Early Medieval Architecture

La nascita dell'insediamento di Monte Sant'Angelo è solitamente considerata una conseguenza dell'introduzione del culto dell'arcangelo Michele, presumibilmente dall'Oriente, nel V secolo 1 e viene citata come esempio di centro abitato generato da un santuario, insieme ai casi di Mont-Saint-Michel, Chatres, Santiago di Compostella 2 . Di recente, tuttavia, sulla base di un riesame delle aree cimiteriali presenti nel suo comprensorio -da inserire nell'ambito dell'articolato quadro degli ipogei funerari del Gargano -è stata ribadita l'ipotesi che il sito fosse abitato già nel secolo precedente 3 . La serie di monete romane, rinvenuta nell'area della basilica micaelica, di cui le più antiche risalgono alla prima metà del IV secolo, se non è sufficiente a dimostrare che il sito fosse già un luogo di culto, risulta comunque prova della sua frequentazione 4 . In questa ottica, a mio avviso, potrebbe essere riconsiderato anche il gruppo di capitelli tardoantichi rinvenuti nell'area della chiesa di San Pietro (ascritti al III-IV secolo) e per i quali è stata ipotizzata la provenienza da Siponto 5 : fermo restando che si tratta di elementi erratici, non si può escludere che fossero pertinenti a un edificio di Monte Sant'Angelo. A ogni modo è indubbio come la fortuna di questo centro sia legata alla grande fama che ben presto proprio il santuario conobbe: i primi pellegrinaggi extra-peninsulari sono documentati (da una serie di iscrizioni graffite, alcune delle quali runiche) già nel VII-VIII secolo 6 .

O que é um Ajimez? Trata-se de uma peça arquitetónica constituída por um monólito rasgado por dois ou três arcos peraltados ou ultrapassados, o qual foi muito utilizado para iluminar o interior de monumentos, substituindo a utilização de frestas. No caso do Ajimez do Jarmelo apenas se conserva a parte central da peça. Quanto à sua origem, os dados mais antigos, apontam para uma origem muçulmana. Porém, foi a arquitetura asturiana quem mais aplicou este elemento na construção dos seus monumentos, durante os séculos IX e X. Em Portugal existem exemplares tanto na região de Entre-Douro-e-Minho como nas regiões Beirãs.

The paper presents the problems of the topography of Zawichost in the early Middle Ages. The author discusses archaeological sources associated with the Zawichost-Podgórze settlement complex with the stronghold dated to the period between the 8th and 10th centuries. The paper also contains the analysis of the development of the settlement on Zawichost Hill on the site of the modern-day town in connection with the changes of the road network and the Vistula River crossings. Furthermore, the author discusses the problem of the location of the Zawichost stronghold, presenting in his paper results of archaeological excavations and architectural investigations of monumental buildings from the settlement area and their place in the topographic structure

During the archaeological research (2011–2012) on the area of the Piast Castle in Ostrow Tumski in Wroclaw, two types of architectural studies were carried out. A typical research conducted on the chronological stratification took into consideration the combination of walls, joints, mortar colour etc. As a result of that research, 8 chronological phases of rebuilding were separated. It was difficult to assign some relics to proper phases, consequently, it was decided to conduct additional research that would include the statistics of brick dimensions. The final statistical evaluation of measured bricks from all phases, largely confirmed the results of previous architectural research. Similarity between bricks from the same phases was demonstrated, which will be helpful in the final comparison of all research results, including the mineralogy analysis of historic mortars.

In Compañy, G., Fonte, J., Gómez-Arribas, B., Moragón, L. & Señorán, J. M. 2013. Actas de las V Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores en Arqueología. Arqueología para el siglo XXI (Santiago de Compostela, mayo de 2012): 131-136. Madrid: JAS Arqueología.

La iglesia de San Román de Tobillas (Álava, País Vasco) se ha convertido en un caso de estudio clásico en la Historia y la Arqueología españolas, ya que combina algunos de los documentos y fábricas más antiguos del País Vasco. Éstos permiten datar sus dos fases altomedievales en los siglos IX y X respectivamente. Tanto la documentación como el estudio de la arquitectura dibujan un escenario en el que un grupo monástico dirigido por el abad Avito se integra en una comunidad aldeana prexistente gracias a los símbolos de poder político, económico y religioso que es capaz de desplegar. Además, durante las excavaciones arqueológicas de 1994 se identificó una tumba individual con cubierta a dos aguas en el ábside altomedieval. Cortaba el suelo de la fase constructiva del siglo IX y sobresaldría del pavimento original. La localización singular del enterramiento y su tipología constructiva indican que probablemente perteneció a un personaje relevante dentro de la comunidad y la datación coincide con la muerte del abad Avito. A falta de un estudio antropológico apropiado; este artículo explora esta hipótesis, integrando este nuevo dato rescatado de la literatura gris en el análisis general del contexto.

The church of San Román of Tobillas (Álava, Basque Country) has become a classic case study in Spanish History and Archaeology, as it combines some of the oldest written documents and architectures from Basque Country. These allowed dating its two early-medieval phases in 9th and 10th centuries respectively. Both written sources and the study of the architecture depict a scenario where a monastic group led by abbot Avitus integrates in a pre-existing village community thanks to the political, economical and religious symbols he is able to enhance. In addition, archaeological excavation in 1994 identified an individual grave with gable roof cover in the early-medieval apse. It cut the floor of the 9th century construction phase and would stick out from the ground. The singular location of the grave and its construction typology indicate it probably hosted an important person in the community and the chronology matches with the death of Avitus. In the absence of a proper anthropological study, this paper investigates this hypothesis integrating this new data rescued from the grey literature in the general analysis of the context.

Visegrád ókori és középkori műemlék-együttesének fontos részét képezik a Sibrik-dombon és az azt övező Várkert-völgyben feltárt római- és középkori lelőhelyek. A tanulmány a 2013–2015-ben végzett ásatások eredményeit ismerteti. Az új ásatások során derült fény arra, hogy az elhagyott római falak között már az államalapítás korát megelőzően, a 8. század végétől és a 9. században folyt élet, majd a késő Árpád-korig bizonyítható a központi hely használata.
The Roman-period and medieval sites investigated on Sibrik Hill and in the Várkert Valley enclosing it are an important part of the antique and medieval monuments of Visegrád. Discussed here are the findings of
the 2013–2015 excavation campaigns, which revealed that the  abandoned Roman fort had been occupied from the late 8th century and during the 9th century, well before the foundation of the medieval Hungarian state, and that the occupation of this central place can be traced up to the late Árpádian Age.

printing: Tiskara rotim i Market, Lukavec, Croatia isBN 978-953-6002-44-3 (niz) 978-953-6002-50-4 (Vol. 2) CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 730240 ouvrage préparé et publié avec la contribution du 6 eme programme-cadre de la Commission européenne (projet irCLaMa). european union Fp6 irCLaMa Velika Gospa pr�s de Bale (Istrie) II L'église Velika Gospa pr�s de Bale Vol. II. édité par M. Jurković et J.-P. Caillet texte rédigé par P. Chevalier, M. Jurković et I. Matejčić Recherches archéologiques franco-croates � Bale conduites par le Centre International de Recherches sur l'Antiquité tardive et le Moyen Âge de Motovun, Université de Zagreb dirigées par M. Jurković et J.-P. Caillet avec la collaboration du Service des monuments historiques pour l'Istrie Zagreb -Motovun, 2009. 4 Inv. n° SMV-97/277a-b. Calcaire.

In the form of a brief sketch, we discuss the rupture in the way of understanding and practicing the cult of the remains attributed to the Apostle James the Greater that came about as a result of the construction of the Romanesque cathedral of Compostela.  This rupture was reflected in the architectures involved in this cult, but also in the very concept of the nature of the Tomb, which will shift from that of a late-antique “martiryum” to that of a medieval “reliquary.”

Radiocarbon dating of the carbonate binder of historical mortars is a strategic research topic not lacking in complexities. The critical step is the separation of anthropogenic CaCO 3-binder from other carbonate sources that could severely affect the resulting dates. Here we present a complete procedure for the processing and characterization of difficult mortars and of the separated binder fractions in order to assess a priori the chances of positively dating the mortar, and produce a binder fraction yielding the most reliable radiocarbon dates possible. Two complex architectural case studies from Northern Italy are presented and discussed in detail: the churches of Santa Maria Maggiore (Lomello, Pavia) and Santa Maria (Torba, Varese). The results support that both the reliability assessment and the successful radiocarbon dating are possible through a multi-analytical approach encompassing mineralogical and petrographic characterization, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, and optical cathodoluminescence.

The archaeological excavations in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore (Trento, Italy) brought to light nearly 300 stone scuplted fragments. They have been all published in this volume, together with other finds detected earlier in the same area. The study of the stratigraphic context, the typological and chronological framing and the analysis of further important aspects (architectural function, manufacturing techniques, etc.) enabled to recognize the original liturgical furnishings elements, i.e. a pergula and a ciborium built between the last quarter of the 8th and the first quarter of the 9th century. In its conclusions, the research also focuses on the organization and structure of the early medieval groups of craftsmen and stone-carvers, and on their mobility.

The article focuses on the long lasting architectural complex of S. Lorenzo near Pachino. Trough the analysis of walls stratigraphy and, particularly, of the building techniques, several phases of the rich architectural palimpsest are identified: starting from a Greek temple near which the Late Antique statio of Apolline arose, to an Ancient Medieval nucleus surviving in the Norman period, until the transformation in a modern farmhouse of the XV th century rural fortified casale that arose on the site. Special attention is given to the triconch building within the complex, certainly used for worship. A date to the VII th -VIII th century is here proposed. The analysis of the architectural data under a cultural perspective underlines an Eastern inspiration, coherent with other similar features of the diocese of Syracuse. On the basis of the complexity and the characteristics of the plan, of the topographical position near an important way and of comparison in Southern Italy, for the complex of S. Lorenzo an interpretation as a monastery is proposed, in the frame of territorial dynamics involving the near settlement of Cittadella and the trades along the coast at the South of Eloro.

The first Cisterian church of Lubiąż is believed to be the oldest fully brick building in Silesia. It was a small Basilica with wooden ceiling, almost devoid of stone detail, sponsored by Prince Bolesław the Tall in 1175. It was built with bricks approx. 6.2–7.5 cm high, of the North Italian (Lombard) provenience, which replaced small bricks (height approx. 3–4 cm) so‑called “Byzantine” or “Ruthenian plinta”, occasionally used during the Romanesque period in Wrocław. The high brick from behind the Alps got to Silesia indirectly‑via Saxony; through religious workshops‑Cistercian or Norbertanian. In addition to the church in Lubiąż early brick appeared in the gigantic 18‑side building of the castle in Wroclaw (4 quarter of the 12th century), as evidenced by the identity dimensions of bricks in both structures. The third building, built from the bricks of similar sizes, especially of average height of 7.5–8 cm, is a bottom part of St. Peter's tower, a huge family of the castle in Legnica. Perhaps, too, the object was created in 12th century. Probably Prince Boleslaw the Tall, the founder of the abbey in Lubiąż, was responsible for the transfer of the brick to Silesia as it was the most technologically advanced material at that time.

In this paper are published all the Early Medieval sculpted fragments from the church of Vigo Lomaso, Trentino, northern Italy, and a reconstruction of the original structures they belonged to. The sculptors who worked at Vigo Lomaso most probably worked also in Trento, in the churches of S. Maria Maggiore and S. Vigilio. One of the slabls shows an iconographic peculiarity, i.e. the letters alpha and omega in the reverse order (omega-alpha). This characteristic must not be explained with a suppositional 'ignorance' of makers and patrons, but rather has some symbolic implications.

Nessuna parte di questo libro può essere riprodotta o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo elettronico, meccanico o altro senza l'autorizzazione scritta dei proprietari dei diritti e dell'editore. Gli autori sono a disposizione degli aventi diritto per quanto riguarda le fonti iconografiche e letterarie non individuate

Zawichost is a center in northern Lesser Poland, which, according to the late medieval tradition, noted by the medieval historian and chronicler Jan Długosz, was considered the leading in the Sandomierz region - caput terrae Sandomiriensis. In historiography, the idea returns that this is a place where one should look for the seeds of a political and church structure, which would later become the basis of the identity of the Sandomierz region.

Research on the beginnings and development of Zawichost was initiated and conducted from the 1950s by the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Polish Academy of Sciences, continued in the years 1994–1999 as the work of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. During the work, there was a harmonious, effective interaction between researchers representing various specialties. At the same time, outstanding specialists, not only archaeologists and historians, but also Quaternary geologists and geomorphologists, geophysicists, anthropologists, and architectural historians were cooperating. The results of excavations played a key role in the research, which, bringing many unusual discoveries, enabled the verification of previous findings.

The effect of many years of work is the volume of Zawichost in the early Middle Ages - a monograph presenting the state of research of the Zawichost center together with its current update.

ISABEL RUlZ DE LA PEÑA GONZÁLEZ Universidad de Oviedo RESUMEN: La historiografia del arte español debe a Jovellanos algunas de las pioneras y más agudas apreciaciones críticas sobre los monumentos de nuestro pasado. Su exhaustivo método de acercamiento a las construcciones que consideró claves en la evolución de la arquitectura nacional sorprende por su modernidad. El presente artículo pretende ofrecer un panorama, a la fuerza incompleto pero representativo, de las apreciaciones que en este ámbito nos legó el ilustrado. La minuciosa indagación documental y bibliogrdfica; así como el profundo análisis y reflexiones acerca de las novedades constructivas y plásticas de las obras que atrajeron su atención, quedan plasmadas en sus numerosos y dispersos escritos artísticos. ABSTRACT: Historiography of Spanish art owes to Caspar Melchor de Jovellanos (J 744-J 81/) some of the earliest critical appraisals on medieval architecture. His comprehensive method of approach to the key monuments of national art is still strikingy moderno This paper aims to show a representative picture, even incomplete, of his findings in this area. On his writings, his meticulous documentary and bibliographical research, and his deep analysis and reflections on the development of buildings can be appreciated.

Spoznaje u izucavanju predromanicke arhitekture istocne obale Jadrana posljednjih su se desetljeéa umnogostrucile. Od prve sinteze Lj. Karamana o starohrvatskim crkvicama slobodnih oblika 1 doslo se do cvrste tipologije predromanicke arhitekture u nas. 2 Takvim se pristupom, u svakom slucaju veoma bitnim, ocrtalo Cinjenicno stanje i uspostavila korelacija spomenicke grade perioda. Poslo se, nadalje, nakon poticajnih razmatranja Dyggvea3 l. Preloga, 4 novo usmjerenim pravcima izucavanju geneze pojedinih tipova predromanicke arhitekture Jadrana. Tako usmjerenim istrazivanjima naglasila se valorizacija kasnoanticke i paleobizantske bastine 6. stoljeéa i njihov udio u morfoloskim rjesenjima predromanickih objekata. Spoznala se sraslost tih rjesenja s ranijom arhitekturom domaéeg tla, 5 i utoliko razlicitost ispoljavanja (u regionalnom smislu) te arhitekture spram istodobnih rjesenja Zapada i Istoka.

A pesar de la extensa trayectoria recorrida por los estudios que se ocupan de la arquitectura tardoantigua y altomedieval de la Península Ibérica, las estructuras abovedadas no han sido objeto de un estudio pormenorizado, característica, por otro lado, común al contexto científico europeo. La atracción suscitada principalmente por la decoración y otros componentes arquitectónicos singulares (como el arco de herradura) en el análisis de la arquitectura de estas épocas, junto a la complejidad del estudio de un elemento a menudo no conservado, como ejemplifican la mayoría de las basílicas tardoantiguas, han otorgado a las estructuras abovedadas un papel secundario a la hora de adscribir y definir los conjuntos edificados dentro de los contextos arquitectónicos de la Tardoantigüedad y el Altomedievo.

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On silver imports into the Dnieper region in the Early Middle Ages
Artefacts from tin alloys in the forest zone of Eastern Europe in I Millennium
Manufacturing of heraldic belts by Ryazan-Oka Finns
On production of glass beads
Gnezdovo jewelry technologies in the 10th — early 11th centuries
Manufacturing features of small Christian plastic artefacts
Birth and death of silk samite
What did the healer from Staraya Ladoga use for medicine?

О поступлении серебра в Поднепровье в раннесредневековое время
Изделия из оловянистых сплавов в лесной зоне Восточной Европы в I тыс.
Изготовление геральдических поясов у рязано-окских финнов
Взаимодействие различных традиций в кузнечном ремесле Древней Руси
О производстве стеклянных бус
Технологии ювелиров Гнёздова в X — начале XI в.
Особенности изготовления христианской пластики малых форм
Рождение и смерть шелковой ткани саммит
Чем лечил знахарь из Старой Ладоги?