Early Medieval Studies

This report provides a digital archaeological analysis of hill fort networks in Southwestern Britain during the 5th-6th centuries CE, employing Complexity Theory. It explores how advanced computational methods, particularly Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and network analysis, can illuminate the complex dynamics of post-Roman fortified settlements. By examining emergent properties, self-organisation, and nonlinear relationships within these networks, the study challenges traditional monocausal interpretations, revealing the intricate interplay of social, economic, and political factors that shaped early medieval British landscapes. Key findings highlight the strategic reoccupation of hillforts as elite power centres, their role in controlling routeways and resources, and the emergence of regional polities through a network of interdependencies, rather than simple top-down control.

Present article concentrates on the acquisition of Russian relative pronouns. Said pronouns are late to appear if compared to other deictic words. Children start using them at the age of about 3 years. The most widely used are constructions, in which the relative part is connected to the noun or adjective or to the demonstrative pronoun. Children seldom make errors, but there are several differences from the adult language.

" ББК Э37-210.912я9 К 532 Науковий редактор: д-р біблійного богослов'я о. Юрій Щурко. Рецензенти: член-кор. НАНУ, проф., д-р істор. наук Любов Дубровіна, д-р філол. наук Анна Пічхадзе, проф. габ., д-р істор. наук Сергеюс Темчінас Рекомендовано до друку Вченою радою Гуманітарного факультету Українського католицького університету (протокол № 5 від 5.09.2017).
The monograph is the first critical edition of the Old Slavonic Book of Joshua, the sixth book of the Old Testament, the biblical story that follows Pentateuch. This biblical book narrates about the conquest of the Promised Land and the division of the land among the twelve tribes of Israel. It also describes vital leadership role of Joshua at the time of settlement. The fist complete Old Slavonic translation of the Book of Joshua was made in Bulgaria at the early 10th century. Some fragments of this translation were used in the books of the Paleia (interpretation of the biblical texts) and in the Old Rus'ian chronographs. The Book of Joshua was also widely used by the Old Rus'ian chroniclers, especially, in battle narratives. This edition offers a comparative analysis of numerous manuscripts, including 17 oldest texts preserved in the biblical collections of the XIV–XVI centuries.

Recent investigations in the middle Oder region have uncovered numerous assemblages of vessels from the older phases of the Early Medieval period. This pottery is characterized by a specific set of formal, stylistic and technological traits. Finds were dated by the thermoluminescence and radiocarbon dating methods and by the dendrochronological method in singular cases. The oldest pottery assemblages were dated to the 6th c. Numerous petrographic analyses helpedto determine the technology used to produce the vessels

One of the key points when determining the origin and dating of any work is to locate and analyze the main reference sources used by the author in the writing process. Despite being a slightly tedious work, the exhaustive search of these writing models (especially if the text is anonymous or its authorship is unknown) is the most reliable method to address issues of this kind. Therefore, the aim of the present work will be to expose the works and authors that have led us to postulate as Hispanic the collection called Homiliae Toletanae (CPL 1997), whose most complete version (preserved in the codex London, British Library, Add. 30853) could be the product of an author active at the end of the 7th or beginning of the 8th century.

The archaeological excavations carried out from 2006 until 2008 in Piazza XX Settembre in Comacchio allow us to comprehend relative phases of the medieval Episcopal complex. Investigated contexts can be dated from the 6 th c. to the Modern Age. The archaeological data concerning the first Bishop's church refer to the mid-eight century, proven by excavated cemetery area and porch. Original chapel was certainly placed under the modern Cathedral. Excavations brought to light several architectural elements and fragments of floor material, parts of the 8 th and 9 th century church, some reused in the later building. Different architectural elements of the first church (columns, capitals, marble slabs) were part of more ancient buildings, not necessarily of local origin. During the Carolingian period this early church was supplied with an altar screen. Between the end of the 10 th and the beginning of the 12 th century in front of the church new rectangular building was erected. By its shape, size and quality of used material, we can suggest that it corresponds to a part of the Romanesque Bishop's palace. Its walls were built with numerous spolia -parts of the earlier church. This demonstrates that the church itself has been completely reconstructed. The research of the architectural fragments and the data concerning some groups of architectural elements allows us to comprehend the quality of the early medieval church furniture. It is also possible to examine activities of re-use on a Romanesque construction site.

The article discusses the evidence relating to the death of knyaz Igor in
the Drevlian land in 945. According to the Russian chronicle “Tale of
Bygone Years”, the Drevlians considered the ruler of Kiev to be a robber
and a thief and constantly compared Igor to a wolf. Relying on this
evidence, V. Y. Petrukhin suggested that the comparison of Igor with a
wolf is rooted in the remnants of the Indo-European legal tradition, in
which an outlaw was likened to a wolf. The researcher only cited parallels
from Scandinavian and Icelandic legal traditions to prove his hypothesis.
The outlaw was indeed called ‘vargr’ (i.e. ‘wolf’) there. However, as M.
Jacobi has shown, the polysemy ‘wolf-criminal’ in Germanic languages is
probably late. Therefore, it cannot be used as decisive evidence for the
existence of a similar phenomenon in the Slavic legal tradition. In order to
demonstrate the existence of the polysemy ‘criminal/outcast-wolf’, the
author of this article refers to §37 of the Hittite laws, in which a woman's
kidnapper and a murderer of her defenders was declared ‘wolf’, i.e. outlaw. This legal use of the word ‘wolf’ can be extrapolated to the Slavic legal tradition, where the expression “to kill somebody like a dog” appears in the legal code “Russkaya Pravda”. Given the interchangeability of the lexemes ‘wolf’ and ‘dog’ in certain Indo-European languages, it is reasonable to conclude that we are dealing with remnants of the Indo-European legal tradition, in which an outlaw was declared a wolf.

A passionate dialogue between two historians from different generations retracing half a century of European medieval studies through the intellectual and personal experience of Agostino Paravicini Bagliani. The conversation with Pietro Silanos guides the reader on a journey intertwining memory and reflection around themes that have shaped international research over recent decades, and reveals the richness of a research method developed in libraries across Europe, university classrooms, and conference venues.

The profile emerges of a scholar “surprised by history,” of a Middle Ages made of light and shadow: from the discovery of the papal curia and its symbolic culture to the history of nature and medieval sciences. A surprise capable of innovating themes and interpretative tools.

A book for those who love history and want to grasp the value of the historian’s craft. Letting oneself be surprised by history is the first step to truly understanding it.


Un dialogo appassionato tra due storici di generazioni diverse che ripercorre mezzo secolo di medievistica europea, attraverso l'esperienza intellettuale e umana di agostino paravicini bagliani. la conversazione con pietro silanos guida il lettore in un viaggio che intreccia memoria e riflessione intorno a temi che hanno segnato la ricerca internazionale degli ultimi decenni e restituisce la ricchezza di un metodo di ricerca sviluppati in biblioteche di tutta l'europa, in aule universitarie e sedi congressuali. emerge il profilo di uno studioso "sorpreso dalla storia" di un medioevo fatto di luci e ombre: dalla scoperta della curia papale e della sua cultura simbolica alla storia della natura e delle scienze medievali. Una sorpresa capace di innovare temi e strumenti interpretativi. Un libro che parla a chi ama la storia e vuole cogliere il valore del mestiere dello storico. lasciarsi sorprendere dalla storia è il primo passo per comprenderla davvero.

L’articolo analizza la tragedia umanistica De captivitate ducis Iacobi di Laudivio Zacchia, scritta nel 1465. L’opera tratta dell’uccisione del condottiero Iacopo Piccinino da parte del re di Napoli Ferdinando I. L’episodio suscitò scalpore nelle corti italiane, soprattutto a Ferrara: ciò dà a Zacchia l’opportunità di scrivere una tragedia che esalta la lungimiranza di Borso d’Este, descritto come protagonista. Il saggio spiega le strategie encomiastiche e ideologiche impiegate dal poeta e individua le motivazioni politiche della tragedia.

The Norse (Norwegian, Sámi, Icelandic) calendar was based on weeks, not on months. They divided the year in semesters and quarters. The year had 4 x 13 weeks= 52 x 7 days= 364 days in a year, missing 1 1/4 day of the tropical year. The Icelanders solved this problem by adding an extra week at certain intervals, the Sumarauki instead of leap years. Runic calendars have 52 series of the first seven runes, and another line for 19 runes for the golden numbers of the metonic cycle. Examples from Ole Worm and from runic calendars in Scandinavian collections. The Icelandic almanac still  enters the  relation of the year to the summer extension, The Essenes had a similar calendar (cf. Ben-Dov; but no summer extension!).

LA NUOVA PSEUDO EPIGRAFIA DEI SECOLI XI-XV
VARIAZIONI SUL NOME D’AUTORE, INVENZIONI E STRATEGIE

Bologna, 18-20 settembre 2025
Sala Manfredi, Via Zamboni 31
Alma Mater Università degli Studi di Bologna
Dipartimento di Filologia Classica e Italianistica (FICLIT)
con la collaborazione
di Micrologus. Nature, Sciences and Medieval Societies (S.I.S.M.E.L.)
e delle Conférences transculturelles dell’Union Académique Internationale

The text summarises what is known about the Gerov-Antikarovs family from academic literature, providing new information about them. It follows the relationships between the two branches of the Gerov-Antikarovs family, examining the way in which the unconventional trade of glyptics (gemstone carving, antikarstvo in Bulgarian) has made its way to Master Dimitar, giving the family a double-barrelled surname. It studies Kosta Gerov's activity as a teacher and icon-painter, as well as the current state of his heritage of a painter.

стр. 3 Първа глава. Историческа ситуция през втората половина на ХІХ век. Характеристика на ареала стр. 22 Втора глава. Зографската фамилия Минови. Личности и творби стр. 43 Трета глава. Идейно съдържание и иконографска програма стр. 59 Четвърта глава. Сцени и образи от българската история в иконографския репертоар на зографите от рода Минови стр. Пета глава. Стилови особености на стенописите стр. Заключение стр. Използвана литература стр. Каталог стр. Наскоро бе публикувано изследването на Елена Генова -"Църковни приложни изкуства от ХV-ХІХ в. в България" 51 . Тук авторката изяснява смисъла и функциите на приложните изкуства и допълва някои неясноти в тази слабо проучена област на изкуствозанието. Безспорен принос за обогатяването на културно-историческото ни наследство в областта на Върожденското изкуство имат и проучвателите от развиващия активна дейност в близкото минало Национален институт за паметници на културата към Министерство на културата. Множеството научномотивирани предложения за обявяване на редица обекти за паметници на културата са включили в научен оборот и са спасили от унищожение много паметници в по-малките селища на страната. Сред тези проучватели не мога да пропусна дейността на Николай Клисаров, Велда Марди-Бабикова, Дора Каменова и др. Вниманието на изследователите изкуствоведи досега е насочено преди всичко към известните зографски родове, произхождащи от Трявна 52 ,

The author argues that history has been turned into a weapon used by Russia in the sphere of domestic and international politics. The article examines some Soviet and post-Soviet Russian practices in the humanities. The further development of these ideas is presented. Special attention is paid to the analysis of Russian history textbooks from the period before and after the full-scale invasion. The author points out the main historical concepts used by the Russian propaganda machine and their origin. The research concludes that historical myths and manipulations serve the military interests of the Russian state, justifying the war in Ukraine and the desire to dominate in a number of regions of the world. Understanding this weaponization of history could help the democratic world to resist Russian historical narratives and policies.

Great number of preserved epigraphic votive inscriptions bearing mention of early medieval Croatian rulers is a phenomenon noticed long time ago which contributed significantly to better and more precise stylistic classification of pre-Romanesque sculpture on the eastern Adriatic coast, its further subclassification and more precise dating of certain morphological groups of pre-Romanesque reliefs. Since the exhibition Croats and Carolingians (2000-2001) three more votive inscriptions have been found or recently recognized which seem to bear names of two Croatian rulers from the 9th century -Mislav and Branimir.

ne e sodalizi; -Vincenzo Barra, Memoria, esperienza e identità. Un approccio microstorico allo studio della mobilità in età moderna; -Simone Selva, Financial crises and international economic integration amidst capital flows and aggregate demand.

THE GALLERY OF STS. PETER AND PAUL’S CHURCH IN VELIKO TARNOVO
Evgeni Dermendzhiev, Plamen Sabev

The paper presents a complete and comprehensive analysis of the plan, volume, appearance, decoration, dating, construction periodization, mural decoration, and also a new reading of the inscription on the benefactor’s composition, a reconstruction of the mural calendar and the architectural reconstructions of the gallery of Sts. Peter and Paul’s Church in Veliko Tarnovo from the mid-14th c. to the beginning of the 20th c. (Fig. 1, Fig. Ill. 1). The gallery is L-shaped on the West and South sides of the nave and narthex, with a total of 11 pillars, built of stone, brick and white mortar, with brick arches between them (Fig. 23 – Fig. 36). The façades are decorated with a belt of glazed green plates, brick ornaments and brick crosses (Fig. 15 – Fig. 17). The gallery is not vaulted and has a single-pitched timber roof clad in lead sheets (Fig. 4.2), later replaced with tiles (Fig. 14). First construction period (Fig. 41). Construction of the gallery in the second half of the 14th c. Second construction period (Fig. 42). Partial walling of the inter-arch openings of the gallery and inserted wooden grates, painting the benefactor’s scene and a calendar for the whole year inside (Fig. 4, Fig. 29 – Fig. 34, Ill. 2), carried out in the 1680s. Third construction period (Fig. 43). Demolition of the East end of the South wing of the gallery, construction of the Christ Pantocrator Chapel on the same site and opening an entrance from the altar space of the church to it, roofing with tiles in the 1750s – early 1760s (Fig. 35 – Fig. 37). Fourth construction period (Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 44). Complete walling of the inter-arch openings of the gallery in the 18th c. – early 19th c. Fifth construction period (Fig. 16). Clearing the inter-arch open ings of the Western and South façades, and fitting in new large windows in 1908 – 1910. Sixth construction period (Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19). The gallery was nearly destroyed completely in the earthquake of 01.06.1913 and the surviving walls were temporarily conserved (Fig. 20). Seventh construction period (Ill. 1). The gallery was rebuilt in 1965 – 1973 and the mural paintings were restored in 1973 – 1981 (Fig. 30 – Fig. 34). It has been a museum site ever since. The mural program in the gallery of Sts. Peter and Paul’s Church in Veliko Tar novo from the 1580s consists of a mural calendar (Menologue) (Ill. 3, Ill. 10, Ill. 11, Ill. 13, Ill. 14, Ill. 17, Ill. 20, Ill. 22 – Ill. 25, Ill. 27, Ill. 30, Ill. 31), the scenes of the Last Judgment (Ill. 9) and of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden; the first register contains upright figures of saints (monks and anchorites) (Ill. 7. 8) and a double decorative plinth imitating drapery. The artist who painted the gallery was a follower of the post-Byzantine tradition and depicted a mural calendar (Menologue) in it for the whole year, as was the case in some churches in Thessaloniki and Pécs, as well as in the big Orthodox monaster ies in Moldavia and Wallachia (Ill. Ill. 35), and he used typical Constantinople official models in some scenes of the feast days or in scenes commemorating martyrs and saints. Reconstruction of the mural calendar (Menologue) (Fig. 45 – Fig. 50). The calendar unfolds in four rows on all the interior walls and pillars of the gallery. The rows 216 are 0.64 – 0.72 m high, and the fields are 0.33 – 0.70 m wide, with the days running chronologically and uninterruptedly over all the 12 months. The calendar begins with the winter half-year, from September, in the upper left corner of the East long wall (Fig. 45), and occupies the entire North long wall of the gallery (Fig. 46), ending at the beginning of the East short wall of the gallery (Fig. 47). The summer half-year begins with March in the upper right corner of the East short wall of the gallery (Fig. 47), after which the days pass on the South wall (Fig. 48), then continue on the West wall (Fig. 49) and end on the North short wall of the gallery (Fig. 50). The iconographer intentionally superimposed the details of the calendar in the gallery, and in some scenes, he expressed the psychological states of the martyrs. Thus the compositions are rather austere, keeping a rhythm through alternating warm and cold hues thereby achieving an artistic persuasiveness (Ill. 10, Ill. 13, Ill. 14, Ill. 22). His style is similar to the techniques and methods used to depict mural calendars, mainly in the 16th – 17th c. monasteries in the territory of present-day Romania. In canonical terms, the scenes are chosen in line with the traditions kept and elaborated in Constantinople, similarly to the scenes of the Council of the Holy Mother of God of the Sign in combina tion with St. Evaristus the Studite (Ill. 23) and the Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius (Ill. 31). Furthermore, there is an affinity for monastic iconography, and this is particularly telling in the selection of saints depicted full-height (Ill. 7, Ill. 8). There is a large benefactor composition painted in the central niche above the West entrance of the narthex. (Fig. 4.1, Ill. 2) It represents the benefactor praying and offering a model of the renovated Church to the Mother of God with the Infant Jesus Christ and the intercession of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (Fig. 4.2). Above the benefactor, dressed in festive archiepiscopal vestments, there is a text in Greek stating his name, clerical rank and the time when the mural decoration in the gallery was completed (Fig. 60). A new interpretation of the inscription has been proposed, revising the previous views held by F. Uspensky and G. Gerov. (Fig. 60). Line 1: … H Δ҇ ҇H[С] ЕIMƯ ΚΑΊ ΠΑΡΘΕΝOΥ ΘΕΟΤΌΚΟΥ O… ТΥ. New translation: …To the Most Holy Mother of God and Ever-Virgin (Maria) … Line 2: …ΙΚΟΥ[...]ΤΟΣ ΤϪ Τ[…] ẪΠΑС Χ[...]ẪС КОМNН ° ПАЛАEОΛ[OΓ] Ϫ … New translation: …Archbishop … of Comnenus and Palaiologos … Line 3:...ЕΝΑΥ ΤϪ Н[…]. New translation: from I[…]. The first line contains a prayerful address to the Holy Mother of God with the Infant Jesus Christ, similar to the liturgical interjection, part of the Eucharistic canon: “Ὑπεραγίας Δεσποίνης ἡμῶν Θεοτόκου καὶ Ἀειπαρθένου Μαρίας”. The second line contains the name of the benefactor and his clerical rank: “Arch bishop of Comnenus and Palaiologos...”. This turned out to be the important point of identification, because it was the Metropolitan bishop of Tarnovo, Dionysios I Rallis (1580 – 1598), who was considered the successor of the dynasty of the Palaeologi, and is known from official documents as Διονύσιος Ι Ράλλης Παλαιολόγος. The text of the last f ifth line, where it would be logical to have a date inscribed, is in fact so illegible that only the upper parts of the hastae of an unidentifiable letter are visible. Moreover, it is not at 217 the end of the inscription! Hence, any effort to replace letters with numerical values, to try to find years corresponding to a benefactor, or to attempt to offer alternative interpreta tions of the text, falls flat! It is for the first time that some interesting details of the appearance and garments of the benefactor, metropolitan bishop Dionysios I Rallis (1580 – 1598) (Fig. 57) have also been identified. He has a noble face, a dark soft beard and moustache, a thin nose, and prominent supraorbital arches (Fig. 53). His headdress is of a special archiepiscopal design (Fig. 54, Fig. 55), and his clerical rank is further accentuated by a long and richly decorated archiepiscopal sakkos, omophorion, and oversleeves. The sakkos is made of a most expensive fabric, decorated with golden ornaments, reaching to the very edge of the skirt, and large, vertically alternating motifs – tulips with inner double hems with ribbons and beads, with interlacing floral elements and crosses in between, as is typical of the entire 16th c. (Fig. 57). Orthodox metropolitan bishops and patriarchs during this period began to use ready-made fabrics decorated with em broidered tulips (a type of Ottoman kemha damask) (Ill. 34), imports from Damascus, Aleppo, Bursa, Constantinople, to make their own sakkos, like the sakkos of metropolitan bishop Dionysius of Moscow (1581 – 1586) (Ill. 32, Ill. 33). On the strips of the right oversleeve of the benefactor, the metropolitan bishop of Tarnovo Dionysios I Rallis, two hitherto unknown embroidered inscriptions were noticed for the first time: „ΔОСΜΕΝΕ[…]“ (Fig. 58), which probably stands for the Old Greek past participle δωσέµεν(αι), meaning given, presented, whereas the second inscription is rather illegible – only “СΤΟ [...]Χ[...]” can be made out, presumably from the Old Greek preposition στο, translating as “in...”. The inscriptions were probably made on the occa sion of the cheirotonia of a supreme archpriest and contain information about a benefac tor (or recipient) and the place of presentation (or place of manufacture). Based on the analysis and the new reading of the benefactor inscription, it can be argued that the benefactor composition and the mural calendar (Menologue) in the gallery of Sts. Peter and Paul’s Church in Veliko Tarnovo were made by metropolitan bishop Dio nysios I Rallis (1580 – 1598) in the 1580s, shortly after the Tarnovo See was taken over, but before the beginning of the First Tarnovo Uprising in 1598. Then an iconographer was invited, who had an official model in line with the iconographic traditions. In some places of the Menologue, he added non-standard iconographic patterns, thus demonstrating ex pertise and highly developed skills. Another of his achievements is the truthful depiction of the details of the vestments, and of the psychological state of the benefactor himself.

W artykule podjęto problematykę zmian w technologii wytwarzania naczyń glinianych na przykładzie ceramiki wczesnośredniowiecznej z terenu Wielkopolski. Skoncentrowano się na kwestii wprowadzania innowacji oraz na procesie przemian technologicznych z perspektywy stosowanych technik i ich znaczenia, w szerszym kontekście kulturowo-społecznym. Jako główne przyczyny zmian stylu technologicznego wskazywane są czynniki ekologiczne, ekonomiczne i techniczne, natomiast mniejszą wagę przywiązuje się do zachowań społecznych czy norm kulturowych.  Wyrabianie naczyń jest aktem społecznym, gdyż odbywa się w konkretnej społeczności z własną tradycją i przeszłością, określonymi preferencjami i wzorcami kulturowymi. Techniki wytwarzania ceramiki, bardziej odporne na zmiany niż forma czy ornament, stały się dobrą zmienną do identyfikacji grup kulturowych oraz rozpoznania komunikacji między społecznościami i relacji pomiędzy jej członkami. Przedstawione uwagi i interpretacje wskazują na duży potencjał badawczy jaki niesie za sobą analiza technologii oraz pojawiających się w tym procesie innowacji.

Zahari Zograf is one of the most important figures in the Bulgarian Revival fine art. However,
he was often criticized for breaching the church icon canon laws, and his art was considered by certain scholars
to be poorly made and decadent. This article will present and discuss the connecting links, the environment, and
the painter’s era. Precisely, they are of extreme importance for understanding the new creative processes and
currents that nourish the nascent Bulgarian Revival in the field of visual arts. We will examine his oil portraits in
detail and present drawing parallels from Western authors and their influences. In his iconographic work, we
have focused on several icons that show the changes and the reasons they have occurred in the environment and
society, as well as how they influence the further development and enrichment of the images. After the presented
arguments and analyses, it is appropriate to reject the allegations of decadence against Zahari Zograf, as he is an
exponent of the revivalist aspirations of the Bulgarian society, which are aimed at enlightenment and its upward
development. All his activity and creativity are subordinate to these new ideas and should not be considered bad
and decadent. Zahari Zograf is the bearer of the new philosophical understanding of the world, the progress in it,
and the idea of continuous self-improvement, as these main lines will be and are the driving force of the new
successful Bulgarian Revival society.

Автор выражает признательность коллегам Норе Малиновской (Словакия) и Д. Е. Алимову (Россия) за помощь в подготовке русского перевода статьи.

В статье предлагается новая интерпретация известий о короле Светоплеке (Святополке), содержащихся в IX главе Летописи попа Дуклянина. Согласно автору, в основе IX главы лежит древнее сочинение о короле Святополке, которое было создано между 885 и 894 гг. в связи с коронацией Святополка в качестве «короля славян» (rex Sclavorum). Как доказывает автор статьи, события, описываемые в этом древнем источнике (двенадцатидневный собор и последующая коронация Святополка), происходили не на территории Дукли, а на территории Паннонии, в местах расположения римских поселений в районе Секешфехервара или в районе Веспрема. Во второй половине XI в., в правление дуклянских правителей Михаила Воиславича и его сына Константина Бодина, текст этого древнего источника был переработан в процессе составления династической истории Воиславичей «Gesta regum Sclavorum». При этом рассказ о короле Святополке был использован бенедиктинскими монахами из окружения римских пап для легитимации нового статуса дуклянских королей как «королей славян». Автор показывает, что в период борьбы папства с империей в конце XI – начале XII в. идея возрождения «королевства славян» (regnum Sclavorum), преданного Риму, пользовалась большой поддержкой Римского престола. В этом контексте образ Святополка как первого «короля славян», признанного Римом, был актуализирован и стал основой для формирования церковной и политической идеологии дуклянской династии Воиславичей.

Petrograficzne cechy skał granitoidowych 139 Kolejność wzrostu minerałów 141 Uwagi o systematyce i odmianach skał masywu 142 Skały żyłowe 144 Kontakty granitoidów ze skałami osłony 146 Enklawy obcych skał wśród granitoidów 150 Protoklaza skał granitoidowych 152 Struktury kierunkowe w granitoidach 153 Zakończenie 155 Literatura 156 Granitoids of the Kudowa-Oleśnice massif (Sudetes) -summary 158 Podano krótką charakterystykę petrograficzną waryscyj-liacji równoległej do struktur płynięcia. Powierzchnie foliacji skich granitoidów Kudowy-Oleśnic, przedstawiono kolej-skał masywu są zgodne z jego zarysami, lecz orientacja ich jest ność krystalizacji budujących je minerałów oraz omówiono niezgodna w stosunku do foliacji skał metamorficznej osłony, petrograficzne i teksturalne zróżnicowanie tych skał, przyjmując Analiza struktur planarnych granitoidów oraz ich kontaktów istnienie dwóch różnowiekowych odmian. Zjawiska kontaktowe pozwoliła na przedstawienie hipotezy co do sposobu intrudowapolegają na słabo zaawansowanej granityzacji skał ościennych. nia obu odmian granitoidów, kolejności wydarzeń w procesie Silniej przeobrażone są skały niewielkich ksenolitów. Liczne formowania się masywu oraz jego wewnętrznej budowy. Konfragmenty dachu intruzji zawierają zarówno pre-jak i post-in-solidacja skał masywu wyprzedziła ostatni etap deformacji truzywne struktury tektoniczne. Przemieszczające się masy plu-regionalnych (powstanie fałdów załomowych) w NW części kotoniczne ulegały protoklazie współczesnej z powstawaniem fo-puły kłodzko-orlickiej.

The present book is a facsimile edition accompanied with
transcripts of the texts of the first printed edition, containing the
Service to and the Life of St. John of Rila. It was edited by hieromonk
Antoniy Radivilovskiy, vicar of the Kiyvo-Pechers’ka Lavra,
with the funding of the Kasack Colonel Radion Dumitrashko-
Rajca, and was published in Lavra’s Typography, in 1671.
For this facsimile edition, a digital copy of the original edition
was provided to us from the Library of the Holy Monastery
of Zographou at Mount Athos, with the permission of the brotherhood
and the hegumenos, Archimandrite Amvrosiy, and with
the special help of the librarian Hierodeacon Atanasiy.
The preface to this facsimile edition consists of several
parts. At first, the authors make a physical description of the original
edition from 1671. Then an overview of its orthography and
contents is presented. This is followed by a thorough description
of the artistic layout of the book including typefaces, gravures
and other engraved decorations, typographical ornamentation,
etc. The next section of the preface contains biographical sketches
on the editor – Antoniy Radivilovsky, and the donator ‒ Radion
Dumitrashko. Special attention is paid to the Foreword and the
Afterword in the original edition, as both texts inform us on the
aforementioned persons and their time, and moreover have considerable
literary value. The preface in the facsimile edition ends
with a description of the structure and the characteristics of the
Service and the Life of St. John of Rila, presented in the edition,
and comments on the place of these texts in the history of veneration
of the Miracle-worker from Rila. In this preface, it is not
aimed to discuss in detail the text-critical problems but the authors
approach some of them. They make a comparison with
manuscript copies of the Service and the Live of the Saint from
different libraries and in result assume that the Service and the
Vita in the 1671 edition can be qualified as compilations of different
sources.
Further, transcripts of the two texts and a facsimile edition
of the book from 1671 follow this preface.

Fragments of pottery vessels are the most common category of archaeological finds, and in many cases, they are the only source yielded by the conducted excavation. An analysis of pottery allows researchers to undertake synthesis studies, determine chronology or trace connections and relationships between layers and features on a given site or, in a broader perspective, between nearby sites. Currently, archaeologists have numerous specialist methods that support an analysis of pottery vessels and make it possible to obtain new important data on a technique and technology of production, or methods of use and purpose of vessels. Especially in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, advanced studies on early medieval ceramics were conducted. During this period the vast majority of local classification systems were created, as well as attempts were made to present a more general, holistic view on this category of sources.
Although 60 years have passed since the first serious post-war studies on early medieval pottery, no attempt has yet been made to confront experiences of researchers from different research centres or to compare individual typological and periodization schemes. This was the goal of the organizers of the online conference The Current State of and Needs for Research on Early Medieval Pottery in Poland which took place on 27–28 October 2021. We invited archaeologists involved in studies on early medieval pottery or pottery production in various regions of Poland to present their ideas, findings, and research methods. We also wanted to look at and discuss possibilities of standardizing methods of describing vessels and their classification within geographical or geographical-historical regions, as well as opportunities provided by new specialist methods supporting the study of early medieval ceramics.
In Early Medieval Pottery Vessels in Poland. The Current State of and Needs for Research most of the papers presented at the conference are included. Despite the best intentions of the organizers, unfortunately it was not possible to gather researchers representing all regions of Poland. There are also disproportions in the number of authors presenting materials from a given region, which to some extent prove staff shortages of specialists studying this category of sources and show various progress in studies. The volume starts with an article by Andrzej Buko, one of the doyens of research and founders of Polish archaeological ceramology, presenting his experiences in the area of research on early medieval pottery. The subsequent articles, in a sort of geographical order, present studies on ceramics from individual regions of Poland: Pomerania (Marek Dworaczyk, Bogdan Kościński, Sławomir Wadyl), Chełmno-Dobrzyń Land (Wojciech Chudziak, Jacek Bojarski, Marcin Weinkauf), Mazovia (Maciej Trzeciecki), Lubusz Land (Bartłomiej Gruszka), Greater Poland (Paweł Pawlak, Kinga Zamelska-Monczak, Łukasz Kaczmarek), Lower Silesia (Aleksandra Pankiewicz), Lesser Poland (Nina Glińska) and the Land of Lublin (Tomasz Dzieńkowski). Also, there are two articles on the use of specialist methods (Piotr Gunia, Ludwika Jończyk and Małgorzata Daszkiewicz). Altogether, the articles present a colourful picture of studies on early medieval pottery and of different approaches, methods used and ways of obtaining key findings, especially chronology. We hope that these papers, summarising the current state of the research, are not only an interesting read, but they also initiate a discussion and encourage to organise other events devoted to this category of sources.

The paper examines peculiarities of the Bulgarian historiography, since 1985, concerning the establishment of the Second Bulgarian Empire. During the 1980s the subject was treated predominantly in “patriotic” spirit, in terms of “liberation” from the Byzantine “yoke”, described within the Marxist paradigm. During the 1990s and after 2000 two main tendencies can be observed: breaking the “taboos” of the past and entering the realm of contemporary Western scholarship.

During the mid­540s, the east of the Iberian Peninsula saw efforts to establish ecclesiastical government, perhaps in cooperation with the Visigothic monarchy, through a series of Church councils, including a council of the provincial church of Carthaginiensis that met at Valencia in 546. This article offers a translation and extended discussion of the conciliar acts from Valencia, which deal with the order of liturgical services, how to define and administer  different  kinds  of  property,  especially  in  the  context  of  a  vacancy  in the episcopal office resulting from a bishop’s death, and ecclesiastical disci-pline, particularly as it related to clerical mobility. The article situates the indi-vidual  canons  within  the  broader  history  of  canonical  regulation  and  eccle-siastical  practice  in  sixth-century  Iberia.  It  argues  that  the  council’s  rulings  should be understood as part of a sustained effort by the bishops present to manage  the  disruption  that  was  caused  within  local  communities,  especially  among  the  urban  clergy,  when  bishoprics  were  left  vacant  for  an  extended  period of time. The solutions proposed included oversight by the metropoli-tan and neighbouring bishops, as well as the keeping of records and calls for increased vigilance that regulations were being followed.

on the site located at Castropola Street 40, rescue archaeological excavations were carried out on three separate occasions in the period between 2004 and 2005. It was there that a larger number of fragments that can best be described as wall and ceiling decorations was unearthed, which served as fill for a later-date medieval ramp. The oldest fragments probably belong to the middle of the 1 st century AD, i.e. to the end of the third style, whereas the youngest ones are from the 3 rd century.

Vasily Timofeevich Perminov is a major name among the Russian artists who worked on the wall paintings in
the Cathedral-Monument of St Alexander Nevsky in Sofia. He is also author of the wall paintings in the Russian
church of St. Nicholas in Bulgarian capital. This significant contribution to the ecclesiastical art in Bulgaria in early 20th century gives him particular position in the art history of the period in the country.
The article examines the paintings of V. Perminov in the Russian Church and Cathedral-Monument of St. Alexander Nevsky, it discusses on the peculiarities of wall paintings’ technique and technology and makes comparison with other churches, decorated by the Russian artist. The technological features of the murals in the two churches are presented based on the results of recent instrumental analysis and compared with archival technical data.
Historical sources were also used to better understand the characteristic of Perminov’s paintings.
The research is part of a bigger study in conservation-restoration context of the influence of the Russian artists
on the Bulgarian ecclesiastical wall paintings of 20th century. It also provides with new data for this insufficiently learnt period of Bulgarian wall paintings heritage.
(the main text is in English)

На страницах коллективной монографии читателю предлагаются актуальные исследования проблем битвы на р. Калке 1223 года в контексте исторической эпохи. Из всего множества проблем выбраны вопросы, связанные с родственными связями и межличностными отношениями трех князей Мстиславов, детализацией событийного ряда похода русских дружин, анализом исторических источников и украшениями женского половецкого костюма. Издание снабжено картографическим материалом, изображениями украшений, цветной графикой. Монография рассчитана на профессиональных историков и археологов, студентов исторических специальностей вузов, краеведов и широкий круг читателей, интересующихся прошлым нашей страны.

Ger m ánsk e a st redov ek é osídleni e v Galan t e Výskum sídlisk na trase severovýchodného a východného obchvatu Galanty 1 M i r o S l a v a k i S S o v á-l u c i a n e z v a l o v áa D r i á n n e M e r g u t-i v a n c h e b e n Germanic and Medieval Settlement in Galanta. Excavation of Settlement Along the Route of the NorthEastern and Eastern Bypass of Galanta. During the archaeological development-led excavation carried out as part of the construction of the road infrastructure, three separate archaeological sites were investigated in the year 2011. two of them, in the Drnové and richtárske site, can be dated to the Meddle ages on the basis of the discovered finds. the settlement of the third locality, at the site Pod záhradami, belongs to the open habitation from the late roman period. all of them were located on the banks of the Derňa stream. Settlement features including pit houses, storage pits, a water well, pyrotechnological equipment, and other settlement pits were identified. rare finds prove the use of the site even at the end of the eneolithic. this paper is focused on the analysis of the archaeological contexts, settlement features, and archaeological finds. emphasis is placed on the detailed examination of pottery and other associated artefacts. it also examines possible interpretations of the sites on which the artefacts were found and evaluates them in the context of prehistoric and historic settlement.

In this article the author would like to convince the readers about the necessity of doing research into the Polish dialectal word formation nests (it would give a full description of dialect word formation model). He also presents the difficulties and restrictions of such research, mainly connected with setting the motivating relations and presenting them in nests. On the one hand, the above mentioned difficulties are decided by the peculiarity of the material (dialect vocabulary) and on the other, by the resource materials available e.g. dialect dictionaries. The usefulness of the Lesser Poland dialect lexicons for the nests research is presented in the second part of the article

This thesis explores the idea and experience of fatherhood between the fifth and eighth centuries in Gaul. Fatherhood in this period, both as a concept and as a family identity, has been largely unexplored by historians despite the perceived shift from the Roman household dominated by the paterfamilias to the apparently more egalitarian kinship structures of the Early Middle Ages. This thesis has thus examined the different kinds of fatherhood that a person might hold and how that fatherhood, and the relationships it defined, changed across a lifetime and across the period. My first thanks must go to Julia Hillner who not only supervised this thesis but has been my mentor and friend for as long as I have known her. Her continued enthusiasm and attention to this project throughout has been vital. I could not have asked for a better supervisor. Martial Staub co-supervised this thesis and has been a constant supporter always ready to provide assistance and advice. I must also thank Simon Loseby who introduced me to the Merovingian world and has encouraged me in my efforts to better understand it. Many people have kindly read all or some of this thesis. I am grateful for their care and attention and can only apologize for the errors that have no doubt arisen from my failure to heed their advice. Dirk Rohmann read the work in its entirety and offered particular help with the translations. Les Probert also read the whole work and translated my language back into English. Conrad Leyser, Katie Hemer and the Late Antiquity Reading Group at the University of Sheffield all read various chapters and provided invaluable suggestions. I have been lucky to have remained at the University of Sheffield since I was an Undergraduate and to have been provided with funding by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities which enabled me to write this thesis. I was also able to spend much of the first year of my research at the Goethe Universität in Frankfurt am Main and those I met there, especially Muriel Moser, provided me with priceless help at the start. I have also received generous invitations to speak from the Oxford Late Roman Seminar, the International Network for the Study of Late Antiquity and the Gender and Medieval Studies Conference. The questions and comments I received at these events have helped to shape this work. My involvement with the Medieval and Ancient Research Centre at the University of Sheffield has been a source of assistance and friendship and I am thankful to all of its members. My friends have offered help and distractions and have been understanding of my frequent lapses into obsession. I am grateful to the Postgraduates at the University of Sheffield for knowing what this is like and to Kate, Katie and Alex in particular for many meals and for knowing when, and when not, to talk about work. Cat has provided food, drink and a shared fixation with non-thesis related topics which has saved me from myself. Tom has helped me to earn many free drinks at pub quizzes and, despite his tendency towards theft, has been a constant source of laughter. Alyx has shouldered many burdens with me and her friendship has made this process much easier. Brendan C. Th.

This thesis explores the idea and experience of fatherhood between the fifth and eighth centuries in Gaul. Fatherhood in this period, both as a concept and as a family identity, has been largely unexplored by historians despite the perceived shift from the Roman household dominated by the paterfamilias to the apparently more egalitarian kinship structures of the Early Middle Ages. This thesis has thus examined the different kinds of fatherhood that a person might hold and how that fatherhood, and the relationships it defined, changed across a lifetime and across the period. My first thanks must go to Julia Hillner who not only supervised this thesis but has been my mentor and friend for as long as I have known her. Her continued enthusiasm and attention to this project throughout has been vital. I could not have asked for a better supervisor. Martial Staub co-supervised this thesis and has been a constant supporter always ready to provide assistance and advice. I must also thank Simon Loseby who introduced me to the Merovingian world and has encouraged me in my efforts to better understand it. Many people have kindly read all or some of this thesis. I am grateful for their care and attention and can only apologize for the errors that have no doubt arisen from my failure to heed their advice. Dirk Rohmann read the work in its entirety and offered particular help with the translations. Les Probert also read the whole work and translated my language back into English. Conrad Leyser, Katie Hemer and the Late Antiquity Reading Group at the University of Sheffield all read various chapters and provided invaluable suggestions. I have been lucky to have remained at the University of Sheffield since I was an Undergraduate and to have been provided with funding by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities which enabled me to write this thesis. I was also able to spend much of the first year of my research at the Goethe Universität in Frankfurt am Main and those I met there, especially Muriel Moser, provided me with priceless help at the start. I have also received generous invitations to speak from the Oxford Late Roman Seminar, the International Network for the Study of Late Antiquity and the Gender and Medieval Studies Conference. The questions and comments I received at these events have helped to shape this work. My involvement with the Medieval and Ancient Research Centre at the University of Sheffield has been a source of assistance and friendship and I am thankful to all of its members. My friends have offered help and distractions and have been understanding of my frequent lapses into obsession. I am grateful to the Postgraduates at the University of Sheffield for knowing what this is like and to Kate, Katie and Alex in particular for many meals and for knowing when, and when not, to talk about work. Cat has provided food, drink and a shared fixation with non-thesis related topics which has saved me from myself. Tom has helped me to earn many free drinks at pub quizzes and, despite his tendency towards theft, has been a constant source of laughter. Alyx has shouldered many burdens with me and her friendship has made this process much easier. Brendan C. Th.

The article is devoted to a characteristic of initial verbs in Old and Modem Polish. It consists of three parts. The first of them presents a division of initial verbs based on the literature of the subject and lexicographic sources. In the second part a division of initial verbs in Modem Polish was proposed. The third part, on the other hand, presents the situation of initial verbs in Old Polish. The authors pay attention to differences between Polish and Russian initial verbs

The aim of the present work is to describe the semantic-derivational category of Aktionsarten (types of verbal action) in Russian and Polish. The term «types of verbal action» subsumes semantic-derivational classes of verbs distinguished on the basis of modifications in the meanings of verb bases from the point of view of quantitative characteristics (sensu largo). The present book is the first part of a study devoted to the contrastive analysis of the semantic-derivational category of Aktionsarten in Slavonic languages. The second part, which focuses on the characterization of Polish textual equivalents of Russian types of verbal action, will make use of Russian literary texts and their translations into Polish. The analysis of textual equivalents will also be carried out in the opposite direction, i.e., Polish will be treated as the source language and Russian as the target language. The first part of the book investigates various means of expressing types of verbal action in cont...

This article studies trial by hot water in late antique and early medieval Iberia across three genres of source material. I first consider the marginal position of the law on 'the ordeal of the cauldron' in the oldest copies of the Visigothic code, and translate its text. I then catalogue and synthesise the rich casebook of charters from Asturias-León, Navarra, and Catalunya down to 1031 which document the practice of ordeal. Finally I introduce a guide to the liturgy of trial by hot and cold water in a manuscript copied at Barcelona in 1011, and translate its text. I argue that the law is not of Visigothic origin, but emerged out of the liturgy and practice of ordeal from the ninth century, and was then read back into the code to acquire the legitimacy of a Visigothic past.

Die Analysen der Eisenartefakte aus Satricum zeigen klar, dass sich die Eisentechnologie in Latium Vetus fur das 7. Jh. v. Chr. schon in Phase 2 der Anwendung des Eisens nach Snodgrass (1980, 362) befunden hat (s. auch Nijboer 1998, 159 f.). Snodgrass stellte folgende Phasen fur die Anwendung von Eisen auf: Phase 1: Eisen wird in der Regel fur kleine Objekte (meistens Schmuck und Ornamente) verwendet. Phase 2: Eisen wird neben fur Ornamenten und Schmuck auch fur kleinere Werkzeuge (Messer, Beile etc.) eingesetzt. Die Mehrzahl der Objekte wird aber noch aus Kupfer bzw. Kupferlegierungen hergestellt. Phase 3: Eisen verdrangt Kupfer fur die Herstellung von Metallobjekten. Aufgrund der neueren Forschungsergebnisse in Latium Vetus wird aber deutlich, dass Phase eins hier nur schwer erkennbar ist (Nijboer 1998, 160) und im Laufe des 8. Jh. v. Chr. Eisen eine steigende Bedeutung als Grundstoff fur die Herstellung von Metallobjekten bekommen hat (Nijboer 2011, 10–17). Auf Basis der hier unt...

El cuerpo del apóstol Santiago fue "descubierto" en los primeros decenios del siglo IX, durante el reinado de Alfonso II de Asturias. Con este monarca dio comienzo la peregrinación jacobea y fue impulsado el culto a las reliquias, iniciativas acompañadas de un arte áulico que formaban parte de un proyecto de construcción nacional. Aquella fue una política epígona de la desarrollada contemporáneamente por el gran Carlomagno, inmerso en la construcción de un imperio germano-cristiano y con quien la corte asturiana estuvo relacionada.