Development Theories And Policies

What is the nature and extent of historical awareness in the development discourse? Does the development discourse learn from history, including its own? Set in the contexts of aging development institutions and a changing geopolitical climate, this paper provides one account through a historiographical survey of 136 journal articles across 10 leading development journals. It uncovers a substantial body of works, which offer descriptive histories, derivative lessons, and historiographical critiques. Altogether, they evidence two modes in which the development discourse attempts to learn from history. The first lies in the proactive use of external histories as empirical evidence for a variety of development issues. This is the predominant mode exhibited in the survey. A second mode lies in the use of internal histories of the development discourse, itself. Here, the survey finds a number of noteworthy but largely disparate efforts. This suggests a relative dearth in historiographical self-consciousness for a narrow but influential segment of the development discourse. A number of consequences are considered, ultimately responding to the legitimacy, efficacy, and sustainability of development action. In sum, our survey finds that the mainstream development journal discourse is adept at learning from external histories, but not necessarily from its own. Evidence, however, suggests that it can. A case is made for why it must.

While the Post-Development school in development theory tried to bury the concept of 'development', this attempt turned out to be unsuccessful. A closer investigation reveals that different post-development texts reproduce the polysemy of 'development' in their criticism of it, attacking different phenomena subsumed under this heading. Development theory, on the other hand, was also premature in declaring post-development obsolete fifteen years ago. By examining the works of two prominent authors, this contribution shows that the critics of post-development have adopted central arguments of that approach. It concludes by identifying some points of convergence between post-development and its (progressive) critics in development theory.

Rationalization, a core concept of Max Weber’s sociology, has so far largely been ignored in international relations theory discussions, although his ideas about rationalization open new pathways for theorizing authority and conflict in IR. We revisit Weber’s concepts of rationalization and domination to show the limits of two key bodies of related knowledge in IR: the scholarship on international organizations as bureaucracies and the claims about rationalization by the Stanford School. Re-reading Weber’s approach to rationalization provides a distinct ground for our understanding of the current internationalization of rule. By highlighting the extent to which aid donors must resort to domination to achieve their goals, we make visible the conflicts among the different “attempts to rationalize” endeavored by IOs, INGOs, and other organizations. We illustrate the contribution our approach to rationalization makes by looking at budget support to Sub-Saharan African states, and Mozambique in particular. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the implications that a critical re-reading of Max Weber has for international politics.

The goal of this paper is to illuminate major trends in the establishment of public libraries in developing countries under conditions of globalization. Based on a review of research from library history and the sociology of culture, I develop hypotheses about the conditions under which public libraries are likely to be established in relatively large numbers in developing countries. Analysis of historical trends in library establishments, and crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of UNESCO data on public libraries in six developing nations, reveal that globalization is associated with decreasing or flat numbers of public libraries on a per capita basis. The only observed exceptions are Malaysia and Chile, where public libraries have been established in large numbers partly for purposes of national integration as a counter to sectarian and ethnic heterogeneity. Implications of these findings for research in the information society paradigm, and for development theory, are discussed.

Family farming in the Ecuadorian Andes has been undergoing a situation of high vulnerability for several decades. Despite the recent renewal of political discourse in Ecuador and the beginning of the “Buen Vivir” era, the mining boom is an additional factor contributing to that vulnerability. In this context, the article, which is based on the results of a research project carried out in the parish of Victoria del Portete, province of Azuay, analyses the current situation of the rural population in the area, before going on to discuss the need to rethink the development of rural territories in Azuay and the rest of the Ecuadorian highlands, on the basis of strengthening rural organizations.

In recent policy papers on developmental statebuilding, for example in the European Report on Development in 2009, the concept of ‘resilience’ has been introduced as an alternative to ‘fragility’ and ‘fragile states’. This concept even offers the possibility of forging a ‘common European approach’. Although a considerable number of donor agencies (and, in particular, the European Commission since 2012) have adopted the concept and are applying it in some of their guidelines and strategies, the state of implementation in concrete interventions is unclear at present. Taking the development cooperation of the European Union and its member states in South Sudan as an example, this article assesses the current status of resilience in statebuilding efforts to be ambivalent: although there is little explicit reference to the concept in current country strategies and concrete programming, some components of resilience inform interventions.

Since the rise of capitalist modernity, communities across the world have been convinced by the potential of development and progress. This article steps aside from the idea of continuous and unilinear change, and examines contemporary afterlives of broken developmentalist dreams. By assembling ethnographies from countries politically defined as growth-engines in three different regions of the world (Brazil, Germany and India), we propose that development no longer inspires the same aspirations about progress. By exploring how material decay and shattered expectations become intimately woven into the everyday experiences of local populations, we show how the ruinous effects of pursuing economic growth leaves ordinary people to a life on their own terms. At this current historical juncture, we argue for the analytical productiveness of exploring ‘the after’ rather than ‘the otherwise’. This is pursued through an interrogation of the irregular rhythms of ‘life after progress’.

In this article, we propose a reading of Walter Solón Romero Gonzales' mural 'History of Bolivian Petroleum' from 1956. We explore the scenes and the ideas expressed in the mural juxtaposing them to the current public discourse and policies to investigate the understanding of the role natural resources vis‐à‐vis development. That is, our starting point is the mural, which we link to present‐day discourses on hydrocarbons to analyse the role of hydrocarbons in the Bolivian development model. We show that this model, envisioning hydrocarbons as a driver of progress, continues to hold currency and influence policies in contemporary Bolivia.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36178.76486

For a little over a decade we have been witnessing a profusion of discourses on autochthony — that is, an original belonging to a group or territory — in many parts of the world. A global approach to this question first requires a look at the principle of autochthony and its genealogy. Starting from African examples, places of prolific expression of the phenomenon, this article shows how autochthony plays the role of capital that can be invested, valued and profited from. The structure of this capital carries within itself the seeds of conflict. The article analyses how the stabilization of its value requires the execution of specific strategies. Among these strategies, I will focus in greater depth on voting. The relationship between capital, autochthony and elections will thus bring us back to debates that animate political science: in new municipalities, autochthony as capital is at the heart of candidate selection, suffrage, political participation and citizenship.

This article engages critically with an emerging Brazilian research programme, ‘Varieties of Capitalism and Development in Latin America’, a perspective which seeks to ascertain the institutional chances of, and limits to, implementing state-led ‘national development strategies’. Adopting a critical political economy viewpoint, the text discusses the deficiencies inherent to this perspective and its neoinstitutionalist and neodevelopmentalist fundamentals. In particular, it questions the vision of the world economy as an arena of free competition and that of the nation-state as a ‘collective actor’, both of which are politically and analytically problematic. These criticisms are substantiated through evidence drawn from a case analysis of the recent trajectory of the Argentine neodevelopmentalist project.

Two competing explanations are offered for the recent structural dynamics in developing countries. For traditionalists, structural transformation implies an inverted U-shaped
trajectory for manufacturing share. However, this is not the case in the new view where
a knowledge driven economy can bypass the intermediate stage of manufacturing. The
empirical evidence from 52 countries covering 1990 to 2013, seems to favor the old
view. The increasing share of services decreases the growth rate of per capita national
income. In contrast, manufacturing acts as a growth escalator. Though the magnitude of
elasticity of per capita income with respect to both manufacturing and services is less
than unity the influences are statistically significant. These findings withstand the usual
robustness tests and do not seem to reflect reverse causality. Together these findings
help explain the phenomena of jobless growth experienced by many countries.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of alcohol policies in reducing the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among youth. Previous research has shown that risky sexual practices (e.g., unprotected sex and multiple partners) that increase the risk of contracting a STD are highly correlated with alcohol use. If alcohol is a cause of risky sexual behavior, then policies that reduce the consumption of alcohol may also reduce the incidence of STDs. In this paper, we examine the relationship between alcohol policies (e.g., beer taxes and statutes pertaining to alcohol sales and drunk driving) and rates of gonorrhea and AIDS among teenagers and young adults. Results indicate that higher beer taxes are associated with lower rates of gonorrhea for males and are suggestive of lower AIDS rates. Strict drunk driving policies in the form of zero tolerance laws may also lower the gonorrhea rate among males under the legal drinking age.

In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete, this study recognises tourism as a highly visible and controversial component of change. The existence of the necessary infrastructure, the natural beauty, the climate, the culture and the history have contributed to tourism expansion, with Crete now attracting approximately 25 percent of foreign tourist arrivals and 55 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of Greece. The perceptions of the local community in tourism were studied using personal interviews with three community groups: local authority officials, residents and tourism business owners and managers. The aim was to examine their views on tourism development, in an attempt to establish overall desired directions for tourism development and to suggest effective tourism strategies and policies to reinforce positive outcomes and alleviate problems resulting from previous unplanned tourism development. The research findings identify much agreement among the three community groups suggesting that it is feasible to further develop tourism with the support of the community. Although the areas used in the sample were in the maturity stage of Butler's (1980) life cycle model and therefore it might be expected that the community would be at the antagonism stage of Doxey's (1975) model, this was not suggested by the findings. Tourism is viewed positively as a development option, and further tourism development, with conditions attached, is supported. The expansion of tourism has brought economic gains, employment creation, increased population, enhanced community infrastructure and cultural and environmental preservation. However, there is limited co-ordination of tourism activities and insufficient collaboration between the public and private sector. In addition, the island is dependent on foreign tour operators, and the tourism industry is uneven geographically and seasonally. Tourism has modified traditions and has affected the environment and society. Since community perceptions match reality (what is on the ground from development), problems are real and it is necessary to find solutions for their amelioration. As a result, policy implications emerging from the results presented in this thesis are discussed and future strategies are suggested.

Keywords: Community attitudes and perceptions, development, planning, Crete

En este artículo se pasa revista a diferentes modelos de crecimiento, haciendo hincapié en las interacciones de economías con diferentes grados de desarrollo tecnológico. Como punto de partida se toman los postulados de la CEPAL en los años cincuenta (sección II); dado que los planteamientos posteriores de la CEPAL, en los años ochenta y noventa, han incorporado diversas contribuciones de los modelos más recientes, puede afirmarse que la evolución de las ideas cepalinas ilustra la evolución de la teoría del crecimiento económico en su conjunto. En seguida se analizan los modelos de crecimiento endógeno con competencia monopólica de la escuela neoclásica (sección III); se presentan los modelos schumpeterianos de la llamada escuela evolucionista (sección IV), y se muestra el pensamiento de la nueva CEPAL, la de los años ochenta y noventa, y su renovación conceptual y propositiva (sección V).

Ron Martin's recent critique of the canonical model of regional path dependence constitutes a significant original contribution to evolutionary economic geography, and is likely to open up a whole new range of promising directions of theoretical debate and empirical research. In the first part of my commentary, I highlight and discuss the following two assumptions implicit in his work: (1) broader and less restrictive models are better than narrow and restrictive ones; and (2) economic geographers are better served by a model that emphasizes change than by one that emphasizes continuity. In the second part of my commentary, I suggest that Martin's own alternative model could be further developed by: (1) replacing the binary distinction between 'path as movement to stable state' and 'path as dynamic process' with a continuum; (2) avoiding, with the help of mereology, the hasty generalization to regional economies of processes of change originally theorized in the context of institutions; and (3) tracing the implications for evolutionary economic geography of the recent analytical work on contingency — a hitherto under-theorized concept that has been central to evolutionary reasoning in general, and to the problematic of lock-ins in particular. A number of recent developments indicate that evolutionary economic geography is engaged in a process of thorough re-evaluation of its conceptual foundations. The focus of this commentary is on what I take to be by far the most promising of these developments, namely Ron Martin's (2010) proposal for a major move beyond the canonical model of regional path dependence. According to Martin, the reasons for the inadequacy of the canonical model are, first, its narrow and restrictive applicability, and second, its conceptual reliance on problematic equilibristic thinking. In more substantive terms, the canonical model is guilty of emphasizing continuity rather than change, whereas Martin feels that economic geographers need a model that stresses change rather than continuity. With this belief in mind, he ventures outside geography, into political science and historical sociology, in a search for ways of thinking about institutional path dependence that hold the promise of avoiding the connotations of stasis implied by the metaphor of 'lock-ins'. He finds four such promising ideas (layering/delayering, conversion, structured variety and recombination) and proposes that they have 'readily identifiable counterparts' (ibid.: 22) in the geographical study of local and regional economies. The culmination of his work is a synthesis (ibid.: Figure 5) that dialectically surpasses both the thesis of the canonical model and the antithesis to it that emerged in I would like to thank Keith Chapman and two IJURR referees for reading and commenting on an earlier version of this commentary.

This article reviews various different growth models, with emphasis on the interactions between economies with differing degrees of technological development. It takes as its starting point the proposals put forward by ECLAC in the 1950s (section II); as subsequent proposals by ECLAC in the 1980s and 1990s have incorporated various contributions made by more recent models it may be asserted that the evolution of ECLAC's ideas likewise illustrates the evolution of economic growth theory in general. It then goes on to analyse endogenous growth models with monopolistic competition conditions of the neoclassical school (section III), presents Schumpeterian models of what has been called the "evolutionary school" (section IV), and describes the thinking of the "new ECLAC" of the 1980s and 1990s and its conceptual and propositional renewal (section V). It then compares the different models and approaches analysed in the light of some aspects considered to be of key importance, such as the role assigned to endogenous technical progress in explaining long-term economic growth, the way the different conceptions of technology condition the nature of public intervention to promote development, and the validity of the concepts of bipolarity and/or international divergence with respect to the long-term growth rates of the per capita product (section VI). The final considerations (section VII) contain some reflections on aspects relating to development policies, both from the standpoint of the various approaches reviewed earlier and from that of the special structural features typical of the Latin American economies.

The study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of communication methods/media used by Novartis company in Arifwala tehsil of Pakpattan. Analysis was made of the data collected from 120 farmer respondents through a pre-tested interview schedule. The research indicated that all the respondents were aware of the Novartis company. It may imply that the Novartis pesticide company was popular among farmers of the area. All the respondents were found to be using pesticides of Novartis in addition to the products of other companies. Neighbours/friends/relatives appeared to be the major sources through which the respondents became aware of Novartis Company as reported by a vast majority (89.16%) of the respondents. This may imply that fellow farmers are playing very important role in informing each other about Novartis company. Agricultural campaigns appeared to be the most effective communication method followed by literature, lecture meetings, exhibitions, method demonstrations, result demonstrations and movies. Farm and home visits, discussion meetings, signboards, radio and TV were relatively less effective methods/media.

Policies affect every dimension of the institutional and legal context in which poor rural people pursue their livelihoods. They shape the world they live in and the economic opportunities open to them. This means that supportive policies can go a long way towards providing the conditions in which people can lift themselves out of poverty. Conversely, policies that do not create opportunities, or that exclusively reflect the interests of other economic players, can be an insuperable barrier or an unbridgeable gulf – roadblocks barring the way out of the poverty trap.

2014 is going to be remembered as one of the most ‘experimental’ years in terms of putting direct democracy into practice through the exercise of the right to decide (López 2011) by small nations (Keating 2014) with reference to their nation-states (Ohmae 1995). On the 18th September the much discussed Scottish independence referendum concerning the future of the UK and Scotland was held; however, while the 9th November has been provisionally set for a consultation process to take place in Catalonia on the right to decide, at the time of writing this article, in October which is just one month prior to this date, it is already uncertain whether or not this will happen.

ABSTRACT
Norway is often seen as a “world champion” in gender equality. In Norwegian aid policies on gender it is emphasized that lessons can be learned from “the Norwegian model” and experiences. This article explores to what extent Norway’s domestic gender policies have influenced the country’s aid policies. The analysis, which is based on literature review of Norwegian gender equality history and discursive analysis of current gender and aid policy documents, revealed that the quintessence of Norwegian domestic gender equality politics – social policies that address the relationship between care and breadwinning - is largely silenced in Norway’s aid policies. While we do question whether a specific model can be exported, we suggest that Norwegian experiences may provide valuable policy inputs. Since Norwegian aid policies tend to reflect dominating international aid discourse, our analysis has relevance beyond the particular Norwegian case. We argue that policies of care, motherhood and fatherhood, should be at the heart of Norwegian and international aid policies.

Unlike previous snapshot studies, this research traces ‘historical learning events’ to enable us to examine the evolution of roles and underpinning capabilities of intermediaries in an innovation system. By following this approach, the rationale, obstacles and lessons learned of intermediaries in performing their roles and building up required capabilities can be vividly illustrated. The National Food Institute (NFI) of Thailand was selected as the case study. As an intermediary organization, NFI has enhanced its capabilities step by step in analysing and disseminating information, training, testing policy development and consultancies through major ‘learning events’ that provide NFI with learning opportunities. As a result, over time it can perform its intermediary roles better by reducing ‘systemic failures’ in the Thai food industry’s
sectoral innovation system. Recently, however, due to the lack of an official mandate, continuous government budgetary support and organizational lock-in problems, NFI’s role has not evolved with the changes in strategies and capability needs of Thai food
exporters as these firms change from OEM to OBM manufacturers.

Este artículo describe los resultados de una línea de investigación en el fenómeno de impunidad en Bogotá, desarrollada con el objetivo de identificar la influencia de la percepción de impunidad en la generación de criminalidad para los delitos de hurto y homicidio en dicha ciudad, enfocándose en la perspectiva de los tres actores intervinientes en el proceso penal: víctimas, victimarios y funcionarios judiciales. Se desarrolló una investigación exploratoria descriptiva, combinando herramientas cualitativas-cuantitativas (entrevistas y encuestas), para obtener información de análisis a través de la teoría de elección racional y teoría de juegos. Como resultado se encontró la existencia de percepción de impunidad alta, asociada al funcionamiento del sistema judicial. Se identificaron variables principales y secundarias, entendidas como debilidades del sistema, que al entrelazarse soportan la construcción del imaginario “es posible delinquir sin ser condenado”, lo cual motiva la generación de hurtos, homicidios y dinámicas de reincidencia.

The over-reliance on trade in primary commodities has stymied Nigeria's economic development. Consequently, poverty and unemployment have become the major recurring themes in contemporary Nigeria's development history. This study historicises Nigeria's development crisis through the lens of the four major development paradigms and finds its roots in the development policies that characterised her existential trajectories since the colonial economy. It concludes, therefore, that resolving Nigeria's development crisis requires a radical rethinking of the capitalist development models prescribed by Western institutions as they have only (and will only) entrenched dependence on the West and continue to escalate Nigeria's development crisis. It recommends that the resolution of her development crisis requires an African model of social transformation that is capable of restoring Nigeria to the self-sufficiency that predates her colonial encounter with the capitalist West and the adoption of the Infant Industry Protection strategy as a way out of current development crisis. This study contributes to the sectoral analysis of Nigeria " s development crisis. It is the first to examine the crisis in the oil palm industry through the prism and praxis of development theories and the infant industry protection strategy. It is also the first to attribute the crisis to inadequacies in the Western-centric development models and recommends an African model of social transformation in resolving it.

The centre of brazilian economic geography changed over the centuries, depending on the several production-exportation cycles of primary products. For that, it was only in the 19th century that São Paulo, thanks to the importance of coffee production, began to have the current relevance in economic
and demographic terms in Brazil.
But it was only in 30’s and, especially, in the 50’s, that São Paulo (and its Metropolitan Region) became the main industrial hub of Brazil. It was precisely the “Plano de Metas” of President Juscelino Kubitschek that, in the 50's, led to the introduction of mass manufacturing industries, with emphasis on the automobile industry, located in the southeast industrial periphery of São Paulo known as ABCD and corresponding to the municipalities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra.
São Paulo is the biggest city in Latin America and a “Global City”, particularly considering its modern infrastructure, the provision of world standard services and the concentration of coordination and command functions associated with transnational corporations. Nevertheless, it is also the “Metrópole das Desigualdades”, with a chaotic process of urbanization, a largely dilapidated housing and with high levels of poverty and social exclusion.
With the oil crises, which occurred in the 70’s, the ABCD starts a process of productive restructuring that has led to some industries leaving the area. However, if the process of industrial reconversion allows a more efficient exploitation of the “economies of agglomeration”, we believe that the conditions are met for the promotion of territorial development strategies based on local and endogenous factors.
Indeed, the latest Regional and Local Development theories and policies, seem to give priority to measures where the local/regional political power interacts and establishes partnerships with other territorial actors: government, companies, financial institutions, business associations, cooperatives,non-governmental organizations and civic movements.
Therefore, this dissertation presents a series of local development initiatives, concerning the studied
area, able to contribute to the resolution of the identified problems.

Development Cooperation, in addition to clear social and political support, originated from a context which represented a coherent contribution within the framework of Development Theory. However, from the 1980s with the rise of neoliberal ideas, debates on development and the international cooperation system and its strategies took different directions. Currently, the definition and monitoring of the Agenda has become the centre of debate, with the consequent abandonment of the theoretical and historical perspectives as well as the traditional perception of development as a process of transformation of reality. This disconnection between ideas on development and cooperation has led to a long-standing confusion over cooperation, with its role becoming increasingly unclear. This paper highlights the need to return to the relationship between theoretical reflection on development and cooperation strategies, through a process of identifying problems, studying their causes and consequently designing strategies. The way in which these links are created will open up the possibility of proposing alternatives according to the risks and challenges to be faced.

The World Bank is a United Nations international financial institution that offers loans, advice, and an array of customized resources to more than 100 developing countries all around the world. The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group, and the largest global development institution focuses exclusively on private sector ventures and projects in developing countries in partnership by financing investment, mobilizing capital in international financial markets, and providing advisory services as well as technical assistance to businesses and governments. Its institutional culture and approach to development have changed in parallel with the evolution of international development thinking over the past sixty years. This research aims to argue connection between the World Bank and development thinking. Through a review of the literature, this research attempts to clarify the ways in which the World Bank's institutional culture has both influenced and been influenced by the understanding of 'development'

This article addresses the issue of poverty from an economic perspective and which is based in the analysis of the programs developed in Mexico to decrease it. Thus, this work
begins considering that per capita income has been the determining factor to the growth of the conditions to measure poverty. However, measuring poverty based on this approach
leads to the identification of arbitrary assumptions and out of other variables that express living standards achieved by other means, coming to regard the fact of poverty in other
regions of Latin America, it is noted that the development of the above, leads to new situations related to the context of regional, national economic policies and even the national will to address this problem of distribution.

(in English and Italian below; in italiano e inglese di sotto)

PDF: http://www.isaaccurtis.com/files/3313/8203/0950/Curtis_2013_Gens_sans_matres.pdf

Homepage: http://www.isaaccurtis.com/

Français :

Cet article tente de présenter l’histoire des Antilles coloniales du point de vue des gens sans maîtres. La narration qui suit est provisoire mais a l’avantage de montrer les mérites d’une telle démarche pour l’étude que les “acteurs informels” ont joué dans l’histoire plus généralement. En même temps, il présente un compte rendu de la transition au capitalisme dans le contexte antillais. Étudier le capitalisme par rapport aux circonstances qui ont précédé son avènement plutôt que du point de vue de ses conséquences permet d’analyser cette transition avec un œil neuf. Tout d’abord, cela permet de considérer les «extraordinaires possibilités manquées», d’après Césaire, en raison du développement du capitalisme et du colonialisme. Deuxièmement, cet article établit un lien avec d’autres études qui étudient d’autres enclosures qui pourraient profiter d’une perspective historique sur ces développements. Troisièmement, en traitant la conscription des gens sans maîtres comme intimement liée au projet colonialiste, ce travail soulève des questions quant à la mesure, évidemment variable, de la liberté dont ils jouirent. Finalement, en considérant que le commerce est en effet un rapport de production, cet article souligne que le commerce fait partie de la production matérielle et de la formation de la classe ouvrière, et fut, par conséquent, un processus violent et qui relevait fondamentalement de l’exploitation.

Mots-clés: masterless people, Caraïbes, capitalisme, colonialisme, commerce.

English :

This article presents the history of the colonial Caribbean from the perspective of masterless people. Though the narrative presents a preliminary account rather than a conclusive analysis, it shows some of the potential strengths of the so-called “informal actors” paradigm on display in this issue. At the same time, it presents a summary of the transition to capitalism in the Caribbean context. By approaching this transition from the perspective of the past that preceded it rather than the present that is its legacy, this transition emerges in a new light. First of all, this approach allows us to consider the «extraordinary opportunities lost», in the words of Aimé Césaire, as a result of the development of capitalism and colonialism. Secondly, it builds on studies of “enclosures” in other places and times. Thirdly, it considers the conscription of masterless people to the colonial project and the implications for their liberty. Finally, in analyzing what I call “the production of exchange”, this article intends to redirect the transition debate away from an either-or analysis of production and exchange. Instead, I argue that exchange was part of an inherently violent and exploitative material production process that shaped and was shaped by the emerging working class.

Keywords: masterless people, Caribbean, capitalism, colonialism, trade.

Italiano :

Questo articolo presenta la storia del periodo coloniale nei Caraibi adottando il punto di vista dei masterless people («persone senza padrone»). Sebbene il testo rappresenti un’indagine preliminare piuttosto che un’analisi conclusiva, mette in evidenza alcuni dei potenziali punti di forza del paradigma dei cosiddetti “attori informali”, oggetto di questo numero. Allo stesso tempo, propone uno studio sintetico della transizione al capitalismo nel contesto caraibico. Analizzando questa evoluzione con una prospettiva che si concentri sul passato piuttosto che sul presente che di esso è eredità, tale transizione apparirà sotto una nuova luce: primo, perché questo approccio ci permette di prendere in considerazione le «straordinarie opportunità perdute» (citando le parole di Aimé Césaire) come il risultato dello sviluppo di capitalismo e colonialismo; secondo, perché l’articolo si basa su studi dedicati alle enclosures, in altri spazi e tempi; terzo, perché lo studio considera l’arruolamento di persone senza padrone nel “progetto coloniale” e le implicazioni che questo ebbe per la loro libertà. Infine, analizzando quella che ho definito la production of exchange, questo articolo intende deviare il dibattito sulla transizione dall’attuale analisi dicotomica produzione/scambio: infatti, ritengo che lo scambio fosse parte di un processo di produzione intrinsecamente violento e sfruttatore, che formò e fu plasmato dall’emergente classe operaia.

Parole chiave: masterless people, Caraibi, capitalismo, colonialismo, commercio.

The relationship between globalization and nationalism in Latin America is neither linear nor purely dialectical; in fact, it provides an almost ideal portrait of the periodic blurring of the two over time. This article traces the relationship since the late 18 th century into the present day.

Last decades economic development induced massive international and regional migration flows directed to the urban spaces. The magnitude and swiftness of these processes determined that several cities’ authorities would fail to respond to the increasing demands of many social services. The right to an “adequate housing” emerged as a political concern, leading governments and institutions to develop housing programmes directed to improve the lives of slum dwellers. This paper presents a diachronic evolution of these specific housing policies in the paradigmatic case-study of
Brazil, critically analysing the evolving roles played by the multiple levels of decision (from international institutions to local communities) in the development and implementation of such measures.

As actuais necessidades energéticas da economia mundial são satisfeitas maioritariamente pelo uso de energias não renováveis. Mais precisamente, 90% da energia consumida a nível mundial vem do consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Os três principais combustíveis fósseis são o petróleo, o carvão e o gás natural. Estes combustíveis são as principais fontes de energia, tanto nos países industrializados, como nos países em vias de industrialização, nomeadamente no sector
dos transportes rodoviários.
Embora os países desenvolvidos do Norte tenham apenas 20% da população mundial, consomem a esmagadora maioria da energia a nível global. Apesar deste maior consumo, os países do Norte têm cada vez maior consciência da necessidade de conservar os recursos energéticos, em especial desde os “choques petrolíferos” de 1973 e 1979. Os países em industrialização do Sul (nomeadamente “gigantes” como a China ou Índia) tendem a ser utilizadores menos eficazes a nível energético.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de dos modelos de elaboración e implementación de políticas públicas educativas en el proceso de constitución del sujeto político. Así, se consideran el modelo Top Down y el modelo Bottom Up, como dinámicas distintas, pero centrales en la visión de la participación ciudadana en la política pública. El referente teórico-epistémico empleado es el del papel formador del Estado en Antonio Gramsci. La conclusión más destacable de este trabajo es que, siendo la participación ciudadana el eje de pivot en el constructo de políticas públicas educativas, los procesos de subjetivación política tendientes a la autorregulación, la autonomía y la formación de una ciudadanía crítica, se presentarán como resultados primarios en ese contexto.

This thesis analyses the link between economic action and demographic studies at the World Bank. The institution’s development policies evolve together with the production of knowledge and technical instruments. The Keynesian approach (macro-economics and planning) has been accompanied by global demographic indicators (birth rates, growth populations rates, etc.), while the deregulation and liberalization policies of the 1980s were combined with the measurement of the “cost per child” and the study of demographic behaviour, in line with the microeconomic orientation of the Bank.

This chapter studies the genealogy of participatory approaches at the World Bank in the late twentieth century. It examines how the issue of participation initially gained traction within the organization’s ecosystem before being turned into a policy standard for development. From a theoretical standpoint, it pays particular attention to internal staff and professional activities within the Bank. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first builds upon the assumption that mounting criticism from transnational non-governmental organizations and advocacy campaigns provided a vital incentive for the Bank’s agents to introduce participatory methodologies into project development. The second section concentrates on the role of ‘institutional activists’ within the Bank. It examines how a group of social reformists promoted participatory ideas internally, with the view to dispute the economic orthodoxy of the institution. The last section focuses on the ability of these insiders to forge alliances with external allies, on whom they rely to advance the issue of participation in the Bank’s strategic thinking. The chapter concludes that participatory ideas underwent multiple cognitive reinterpretations and adaptations as they were subject to internal knowledge-building activities.

El “desarrollo” en sí es un tema complejo y genera un debate que no está para nada cerca de llegar a su fin. Ya en el momento de buscar una definición se percibe la extremada dificultad con la que uno se enfrenta, así como la amplitud de posibles puntos de vistas. Las posiciones existentes van desde los acérrimos defensores de determinadas teorías hasta los que promueven un exterminio y entierro del término mismo (así como de su noción). En el plano internacional, los países se relacionan e interactúan, influyéndose mutuamente en sus procesos de desarrollo. Pero eso no sucede de forma totalmente espontánea, sino que se ve dirigida por una ideología y por una política determinadas. La práctica internacional del desarrollo tiene como fin (retórico) que los países más desarrollados realicen un aporte para que los países que (aún) no han alcanzado un determinado nivel de desarrollo puedan hacerlo. Esto ya implica, desde su concepción misma, una diferenciación jerárquica entre “desarrollados” y “subdesarrollados”, entre el “Norte” y el “Sur”, entre aquellos que “dan” y aquellos que “reciben”. En el marco de la problemática internacional del desarrollo se identifican tres niveles fundamentales. Por un lado, las Teorías de Desarrollo, que son el marco general en el que se ubica cada una de las diferentes concepciones del desarrollo. Por otro lado, la Política de Desarrollo, en este caso de Alemania, que es la que regula las relaciones con otros países y también en los temas de desarrollo. Y por último, la Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo , que es en definitiva la puesta en práctica de la teoría y los objetivos políticos del desarrollo, es la que lleva el “desarrollo” al territorio. La relación en Cooperación para el Desarrollo de Alemania con América Latina ha sido importante, pero nunca llegó a ser el objetivo principal de su cooperación internacional. En la década del ‘80 América Latina recibió el 12,8 % del total de la cooperación alemana para el desarrollo, década en que alcanzó la mayor proporción. Durante la década del ‘90 este valor descendió al 9,7% (Sangmeister, 2000: 87). Sin embargo, para América Latina, Alemania ocupa un lugar importante, siendo uno los países que más dinero en Asistencia Oficial para el Desarrollo (ODA) aporta. A partir de lo planteado se presentan los interrogantes que han de guiar la investigación. Los interrogantes principales serán: • ¿Cuál es la influencia de la cooperación alemana para el desarrollo sobre el espacio latinoamericano? • ¿Cómo se correlacionan e influyen mutuamente los tres niveles propuestos de la problemática del desarrollo (teoría, política y cooperación)?

Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) have two financing windows, with different terms, dedicated to low- and middle-income countries. Countries are presumed to cross those windows as their income per capita rises, with middle-income countries (MICs) eventually “graduating” to a non-client status once they reach some criteria. However, due to what may be called “middle-income traps”, such progression toward graduation has been limited to a small number of countries.

While the focus is on the collective and collective advancements in the 21st Century, many of his predecessors and in fact many people need space and time alone in order to map out some of the best ideas, whether they are about space or advancements in art, engineering, writing and more.

Der Zusammenhang von Migration & Entwicklung (M & E) ist im Grunde ein urgeographisches Forschungsfeld. Immerhin betrifft es die Kernbegriffe, um die sich zwei geographische Teildisziplinen mit je eigenen Expertisen und Perspektiven etabliert haben: die Geographische Entwicklungsforschung und die – deutlich jüngere – Geographische Migrationsforschung.
Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, nicht nur die enge thematische Verzahnung von Migration(sforschung) und Entwicklung(sforschung) aufzuzeigen, sondern ebenso darzulegen, wie stark die wissenschaftlichen Debatten zu diesem Nexus vom politischen Zeitgeist abhängig waren und sind.

The OECD has a long history of engagement with major United Nations (UN) processes on human development and well-being. Through its policies and important official texts, it has contributed to shaping the framework of international and national policies regarding people's evolution and development. These policies are of great importance given that the working environment is becoming more and more global, dynamic, multidimensional and complex. Consequently, the effectiveness of human resources is a matter of major importance, leading most organizations and enterprises to pursue employee's professional development and the comprehensive improvement of their skills. This study, through the qualitative analysis of the OECD's text " OECD SKILLS OUTLOOK 2017: SKILLS AND GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS " comes to examine the types of skills proposed by the OECD and their characteristics, the benefits of developing and cultivating these skills, the ways they are planned and whether their planning is influenced by the spirit of corresponding international and European policies. The analysis of the text shows that there is a strong demand for mixed skills. In addition it seems that the design and development of the right and appropriate skills is a complex and multidimensional issue, as several agents are called upon to work together and contribute to both international and national levels. Regarding the benefits, one of great importance is that right skills help countries integrate into global markets and specialize in the most technologically advanced industries. Besides they help individuals face the potential of unemployment, job losses and lower job quality.