Discourse Analysis (DA)

This article offers a fresh critique of the work of political scientists and historians who have propagated the Eurocentric history of democracy. The paper argues that such work can be dissected and critiqued along several key lines: their reliance on a distinctly patriarchal discourse riddled with prejudices; the assertion that one can understand the history of democracy via the etymology of the word itself; and the deeply Eurocentric
roots of the study of democracy’s past embedded in the canon of Western political thought. The paper concludes by calling on contemporary political scientists and political historians concerned with the history of  democracy to be careful in re-iterating this deeply flawed history of democracy and to instead work towards a history of democracy that retrieves the silenced histories and the forgotten democratic moments that lay behind the roar of Western power.

This paper explores how philosophical inquiry and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can mutually benefit from each other to produce new methodological and reflexive directions in neo-liberal policy research to examine the phenomenon of ‘What is (going on here)’. Through this we argue that augmenting linguistic analysis with philosophical perspectives develops and supports CDA scholarship more broadly by accommodating the shifting complexity of social problems of ideologically driven inequality that are inbuilt through, in our case, social policy texts. In discussing philosophical-methodological issues, the paper argues for the need to continually adapt CDA to the particular data so as to remain sensitive to and avoid hegemonic tendencies in analysis. Through adopting the principles of a working methodology, we discuss a micro-meso-macro CDA framework that draws on the analytical concepts of movement, metaphorical superfluidity, thematic condensation, and surrealism to conceive of a research approach capable of examining and comprehending evolving discourses of political economies. The most immediate benefit of this framework is its capacity to illustrate how forms of valuations perpetuated by and through policy discourse are the motivational locus of meaning making insofar as they strongly inform the moral underpinning the ideology of economic growth.

This essay focuses on a paradoxical transformation that happened within Soviet ideological discourse at the very end of perestroika, around 1990-91. The Party's attempts to revitalize Soviet ideology by returning to the original word of Lenin unexpectedly produced the opposite result. The unquestionable external Truth from which Soviet ideological discourse drew its legitimacy-and that had always been identical with Lenin's wordsuddenly could no longer be known. This shift launched a rapid unraveling of the Soviet communist project. At the center of this unexpected transformation was the search for the true Lenin-a kind of Lenin that Soviet party theorists, bureaucrats, historians, and scientists hoped was still hidden in the midst of his unpublished texts and unknown facts of his biology, life, and death.

This paper presents detailed methods for constructing a flexible philosophical–analytical model through which to apply the analytic principles of CDA for the interpretation of metaphors across policy texts. Drawing on a theoretical framing from Foucault and the augmentation of Nietzsche’s views on valuation, we sketch a framework for examining ways in which evaluative semantic categories can be linked to sociological theories in order to bring out their relevance for the purpose of critical discourse analysis. This multi-level research framework draws upon a relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values through which neo-liberalism is discursively entwined and progressed through a system of principles of e/valuation.

"ABSTRACT:
    This study assumes the subject's pursuit of meaning is generally incapacitating and should be suspended. It aims to demonstrate how such a suspension is theoretically accomplished by utilizing Lacan's formulae of sexuation integrated with his work in discourse theory and topology.
    Part I places this study into context by examining scholarship from the established fields of hermeneutics, phenomenology, (post)structuralism, aesthetic theory and psychoanalysis in order to extract out their respective theory of meaning. These theories reveal that an historical struggle with meaning has been underway since the Reformation and reaches near crisis proportions in the 20th century. On the one hand this crisis is mollified by the rise of Heideggerian-Gadamerian hermeneutical phenomenology which questions traditional epistemological approaches to the text using a new ontological conceptualization of meaning and a conscious rejection of methodology. On the other hand this crisis is exacerbated when the ubiquitous nature of meaning is itself challenged by (post)structuralism's discovery of the signifier which inscribes a limit to meaning, and by the domains of sense and nonsense newly opened up by aesthetic theory. These historical developments culminate in the field of psychoanalysis which most consequentially delimits a cause of meaning said to be closely linked to the core of subjectivity.
    Part II extends these findings by rigorously constructing out of the Lacanian sexuated formulae a decidedly non-hermeneutical phenomenological approach useful in demonstrating the sexual nature of meaning. Explicated in their static state by way of an account of their original derivation from the Aristotelian logical square, it is argued that these four formulae are relevant to basic concerns of textual theory inclusive of the hermeneutical circle of meaning. These formulae are then set into motion by integrating them with Lacan's four discourses to demonstrate the breakdown of meaning. Finally, the cuts and sutures of two-dimensional space that is topology as set down in L'étourdit are performed to confirm how the very field of meaning is ultimately suspended from a nonsensical singular point known in Lacanian psychoanalysis as objet a. The contention is that by occupying this point the subject frees himself from the debilitating grip of meaning."

Although scholars of Somali Studies have engaged themselves in examining the Somali society from several perspectives, colonial and early Somali writers mainly observed the Somali people as homogenous, egalitarian and nomadic pastoral. Themes on multi-ethnicity, multiculturalism, and linguistic diversity were ignored as topics that sully the myth of the selfsame ideology colorfully embroidered in the official historiography. The notion also deluded pioneering Somali scholars from critically studying their people and analyzing colonial writing; at least not beyond the western scholars' knowledge boundary. Accordingly, the Horn of Africa was exemplified as a unique African nation where citizens enjoy equality and share an all-in-one identity: culturally, ethnically, historically, and linguistically. Contrary to that notion, though, the everyday social situation makes the primordial ideology of selfsameness unsustainable. To establish the evidence, this essay discusses about how the Bantu Jareer agrarian community, a section among the different groups of subalterns in the country, views its environment and social space within the boundary of deeply offensive segregation by an extremely suppressive Somali society.

[Nota: para una tabla-resumen de la adaptación del código, ver https://www.academia.edu/14836268/Resumen_de_la_adaptaci%C3%B3n_del_c%C3%B3digo_de_transcripci%C3%B3n_de_Gail_Jefferson]



En este trabajo propongo una adaptación del código de transcripción de Gail Jefferson con el fin de promover su uso en investigaciones no discursivas en ciencias sociales. Sostengo que, al contrario de lo que suele considerarse, la transcripción no es una tarea simple e intrascendente: supone la toma de decisiones complejas y, en tanto parte de un proceso de investigación dado, contribuye a construir los resultados. De este modo, transcribir es una tarea política tan digna de atención como cualquier otra. Mi propuesta consiste en: i) reducir la cantidad de símbolos originales, ii) simplificar su acceso en teclados en castellano, iii) anular aquéllos, como puntos y comas, que puedan dificultar la comprensión de un/a lector/a no iniciado/a y, finalmente, iv) anular símbolos a priori poco útiles en investigaciones no discursivas.

On this paper I propose an adaptation of Gail Jefferson’s transcription code in order to promote its use in social sciences non-discursive research. I argue that, contrary to what is commonly believed, transcription is not a simple and irrelevant task: it involves complex decisions and, as part of a given research process, it helps construct the results. Hence, transcribing is a political task worthy of as much attention as any other. With this goal in mind, I propose i) reduce the quantity of symbols, ii) simplify its access on keyboards in Spanish, iii) exclude symbols, such as periods and commas, that can make comprehension harder for the not initiated and, finally, iv) exclude symbols a priori useless within non discursive research.

This book proposes a significant reassessment of the history of Iraq, documenting democratic experiences from ancient Mesopotamia through to the US occupation. Such an analysis takes to task claims that the 'West' has a uniquely democratic history and a responsibility to spread democracy across the world. It also reveals that Iraq has a democratic history all of its own, from ancient Middle Eastern assemblies and classical Islamic theology and philosophy, through to the myriad political parties, newspapers and protest movements of more recent times. This book argues that the democratic history of Iraq could serve as a powerful political and discursive tool where the Iraqi people may come to feel a sense of ownership over democracy and take pride in endorsing it. This could go a long way towards mitigating the current conflicts across the nation and in stabilizing and legitimating its troubled democracy. Taking an interdisciplinary approach and referring to some of the most influential critical theorists to question ideological assumptions about democracy and its history, this book will be useful to those interested in political and legal history, human rights and democracy.Reviews: 'This book is a serious and in-depth reading of Iraqi political history. Isakhan's argument, bolstered by an impressive array of source material, is a direct affront to the use of violence to impose a wholesale American "democracy" on a society that has its own rich history of egalitarian and collective forms of governance.' Muhsin Al-Musawi, Columbia University, USA 'Democracy in Iraq expertly excavates democratic traditions that have long been buried in Western Orientalism and Bathist totalitarianism. In demonstrating that a will towards collective and participatory governance has existed over the centuries, Benjamin Isakhan rescues assessments for Iraqi democratisation from the kind of negative determinism, deracinated from history and local culture, that has dominated scholarly and policy debates.' James Piscatori, Durham University, UK

To cite:
Wilkins, A. and Olmedo, A. 2018. Conceptualising education governance: Framings, perspectives and theories. In A. Wilkins and A. Olmedo (eds) Education governance and social theory: Interdisciplinary approaches to research. Bloomsbury: London, pp. 1-20

The ‘governance turn’ in education research has attracted significant attention from those interested in the role and interaction of hierarchies, markets and networks as overlapping, interdependent systems shaping the formation of education structures and discourses both nationally and globally.  The governance turn denotes the movement toward decentralised, depoliticised education planning and the expansion of market prerogatives, data logics and endogenous privatisation as drivers of education reform.  In this introduction we adopt multiple framings, perspectives and theories to examine the various ways education governance is co-opted and translated to make sense of these trends and tendencies in the formation of education systems.  Specifically, we detail its polyvalence as a policy strategy, political-economic project, mode of intervention, problematising activity, vehicle of empowerment, scaling technique, and discourse or normative description.  Through situating education governance within an interdisciplinary field of critical inquiry and scholarship, we point to the plurality of theoretical perspectives, analytical strategies and research paradigms engendered through education governance studies and underline its significance as a politically-engaged, policy-relevant subdiscipline of education in the twenty-first century.

Nesta última década notamos uma série de políticas que visam ampliar a presença da língua portuguesa no mundo, tais como a inauguração da TV Brasil Internacional (2010), no âmbito do governo brasileiro ou a entrada em vigor do acordo ortográfico de 1990 (2009), no âmbito da Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), organização internacional formada por todos os países de língua oficial portuguesa. Diante desse panorama, esta pesquisa propõe-se a contribuir para a compreensão do papel de políticas linguísticas na configuração do que seja a expansão do português no mundo contemporâneo. Para isso, partimos das premissas de que todo discurso é polêmico pelo princípio da interincompreensão constitutiva (MAINGUENEAU, 2008 [1984]), e de que todo texto político-jurídiconormativo busca apagar, superar essa polêmica e construir um sentido único. Esse caminho teórico-metodológico, nos leva a questionar sobre que processos discursivos constroem essa busca de univocidade para superar a polêmica nos documentos de políticas linguísticas para a expansão do português? Quais coerções foram enfatizadas? De que maneira o enunciador se apresenta em nome dessa univocidade? Acreditamos que encontrar respostas a essas indagações nos levem a discutir relações de poder que sustentam essas políticas linguísticas de expansão do português nesta última década. Para desenvolver nossa pesquisa, selecionamos como corpora de análise, declarações e resoluções da Conferência de Chefes de Estado e de Governo e do Conselho de Ministros da CPLP sobre a difusão e promoção da língua portuguesa, por causa do poder político e simbólico, que essa organização representa em relação à temática. Assim,  pudemos identificar quatro posições/faces de enunciadores, o ufanista, o defensor, o apreensivo e o idealista-apaziguador, que juntos compõem um enunciador, que chamamos de “super” graças a sua memória e a sua competência interdiscursivas e sua maneira específica de enunciar, que potencializam o poder imperativo de seus enunciados. Nas sequências discursivas analisadas podemos constatar que esse (super)enunciador na busca da adesão do coenunciador, articula alianças (a língua portuguesa comum, a sociedade civil) e oposições (diversidade cultural dos países, a língua inglesa) na construção de uma aparente homogeneidade linguística a fim de superar a heterogeneidade fundante da própria CPLP. Desse modo, as polêmicas são silenciadas e podemos notar um processo de construção de um novo sentido de língua portuguesa, homogeneizante em contraposição a outro já em curso de gramatização e heterogeneização das línguas portuguesas nacionais.

This paper dwells in a large space of encounter between theorizing poverty and the poverty of theorizing, through operating with ‘theory’ as means for [and end of] activating tropes as, and for, political interventions. In the first part, I explain how the paper weaves that space of encounter (the theoretical tools), why it weaves it on (and for) a vigorously located empirical background (The Romanian Carpathians), and what are the stakes of the whole enterprise. Then, the second part unpacks the cultural circuit of poverty, resource management, and industrialisation in the Romanian Carpathians along three relations (industrialization and poverty, justice and poverty, patriotism and poverty) creatively activated by the communist practices of governmentality, so as to make scarcity more bearable. The rather optimistic conclusion signals the need to consider the body an effective site of resistance to the practices of governmentality, and alternative directions of thinking scales and regions, and insists on the politics and potentialities of critical theorizing.

Key words: governmentality, materialist semiotics, environmental transformation, human and natural resources, poverty, development, justice, nationalism

En este trabajo publicado originalmente en 2005 se hace una introducción básica a los conceptos del discursos, diferencias entre estudios del discurso y análisis del discurso. Se ofrece una metodología básica así como los pasos generales para realizar un análisis del discurso.

This article investigates the implications of the ancient nomos/physis debate to Trinitarian theology. While the Cappadocians, countering Heteroousians, eventually demonstrated that naturalist understanding of naming did not work for Christian theology, Hilary still assumed that it did. Hilary is usually grouped with naturalists who held that names were not arbitrary and conventional impositions, but that they corresponded to the nature of what they designated. Yet, there are several complications with such a grouping, because not all naturalists (e.g., Cratylus, Stoics, Origen, Eunomius) say the same thing, focus on same issues, have theological interest in names, or agree with Hilary. Accordingly, this paper will argue that Hilary can be called a “naturalist” only in a qualified sense.

The attempt to establish a unified taxonomy for the field of Information Ethics is both unattainable and unwarranted. The categorization of Information Ethics as a defined discipline, an applicable practice, a philosophy and a worldview remains constantly in flux due to, what Luciano Floridi terms, ‘philosophical naturalism’. As such, a broadening understanding of the field will only serve to further collapse categorization. The following paper will outline, using a discourse analysis methodology, how the nature of the field of Information Ethics at a foundational level must necessarily defy classification. The assumptions behind the current classifications of the field will be questioned. Beginning with the history of the inception of the field through Librarianship and Cybernetics and questioning the yet unresolved ontological debates between information philosophers such as Rafael Capurro and Floridi, this paper will explicate how any such attempt to develop an agreed upon taxonomy will and should always remain incomplete.

If depression is a disease, there seems to be very little indication among psychologists and psychiatrists as to what kind of disease it might be. To be sure, "depression" as a concept has been operationalized, measured according to standard testing devices, and treated. Still, vast areas of confusion remain. Is depression biological in origin or is it a configuration of wrong "cognitions?" In this paper I explore depression from the standpoint of linguistic anthropology, suggesting that depression may have a root in communication structures, especially in pragmatic dimensions of language.

It is now more than 30 years since the publication of Edward W. Said’s seminal text Orientalism. With his discourse analysis of an astounding number of academic, bureaucratic and literary texts from the colonial period, Said was able to demonstrate that the western colonial project was premised on a matrix of interdependent discourses, institutions and practices, which he termed ‘orientalism’. The net output of such orientalism was an ideological fantasy, a fantasy that bore no relation to the reality and complexity of non-european society with its myriad cultures, religions, peoples, customs and histories. Instead, orientalism has served to homogenize, demonize and stereotype the non-european world according to fairly reductive and negative terms, so that the oriental was viewed as the ‘other’. Clearly the unquestioned tendency to view the people of the orient as eficient and inferior ‘others’ served the colonial agenda of continuing to dominate and control sections of the East.

One cannot overstate the significance and impact of orientalism. Indeed, in the years that followed, Said’s work was both contested and applied by a whole range of different disciplines including middle-east studies, media analyses, international relations and history. It has also spawned an entirely new sub-discipline known as postcolonial studies. What has long been missing in the field of research is a sustained engagement with Said’s work from the perspective of defence studies and military history.

Political language is marked with the feature of persuasiveness and is starkly different from the ordinary language through the application of rhetorical figures. In fact, it differs substantially from ordinary language in terms of using vocabulary, structure and tone of voice which are considered the fundamental tenets of persuasive language. In this respect, the aim of this paper was to find out how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays a vital role in unraveling the hidden ideas by scrutinizing the presence of power in political speeches through undertaking a rigorous scrutiny of the speeches of two of the former presidents of the USA and distinguishing them from daily speeches of common people. To this end, five speeches by John F. Kennedy and Barack Obama, two of the former presidents of USA, who have been able to move a large audience to support their campaigns by employing rhetorical language were analysed. The findings revealed that the success of these two presidents lies in their manipulation of different linguistic and literary devices, such as parallelism, euphemism, alliteration and metaphor to set forth their ideas. The results also implied that the presidents' special discourses have enabled them to reinforce values dear to American society such as: unity, the sense of bond, and nationalism in their electoral campaigns and afterwards in their administration.

Le catalogue de jouets, envisagé comme dispositif de communication, a été étudié dans le cadre d’une linguistique textuelle qui prend en compte la situation de production. Posant qu’il existe un contrat de communication propre au catalogue commercial, j’ai mis en évidence les processus de construction du sens au sein d’un document polysémiotique – le catalogue de jouets. Le nom de jouet, le nom de marque, la photographie et le texte fonctionnent en synergie dans les modules-jouets – microstructures autonomes du catalogue.
Pour ce faire, j’ai utilisé les éclairages croisés de plusieurs approches et disciplines – morphologie et séman-tique lexicale, linguistique textuelle, analyse du discours, sémiologie de l’image. Les deux dispositifs imbri-qués – dispositif descriptif en lien avec la diffusion d’une information sur un produit et dispositif persuasif lié à la situation de communication (sphère professionnelle du commerce) – ont été analysés conjointement de façon à faire apparaitre les processus dynamiques engendrés par leur interaction. La (re)construction du sens qui s’opère dans le cadre d’une textualité « située » a été mise en évidence ainsi que les stratégies discursives à l’œuvre

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the notion of local urban policy hybridity in Manchester, England. It presents the findings of qualitative research set in the context of the parallel entrepreneurial city and sustainable regeneration debates. The research objective was to examine the extent of Manchester’s conversion to the politics of the entrepreneurial city on the assumption that this signals a departure from efforts towards the city’s achievement of sustainable regeneration and social equity goals. Manchester was selected because it has been held up as an iconic entrepreneurial city. The continuing entrepreneurial city debate, instigated by David Harvey in the 1980s, runs alongside that of sustainable egeneration in ways that are seen as sometimes complementary but usually contradictory. The software package NVivo 7 was used to assist with data analysis. The methodological approach was based loosely on the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin: the approach of the analysis mainly followed the qualitative interpretive approach of discourse analysis. Key community strategy documents are found to
interweave elements of the entrepreneurial and managerial governance discourses and also incorporate conceptual elements that have emerged recently such as a concern with crime, sustainability and community nvolvement. The paper provides valuable insights into the hybrid nature of Manchester’s actually existing local community strategies which feature a robust adherence to the managerial mode of local urban policy.

The mothers’ discourse is a reflection of the culture of martyrdom as present in modern Palestinian society. The armed groups that wage war foster this culture and actively infuse themes of martyrdom and religio-nationalist duty to the youths. When the mothers relay this culture via representation in the media, and when they teach it to their children, they are acting within a traditionally female role as a repository and transmitter of culture. These communicative roles are both public and private, yet they remain within a feminine sphere of involvement as they are reactionary in nature, and inseparable from the actions of the children. Within the roles adopted by the mothers of Palestine, they are positioned to reproduce the nation in both sexual reproduction and discourse reproduction. In this role, the mother is positioned as a dual reproducer—birthing both future fighters and the dominant narrative that serves to continue the intifada until nationhood is achieved

Abstrack Environmental issues are the actual and interesting topics to discuss. Recently, linguistic researchers also investigate some topics about the influences of environmental crises to human language. Issues of environmental change that influence human language are studied in ecolinguistics and eco-critical discourse analysis area. This research is conducted to find some linguistic problems in environmental discourse of Indonesian mass media, dysphemism. Therefore, this research is conducted under eco-critical discourse analysis field. This research aims to find the forms, references, types, and functions of dysphemism used in environmental discourse of Indonesian mass media. Abstrak Isu tentang lingkungan merupakan permasalahan yang aktual dan menarik untuk diperbincangkan. Ilmu linguistik dewasa ini juga mengkaji permasalahan kebahasaan yang mulai berubah seiring dengan perubahan lingkungan. Permasalahan kebahasaan yang berkaitan dengan perubahan lingkungan ini dikaji dalam ilmu ekolinguistik dan ekolinguistik kritis. Penelitian ini berusaha mengkaji permasalahan kebahasaan yang terdapat dalam wacana lingkungan dalam media massa di Indonesia, yakni mengenai disfemisme. Karena itulah, penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam ranah ekolinguistik kritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk, referensi, tipe-tipe dan fungsi-fungsi satuan ekspresi disfemisme pada wacana lingkungan dalam media massa di Indonesia.

Aim: Our aim is to offer and illustrates a novel meta-methodology to enhance the rigour of method selection and understanding of results in pluralist qualitative research (PQR).
Method: To do so, we make innovative use of Braun and Clarke’s (2006) articulation of four discrete dimensions characterising different forms of thematic analysis. We provide secondary analyses of an interview from the Social Media, Men who have Sex with Men and Sexual Health project using critical discursive psychology, dialogical analysis, interpretative phenomenological analysis, and psychosocial narrative analysis.
Results: All four methods identified aspects of three central foci: Compartmentalisation, Detachment, and Jouissance.
Conclusion: We discuss how our proposed meta-methodology provides a rationale for the selection of methods in a PQR, offer evidence that it can anticipate the relative similarity in focus of the methods employed, and argue that our meta-methodology reveals the possibility of identifying an ‘axial’ or ‘hub’ method’ of a PQR which might be particularly fruitful in exploring commonalities and differences in results. Finally, we examine the synergies and challenges of combining pairs of the methods we used.

Resumo: Este trabalho expõe uma análise discursiva de declarações e resoluções emitidas pela Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP), com o propósito de identificar traços das políticas linguísticas para a promoção e difusão do português, difundidas nesta última década. Partimos da ideia de etos e polêmica (MAINGUENEAU, [1984] 2007) para identificar perfis de enuncia-dores, quais sejam: ufanista, defensor, apreensivo e idealista-apaziguador. Nos enunciados analisados, constatamos que essas diferentes imagens de si constroem uma aparente ideia de homogeneidade linguística, que tem como objetivo superar a heterogeneidade fundante da própria CPLP. Desse modo, polêmicas são silenciadas e podemos notar que está em construção um novo sentido de língua portuguesa, com força homogeneizante em contraposição a outro já em curso, que tem como base o processo social e histórico de gramatização e heterogeneização das línguas portuguesas nacionais.

Abstract: This paper presents a discourse analysis of declarations and resolutions issued by the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), in order to identify features of language policies for the promotion and dissemination of Portuguese, widespread in the last decade. We start with the idea of ethos and polemic (MAINGUENEAU, [1984] 2007) to identify four positions/ enunciators, which are: the patriotic-boastful, the defender, the apprehensive and the idealistic/reliever. In statements analyzed, we found that these different images of themselves construct an apparent idea of linguistic homogeneity, which aims to overcome the heterogeneity of the CPLP. Thus, polemics are silenced and we note that is under construction a new sense of the Portuguese language, with homogenizing force in opposition to one already in progress, which is based on the social and historical process of grammatisation and heterogenization of the national Portugueses languages.

"La propagande se rencontre partout, pas seulement en publicité ou en politique. Avant d’être verticale et adressée aux lointains inconnus, elle est horizontale et s’adresse aux connaissances proches.

C’est qu’elle repose en fait sur une structure psychique apte à la recevoir et à la répercuter, structure qui résulte de l’identification subjective, inconsciente donc non modifiable par la cognition, l’argumentation, la raison.

Plutôt que par Pavlov, la forme et le contenu de la propagande s’expliquent par la subjectivité inconsciente. Celle-ci se laisse décrire dans le champ social par notre « Analyse des Logiques Subjectives » (héritière critique de la théorie des Quatre Discours de Lacan, insuffisante à maints égards). "

En este documento sintetizo el extracto dedicado a los «recursos de factualización» en el texto de Jonathan Potter «La representación social de la realidad» (Paidós, 1996/1998, pp. 129-255). Los recursos de factualización son «técnicas y mecanismos retóricos» utilizados por las personas y otros actores sociales (como un diario o un Gobierno) en su esfuerzo por construir «hechos» (Potter, 1996, p. 135). Dicho de otro modo, son estrategias lingüísticas orientadas a lograr que una descripción parezca factual, es decir, que aparente ser un relato objetivo acerca de la «realidad». Los recursos de factualización se utilizan de manera «defensiva» (resaltando la factualidad de un relato o versión, o, en términos de Potter «cosificando» un relato o versión) o de manera «ofensiva» (socavando o «ironizando» las versiones o relatos alternativos) (Potter, op. cit., p. 141).

This study in media anthropology uses participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, and recorded broadcasts to analyze how people use FM radio technology in the Koutiala area of southeast Mali, and particularly how they use FM radio to produce locality by relating audience members to one another, to the dominant national culture, and to international donor groups. The current state of FM broadcasting in Mali emerged when radio regulation was loosened during the transition from one-party state to multi-party democracy in the early 1990s.
I examine the diverse practices of social interaction facilitated by FM radio stations, or what I call "FM radio ways." I argue that because of their precarious financial positions, radio stations use one set of strategies to their listening audience and another set to address a secondary nonlistening audience of donor groups. I show that FM stations write documents in French for donor groups, describing their programs using discourses of democracy promotion and minority culture preservation. For their largely illiterate listeners, FM stations produce most programs in the unofficial national language, Bamanankan, and read paid interpersonal announcements on the air, relying on the system of face-to-face communication for the recirculation of messages broadcast using radio technology. I use observations and interviews to argue that the most popular FM stations in Koutiala encourage messages and donations from ardent listeners by engaging in localized factional conflict with government officials, other radio stations, and individuals who have aggrieved club members. I argue that FM stations allocate program time to different listener groups according to their place in the national ethnolinguistic and religious hierarchy, using these programs as icons of social identity along patterns established by the national radio station. In Koutiala, my interviews demonstrate that stations represent localized rural ethnic groups, like the Minyanka, with a few minority language programs, while obscuring traditional Minyanka ritual practices which many dominant Muslims view negatively.
This study offers insights into how locality is created through the mediated circulation of social information and knowledge, and how everyday uses of media technologies in new contexts may alter scholarly understandings of their role in society.

Call for abstracts Languaging Diversity 2018 (University of Leuven, Antwerp [Belgium]):
EXTENDED DEADLINE: 15 May 2018

Dear colleagues,

Due to several requests, we extended the deadline of the call for papers for the 5th International Conference Languaging Diversity 2018 which will take place at the University of Leuven, Antwerp (Belgium) from Thu 27th September to Sat 29th September 2018. New deadline for abstract submission: 15 May 2018.
Following the four successful events hosted by the Universities of Naples (2013), Catania (2014), Macerata (2016) and Cagliari (2017), where topics such as diversity, alterity, power and social class have been explored with reference to gender, ethnicity and culture, we bring the Languaging Diversity Conference series outside the boundaries of Italy. The theme of the conference this year is Discourse and Diversity in the Global City, with a focus on discourse and urban globalisation.

Leading scholars in discourse analysis and European foreign policy join force in this book, marking a real breakthrough in the literature. Not only do they offer original perspectives on European foreign policy, but they bring together various theories on foreign policy discourses that remain too often isolated from each other.

This theoretical diversity is clearly reflected in the book’s four-pronged structure: Part I - Post-structuralist Approaches (with contributions from Thomas Diez, Henrik Larsen and Beste Isleyne). Part II - Constructivist Approaches (with contributions from Knud Erik Jørgensen, Jan Orbie, Ferdi de Ville, Esther Barbé, Anna Herranz-Surrallés and Michal Natorski) Part III - Critical Discourse Analytical Approaches (with contributions from Senem Aydin-Düzgit, Amelie Kutter, Ruth Wodak, Salomi Boukala, and Caterina Carta. Part IV- Discoursive Institutionalist Approaches (with contributions from Ben Rosamond, Antoine Rayroux, and Vivien A. Schmidt).

The present investigation studies buying and selling encounters in a Mexican fruit and vegetable shop. It is a conversation-analytic study that shows aspects of the institutional character of these interactions, their overall organisation and sequential structure. It suggests that the core sequential structure of these encounters consists of two base adjacency pairs, buying (requesting-giving a product) and selling (requesting-giving money). In particular, the analysis describes the preparatory characteristics of the pre-expansions that precede the product request formulations, the linguistic composition and sequential positioning of request formulations, the insertions of the buying adjacency pair and the sequencing of the commercial exchange which is described as the climax of the institutional event. The designs of the first pair part of the selling adjacency pair and the product request formulations are presented as clear instances of the referential framework or common ground shared by seller and customer. " ...the term " language-game " is meant to bring to prominence the fact that the speaking of language is part of an activity, or of a form of life. " Wittgenstein, L. (1953: §23)

A critical framework for the analysis of political violence, terrorism and social movements must be based around a data-driven, empirical examination of primary source data. In an era of data overabundance, possible sources for analysis are all around us, from anonymous communiqués issued by social movements to slick propaganda videos issued by military-styled insurgent and guerrilla movements. The problem is no longer “Where do I find data?” but has now become “Through what metric can I measure reliability?” A critically situated analysis of violence must take into account the intentional manipulation of facts which is standard practice by both state and nonstate actors. If one can acknowledge that both governments and Foreign Terrorist Organizations attempt to shape public opinion through selective reporting and misrepresentation, the study of political violence through the venue of discourse is appropriate. Therefore, discourse is a fitting site for critical engagement, as it is based around subjective reality and its construction, and not the establishment of authorship and “truth.”

This paper deals with the phenomenon of the ‘microphone gaffe’ in the context of sports broadcast talk. This peculiar communicative event is characterized by the public mediation of live talk to media audiences without the speakers being aware that they are actually on air. Adopting a general pragmatic perspective, this paper analyses the microphone gaffe in terms of its specific participation framework and discusses its humorous potential. It is argued that the key element underlying these communicative situations consists of the momentary non-acknowledgement of the media audiences by the speakers. The audience, repositioned as non-participants, actually find themselves in the role of the ‘eavesdropper’ on a private conversation. On the production side of the communicative scheme, the mistaken belief in enjoying this momentary ‘private’ speech event is accompanied by a shift of footing, where the commentators’ institutional identities become replaced with their non-public personas, evidenced by forms of backstage talk that contrasts with their frontstage performance. This paper proposes that in case of microphone gaffes, humorous effect arises from the various incongruities between the actual and the presumed footings, as well as from the subsequent recontextualizations that enclose the original communicative act within an additional communicative level. The aim of the paper is to propose and elaborate a general theoretical framework for the analysis of unintended humour in media discourse.

This study sets to investigate the discourse of viva voce between examiners and candidates during post graduate external defense in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, with a view to discovering the extent to which face threatening acts (FTAs) are committed against candidates, and the extent to which examiners mitigate them in the course of their interaction with them. The researcher is of the view that as examiners criticize, interrogate, interrupt, and evaluate researches, they affront the candidates' face without doing enough to mitigate the affronts. It is argued that unmitigated affronts to candidates' face could affect their overall performance in viva. The data for analysis, made up of Masters and Doctoral viva that took place in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Anambra State, Nigeria between July and August 2017, were obtained through audio recording and participant observations. The theoretical and analytical framework guiding this work is Brown and Levinsons's (1987) theory of Face and Politeness. The study reveals that the discourse of examiners tend to be distant, authoritative, directive, and manifests power imbalance. It also reveals that viva examiners in Nnamdi Azikiwe University do little to mitigate affronts to candidates' face. Since this obviously has psychological effects on them, it is recommended that efforts should be made to adequately mitigate affronts to candidates' face to help them develop the right frame of mind that can yield better results.

Este trabajo sugiere la necesaria traducción de calidad o traducción “pragmática” de páginas web de hotel (Durán Muñoz, 2011), según el principio de localización (Pym, 2004; Dunne, 2006) y según el discurso interpersonal, siguiendo la clasificación de Hyland y Tse (2004), con objeto de preservar la persuasión del lector/cliente. Para ello se ha analizado un sub-corpus de páginas web de hotel que ofrecen traducción (COMETVAL, Corpus Multilingüe en Turismo, Universitat de València), traducidas de inglés a español, de hoteles de EEUU y Reino Unido, teniendo en cuenta el patrón interpersonal del español en géneros turísticos (Mapelli, 2008; Suau-Jiménez, 2012a, 2012b). El estudio se contrasta con un análisis discursivo similar de fichas de hotel en español, extraídas de los portales Booking y TripAdvisor. Los resultados sugieren que una traducción de calidad de sitios web de hotel no solo debe incluir las funciones retóricas pertinentes sino también el discurso interpersonal. De no ser así, la persuasión y la implicación del lector/cliente puedan resultar dañadas, como ocurre en las fichas de los mencionados buscadores analizados, pudiendo quedar reducida la especificidad del hotel al tiempo que no se satisfacen las crecientes expectativas de implicación de los viajeros en este género digital. Las implicaciones para la industria turística apuntan hacia la necesidad de mayor inversión en diseño y traducciones de calidad de las webs como refuerzo de la promoción hotelera. Asimismo, este estudio abre nuevas vías de investigación en la traducción de otros géneros de promoción.

Strategy workshops are frequently used by executive management to formulate strategy but are under-researched and under-reported in the academic literature.  This study uses a form of discourse analysis to identify a dialogic pattern of talk in an executive management strategy workshop.  The group’s dialogue in the workshop discourse displayed an emphasis on achieving shared understanding rather than winning a debate.  Affirmation, Topic Expansion, Productive Difference and Reflexive Observation, were derived from the Dialogue literature as particular features of dialogical interaction and were used in this analysis to identify spontaneously occurring dialogue in the strategy workshop.  The study thus proposes a basis for identifying dialogue in naturally occurring strategy discourse and for understanding its potential contribution in that setting.

How can you pursue something as grand as ‘impact’ when you’re out of work? Why would anyone listen to a researcher who isn’t in charge of a funded project? And don’t you need a research support office and other institutional backup to do impact properly? In this chapter I outline how impact can be pursued outside the groves of academe, given the right attitude to opportunities, some perseverance, and good temper.

This paper suggests that interpersonality as a framework for analysis is always necessarily conditioned by contextual variables. Genre and discipline, together with language and culture, challenge the initial model of metadiscourse (Vande Kopple, 1985; Crismore et al., 1993) as well as other approaches to interpersonal metadiscourse (Hyland & Tse, 2004; Hyland, 2005) that take English and academic discourse as their main referents. A model of interpersonality should be understood as containing variables, in order to cater for more insightful and accurate analyses. It is argued that stance and engagement voices (author and reader) (White 2003; Hyland, 2008), as construed in non-academic genres like traveller forums and tourism promotional websites, bring new data into the interpersonality framework, something that can fine-tune this model. To this end, the results of several corpus-based researches in these two webgenres have been resorted to (Suau-Jiménez, 2011, 2012a, 2012b, 2014a), as well as studies on interpersonality and discourse that include cultural, generic and disciplinary aspects (Dahl, 2004; Yakhontova, 2006; Sala, 2006; Giannoni, 2007; Gotti, 2010). Both sub-corpora of traveller forums and tourism promotional websites in English and Spanish belong to the COMETVAL corpus (Corpus Multilingüe de Turismo, Universitat de València)

As this chapter will illustrate, the construction of the Islamic / Arab / Middle Eastern ‘other’ in the news media is not in itself a new phenomena and arguably dates back to the very earliest days of the modern media industry. Tracing such negative portrayals to the origins of the printing press in Europe, this paper therefore seeks to investigate the relationship between Edward Said’s notion of Orientalism and the printing press. Moving forward, this paper also examines the impact this lineage had on the Australian press of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning with its deplorable coverage of Australia’s Indigenous people and the paranoia surrounding the ‘Asian Invasion’ this paper sheds new light on the coverage of Islam and the Middle East in the early Australian press and the emergence of the ‘Muslim Menace’. Finally, this chapter concludes by noting that such a racialist history raises a host of questions and challenges for the contemporary Australian news media.

The first section of this introduction arranges the four theoretical approaches and methods presented in the special issues – namely interpretative constructivism, post-structuralism, discursive institutionalism (DI) and critical discourse analysis (CDA) – along two dimensions: a) the role of discourse in the constitution of the world, depending on whether approaches perceive social structure as being constitutive of or constituted by discourse; and b)  interpretation of the weight of material and ideational elements in discourses. This model helps us make sense of the profound theoretical diversity that characterises analytical approaches to International Relations discourse. The second section tackles the question of ‘who does the speaking.’ It identifies the different voices that converge in the EU's international choir and problematises the discursive environment that forges international discourses through the theoretical lenses of selected approaches. In the last section, the contributions to this special issue are presented.

The contrastive analysis of two sets of newspaper articles has been carried out in order to observe how the reports of the same events are constructed in two different languages and cultures as represented by El País and The Guardian newspapers. The first set of texts consists of two science popularization articles dealing with the same scientific finding (Bee Texts), whereas the second set consists of all the articles covering the opening day of a world summit held in Rome (Summit Texts) which were published in the online versions of El País and The Guardian respectively. Newsworthiness (Bell, 1991), attribution and lexicogrammatical strategies have been studied in order to show how ideological construction has been developed in these two different kinds of report, one dealing with a non-controversial event (as represented in the Bee Texts) and the other with a controversial event (as represented in the Summit Texts).

This essay analyzes a number of public discourses pertaining to "Wall Street" and "Main Street" during the creation and passage of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. By operating as metonyms, the "Streets" provided formal identities for many of the variables at play in the emerging crisis. Far from existing within a discursive vacuum, however, the rhetoric of the Streets is shown to be mediated by a number of institutional and technological constraints. As a consequence, the economic rhetoric examined in this essay is better understood as an act of articulation rather than as a constitutive process that produces economic reality.

De acordo com Cunha e Cavalcanti (2008, p. 119), a descrição arquivística é o "processo intelectual de sintetizar elementos formais e conteúdo textual de unidades de arquivamento, adequando-os aos instrumentos de pesquisa que se tem em vista produzir (inventários sumário ou analítico, guia, etc.)".

Chapitre méthodologique d'un livre co-écrit par Éliane Pons et J.-J. Pinto. Ce dernier, pour raisons professionnelles, n'avait indiqué son nom que dans cette partie intitulée "Esquisse d'une psychanalyse scientifique" (allusion respectueuse au titre de Freud "Esquisse d'une psychologie scientifique"), où se trouve expliquée en détail la méthode originale d'analyse de discours inventée et enseignée par lui : l'Analyse des Logiques Subjectives© (A.L.S.©).

Il est conseillé d'avoir sous les yeux le tableau suivant : https://www.academia.edu/11428232/Tableau_des_atomes_s%C3%A9mantiques_concrets_et_abstraits_entrant_en_jeu_dans_lAnalyse_des_Logiques_Subjectives_A.L.S._

Cet ouvrage, épuisé, peut se retrouver dans les bibliothèques suivantes :

Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) : http://catalogue.bnf.fr/servlet/RechercheEquation;jsessionid=E33BC2970E7DECF469F13F517B40E8E3?TexteCollection=HGARSTUVWXYZ1DIECBMJNQLOKP&TexteTypeDoc=DESNFPIBTMCJOV&Equation=IBN%3D2951064608&host=catalogue, ... et :

Bibliothèque Université d'Aix-Marseille (AIX-MRS-Aix-Lettres Sci. Humain.) : http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/CMD?DB=2.1&ACT=SRCHA&PRS=HOL&HLIB=130012101&IKT=8910&TRM=463928452

Freedom Is the Only Word Max Cafard "Le seul mot de liberté est tout ce qui m'exalte encore." André Breton, Manifeste du surrealism (1924) "cet esprit du surréalisme d'avant et d'après-guerre, qui peut sembler si éloigné aujourd'hui, dans sa liberté radicale et désespérée . . ." Le Monde

Après avoir donné une description rapide et critique des Quatre Discours de Lacan, nous montrerons l'intérêt d'instaurer, pour leur trouver un substitut, un dialogue entre science et psychanalyse par le biais des « analysciences© », dont fait partie l'A.L.S. À une formalisation prématurée des dialectes du discours courant, nous préférerons la découverte par induction de ses « règles de grammaire » à partir d'exemples concrets.

Ensuite seulement viendra une présentation logicisée et déductive des trouvailles de l'A.L.S. puis la mise en relation des « parlers » (substitut des « discours ») avec la genèse des identifications dont le moteur est le discours parental.

Enfin nous parcourons l'éventail des applications nombreuses et fécondes de l'A.L.S., depuis son retour critique sur le discours analytique jusqu'aux analyses de textes quotidiens, politiques, publicitaires, poétiques, voire tirés de réunions de travail. Des tableaux, échantillons de textes et une bibliographie compléteront l'exposé.

Die vorliegende Studie ist im Mai 2005 von der humanistischen Fakultät der finnlandschwedischen Universität Åbo Akademi als Dissertation angenommen worden. Ich habe zahlreichen Personen und Institutionen zu danken, die beim Entstehen der vorliegenden Studie tatkräftig mitgewirkt haben. An erster Stelle zu würdigen ist der Einsatz meiner Doktormutter, Prof. Dr. Dagmar Neuendorff, die zu jeder Zeit bereit war, fachliche Probleme zu diskutieren, praktisch zu jeder Tages-und Nachtzeit. Ein solches Engagement geht zweifelsfrei weit über die sonst üblichen Aufgaben eines Betreuers einer Dissertation hinaus, und ich darf mich glücklich schätzen, unter der fachkundigen Leitung von Frau Prof. Neuendorff gearbeitet zu haben. Eine große Zahl ihrer Mit-Doktoranden, nicht nur in Finnland, auch in Deutschland bzw. in der Schweiz, konnte unsere individuelle Zusammenarbeit nicht stören, sondern eher befruchten, da wir des Öfteren gezwungen waren, auf Intuition bzw. Improvisation, gerade im organisatorischen Bereich, zu vertrauen. Ich danke Frau Prof. Neuendorff hiermit herzlichst für die Kooperation im Rahmen meines Dissertationsprojektes.

Creating, sharing, and critiquing user-generated content are increasingly common practices in online environments, as users become active producers, reviewers, and promoters, not just consumers, of content. This paper investigates the functions of the opening posts in an online
discussion forum dedicated to user-generated game levels (i.e., mini-games) designed with the LittleBigPlanet digital game series. In the analyzed community, the first post of each
thread plays a crucial role, as authors introduce themselves, present their work, and set the stage for discussion. Findings show that the opening post carries a variety of discursive functions: it serves as a creative presentation of content, a self-reflective disclosure of practices, and a passionate call to participation. Moreover, by artfully using these themes, participants construct the opening post as a “request for absolution.” Through an ethnographic discourse analysis approach that draws on politeness theory, this study furthers the understanding of how users discursively construct and seek to increase opportunities for interaction, peer feedback, and social learning in a creative online space.