Digital Economics

Food security is the lifeline of national security. It is not only an important cornerstone for world peace, stability, and development, but also the core driving force for promot¬ing the green development of agriculture. This paper utilizes the empirical data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2022 to explore how agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) affects food security (FS), and also discusses the moderating effect of environmental regulations (ER). Empirical research shows that the intensification of agricultural non-point source pollution will lead to a decline in the level of food security, especially in the western areas, grain-producing areas, and grain-balanced areas. Furthermore, environmental regulations have a positive moderating effect on the impact of agricultural non-point source pollution on food security. From the perspective of the spatial spillover effect, the inhibitory effect of agricultural non-point source pollution on food security has a spillover effect in space and will radiate to the development of food security in adjacent areas. The research suggests that the local government should enhance its attention and supervision over agricultural non-point source pollution, integrate agricultural technology with environmental supervision, optimize the allocation of agricultural resources, and attach importance to the protec¬tion of the agricultural ecological environment, so as to better ensure food security and achieve green agricultural development.

Agricultural pollution is highly valued by developing countries, and green financial services are a key support for breaking the carbon lock-in in agriculture during the process of globalization. This study examined the inhibitory effect of green finance (GF) on agricultural carbon emissions (ACE), using data from 207 cities in China from 2006 to 2022 as the research sample and adopting the fixed-effect model for the study. This study suggests that applying green finance can effectively mitigate the generation of agricultural carbon emissions. By evaluating heterogeneity, it was found that the inhibitory level is higher in the western region. To further explore this issue, two variables, Digital Infrastructure (DI) and Green Technological Innovation (GTI), were introduced for indepth investigation, and it was proved that the two variables have a mediating effect. In view of these insights, it is suggested that Chinese government departments should enhance policy support and application efforts for green finance, combine the improvement of digital infrastructure with the level of green technology, optimize the allocation of agricultural industry resources, and facilitate the green transformation of agriculture. This strategic shift is in line with breaking the carbon lock and achieving the sustainable development goals of agriculture.

Questo articolo esamina criticamente l’immaginario di immaterialità della produzione digitale, evidenziando la persistenza di vincoli materiali in termini di risorse naturali, energia fossile e forza‑lavoro ipersfruttata. Lungi dal rappresentare una discontinuità, il capitalismo digitale riarticola su scala globale i tradizionali meccanismi estrattivi, approfondendo
la frattura metabolica tra società e natura e riproducendo forme di razzismo ambientale e disciplinamento del lavoro. Attraverso casi emblematici – dalle cleanroom dei semiconduttori al lavoro degradato nelle miniere artigianali e nella manifattura di prodotti elettronici – l’articolo evidenzia come le tecnologie digitali dipendano da catene produttive ad ad alte emissioni di gas climalteranti e rischio sanitario, smascherando l’inefficacia del capitalismo verde e dei codici di condotta aziendali.

Questo articolo esamina criticamente l’immaginario di immaterialità della produzione digitale, evidenziando la persistenza di vincoli materiali in termini di risorse naturali, energia fossile e forza‑lavoro ipersfruttata. Lungi dal rappresentare una discontinuità, il capitalismo digitale riarticola su scala globale i tradizionali meccanismi estrattivi, approfondendo la frattura metabolica tra società e natura e riproducendo forme di razzismo ambientale e disciplinamento del lavoro. Attraverso casi emblematici – dalle cleanroom dei semiconduttori al lavoro degradato nelle miniere artigianali e nella manifattura di prodotti elettronici – l’articolo evidenzia come le tecnologie digitali dipendano da catene produttive ad ad alte emissioni di gas climalteranti e rischio sanitario, smascherando l’inefficacia del capitalismo verde e dei codici di condotta aziendali.

CRNI LABUD 2026-MIT, UPOZORENJE ILI REALNA OPASNOST? "Tempora adversa veniunt, sive parati sive imparati." (Teška vremena dolaze, bilo da smo spremni ili nespremni.)
U ekonomiji, kao i u prirodi, postoje događaji koji iznenade i stručnjake i javnost. Jedan od najpoznatijih pojmova za takve fenomene jeste "Crni labud", termin koji je popularizovao Nassim Nicholas Taleb. On označava neočekivani događaj sa ogromnim posledicama, koji se često tek nakon što se dogodi objašnjava kao "neizbježan". U poslednje vrijeme u medijima i među analitičarima sve češće se pominje mogućnost da bi upravo 2026. godina mogla donijeti "novog crnog labuda"-veliku svetsku ekonomsku krizu koja bi bila veća i sa težim posledicama od finansijske krize 2008. god. Iako je svaka kriza teško predvidiva, pa i ova koju najavljuju za 2026. godinu, postoje realni rizici koji podržavaju ovakva nagađanja. O "crnom labudu 2026." govori se iz dva ugla. S jedne strane, postoje popularna i senzacionalistička tumačenja, koja se oslanjaju na proročanstva i nagađanja-poput onih vezanih za proročanstva Baba Vange i sr. Takvi izvori tvrde da je već nagoveštena velika kriza u periodu između 2025. i 2026. godine. Iako ovakve tvrdnje po pravilu privlače pažnju javnosti, one nemaju uporište u ozbiljnim ekonomskim analizama.

This joint synopsis pivoted on online privacy, an overview of the GDPR law, examines the paper as it distinguishes between the EU’s GDPR’s impact on real economic activity and the process of recording economic outcomes by online firms. It further evaluates how regulation affects economic outcomes. Under the GDPR, recorded economic outcomes may fall because some individuals do not consent to data sharing and this affects e-commerce sites via their access-channels

Penelitian ini melakukan analisis atau evaluasi biaya dan manfaat terhadap aktivitas e-commerce yang dilakukan oleh UKM (Usaha Kecil Menengah), terhadap 10 UKM di Provinsi Jawa Barat secara purposif. Pemanfaatan TIK melalui strategi e-commerce dapat meningkatkan daya saing UKM. Namun diperlukan gambaran biaya dan manfaat bagaimana penerapan investasi e-commerce pada UKM. Kerangka kerja (framework) yang digunakan berdasarkan kerangka kerja . Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, biaya-biaya (costs) yang dibutuhkan oleh UKM dalam menjalankan ecommerce berkisar antara 5 -80 juta rupiah, dengan biaya rata-rata e-commerce sebesar 30 juta rupiah, dan rata-rata biaya modal (capital cost) sebesar 14 juta rupiah dan biaya operasional dan biaya tidak langsung (operational and indirect cost) sebesar 19 juta rupiah. Berdasarkan hasil dari 10 UKM, e-commerce dapat memberi atau meningkatkan manfaat (benefits) dari sisi: iklan dan promosi, pemasaran, komunikasi dan informasi, transaksi, supply chain, transportasi dan pengiriman, dalam hal pengembangan produk dan layanan. Kata kunci : e-commerce, usaha kecil menengah, biaya-manfaat.

The focus of the paper is liquidity analysis, which is an essential tool of the corporate financial management process. Converting assets, especially working capital, into cash is the primary way for a company to obtain the resources it needs to pay its current liabilities. The aim of the research is to look at the movement of current, quick and cash liquidity indicators, their comparative analysis, as well as differences in the level of liquidity for the period 2011-2020 on the example of certain oil companies in the Republic of Serbia. Ratio analysis based on their official financial statements was used to measure the liquidity of selected companies (NIS, OMV and LUKOIL), while the one-way ANOVA test was used to test hypotheses. The research results show that there is a statistically significant difference in the level of current liquidity between NIS and LUKOIL and OMV and LUKOIL, while there is no significant difference between NIS and OMV. There is a statistically significant difference in terms of quick ratios between NIS and LUKOIL, while there is no significant difference between NIS and OMV and OMV and LUKOIL. Observing the cash liquidity indicator, there is no significant difference between these indicators in the companies that are the subject of the research.

Perkembangan pesat media sosial telah membawa dampak signifikan terhadap kehidupan remaja, khususnya dalam pembentukan citra diri dan pola komunikasi interpersonal. Fenomena influencer yang menampilkan gaya hidup mewah dan tampilan sempurna mendorong remaja untuk meniru standar yang sering kali tidak realistis, sehingga memicu tekanan citra, perbandingan sosial, hingga gangguan psikologis. Melalui pendekatan psikologi komunikasi, artikel ini menganalisis sindrom influencer dan implikasinya terhadap konsep diri, interaksi sosial, serta kesehatan mental remaja. Penelitian ini juga menekankan pentingnya literasi digital dan penguatan konsep diri sebagai upaya preventif dalam menghadapi dampak negatif media sosial. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa selain memperparah budaya konsumtif dan krisis identitas, media sosial juga berpotensi digunakan secara positif jika remaja dibekali kemampuan berpikir kritis dan didukung oleh lingkungan yang sehat. Dengan demikian, dibutuhkan kolaborasi antara keluarga, sekolah, dan masyarakat untuk menciptakan ekosistem digital yang mendukung perkembangan psikologis remaja secara sehat dan berimbang.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that explain dropout of children from primary schools in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Design/methodology/approach-The field survey was carried out in two phases, one, during January to April of 2010 and two, between August and November of 2011. The entire research work is based on stratified random sampling. The population in Lohit district is a set of tribal and non-tribal (mostly general) people. The district has two major tribes-Mishmi and Khamti. Findings-The authors find that children dropout of school is affected by number of factors such as earning compulsions, household work, access to school, school time not suitable and parental unawareness. Research limitations/implications-It is imperative to mention here that "earning compulsion" can be described only as a derivative of the major problem of abject poverty. Practical implications-By highlighting the role of appropriate intervention as well as incapacitation, the authors believe that the findings presented above shed light on some important factors that explain dropouts. Social implications-The evidence provided in this paper underscores the importance of social interactions in analysing individual outcomes. Originality/value-The findings may have significant bearings in reducing dropout rates in India.

Xülasə. Son illərdə superkompüter mərkəzlərinin səmərəliliyi, enerji sərfiyatı və koordinasiya problemlərinin həlli aktuallıq qazanaraq arxitektura layihələndirmə, insan resursları, hesablama modelləri, informasiya menecment sistemiləri və inzibati idarəetmə kimi sahəvi tələblərin meydana gəlməsinə səbəb olmuşdur. Məqalədə superkompüter mərkəzlərinin səmərəliliyinə təsir edən problemlər nəzərə alınaraq, superkompüterlərin inkişaf tarixi, mərkəzlərin subyektləri, obyektləri və fəaliyyət elementləri analiz edilmişdir. Superkompüter mərkəzlərinin səmərəli və koordinasiyalı fəaaliyətinin təmin edilməsi üçün mərkəzin subyektləri arasında idarələşmənin əhəmiyyətli rol oynadığı nətcəsinə gəlinmişdir. Tədqiqat nəticəsində mərkəzlərin səmərəli fəaliyyətinin təşkili üçün təkliflər hazırlanmışdır.

Due to rapid IT technology development, many people and enterprises are now active users of social networks. Traditional banking communication channels have become insufficient to meet the demands of modern business conditions. To adapt to the evolving preferences of existing and prospective clients in an increasingly competitive market, banks have had to embrace digital technologies and redefine their business strategies, client engagement, communication approaches, and Customer Relationship Marketing (CRM). Digital changes have given clients a distinctive experience and strengthened the banks' position in the financial market. Today, banks are increasingly present on social networks across the world, including Serbia. This paper analyzes the presence of banks in Serbia on social networks employing analytical-synthetic, hypothetical-deductive, desk research, content analysis, and comparative methods. The research results showed that 80% of banks use an average of four social networks and that the use of Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, and LinkedIn in promotion is increasingly common in the banking sector in Serbia. Most banks in Serbia use Chatbot for client support on their websites. Banks that have not used these networks should consider their implementation to strengthen the brand, engage younger and business users, and expand the business network.

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of digital transformation strategies within the airline industry. It explores the profound impact of digital innovation on operational models, customer service paradigms, and competitive positioning. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates quantitative data from industry reports with qualitative insights from expert interviews and case studies. Significant findings include enhanced operational efficiency, improved customer experience through digital engagement, and strategic market adaptability due to digital adoption. The research highlights the necessity of a strategic digital roadmap, focusing on AI and big data, customer experience innovation, and addressing challenges like cybersecurity. It offers a unique perspective on the transformative effects of digital technologies in the airline industry, providing actionable insights for industry practitioners and contributing to the academic discourse on digital innovation.

The advent of digital currencies, including cryptocurrencies and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), presents new challenges and opportunities in the financial landscape. This study addresses the gap in economic theory regarding digital currencies by proposing a comprehensive theoretical framework that integrates their distinct characteristics with traditional monetary principles. The primary research objective is to explore the issuance, circulation, and valuation of digital currencies, as well as their impacts on monetary policy and financial stability. Using a structured theoretical methodology, the study develops a set of hybrid models that combine algorithmic issuance and discretionary policy adjustments, stability protocols for volatility control, and a regulatory framework for global compliance and financial security. The results indicate that digital currencies can complement traditional monetary functions but necessitate careful regulation to mitigate risks to monetary policy transmission and financial stability. The findings suggest policy recommendations, including global regulatory standards and enhanced stability mechanisms, to facilitate the safe integration of digital currencies into the global economy. The originality of this research lies in its hybrid theoretical framework, which balances the decentralised aspects of cryptocurrencies with the controlled issuance of CBDCs, offering a novel approach to understanding digital currency economics. This framework provides valuable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and academics, helping them leverage digital currency benefits while addressing associated risks. The study contributes significantly to digital currency economics, presenting actionable guidance for a sustainable integration of digital finance into traditional financial systems.

This study addresses a significant gap in digital currency economics by developing a standardised taxonomy of theoretical viewpoints to enhance clarity, coherence, and applicability in policy and research. The field of digital currency economics has seen a proliferation of theories, yet lacks a structured categorisation system that integrates these theories into a unified research framework. By employing a qualitative, four-step systematic content analysis, the study examines existing literature to identify core principles and recurring themes, categorising digital currency viewpoints across nine distinct theoretical frameworks. These include the proposed Digital Currency Theory of Inclusive Globalisation, which addresses the socioeconomic potential of digital currencies, and the Theory of Digital Currency Environmental Sustainability, which emphasises ecological considerations. The proposed taxonomy serves as a structured lexicon that simplifies the integration of digital currency theories into academic and policy discussions, enhancing cross-disciplinary discourse. This foundation not only facilitates informed policy decisions but also fosters innovation in digital currency applications and offers a framework for advancing empirical research in this evolving field.

Ovaj rad daje istorijski pregled razvoja socijalnog preduzetnistva u Srbiji i analizira mogucnosti i perspektive dalje afirmacije ovog koncepta u aktuelnim drustvenim i ekonomskim uslovima. U radu pratimo istorijski razvoj socijalnog preduzetnistva od njegovih korena, koji su u razvoju poljoprivrednih zadruga u 19. veku, pa sve do danas, kada se u Srbiji razvijaju neke nove forme socijalnih preduzeca, napredne ideje socijalnog preduzetnistva i njegove uloge u privrednom životu Srbije. Rad iznosi i analizira nekoliko primera koje bismo mogli oznaciti pripadnicima nove generacije socijalnih preduzetnika. Takođe, identifikovani su faktori koji u ovom trenutku podržavaju razvoj socijalnog preduzetnistva u Srbiji, ali i oni koji ga blokiraju. Na osnovu svega, izvedene su konkretne preporuke za donosioce ekonomskih, socijalnih i politickih odluka u Srbiji.

Izvod U uslovima ekspanzije modernih tehnologija, posebno razvoja telekomunikacionih sistema i Interneta, pravila globalnog poslovanja radikalno menjaju prirodu poslovanja i odnos prema konkurentnosti. Preduzeća koja kontinuirano prate nove trendove i ulažu u sopstveni razvoj i inovacije ostvaruju konkurentsku prednost u odnosu na one kompanije koje se drže tradicionalnih metoda poslovanja. Aktuelna globalna finansijska i ekonomska kriza preobrazila je celokupnu svetsku ekonomiju i otvorila nove izazove i perspektive. Konkurentska borba u postkriznoj etapi, dobija drugačija obeležja u odnosu na karakter konkurencije u pretkriznom hiperglobalizacijskom periodu. Uloga Interneta u postkriznom periodu razvoja globalne ekonomije ima kritičan značaj. Preduzeća sve više i obuhvatnije koriste marketinški i konkurentski potencijal Interneta, sagledavajući ga kao globalno virtuelno tržište i medij na kome se sučeljavaju milioni veb sajtova. Takav pristup doprinosi ozbiljnijem shvatanju strategijske uloge Interneta u oštroj tržišnoj utakmici, otvarajući nove izazove i mogućnosti razvoja. U okviru Internet marketinga razvijaju se novi metodi, tehnike i pristupi, koji u svom fokusu imaju centralni značaj web sajta, u nastojanju da se ostvari njegova prepoznatljivost i odredi tržišna pozicija i strategijsko usmerenje preduzeća. Na osnovu istraživanja prikazanog u ovom radu, izvedenog na odabranom uzorku preduzeća na teritoriji Vojvodine, utvrdili smo da je mali broj onih preduzeća koja znaju ili naziru marketinške mogućnosti Interneta. Zato se ovim radom želi ukazati na značaj pozicioniranosti na Internet pretraživačima i njihov uticaj na konkurentnost preduzeća u Srbiji. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja, izvedeni su zaključci o zastupljenosti naših kompanija na Internetu i njihovoj upotrebi Interneta, kao resursa, u poslovne svrhe; utvrđene su mogućnosti za unapređenje Internet poslovanja i ukazano je na velike mogućnosti i značaj pozicije u rezultatima pretrage (SERP) kod Internet pretraživača u svrhu Internet marketinga i povećanja konkurentnosti.

Economic structure, cultural dynamics, and governance paradigms have all been impacted by the rapidly expanding digital economy in China. This article examines at how China's digital environment is changing and what it means for security flaws. The research emphasises the necessity for a methodical structure to recognise risks, manage them, and support sustainable growth. There is a more serious risk of cyberattacks, data breaches, and disruptions because of China's digital ecosystem's interconnection, which includes e-commerce, finance, AI, and big data. To analyse the data, unit root test, cointegration analysis, causality analysis and VAR (Vector autoregressive) Models have been applied to check the stationary of data, and long-run relationships among the variables. To inform policymakers, business stakeholders, and academics, the project examines comprehensive techniques for risk assessment and regulation. The paper emphasises how crucial it is to create flexible policy frameworks, public-private partnerships, regulatory compliance, openness, and global collaboration when creating successful governance strategies for the digital economy. The research hopes to add to worldwide conversations about the safe and sustainable future of China's digital economy.

Perkembangan UMKN diindonesia terus meningkat dari segi kualitasnya, hal ini
di sebabkan karena dukungan kuat dari pemerintah dalam pengembangan yang
dilakukan kepada para pegiat usaha UMKM,Namun UMKN pernah mengalami
Penurunan secara siknifikan, hal ini disebabkan oleh pandemi COVID-19 yang
berlangsung selama 3 tahun ,Pasca pandemi COVID-19 UMKN mulai mengalami
peningkatan ,Para pelaku UMKN mulai Beradaptasi terhadap perkembangan pasar
dengan memanfaatkan media sosial sebagai sarana promosi seperti facebook
,Instagram,Tik Tok dan marketplace lainya Para pelaku UMKM saat ini sudah
beradaptasi dengan eksositem digital, yang membawa pengaruh signifikan dalam
income mereka. Akibatnya terjadi peningkatan singnifikan terhadap pertumbuhan
terhadap UMKN yang mana juga berdampak pada pertumbuhan ekonomi
diindonesia. Tujuan dari paper ini adalah untuk Mengukur pertumbuhan UMKN
dengan mengutamakan Media sosial sebagai faktor utama penyebab
pertumbuhan,dan pengaruhnya terhadap peningkatan ekonomi diindonesia

The paper points out the key market changes in the first decades of the twenty-first century and their implications on business philosophy, concepts, principles and techniques of relationship marketing from the point of making strategic marketing decisions. In that context points are made to the important role of developing customer relationship management (CRM), highlighting the effectiveness of a combination of the CRM and the customer experience management (CEM) models. One of the important aspects of that relationship is reflected in the fact that CRM tells us what the customer has done, whereas CEM can tell us why he/she has done it. Consequently, CEM can vastly improve the power of CRM to predict future customer behaviour. Successful implementation of CRM concepts implies: excellent understanding of the field of activity and competition; knowledge of customers; market-oriented thinking; an integrated approach to managing channels of communication and sales; and finally, a database development. In this paper we have also presented the CRM value chain as a model which businesses can follow when developing and implementing their CRM strategies and the related CRM diamond model, based on strong theoretical principles and practical requirements of business.

Globalna pandemija Covid-19 značajno je uticala na sve segmente poslovanja, uzrokujući pojavu novih trendova, ali i ubrzavanje postojećih koji fokusiraju digitalizaciju poslovnih procesa. Nove tendencije naročito su uočljive u domenu digitalnog poslovanja s obzirom da su, usled brojnih restrikcija privrednih aktivnosti, kompanije svoj opstanak na tržištu potražile u implementaciji digitalnih tehnologija. U skladu sa tim, promene u digitalnom marketingu, kao vitalnoj komponenti poslovanja kompanija, dešavale su se znatno bržim tempom u odnosu na period pre pojave pandemije. Brojne niše i biznisi su svoje poslovanje preusmerili na digitalno tržište, pri čemu su digitalne marketinške tehnologije bile ključan resurs. Kompanije koje su prepoznale potencijal digitalnih marketinških tehnologija za unapređenje svog biznisa i pre pojave globalne pandemije, uspele su čak i u izmenjenim okolnostima da obezbede profit i nastave uspešno da posluju. Stoga je, kroz analizu sekundarnih podataka, u ...

Polazeći od činjenice da se Srbija dugi niz godina suočavala s negativnim imidžom i zauzimala izrazito nisko mesto na svetskoj mapi vrednosti brenda države, autorka pokušava da ukaže na efektivne alternative pozitivnog brendiranja Srbije. U cilju stvaranja pozitivnog nacionalnog brenda, Srbija bi trebalo da pođe od sistemskog državnog pristupa promociji na globalnoj svetskoj sceni, koristeći pritom koncept integrisanog marketing komuniciranja

The aim of the research presented in this paper is to provide insights into marketing communication changes induced by digital transformation and social media use. Contemporary marketing communication strategies are observed in the context of dominant information sources shift, as well as demographic trends that have placed Generation Y in marketing theorists' and practitioners' focus of interest. This paper examines the role and significance of prominent social media users - influencers in creating contemporary marketing communication. Considering the fact that modern customers are characterized by a high degree of digital sophistication, the research in this paper focused on the prominence of social media as main sources of information sharing. This paper presents the results of an empirical research which aim was to examine the attitudes of Generation Y members in Serbia regarding influencer marketing. The contribution of this paper is reflected in the critical analysis of obtained results, thus increasing the corpus of relevant knowledge.

The paper points out the key market changes in the first decades of the twenty-first century and their implications on business philosophy, concepts, principles and techniques of relationship marketing from the point of making strategic marketing decisions. In that context points are made to the important role of developing customer relationship management (CRM), highlighting the effectiveness of a combination of the CRM and the customer experience management (CEM) models. One of the important aspects of that relationship is reflected in the fact that CRM tells us what the customer has done, whereas CEM can tell us why he/she has done it. Consequently, CEM can vastly improve the power of CRM to predict future customer behaviour. Successful implementation of CRM concepts implies: excellent understanding of the field of activity and competition; knowledge of customers; market-oriented thinking; an integrated approach to managing channels of communication and sales; and finally, a data...

The main objective of this chapter is to affirm the importance of the branding process and creating a positive image of Serbia whi ch, for many years, was faced with negative image. As a result of this fact, Serb ia occupied a low position on the world map of country brand values, as presented by the leading research agencies dealing with the topics of country brandin g area. As a candidate for EU membership, Serbia has got potential access to the market of more than 370 million consumers, where the positive image can be a significant competitive advantage in ruthless unfair market competition. Im provement of the national image is primarily dependent on an effective promot ional campaign designed to influence adequately on the attitudes of the target market. Hence, the emphasis in this work has been placed on several crucial areas, such as: development of effective communication of the national image of Se rbia, the use of marketing communications mix to promote the country image a...

The function of quality is gaining in importance and quality is becoming a basic factor in the survival and development of the company. Due to the need to ensure that their organization, product or service is of consistent quality, companies introduce QM (Quality Management) into their business. Quality on the one hand is a set of properties, and on the other hand, it is about meeting the needs and expectations of customers. Quality management is an ongoing process, which is evolving and changing with the aim of ensuring the projected quality of the product or service is provided as successfully and objectively as possible. In doing so, companies use various tools and methods that enable the identification of key factors that have a decisive influence on ensuring the required quality of a product and/or service. The main goal of this paper is to present the properties, characteristics and ways of measuring the quality of services as well as how the companies engaged in services indu...

Ovaj rad se bavi internim marketingom kao konceptom ciji su bazicni ciljevi motivisanje, privlacenje i zadržavanje kvalitetnih i strucnih zaposlenih koji su primarno orijentisani na kvalitet poslovnog portfolia koji se nudi kupcima, a sve u funkciji unapređenja profitabilnosti kompanija. Izbor, motivacija i zadržavanje najboljih zaposlenih vodi visokom stepenu ispunjenja poslovnih obaveza, internoj konkurenciji ali i znacajnom unapređenju kvaliteta zaposlenih. Ako se usvoji i primenjuje u kompaniji interni marketing vodi dugorocnom rastu i uspehu kompanije bez obzira na delatnost kojom se kompanija bavi. Interni marketing ima znacajnih dodirnih tacaka sa podrucjem ljudskih resursa, te je analiza koncepta internog marketinga i njegovih osnovnih dimenzija koje se nalaze u funkciji unapređenja ljudskih resursa znacajan faktor za kreiranje konkurentne prednosti u danasnjem dinamicnom poslovnom okruženju.

Napomena: Rad je u formi prethodnog saopštenja predstavljen na naučnoj konferenciji "Izazovi savremenog marketinga" održanoj na Zlatiboru od 1. do 3. novembra 2019. godine i prihvaćen je za publikovanje u zborniku radova čiji je izdavač časopis Marketing.

In modern business conditions, the company sends its promotional message through various instruments of promotion, and therefore the different media. One of the instruments of promotion is economic propaganda (advertising), which uses a number of media such as television, radio, newspapers, billboards, Internet and others. By using various media, the company affects the consumer awareness of the brand, spreads information about themselves and the brand, educates consumers, creates a brand image and the like. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different media of advertising on consumer awareness of the brand, as well as to investigate that influence in the context of socio-demographic characteristics of respondents. The methods used in the work are historical and research (field and online) methods and include a total of 690 respondents from Serbia in the period February-April 2017. For data analysis, we used the independent-samples t-test and the Spearman’s ran...

The paper points out the key market changes in the first decades of the twenty-first century and their implications on business philosophy, concepts, principles and techniques of relationship marketing from the point of making strategic marketing decisions within financial organizations. In this context points are made to the important role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in accomplishing executive and creative marketing activities, highlighting the analysis of the process of customer relationship management (CRM) in financial organizations and providing rational insight in CRM potential for improving business results, in order to identify useful tools in this complex area, and offer appropriate solutions, which confirms the benefits of its application in financial services.

Marketing orijentacija finansijskih organizacija podrazumeva kontinuiranu aktivnost menadžera marketinga u kreiranju efektivne promocije, zasnovane na kompatibilnosti ciljeva i resursa organizacije. S obzirom da su resursi finansijske organizacije ograniceni, moraju se rasporediti na pojedinacne instrumente marketing miksa na takav nacin koji ce doneti najbolje rezultate i pružiti najvise koristi ciljnim kupcima. Promocija predstavlja kljucan instrumenat marketing miksa, a izbor metoda određivanja promotivnog budžeta je jedna od bitnijih odluka svake organizacije. U ovom radu su prezentirani osnovni teorijski modeli budžetiranja promocije, kao i rezultati empirijskog istraživanja strukture i dinamike ulaganja finansijskih organizacija Srbije u promociju u proteklom trogodisnjem periodu i metodima koje finansijske organizacije Srbije primenjuju prilikom određivanja svojih promocionih budžeta.

This paper explores the distinctive features of digital goods—such as durability, low reproduction costs, and scalability—and their economic consequences. Unlike traditional goods, digital products don’t wear out, can be reproduced at near-zero cost, and allow for easy versioning and complex pricing strategies. These characteristics challenge conventional economic models, particularly in terms of monopoly power, competition, and market dynamics.
The paper discusses concepts like the Coase Conjecture, which suggests monopolistic pricing may approach competitive levels, and Schumpeter’s creative destruction, highlighting the disruptive potential of new entrants. It also examines how network effects and economies of scale can lead to digital monopolies, while offering strategies for companies to optimize pricing and variant production. Lastly, the paper addresses regulatory issues and the need for policies that ensure market openness and innovation.
Keywords: digital goods, pricing, Coase Conjecture, creative destruction, digital monopolies, software economics, market dynamics, innovation, digital economy.

Virtual tourism, driven by advancements in immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), has emerged as a viable solution to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional travel. This article examines the role of virtual tourism in promoting sustainable travel by balancing technological innovation with ecological and managerial considerations. Through a PESTEL analysis (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal), the paper explores the external factors influencing the development and adoption of virtual tourism. By reducing the carbon footprint associated with mass tourism and providing alternative experiences to physical travel, virtual tourism holds the potential to transform the industry. The study also discusses the challenges and limitations of virtual tourism, such as accessibility and experiential depth, while exploring the hybrid approach that combines virtual experiences with traditional travel to foster more environmentally conscious tourism practices. This article contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable tourism by highlighting the critical role that virtual tourism can play in reducing environmental strain and encouraging responsible consumer behaviour.
KEYWORDS: Virtual tourism, Sustainable travel, Environmental impact, Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Carbon footprint reduction, Immersive tourism experiences, Hybrid travel models, PESTEL analysis, Tourism management strategies
JEL CODES: L83, Q56, O33, M10

Археологическият виртуален туризъм е иновационна форма на туризъм, която използва съвременни цифрови технологии, за да предостави достъп до археологически обекти и исторически находища по нов начин. В тази статия се разглеждат основните технологии, използвани в археологическия виртуален туризъм, включително виртуална реалност (VR), добавена реалност (AR) и 3D моделиране. Чрез PESTEL анализа се анализират политическите, икономическите, социалните, технологичните, екологичните и легалните фактори, които влияят на развитието и успешността на виртуалния археологически туризъм. Статията изследва как тези фактори формират възможностите и предизвикателствата пред тази иновационна област и предлага препоръки за оптимизиране на виртуалните преживявания. В заключение, се предоставят насоки за бъдещето на археологическия виртуален туризъм и неговото влияние върху опазването на културното наследство и образованието.
КЛЮЧОВИ ДУМИ: Археологически виртуален туризъм, Виртуална реалност (VR), Добавена реалност (AR), 3D моделиране, Културно наследство, PESTEL анализ, Технологични иновации, Образователни технологии, Устойчиво развитие.

Виртуалният кулинарен туризъм представлява иновативна и нарастваща тенденция в туристическата индустрия, която съчетава технологичния напредък с традиционните кулинарни преживявания. Настоящата студия изследва потенциала на виртуалния кулинарен туризъм не само като модерно увлечение, но и като инструмент за подобряване на устойчивостта на глобалния туристически сектор. Чрез използването на SOAR анализ, изследването подчертава силните страни, възможностите, амбициите и очакваните резултати, свързани с този нов вид туризъм. Основните силни страни включват достъпност, технологични иновации и културно разнообразие, докато възможностите се състоят в разширяване на пазара, интеграция с други туристически услуги и устойчиво развитие. В студията се разглеждат и амбиции като увеличаване на ангажираността на потребителите, създаване на глобална платформа за кулинарен туризъм и принос към устойчивите практики. Очакваните резултати включват икономически ползи, намален екологичен отпечатък и засилено културно разбирателство.
КЛЮЧОВИ ДУМИ: Виртуален туризъм, кулинарен туризъм, устойчиво развитие, SOAR анализ, дигитални технологии, туристическа индустрия, културно разнообразие

The digital economy has significantly changed many aspects of our lives, including the way firms do business and compete with each other. In addition to the benefits the digital world has introduced, it has also brought challenges for competition law, including new ways to restrict competition, with computing algorithms representing one of the most prominent examples. Algorithms can lead to, facilitate and maintain anticompetitive collusion, and one of the most pressing tests for competition law and its enforcement in the digital world is algorithmic parallel conduct. The terminology introduced for this conduct in this article is ‘digital polyopoly’. Digital polyopolies encompass conditions similar to oligopolies, in particular, interdependency and transparency. However, unlike parallel conduct arising from oligopolies, digital polyopolies are not limited by their number of competitors. This new phenomenon requires fitted interpretation and rethinking of existing competition-law and...

This investigation aims to determine the impact of public investment in the digital economy on de-urbanization in Pakistan. Using secondary data, the researcher employed a quantitative research design to analyze various data related to the variables of interest, most notably the digital infrastructure score, internet penetration rate, GDP growth rate, employment rate, education level, and health index score. The process begins with brief descriptive findings indicating substantial investment discrepancies and digital infrastructure quality differences between rural and urban populations, with the urban population receiving much more investment on average. The comparative findings underscore the significant investment disparity, while the regression results demonstrate a positive correlation between the rate of internet penetration and GDP growth. The other variables, such as the digital infrastructure score, the afore-mentioned employment and education variables, and the health index, are all non-significant in the model. More investment appears necessary to reap such economic benefits, and the aforementioned complementary policies will be required to facilitate rural broadband access. Collectively, the results of this research will help policymakers further a more inclusive approach to economic policy and create conditions for sustainable development regardless of population density.

The way we live, work and interact has been transformed by new media. While social media has shaped public opinion and fueled social movements, e-commerce has democratized commerce. However, disinformation, polarization, and data privacy are the complex issues behind this rapid transformation. The impact of new media on various aspects of life is discussed in this essay, as well as its impact on the future. Additionally, this essay will discuss the role that governments, companies, and individuals play in building a safer and more responsible digital space. By thoroughly studying the development of new media, this essay aims to increase our understanding of the challenges and opportunities faced in the digital era.

This study investigates the role of digital technology in driving the international diversification of firms within the context of China's unique market conditions. The limited marketization and institutional imperfections common in developing countries often compel local enterprises to seek expansion abroad. Using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 2005 to 2021, we find a positive correlation between digital technology innovation and international diversification. Mechanism tests indicate that digital technology facilitates this expansion by promoting corporate digital transformation, improving information transparency, increasing operational efficiency, and mitigating financing constraints. Furthermore, this positive impact is particularly pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises and traditional industries. These findings underscore the pivotal role of digital technology in aiding firms from developing markets to engage more effectively in global commerce and offer vital policy insights. Governments in other developing countries might consider similar strategies to foster digital innovation and promote global economic integration, leveraging the insights from China's experience as a blueprint for broader application.

Developments in technology and constant innovation in services market, impose companies to monitor trends and implementation of best practices in order to improve competitiveness and profitability. Hence this paper focuses on new technologies aimed at improving competitiveness of service companies, with an emphasis on CRM (customer relationship management in services companies), where communications systems plays an important role, especially if communication with a customer is integrated and easily accessible. The unified communications (UC), supported by up to date databases, represent a step forward in communications development, because they are concentrated on matching the specific needs of particular user. Integration of communications enhances the comfort of communication with customer to his satisfaction, since the customer does not have to be contacted by the company exclusively via the desk phone, whereas it can be done via mobile phone, e-mail, SMS, online chat or through social networks. All of these methods make communication more efficientincreasing availability and affecting the time when the customer, according to their preferences, can be contacted. The final score of customer relationship management through the optimal integration of communication is the simplification of business processes and the increase in customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction leads to greater loyalty to the company caused by the high level of service provided, which contributes to the improvement of competitivenes 1 This paper is a part of research projects numbers III47009 (European integrations and social and economic changes in Serbian economy on the way to the EU) and OI179015 (Challenges and prospects of structural changes in Serbia: Strategic directions for economic development and harmonization with EU requirements), financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

The privatization and restructuring of state or socially owned enterprises is one of the key requirements for enhancing business performances of the transition economies. However, the effects of these processes have not always led to the desired results. The evidence from privatization and restructuring of Serbian manufacturing industry points out that, besides certain results, the most of anticipated outcomes have not been achieved. The studies conducted in this paper, provide that as a result of the methods used in performing privatization and restructuring processes in Serbia, neither has the new industry structure been established, nor has the significant progress in production and exports been achieved, thereto this was also followed by the increased unemployment rate in the country.

The primary goal of this paper is to deepen the knowledge and provide analysis of the basic features of the major appliances aftersales market in the Republic of Serbia. This is relatively large, and for a huge number of consumers significant market, which, according to the available knowledge, was not the subject to more detailed research until now. Therefore, through a combination of survey (desk) and secondary (field) research, a detailed overview of the scope and structure of the major appliances aftermarket was carried out. With the aim to identify potential issues and propose curative to overcome them, an analysis on the competitive relations between the main actors and the factors that predominantly affect the market relations in this segment of the aftersales market was conducted. Bearing in mind the basic characteristics of the primary market in Serbia, it can be concluded that interbrand competition on the major appliances aftermarket is intense, and that significant issue...

Intenzivne tržisne i tehnoloske promene u okruženju finansijskih organizacija, imaju znacajne implikacije u obavljanju izvrsnih i kreativnih aktivnosti marketinga. U ovom radu se posebno analizira razvoj procesa upravljanja odnosima sa klijentima u industriji finansijskih usluga i argumentovano sagledaju mogucnosti doprinosa sistema upravljanja odnosima sa klijentima (CRM/CRM - Customer Relationship Management) poslovnim rezultatima kako bi se identifikovali upotrebljivi instrumenti u ovoj kompleksnoj oblasti i ponudila odgovarajuca resenja, koja potvrđuju korisnost njegove primene u industriji finansijskih usluga. CRM koncept predstavlja usklađivanje poslovnih strategija, organizacione strukture i kulture preduzeca, na osnovu informacija o klijentima i informaticke tehnologije, sa ciljem da se u svim kontaktima sa klijentima zadovolje njihove potrebe i ostvari poslovna korist odnosno dobit, te je primena CRM koncepta znacajan faktor konkurentske prednosti u industriji finansijskih ...

Savrseno konkurentsko tržiste je samo ideal liberalne ekonomske teorije, kao sto je uostalom sveopsti državni intervencioniizam bio ideal ekonomske prakse centralno planske ekonomije. Konkurentsko tržiste, po svojoj prirodi konkurentske borbe između ucesnika na tržistu rađa tendenciju kartelizacije, oligopola i monopola. Metodoloski postupci za utvrđivanje ogranicavanja tržisne konkurencije se baziraju uglavnom na statistickim postupcima i postupcima izvođenja koeficijenata nejednakosti. Antimonopolska regulatorna tela najcesce u utvrđivanju ogranicavanja konkurencije, ili stvaranja monopolskih tržisnih struktura primenjuju Herfindahl Hirschmanov indeks kvadriranja tržisnih udela ucesnika na tržistu. Ovaj metodoloski postupak se najcesce primenjuje u slucajevima resavanja po zahtevima kompanija da izvrse kupovinu, ili spajanje kompanija. Međutim, on sam nije dovoljan za izvođenje dokaza o postojanju monopola. Monopolska zloupotreba tržisne pozicije, narocito kartelizacija i oligopol...