados desde el punto de vista financiero y económico. Ya muchos países, empresas y personas físicas se están preparando para tal eventualidad en caso de que se salga del control de las autoridades financieras y económicas norteamericanas. Tales preparaciones incluyen desde el desplazamiento de reservas de dólares a euros, pasando por la inmunización de carteras, diversificación de valores, compra de metales preciosos entre otras maniobras defensivas ante la inminente debacle. La pregunta que se plantea en este momento es la siguiente: ¿Las empresas, países y personas conocerán el problema económico que se esta gestando en Estados Unidos y como este puede impactar la economía nacional, individual y empresarial? El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer el problema económico que viven los norteamericanos, para que en base a esta información los lectores tomen decisiones ahora para que la crisis (si esta se presenta) no afecte ante el riesgo de un contagio financiero. Palabras clave: Estados Unidos, análisis descriptivo, Crisis, económica global, política económica, déficit, reestructuración y planeación empresarial a largo plazo.

The objective of this paper is to show that migrants and the subsequent remittances influence household food consumption in different ways. This paper contributes to the literature by developing an analytical framework to analyse how migrants and remittances need to be looked at separately in the migration/food security nexus. The multivalued treatment effect is used to analyse the model using the Sri Lankan household income and expenditure data (2016/17). The findings of this study shed light on areas where the government and policymakers should focus on improving the impact of migration and remittances on food security in Sri Lanka. The study's findings show that migrants and remittances affect food expenditure, calorie consumption dietary diversity in two distinct ways. Both migrants and remittances positively impact food expenditure and calorie consumption. However, remittances promote less healthy food consumption, while migrants promote healthy food consumption. Migrants and remittances jointly affect households to purchase and consume calories from expensive food. Remittances positively affect food diversity in terms of both expenditure and calorie consumption. However, migrants positively affect only expenditure-based food diversity.

The paper assesses the relationship between Nigeria’s stock market returns, interest rate and gross domestic product from 1991Q1 to 2016Q4. VAR model and analysis were used; the results show an inverse relationship between interest rate and stock return. And interest rate shocks affect stock market and gross domestic product. The study recommendation of the study implies that a timely monetary policy adjustment by the monetary policy committee (MPC) and real adjustments in inflation targets and money supply will help to achieve stability in the stock market and economic growth. Also this will help in promoting the desired confidence among participants and economic stability in the stock market. Keyword: Stock Market, Interest Rate, Economic Growth, VAR JEL Classification: G12, C 60, 011, C 1

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The study aims at identifying the Syrian conflict, and its effect on the Jordanian real local production growth. It also aims at identifying the influence of the Syrian refugee crisis on both the Jordan labor market, and unemployment. The study makes an effort at clarifying the state and the challenges of the Jordan market as a result of the migration of the Syrian workers. To achieve the purpose of this study, it follows the methodology that represents the information source and the total numbers of the local production, growth and unemployment. The Okun Law that clarifies the relation between the growth in the real local production and unemployment has been applied. The study has achieved that the effect of the Syrian crisis was as the following: 1-     It entirely affects the local production growth by reducing the whole numbers of production. 2-     It generally affects the unemployment proportion as a result of reducing the national indicators. 3-     The number of male Syrian ...

Алберт Хиршман (1915–2012) е известен с интердисциплинарния си подход икономист, чийто принос надхвърля традиционните рамки на иконо-мическата теория и оказва съществено влияние върху останалите обществени науки. През 50-те години на 20 век той формулира теорията за небалансирания растеж, преосмисляйки господстващите възгледи за икономическото развитие. Вместо да залага на едновременно развитие във всички сектори, Хиршман под-чертава, че стратегически насочени инвестиции към избрани сектори могат да предизвикат поредица от положителни икономически ефекти и да ускорят растежа. С помощта на друга своя концепция – „изход“ (exit) и „глас“ (voice), той обяснява поведението на индивидите при неудовлетвореност. Тези механизми според Хиршман допринасят за подобряване на качеството на предлаганите частни и обществени блага. Идеите на Хиршман намират широк отзвук и ста-ват основа на плодотворни теоретични подходи в социалните науки.|| Albert Hirschman (1915–2012) was an economist known for his influential interdisciplinary social science models. In the 1950s, he developed the theory of unbalanced growth, which changed development theory. Hirschman argued that partial effects induced by targeted investments can have positive economic impacts on the development of national economies. In another behavioural model – exit and voice, he explains how dissatisfied individuals can react and how these reactions may affect the quality of output provided in both private and public goods. Hirschman's ideas have been incorporated into many concepts in the social sciences.

This paper examines the impact of the global economic recession on South Africa's economy and society, the ways in which the country's government has chosen to respond to that crisis, and its likely social and political fall-out. Summary: Despite initial official denials, South Africa's economy has entered in its first recession in almost two decades. The recession is predicted to last into 2010 and the social impact is likely to prove punishing. The African National Congress (ANC), reelected to office in April, has pledged to cushion the shock with a package of measures that include an overhauled industrial policy. But a shift to the left in economic policy is highly unlikely, and the ANC remains ambivalent about further expanding its social grant system for the poor. A vibrant, ongoing tradition of social protest means that the political fall-out of the recession is difficult to predict.

This paper examines the impact of the global economic recession on South Africa’s economy and society, the ways in which the country’s government has chosen to respond to that crisis, and its likely social and political fall-out. Despite initial official denials, South Africa’s economy has entered in its first recession in almost two decades. The recession is predicted to last into 2010 and the social impact is likely to prove punishing. The African National Congress (ANC), re-elected to office in April, has pledged to cushion the shock with a package of measures that include an overhauled industrial policy. But a shift to the left in economic policy is highly unlikely, and the ANC remains ambivalent about further expanding its social grant system for the poor. A vibrant, ongoing tradition of social protest means that the political fall-out of the recession is difficult to predict.

James Aidini, and everyone on the Devil Bears. And most of all, I thank the people who have been my bedrock of support during graduate school: my parents, Lynda and Brad Kerwin, my brother, Adrian Kerwin, my lifelong friend, Sam King, and my amazing partner, Audrey Dorélien. I could not have done it without you. This dissertation is the result of extensive empirical research conducted in Malawi and Uganda, which would not have been possible without the hard work and help of a number of people. I thank Christopher Nyirenda, Anderson Moyo, and Synab Njerenga for their excellent management of the fieldwork for the first chapter of this dissertation, and Ndema Longwe for his exemplary fieldwork management for the second chapter. Moffat Kayembe and Carl Bruessow from the Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust played a crucial role in making the research for my second chapter possible, and Esperanza Martinez Maldonado provided excellent research assistance on that project. The randomized evaluation of the Northern Uganda Literacy Project would not have been possible without the collaboration of iii Victoria Brown, Bernadette Jerome, Benson Ocan, and everyone at Mango Tree Educational Enterprises Uganda; I deeply appreciate their role in making it happen. My research also benefited from the efforts of support staff at the

In this paper, I study the impact of peer effects on the demand for a healthcare good and the subsequent welfare effects of a subsidy program towards its provision. Households face a choice of whether or not to adopt/buy a preventive healthcare good. An interesting characteristic, is that the take-up/consumption of such goods generate positive externalities. In this case, the outcome is such that the privately optimal adoption level is much lower than what the society as a whole would regard as optimal. The application considers the adoption choice of Indian households with respect to a healthcare good. The data comes from the baseline survey of a RCT in India that provides microfinance credit and subsides to rural households for adoption of a sanitation facility for their home. The data is used to estimate a static interaction model (Brock & Durlauf 2001) of household choice. A pervasive feature of such models is the existence of multiple equilibria which makes the estimation proce...

This paper analyses the marriage decisions of men and women, focusing on the added attractiveness of sanitation within the living arrangement, in rural India. We exploit district and time variation from the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which increased sanitation by 6.6 percent among households with marriage eligible children and generated an exogenous increase in the composition of households with sanitation. Using data from the Indian Human Development household survey (IHDS) and district level census, we show that exposure to TSC increased the probability of marriage for men and women, from poorer households, by 3.8 pp and 6.5 pp respectively. The reduced form estimates incorporate both general equilibrium effects and heterogeneous program effects – two important components of equilibrium marital behavior. To decompose the overall policy impact on marriage market equilibrium we formulate a simple matching model where men and women match on observed and unobserved characteristic...

Management has been considered a key signifier for understanding capitalist industrial societies of the Global North. This special issue argues for a decentred and transregional approach to management knowledge and shifts the focus to management in the centrally planned economies of Eastern and South-eastern Europe as well as in "developing" economies of the Global South. The contributions shed light on the significant role that managerial knowledge played in socialist planning, Cold War entanglements, and development policies. Instead of reiterating the story of Western capitalism conquering the world, they show how managerial knowledge circulated in polycentric networks across East-West-South divides and shaped economic practices in close conjunction with locally situated discourses about efficiency and productivity. There was not one world of management; there were manifold worlds of management. Management gilt als Schlüsselbegriff für das Verständnis der kapitalistischen Industriegesellschaften des globalen Nordens. Dieses Heft plädiert für eine dezentrale und transregionale Perspektive auf Managementwissen und verlagert den Fokus auf Management in den zentralen Planwirtschaften Ost-und Südosteuropas sowie in den "Entwicklungs"-Volkswirtschaften des Globalen Südens. Die Beiträge beleuchten die bedeutende Rolle, die Managementwissen in der sozialistischen Planung, den Verflechtungen des Kalten Krieges und der Entwicklungspolitik

Development policy analysts usually focus on how specific reforms would improve economic or social wellbeing in developing countries. Sometimes analysts broaden their perspective to think about what a comprehensive package of such reforms should look like, paying attention to policy interactions and spillovers. International politics rarely seeks to deliver comprehensive and coherent policy packages. The United Nations has been one global political forum that has periodically sought precisely that, most recently at the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development in Seville, Spain. The negotiated outcome of the Seville conference does reflect a coherent vision and promises negotiations toward making it more comprehensive. Admittedly, the consensus is limited to agreeing only to keep talking about unrealized elements of the package and not every government will come even to talk. This paper draws together and assesses those opportunities.

With three lakh farmers committing suicide over the two decades between 1995 and 2014, this phenomenon has emerged as a symbol of the crisis in Indian agriculture. There have been a large number of academic efforts to understand farmers' suicides in great depth, but they have tended to be divided by the regions they have studied, the methods they have used, and the questions they have raised, with most remaining loyal to their disciplines and ideologies. There have been fewer attempts to piece together a picture that is both comprehensive and sensitive to the complexity of the processes that lead to farmers' suicides. The Inequality and Human Development Programme at the National Institute of Advanced Studies has tried to develop such a larger picture. The study, supported by Tata Consultancy Services and involving a multidisciplinary team of researchers, linked theory to the empirical picture, using mixed methods from ethnography to primary data, and secondary data. us to classify states into five levels of declining severity of farmers' suicides: chronic, acute, less acute, prone, and less prone. This classification is presented in Table . Table 1: Categorisation of states by the persistence of the severity of farmers' suicide, 1995-2014 Chronic (20) Kerala Very Acute (11-19

The Tropical Legumes II (TL-II) project, funded by the BMGF, aims to improve the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the drought-prone areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia through improved productivity and production of six major tropical legumes – chickpea, common bean, cowpea, groundnut, pigeonpea and soybean. It has been implemented in ten target countries that included in WCA, ESA and SA regions in two phases (Phase 1: 2007-08 to 2010-11; Phase-2: 2011-2014). But, the present paper discusses about only three legumes (chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut) crops and the interventions carried out in India only. Specifically, this initiative has been focusing on proper targeting for development of improved cultivars of food legumes, promotion of their adoption, proactive public sector policies and finally linking these small holders to markets and value chains. A number of studies have been completed in six states (Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, ...

Rainfall continues to be a major risk confronted by the dryland farmers in semi-arid tropics of India. Through the years, dryland farmers experience an increasingly erratic rainfall and frequent occurrence of droughts. Crop yield and farm income are highly correlated with quantum and distribution of rainfall thereby livelihoods of resource poor farmer are at risk. Rainfall insurance, a type of Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS), was introduced as a risk covering mechanism to extreme rainfall events and to reduce hassles in operationalization of other crop insurance schemes. This study documents rainfall insurance scheme and its operational modalities such as eligibility criteria, payment of premium, benefit structure and payouts, and technical hassles. It examined the hypothesis that low spread of rainfall insurance was linked with the situation where prospective buyers were unable to relate the product to their regular exposure. This study also underlines incongruity comparing the variation in longitudinal actual village data and reference weather data (mandal level 3 ) that were used to calculate strike, exit and payouts to the farmers across six villages of semi-arid tropics (SAT) region. It identified several challenges on the ground in its capacity to cover risk among the farmers. The challenges include lack of proper awareness among farmers, absence of reliable weather datasets, misinformation on insurance contract and processes, exclusion of high risky crops from the 1 Paper presented at the 8 th Conference of the Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE) held on 15-17 October 2014 at the BRAC Centre for Development Management (BRAC-CDM),