Theories and Practices of Development

Capacity Building in Developing Countries explores how individuals, communities, and institutions in the Global South can build sustainable capacity to solve complex local challenges. This book provides actionable strategies for designing and implementing effective capacity-building initiatives, with attention to local ownership, participatory methods, and long-term impact. It is designed for NGO staff, development practitioners, trainers, educators, and community leaders working in fragile, resource-constrained environments. By bridging theory and field practice, the book helps development actors strengthen systems, skills, and structures from within.

This book explores the experiences of academics from Africa, north
of the Limpopo River. It traces the often-precarious experiences that
they have in South African universities. Highlighting studies by Kaziboni,
Lancaster, Machabaphala, and Mulaudzi (2022), Oloruntoba (2022), and
Tomaselli (2023), it investigates the threats to their well-being amid
societal tensions and xenophobic violence. Unlike previous research in
this area, which is very scant, this study integrates empirical inquiry,
policy analysis, and social theory to document anti-African sentiment in
universities. It reveals how government policies can lead to exploitative
conditions, temporary appointments, and hindered academic advancement.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The goal of this article is to develop a critical comparison between Deleuze and Guattari's analysis of capitalism on a "global scale" and the works of Samir Amin. This comparative approach is justified given the Deleuzoguattarian influence of Amin's concept of "unequal exchange" in A Thousand Plateaus. However, one can identify two more theoretical affinities and a point of intersection in both analyses about the capitalist system in a broader sense: a) they offer an explanation of capitalism's historical accumulation processes that contradicts the evolutionist perspective of classical Marxism and modern philosophies of History; b) both employ the concept of pre-capitalist social formations instead of the well know notion of modes of production-which involves the political debate about the State (discussed in Deleuze-Guattari's Urstaat and Amin's "Tributary Formations"); c) and, finally, an analytical consonance between dependency theory and Amin's notion of peripherical social formations and Deleuze and Guattari's discussion of global polarities (i.e., the geopolitical organization between center-periphery and North/South).

Martial Law in 1972 has always been a crucial part of Philippine history and it is important for Filipinos to learn and understand what happened during that period and how military rule made an impact on the country. People have different views of Martial Law; even students of the University of the Philippines Los Baños, who are expected to be critical of social issues, also have different perceptions. This research is an attempt to make young Filipinos know about the effects of Martial Law and to help protect the young minds from historical revisionism. This research aims to present the different experiences of selected UPLB community members during the implementation of Martial Law in the country. Specifically, it describes the life of the participants before and during the Martial Law period and how its implementation affected them. It uses case study as the research design. In-depth interviews were conducted among 17 participants and thematic analysis was done to make sense of the data. It was reported that much of these experiences centered on their family, academics, work/livelihood, and their perceived quality of life. Their Martial Law experience affected their current view of the Philippine government. They feel that the present condition of the country is similar to what had happened during the Marcos Administration. Extrajudicial killings and social inequality are still rampant. Power is held by those in government position and those who are in the upper echelons of society. What they have experienced in the past has made them more critical of the Philippine government.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by a considerable growth of cooperation between
Russian and Chinese universities and increasing academic mobility involving both teachers and students of
the two countries. The aim if the study is to find out and analyze how university foreign language teachers
of non-language students in two different countries understand and implement generally shared theoretical
and practical assumptions concerning foreign language teaching and learning in their local contexts.
Materials and methods. 60 respondents (university foreign language teachers of science students from
Russia and China) participated in the study. The teachers filled out a questionnaire that included both openended and close-ended (multiple choice) questions.
Results. The outcomes of the study reveal that the teachers are familiar with the main models and approaches
to foreign language education. They seem to have a very close understanding of the characteristics of the
modern university foreign language classroom. All 100% of the participants demonstrated their knowledge of
leading models and approaches to foreign language teaching, with 93% of teachers from Russia and 60% of
teachers from China being familiar with the ESP model, which is the most well-known in both countries. The
STEAM teaching model turned out to be the least known in both countries, with 33% of Chinese teachers and
47% of respondents from Russia being familiar with it. Nevertheless, the choice of the didactic tools that they
use differs due to the influence of external factors and national educational traditions (specific approaches to
control arrangement, number of the students in the classroom, students` learning preferences, etc.).
Conclusion. The authors attempted to identify a few world major tendencies in university foreign language
science student education and explored how they are practically implemented in particular universities
with foreign language teachers in two different countries. The outcomes revealed a certain gap between
theoretical assumptions and everyday practices in professional foreign language education in both countries.
Thus, the authors approached the issue under discussion from a different perspective and confirmed the
effects of teacher national traditions on their practices.
As exchange programs and partnership networks in the field of education, science and technology between
Russian and Chinese universities are becoming wide spread, the demand for experts in teaching languages in
both countries is growing immensely. These experts, representing universities from both sides, need to find a
common language concerning their teaching approaches, strategies, and didactic tools. The study outcomes
can be one of the steps in this area. In addition, they can be used in the teachers` in-service training.

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh, characterized by hilly terrain and shifting cultivation, face challenges in soil fertility management. Banana cultivation is widespread, yet banana stems are often discarded as waste despite their potential as an organic fertilizer. This study explores the benefits of utilizing banana stems to improve soil health, enhance agricultural productivity, and promote sustainable farming practices. Banana stems are rich in essential nutrients, improve soil structure, and serve as a costeffective alternative to chemical fertilizers. Methods such as composting, liquid fertilizer extraction, and mulching are examined for effective utilization. Challenges, including limited awareness and technical knowledge, highlight the need for training, policy support, and market linkages. Promoting banana stembased organic fertilizers can contribute to environmental conservation and economic development in the region, fostering a more resilient agricultural system.

This research is a single holistic case study that investigated the experiences of student volunteers working with Notre Dame of Marbel University's (NDMU) Campus Ministry Implementing Arms (CMIA). It looked into the experience of non-RE student volunteers at various ministries such as Catechism, Altar Servers Ministry, Sacred Arts Ministry, Lectors Ministry, and the Saint Cecilia's Choir, which are all under CMIA. The study revealed that the CMIA volunteers see student volunteerism as the willingness to offer genuine service, being involved in diverse activities as a helping hand, being responsible with time, building good interpersonal relationships, enhancing self-esteem, and being responsive to the community needs. Time constraints, demotivation, and poor volunteer participation, in addition to uncertainty in task selection, are some of the challenges that CMIA volunteers face. As a result, these volunteers use different coping strategies, such as managing time effectively, prioritizing needs and relevant tasks, exercising foresight, and collaborative assistance. The study's findings emphasize the importance of understanding the intricate nature of student volunteering with all its challenges and ways of overcoming them; this information may help those planning to work as volunteers in CMIA to better put themselves in their role, balance other responsibilities with volunteer roles, and develop themselves both socially and personally. The study underscores the need for supportive measures from CMIA coordinators and administrators, such as targeted training programs and proactive strategies to address common challenges. By implementing these recommendations, NDMU can enhance the volunteer experience, promoting growth and success for future CMIA student-volunteers.

This paper stems from grassroot experiences and immersive learnings emanating from the action research work of 112 MPhil Development Practice scholars in 112 villages in central and eastern India. It also stems from the community engagement of the Fellows in Action Research and the Research Associates of the Centre for Development Practice (CDP) 1. In that sense, this paper is not being written by me alone; it remains co-authored by all the 112 MPhil action researchers in rural India and in forest societies as also by the Fellows in Action Research and the Research Associates at CDP; working in largely indigenous (adivasi) contexts; who have contributed in known and unknown ways to this paper. This paper is thus just a placeholder (and I am perhaps a limited scribe) of the multiple micro-insights and immanent feeling states that were born in the process of what I would like to call co-transformative praxis with communities. Indigenous members of Eka Nari Sanghathan (especially Aiya), Ayang Raje, Chinhari: The Young India, Chachanpur Mahila Kalyan Samiti continues to inform, reform and inspire this rather unconventional journey from standard forms of academic research on the subaltern to co-transformative praxis with the subaltern. I am especially indebted to the young Gond and Yadav women members of Chinhari: The Young India-and Swarnima Kriti-who have worked towards the creation of a caring common since 2016. 2

The genesis of this study was from the realization that little was known about roles of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in rural development and this article basically examines conceptually the role of NGOs in rural development. It looks at the meaning of NGOs, the various classifications of NGOs, areas of involvement of NGOs, their role and mode of operation and their sources of funds. This desk study was necessitated by the reports coming from the rural areas and other renowned scholars and academic institutions on the miniature information about the roles of NGOs in rural development. Through the usage of desk study, the researcher’s interest was to look through literature on the experiences of different areas in the role of NGOs in rural development. Few NGOs activities in countries specifically Zambia have been cited; but are not limited to, education, agriculture & livestock, democratic governance, environmental, socio-economic, advocacy and human rights’ work and they work to promote social or political change on a broad scale or very locally. NGOs play a critical part in developing society, improving communities, and promoting citizen participation. The paper concluded and recommended among others that there is need for NGOs to thorough review and establishment of criteria for NGOs to secure required standards of management skills and quality in their project implementation in rural areas.

Keywords:
Non- Governmental Organizations, Development, Rural, Rural Development. Roles of NGOs in rural
Development.

The Indian government reports projected the population
increase of senior citizens from 13% in 2011 to 23% in 2036.
In such a population expansion, it is a dire need to provide
them with dignified, secure, happy, and affordable living.
Further, physically, emotionally, and economically, senior citi
zens have a high dependency on their family members and
friends. The primary data has been collected, constituting a
sample size of 200 elderly people, who are above 60years
and belong to middle and high-income groups, residing in
Delhi NCR. The key requirement that emerged from the study
for the growing older population is the locational advantage
of community living with full-fledged legal ownership of
home along with affordability criteria.

Abstract
Background: India demonetized the currency in November 2016, scrapping 86.9 percent of the currency in
circulation. This policy disrupted most economic activities because India was predominantly a cash economy.
Purpose: The study aims to analyze the impact of demonetization on the informal-formal sector and the Indian
stock markets, where investment reflects investors’ confidence. Another purpose is to know the usefulness of
demonetization in the proliferation of digitalization.
Study design/methodology/approach: The study incorporates primary data to determine the impact on
informal and formal workers’ income and the acceptance of digitalization in rural-urban areas in Faridabad,
Haryana. A survey was conducted, and samples for informal-formal workers and rural-urban households were
collected and analyzed using the F test and the ANOVA model using an independent dummy or qualitative
variables. The secondary data of the Indian stock market were empirically tested and forecasted using the
Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model.
Finding/Conclusions: The empirical analysis reveals that after demonetization, informal workers’ earnings
dropped significantly, and there is a substantial income disparity between informal-formal workers. A wide gap
persists in adopting digital transactions due to low awareness of digital instruments in rural areas compared to
urban areas. On the contrary, no significant impact is noticed in the Indian stock market as the forecasted value
of shares trading depicts positive growth. The study identifies the gaps in policy implementation. It exposes the
implementation of macroeconomic policies ensuring the protection of the interest and livelihood of economically
vulnerable populations. The spread of awareness towards electronic transactions may help to promote
digitalization
Limitations/future research: The study is limited to a few areas. Hence, the scope of future research rests
on macro-level data where comparison could be conducted between rural and urban areas across various
states in India.

Since the late 1980s, with no choice, there has been a strong wave of democracy and democratization in the continent with most of African countries beginning to move away from one-party or military dictatorships to multiparty democratic rule. There have been coup d'états on the African continent since the 1960s. However, the aim of this research is to examine the recent resurgence and growth of coups which is contrary to the consolidation and stability of democracy in Africa. It seeks to present the main trajectory of military coup d' etats in sub-Saharan Africa focusing on its implication to democratic stability in the region. To achieve this, researchers engage a qualitative research method with in-depth assessment of coups and their impact on the growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The results of this research show that recent military takeovers have brought attention to a troubling trend in African politics: a rise in the use of unconstitutional methods to change governments. Military coups are to certain extent direct responses to citizens' complaints considering bad governance, deteriorating citizens' living conditions, and rising levels of insecurity. This research, therefore, concludes that military coups expose sub-Saharan African to human rights violations. Due to these unpleasant conditions of sub-Saharan polity, men in uniform align to the view that it is through coups that they can oust out this civilian governments that have mutilated constitutions to allow them to rule their countries without term limit.

Uto pía y Pra xis La ti noa me ri ca na / Año 12. Nº 39 (Octu bre-Di ciem bre, 2007) Pp. 9-32 Re vis ta Inter na cio nal de Fi lo so fía Ibe roa me ri ca na y Teo ría So cial / ISSN 1315-5216 CESA-FCES-Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Ma ra cai bo-Ve ne zue la Marx's Dia lec ti cal-Empi ri cal Met hod of Expla na tion El mé to do de ex pli ca ción dia léc ti co-em pí ri co de Marx Kevin M. BRIEN Wa shing ton Co lle ge, USA AB STRACT This pa per ex plores Marx's ma ture method of di a lec ti cal ex pla na tion. Draw ing from Marx's for mu la tions, the pa per pro ceeds to philo soph i cally elab o rate what this method involves. It dis closes that: a) all ex plan a tory fac tors come from prior em pir i cal in quiry; b) this method moves in stages from more ab stract levels to more and more con crete lev els of ex pla nation; c) the laws fig ur ing in Marx's ex pla na tions must be in ter preted as di a lec ti cal ten den cies; d) this method is a sort of di a lec ti cal syn the sis of the "cov er ing law" and "ge netic" mod els of ex pla nation; and e) that it em ploys the con crete uni ver sal and in ter nal re la tions as fun da men tal can ons of in ter pre ta tion. Key words: Con crete-in-thought, con crete-real, con crete uni ver sal, di a lec ti cal move ment, in ternal re la tions. RESUMEN Este ar tícu lo ex plo ra la ma du rez de la expli ca ción dia léc ti ca del mé to do de Marx. Va liéndo nos de las for mu la cio nes del pen sa dor ale mán, ela bo ra re mos de modo fi lo só fi co las im pli ca ciones de este mé to do. Se re ve la que: a) todo fac tor ex pli ca ti vo vie ne de una pre gun ta em pí ri ca previa; b) este mé to do se de sa rro lla en eta pas des de ni ve les más abs trac tos ha cia ni ve les más y más con cre tos de ex pli ca ción; c) las le yes que fi gu ran en las ex pli ca cio nes de Marx de ben ser in ter preta das como ten den cias dia léc ti cas; d) este mé todo es una es pe cie de sín te sis dia léc ti ca de la "ley que abar ca" y los mo de los "ge né ti cos" de ex plica ción; y e) em plea lo con cre to uni ver sal y las rela cio nes in ter nas como cá no nes fun da men ta les de su in ter pre ta ción. Pa la bras cla ve: Con cre to-de-pen sa mien to, lo con cre to-real, lo con cre to uni ver sal, mo vi mien to dia léc ti co, re la cio nes in ter nas.

Uto pía y Pra xis La ti noa me ri ca na / Año 12. Nº 39 (Octu bre-Di ciem bre, 2007) Pp. 9-32 Re vis ta Inter na cio nal de Fi lo so fía Ibe roa me ri ca na y Teo ría So cial / ISSN 1315-5216 CESA-FCES-Uni ver si dad del Zu lia. Ma ra cai bo-Ve ne zue la Marx's Dia lec ti cal-Empi ri cal Met hod of Expla na tion El mé to do de ex pli ca ción dia léc ti co-em pí ri co de Marx Kevin M. BRIEN Wa shing ton Co lle ge, USA AB STRACT This pa per ex plores Marx's ma ture method of di a lec ti cal ex pla na tion. Draw ing from Marx's for mu la tions, the pa per pro ceeds to philo soph i cally elab o rate what this method involves. It dis closes that: a) all ex plan a tory fac tors come from prior em pir i cal in quiry; b) this method moves in stages from more ab stract levels to more and more con crete lev els of ex pla nation; c) the laws fig ur ing in Marx's ex pla na tions must be in ter preted as di a lec ti cal ten den cies; d) this method is a sort of di a lec ti cal syn the sis of the "cov er ing law" and "ge netic" mod els of ex pla nation; and e) that it em ploys the con crete uni ver sal and in ter nal re la tions as fun da men tal can ons of in ter pre ta tion. Key words: Con crete-in-thought, con crete-real, con crete uni ver sal, di a lec ti cal move ment, in ternal re la tions. RESUMEN Este ar tícu lo ex plo ra la ma du rez de la expli ca ción dia léc ti ca del mé to do de Marx. Va liéndo nos de las for mu la cio nes del pen sa dor ale mán, ela bo ra re mos de modo fi lo só fi co las im pli ca ciones de este mé to do. Se re ve la que: a) todo fac tor ex pli ca ti vo vie ne de una pre gun ta em pí ri ca previa; b) este mé to do se de sa rro lla en eta pas des de ni ve les más abs trac tos ha cia ni ve les más y más con cre tos de ex pli ca ción; c) las le yes que fi gu ran en las ex pli ca cio nes de Marx de ben ser in ter preta das como ten den cias dia léc ti cas; d) este mé todo es una es pe cie de sín te sis dia léc ti ca de la "ley que abar ca" y los mo de los "ge né ti cos" de ex plica ción; y e) em plea lo con cre to uni ver sal y las rela cio nes in ter nas como cá no nes fun da men ta les de su in ter pre ta ción. Pa la bras cla ve: Con cre to-de-pen sa mien to, lo con cre to-real, lo con cre to uni ver sal, mo vi mien to dia léc ti co, re la cio nes in ter nas.

Since the late 1980s, with no choice, there has been a strong wave of democracy and democratization in the continent with most of African countries beginning to move away from one-party or military dictatorships to multiparty democratic rule. There have been coup d'états on the African continent since the 1960s. However, the aim of this research is to examine the recent resurgence and growth of coups which is contrary to the consolidation and stability of democracy in Africa. It seeks to present the main trajectory of military coup d' etats in sub-Saharan Africa focusing on its implication to democratic stability in the region. To achieve this, researchers engage a qualitative research method with in-depth assessment of coups and their impact on the growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The results of this research show that recent military takeovers have brought attention to a troubling trend in African politics: a rise in the use of unconstitutional methods to change governments. Military coups are to certain extent direct responses to citizens' complaints considering bad governance, deteriorating citizens' living conditions, and rising levels of insecurity. This research, therefore, concludes that military coups expose sub-Saharan African to human rights violations. Due to these unpleasant conditions of sub-Saharan polity, men in uniform align to the view that it is through coups that they can oust out this civilian governments that have mutilated constitutions to allow them to rule their countries without term limit.

Child marriage has long been a public health concern around the world, because it has the potential to deprive adolescent girls of their sexual reproductive health rights and limits their ability to reach their full potential in life. The prevalence of child marriage has been consistently higher in sub-Saharan Africa than elsewhere and Zambia is not an exception. In Eastern Province of Zambia, a province with a high child marriage rate (45.4% of women aged 20-24 were married by the age of 18 in 2018). The researcher is interested in learning from what happens in the Western Province, as this province has a significantly lower child marriage rate (22.6%), while having a higher poverty level than Eastern Province and a similar teenage pregnancy rate (1 in 3 girls aged 15-19 years). The study conducted a literature review, which combined both existing research data on key influencing drivers of child marriage and evidence on effective prevention and interlocking approaches that address these key drivers from regional, national and provincial levels. A mixture of 35 peer-reviewed scientific articles and 26 other documents and reports were collected via Google scholar & PubMed, reviewed and relevant information was synthesized. The purpose of this study is to obtain better insight into what factors are driving the variant child marriage rates between Eastern and Western Provinces and to provide an overview of what proven child marriage efficacious prophylactic interpolations exist. This will further inform, lobby and advocate for effective policy implementation by the Government Duty Bearers and like-minded institutions such as Non-state Actors and Non-Governmental Organizations.

Bangladesh is an agriculture based economic country formed by sediment deposition from upstream rivers. This riparian country covered with fertile soil that supports agricultural diversification. The study aimed to compare current soil quality of Jamuna-dhaleshwari (Manikganj) and Surma-kushiyara (Sylhet) floodplain physiographic regions to forecast about agricultural productivity. Soil quality was assessed through physical (soil texture and moisture), and chemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, soil nutrients (N, P, K), and organic matter content) indicators. A total of 36 soil samples in three different depths (0-15cm, 15-50cm, 50-100cm) from 12 sites were collected from Manikganj and Sylhet Districts. The average particle size and moisture content ratios of Manikganj: Sylhet were gravels (7.88:5.8), very coarse sand (6.85:8.53), coarse sand (7.45:13.2), medium sand (7.35:14), fine sand (6.12:16.4), very fine sand (24.3:19.9), silt (39.56:20.57), and clay (29.3:32.81...

Colombia presents the worst human rights and humanitarian crisis in the region. It has the largest number of internally displaced persons in the world, according to a recent report by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The guerrillas are notorious for their horrendous record of abuses, including frequent kidnappings, recruitment and use of child soldiers, and use of antipersonnel landmines, in blatant violation of the laws of war. Meanwhile, the paramilitaries are responsible for widespread massacres, selective killings, extortion, and forced takings of land from civilians. They have often engaged in these crimes with the acquiescence of the security forces, and in some cases, even the active collaboration of military units. A m e r i c a s D i v i s i o n

My grateful thanks are also extended to all of my research participants, especially the local people of Timor Tengah Selatan regency, who have shared their experiences, stories, and realities. I am also grateful for the help from my friends, family members, and relatives in Indonesia, for supporting and motivating me in many ways during my field research. I wish to acknowledge the help of Wahyu Mahendra in getting the recommendation letter from University of Indonesia for visa purposes. I would like to thank Lina Marliani for the advice, love, and support, especially for letting me stay with her while I was in Jakarta. My sincere thanks go to Adinda Tenriangke Muchtar, Eva Fitrina, and Rania Siahaan for the continuous support, motivation, and beautiful friendship. I would also like to thank Yossie Jacob and her family, who welcomed me with open arms in their home in Kupang. Additionally, I wish to thank Amalia Giri and her family for the genuine love and care during my stay with them in Jakarta. Finally, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my husband, Andrew Ecclestone, for providing me with unfailing support, useful feedback, 'lively' discussions, and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and the research process, as well as in the process of writing this thesis. vi

Early marriage perpetuates the feminization of poverty, preventing girls from attaining their full potential in terms of developing their social capabilities. Poverty on the other hand, is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Education in Zambia was a road to success and every child desired to have access to education and finish without any difficulties but many children failed to succeed in school because they were victims of early marriages. Poverty was the main reason behind early marriages in rural areas as most families had large family sizes. Hence, the study aimed at exploring the effects of poverty on early marriages in Mansa district of Luapula Province in Zambia. The study employed both the qualitative and quantitative methods and a descriptive research design that sampled community headmen, parents and girls from the selected areas. Data was obtained from the respondents by means...

Pesticide application against insect pest infestation is environmentally unsafe and costly. An attempt was taken to evaluate the solar light trap as ecofriendly and cost-effective approach in Transplanted Aman rice (BRRI dhan32) field at Barhatta Upazila (Sub-district) in Netrokona district of Bangladesh. It was found that rice pest like rice yellow stem borer, rice leaf roller, green leaf hopper, brown plant hopper, rice leaf miner, rice gall midge, white leafhopper, rice bug, rice ear cutting caterpillar, white-backed planthopper, rice caseworm, grasshopper, rice skipper and rice beetle were the major insects that captured under the solar light traps. Some beneficial insects were also attracted by the trap these were ladybird beetle, water scavenger, giant water bug, ground beetle, rove beetle, damsel fly. All the harmful and the beneficial insects were belonging the order of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Odonata. Though the mean yield of rice was statistically insignificant in both fields, the light trap installed fields required the less frequency of pesticides than the control fields which ultimately rendered the low pesticides cost in a great extent. On an average 1,034 BDT was reduced in per hectare.

Bangladesh is an agriculture based economic country formed by sediment deposition from upstream rivers. This riparian country covered with fertile soil that supports agricultural diversification. The study aimed to compare current soil quality of Jamuna-dhaleshwari (Manikganj) and Surma-kushiyara (Sylhet) floodplain physiographic regions to forecast about agricultural productivity. Soil quality was assessed through physical (soil texture and moisture), and chemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, soil nutrients (N, P, K), and organic matter content) indicators. A total of 36 soil samples in three different depths (0-15cm, 15-50cm, 50-100cm) from 12 sites were collected from Manikganj and Sylhet Districts. The average particle size and moisture content ratios of Manikganj: Sylhet were gravels (7.88:5.8), very coarse sand (6.85:8.53), coarse sand (7.45:13.2), medium sand (7.35:14), fine sand (6.12:16.4), very fine sand (24.3:19.9), silt (39.56:20.57), and clay (29.3:32.81...

View related articles View Crossmark data Marxism on its own terms can distinguish between capital and capitalism and analyses the declining social power of capital within capitalism as part and parcel of a broader transition in social labour and the erosion of the value form. The final section of the paper takes up the consequences of this reasoning.

The pandemic has brought disruption in the educational setting. This sudden disorder has to be handled properly and quickly by the management, specifically the middle managers, to ensure a smooth delivery of learning and teaching. Holding on to the assumption that middle managers have a special function during a crisis, this study explored the instructional leadership of middle managers during the pandemic in a private institution using the Philippine Professional Standards for Supervisors. Using qualitative phenomenological design and employing focus group discussion as a data gathering technique to inquire on the middle managers’ handling of the academic condition, results reveal that implementation of the curriculum was smoothly done even if they are not well-equipped with the current situation. This study clearly emphasized that middle managers' critical function, especially in turbulent times, for the smooth delivery of instructions by monitoring the teachers' well-bein...

Environmental degradation is a burning issue in Bangladesh. The degradation process is extremely acute in the northwestern part of Bangladesh due to many environmental and anthropogenic reasons. However, initiative of research work on this issue is very crucial and urgent for regional and local planning and management. In this paper, Nachole and Niamotpur Upazilas were considered as the study area to identify and quantify environmental degradation using an integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technique. The results of the study reveal that the area is one of the most vulnerable areas in terms of land degradation that already affected local agriculture, biodiversity, water supply and overall socioeconomic livelihoods. From the modelling results, about 66,301 hectares (90%) of land are vulnerable to land degradation, of which 24,736, 40,309 and 256 hectares of land were classified as severely, highly, and moderately vulnerable areas respectively. The overall image classification accuracy for all the resultant images was 95.40% while kappa coefficient was 0.94.

New meanings, new perspectives and renewed interests increasingly converge on tourism and pilgrimage (Collins-Kreiner, 2010; Kong, 2001; Sharpley, 2015). Post-modernism, such as the mercy of pilgrimage (Henderson, 2010), the secularisation of society leads to a weakening of spiritual experience and its transformation into a tourist experience. Pilgrims also become victims of modernity that affects the personal and existential authenticity of the pilgrimage, transforming spirituality into an inauthentic experience that undermines the simplicity, values and modalities of religious travel (Qurashi, 2017). The work is aimed at showing the radical changes that took place in San Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia, Italy) where he lived and worked Father Pius by Pietrelcina, now San Pio. Devotion to the Holy One occupies an important segment of tourism in San Giovanni Rotondo, and religious travels in this place have become over time, and more and more secular travel patterns emerge. The worship of Padre Pio seems to be increasingly characterised by tourist behaviour that takes the outward forms of pilgrimage losing its most important aspect: the idea of sacred and devotional (Nocifora, 2010). The work involves the observation of a first period, from the arrival of the Friar to the convent of S. Maria delle Grazie, in San Giovanni Rotondo, until his death in September 1968. A second, from the death to the beatification (2.05.1999) and subsequent canonization of Father Pio, and finally a third period that goes from the canonization (16.06.2002) by Pope John Paul II to our day. Padre Pio (born in Pietrelcina in the province of Benevento) miraculously receives the stigmata on September 20, 1918, in the little church of the convent of St. John. The fame of the stigmatised friar spreads quickly in the province, reaching to Rome where Cardinal Gasparri and other prelates of the Holy See will receive the task of carefully examining the case of the Capuchin friar so as not to generate pilgrim flows in an uncontrolled way and without evidence Official on the veracity of the stigmata. Father Gemelli will go to the doctor before becoming a religious person to observe the Friar, creating an entirely negative impression personally. The Friar will be prevented from confessing, and other restrictions will be imposed. But only after the Second World War, thanks to the rotocalchi and the coated press, most Italians find out the existence of the stigmatised friar. San Giovanni Rotondo became the destination of an unprecedented phenomenon of pilgrimages to what they called the "living saint": not only people of the country and therefore of the province but also men of culture, entertainment and politics are attracted to the friar. For some of them, it is just a conversion that will lead them to become "Spiritual Children of Father Pious." Among them are some actors, scientists, entrepreneurs, and some doctors who will settle in St. John, including Dr Giuseppe Gusso, the first to run from the friar, Dr Sanguinetti and Dr Giuseppe Sala who will become his personal physician until his death. Thanks to the influx of wealthy believers, legacies and donations, Father Pio can realise the dream of giving work to his fellow citizens and relieving the pain of those suffering in suffering. The hospital "House Relief of Suffering", inaugurated by Cardinal Lercaro, Archbishop of Bologna, in May 1956, will be considered by the press and ordinary people as a "real economic miracle". Even as a result of that realisation and the new Shrine, we are developing a real mass pilgrimage that will gradually take on the characteristic of "religious tourism". The death of Padre Pio on the night of September 23, 1968, decreed a change of route

Bangladesh is an agriculture based economic country formed by sediment deposition from upstream rivers. This riparian country covered with fertile soil that supports agricultural diversification. The study aimed to compare current soil quality of Jamuna-dhaleshwari (Manikganj) and Surma-kushiyara (Sylhet) floodplain physiographic regions to forecast about agricultural productivity. Soil quality was assessed through physical (soil texture and moisture), and chemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, soil nutrients (N, P, K), and organic matter content) indicators. A total of 36 soil samples in three different depths (0-15cm, 15-50cm, 50-100cm) from 12 sites were collected from Manikganj and Sylhet Districts. The average particle size and moisture content ratios of Manikganj: Sylhet were gravels (7.88:5.8), very coarse sand (6.85:8.53), coarse sand (7.45:13.2), medium sand (7.35:14), fine sand (6.12:16.4), very fine sand (24.3:19.9), silt (39.56:20.57), and clay (29.3:32.81...

SummaryEmployees can enhance their human capital through participation in organizationally sponsored development activities. However, there is little research on the extent to which the effects of such practices vary depending on national context. Adopting a human capital theory perspective, we hypothesized a positive relationship between human capital development practices experienced in one's career and objective and subjective career success (salary level and perceived financial success, respectively) and tested two country‐level institutional factors (country development and income inequality) as moderators. Results from our multi‐level analyses of a large‐scale sample of over 8800 managers and professionals from 28 countries showed that, as expected, experiencing a larger number of different human capital development practices was associated with higher salary level and greater perceived financial success. The relationship between development practices and salary level was ...

Fine and Saad-Filho are wrong to insist that an abstract category of production should be the starting point of Marxist value-theory in logical, temporal and causal terms. Marx, in Capital, begins with a repertoire of simpler categories and slowly constructs the complex category of capitalist production. It is vital that exploitation should be seen as one phase (however crucial) of a process of capital-in-motion, and due weight given to money, competition and realisation.

The study investigated the price and non-price factors that affect health care demand in rural Uganda using household data from Lira district in northern Uganda, which is the poorest region. The government had introduced the user-fee scheme as a strategy for supplementing government budgets to improve health care delivery systems. The results suggested that the demand for government heath care services was negatively and significantly influenced by the user-fees and drug unavailability. A simulation analysis suggested that an increase in medical charges (user-fees) leads to a fall in demand for government health facilities but increases the demand for both private health facilities and self-medication. Controlling for drugs availability, the demand for government health facilities falls when drugs are not available while demand for private health facilities rises. The policy implication is that government should be able to put resources from things like debt relief to stocking the drugs in public health facilities while the internally generated tax revenues could be utilized to provide free health services especially to the poor. In the long run, the policy option of a social health insurance scheme may be explored.

Recent papers have argued that spatial justice should be pursued through a place‐based approach, which enables local people to assert their own capacity to act and to pursue their own positive visions: an approach fundamental to LEADER. This paper considers the extent to which LEADER constitutes local action addressing spatial justice through a case study in England. Analysis of this case leads to questions about the extent to which apparent localism is constrained by ‘government at a distance’ and how this can affect the ability of LAGs to pursue spatial justice. It is suggested that LEADER displays a tension between network and hierarchy modes of governance, increasingly under control of hierarchy in this instance despite its origins as networked CLLD. The paper concludes that LEADER has potential to contribute to spatial justice – both distributive and procedural – but that this may be frustrated by the imposition of different priorities and controls at local or from higher level...

The pandemic has brought disruption in the educational setting. This sudden disorder has to be handled properly and quickly by the management, specifically the middle managers, to ensure a smooth delivery of learning and teaching. Holding on to the assumption that middle managers have a special function during a crisis, this study explored the instructional leadership of middle managers during the pandemic in a private institution using the Philippine Professional Standards for Supervisors. Using qualitative phenomenological design and employing focus group discussion as a data gathering technique to inquire on the middle managers' handling of the academic condition, results reveal that implementation of the curriculum was smoothly done even if they are

The scope of development in India is broad rather than narrow, including not just economic development but also social development, quality of life, empowerment, women's and children's development, education, and public awareness. To do this, it is necessary to have a comprehensive vision and to coordinate the actions of many different departments, organizations, and even NGOs. Non-governmental organizations, or NGOs, have an advantage over governmental organizations when working in rural areas because NGOs are more adaptable, focused on a particular location, and dedicated to helping the public and community as a whole. The knowledge that little was known about the roles played by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural development gave rise to the idea for this study. This paper primarily examines the function of NGOs in rural development from a conceptual approach. It looks at what non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are, how they are classified, what they do, how they operate, and where they get their money from. These non-governmental groups have a significant impact on how society develops, how communities are improved, and how civic involvement is promoted. The report concluded by advising NGOs to do a thorough assessment and establish criteria to make sure that necessary standards of management quality and skill are reached when carrying out initiatives in rural areas.

It is reported that flood and riverbank erosion together intensify the process of pauperization in rural areas of Bangladesh. Riverbank erosion often destroys cultivable land, dislocates human settlements and also at the same time, damages the growing crops; massively disrupts road-linkages and communication infrastructure in the country. With this situation, this paper generates empirical data on two coastal villages located in two different regions of the country showing evidence of displacement of the total way of life due to flood and riverbank erosion. Due to this natural calamity, the victims have to adapt to the changing environmental conditions, and consequently they adopt many socio-political, economic and cultural strategies in order to survive in the face of the plethora of problems. Flood and river bank erosion displacees try to gain control over their environment through their multi-dimensional adaptation strategies. This paper thus locates the indigenous strategies and mechanisms that the displacees usually adopt to grapple with the catastrophic effects of flood and erosion in the coastal areas of rural Bangladesh.

The pandemic has brought disruption in the educational setting. This sudden disorder has to be handled properly and quickly by the management, specifically the middle managers, to ensure a smooth delivery of learning and teaching. Holding on to the assumption that middle managers have a special function during a crisis, this study explored the instructional leadership of middle managers during the pandemic in a private institution using the Philippine Professional Standards for Supervisors. Using qualitative phenomenological design and employing focus group discussion as a data gathering technique to inquire on the middle managers’ handling of the academic condition, results reveal that implementation of the curriculum was smoothly done even if they are not well-equipped with the current situation. This study clearly emphasized that middle managers' critical function, especially in turbulent times, for the smooth delivery of instructions by monitoring the teachers' well-bein...

A growing number of innovative gender transformative programmes targeting men and boys are currently being developed across Africa south of the Sahara. One such initiative is the Khanyisa programme in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa which utilises the concept of Ubuntu as a lens to explore subjects such as masculinity, inequality, gender, violence and HIV/AIDS. Based upon original qualitative research which follows a Khanyisa group of eight young men over a 12 month period, this paper examines the use of indigenous knowledge approaches to transformative education in relation to masculinities. Focusing through transformative learning theory, this paper then explores how socio-cultural processes construct societal patterns of masculine domination and related individual masculine identities, and examines the use of gender transformative programmes towards the reconstruction of new, more equitable gender identities. Data collected through focus groups, semi structured interviews, subjective outcome evaluation and a diary project was interpreted using thematic analysis. The research shows the programme to produce a reduction in gender based violence and risk taking and an increase in self-esteem, communication and domestic and parental responsibility. Culturally appropriate pedagogies are found to be central to successful interventions, and a learning cycle which supports the internalisation of new, more equitable masculine schemas has been developed. In order to avoid social pressure to revert to default communal gender norms post intervention, the paper suggests adopting a 'whole community' approach to transforming societal gender systems into more equitable models.

Scientific research has confirmed that in the early years of a person's life, there are more than one million neutral connections formed each second and this process is never repeated. Early Childhood Development (ECD) looks at enabling children achieve their full potential, by ensuring all aspects needed for them to thrive is provided. The main areas Early Childhood Development focuses on are health care, nutrition, child protection and security, opportunities for early learning, and responsive care giving. Early Childhood Development Insaka project looks at ensuring the selected communities are well informed about the elements that are key for child development, however there was need to assess the status of the project outcomes before implementation so as to effectively implement the project and also measure the projects impact at the end. The first years of life are significant, because what happens in early childhood can matter for a lifetime. Science shows us what children must have, and what they need to be protected from, in order to promote their healthy development. Stable, responsive, nurturing relationships and rich learning experiences in the earliest years provide lifelong benefits for learning, behaviour and both physical and mental health. In contrast, research on the biology of stress in Early Childhood Development shows how chronic stress caused by major adversity, such as extreme poverty, abuse or neglect can weaken developing brain architecture and permanently set the body's stress response system on high alert, thereby increasing the risk for a range of chronic diseases. "From pregnancy through early childhood, all of the environments in which children live and learn, and the quality of their relationships with adults and caregivers, have a significant impact on their cognitive, emotional and social development."-Jack P. Shonkoff.

Colombia presents the worst human rights and humanitarian crisis in the region. It has the largest number of internally displaced persons in the world, according to a recent report by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The guerrillas are notorious for their horrendous record of abuses, including frequent kidnappings, recruitment and use of child soldiers, and use of antipersonnel landmines, in blatant violation of the laws of war. Meanwhile, the paramilitaries are responsible for widespread massacres, selective killings, extortion, and forced takings of land from civilians. They have often engaged in these crimes with the acquiescence of the security forces, and in some cases, even the active collaboration of military units. A m e r i c a s D i v i s i o n

Colombia presents the worst human rights and humanitarian crisis in the region. It has the largest number of internally displaced persons in the world, according to a recent report by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees. The guerrillas are notorious for their horrendous record of abuses, including frequent kidnappings, recruitment and use of child soldiers, and use of antipersonnel landmines, in blatant violation of the laws of war. Meanwhile, the paramilitaries are responsible for widespread massacres, selective killings, extortion, and forced takings of land from civilians. They have often engaged in these crimes with the acquiescence of the security forces, and in some cases, even the active collaboration of military units. A m e r i c a s D i v i s i o n

Scientific research has confirmed that in the early years of a person’s life, there are more than one million neutral connections formed each second and this process is never repeated. Early Childhood Development (ECD) looks at enabling children achieve their full potential, by ensuring all aspects needed for them to thrive is provided. The main areas Early Childhood Development focuses on are health care, nutrition, child protection and security, opportunities for early learning, and responsive caregiving. Early Childhood Development Insaka project looks at ensuring the selected communities are well informed about the elements that are key for child development, however there was need to assess the status of the project outcomes before implementation so as to effectively implement the project and also measure the projects impact at the end.
The first years of life are significant, because what happens in early childhood can matter for a lifetime. Science shows us what children must have, and what they need to be protected from, in order to promote their healthy development. Stable, responsive, nurturing relationships and rich learning experiences in the earliest years provide lifelong benefits for learning, behaviour and both physical and mental health. In contrast, research on the biology of stress in Early Childhood Development shows how chronic stress caused by major adversity, such as extreme poverty, abuse or neglect can weaken developing brain architecture and permanently set the body’s stress response system on high alert, thereby increasing the risk for a range of chronic diseases.
“From pregnancy through early childhood, all of the environments in which children live and learn, and the quality of their relationships with adults and caregivers, have a significant impact on their cognitive, emotional and social development.” – Jack P. Shonkoff.
"The child’s right to personality is meaningful from the moment of birth." – Gary B. Melton
Key words: Early Childhood Development, Child Protection & Security, Nurturing Care.

New meanings, new perspectives and renewed interests increasingly converge on tourism and pilgrimage (Collins-Kreiner, 2010; Kong, 2001; Sharpley, 2015). Post-modernism, such as the mercy of pilgrimage (Henderson, 2010), the secularisation of society leads to a weakening of spiritual experience and its transformation into a tourist experience. Pilgrims also become victims of modernity that affects the personal and existential authenticity of the pilgrimage, transforming spirituality into an inauthentic experience that undermines the simplicity, values and modalities of religious travel (Qurashi, 2017). The work is aimed at showing the radical changes that took place in San Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia, Italy) where he lived and worked Father Pius by Pietrelcina, now San Pio. Devotion to the Holy One occupies an important segment of tourism in San Giovanni Rotondo, and religious travels in this place have become over time, and more and more secular travel patterns emerge. The worship of Padre Pio seems to be increasingly characterised by tourist behaviour that takes the outward forms of pilgrimage losing its most important aspect: the idea of sacred and devotional (Nocifora, 2010). The work involves the observation of a first period, from the arrival of the Friar to the convent of S. Maria delle Grazie, in San Giovanni Rotondo, until his death in September 1968. A second, from the death to the beatification (2.05.1999) and subsequent canonization of Father Pio, and finally a third period that goes from the canonization (16.06.2002) by Pope John Paul II to our day. Padre Pio (born in Pietrelcina in the province of Benevento) miraculously receives the stigmata on September 20, 1918, in the little church of the convent of St. John. The fame of the stigmatised friar spreads quickly in the province, reaching to Rome where Cardinal Gasparri and other prelates of the Holy See will receive the task of carefully examining the case of the Capuchin friar so as not to generate pilgrim flows in an uncontrolled way and without evidence Official on the veracity of the stigmata. Father Gemelli will go to the doctor before becoming a religious person to observe the Friar, creating an entirely negative impression personally. The Friar will be prevented from confessing, and other restrictions will be imposed. But only after the Second World War, thanks to the rotocalchi and the coated press, most Italians find out the existence of the stigmatised friar. San Giovanni Rotondo became the destination of an unprecedented phenomenon of pilgrimages to what they called the "living saint": not only people of the country and therefore of the province but also men of culture, entertainment and politics are attracted to the friar. For some of them, it is just a conversion that will lead them to become "Spiritual Children of Father Pious." Among them are some actors, scientists, entrepreneurs, and some doctors who will settle in St. John, including Dr Giuseppe Gusso, the first to run from the friar, Dr Sanguinetti and Dr Giuseppe Sala who will become his personal physician until his death. Thanks to the influx of wealthy believers, legacies and donations, Father Pio can realise the dream of giving work to his fellow citizens and relieving the pain of those suffering in suffering. The hospital "House Relief of Suffering", inaugurated by Cardinal Lercaro, Archbishop of Bologna, in May 1956, will be considered by the press and ordinary people as a "real economic miracle". Even as a result of that realisation and the new Shrine, we are developing a real mass pilgrimage that will gradually take on the characteristic of "religious tourism". The death of Padre Pio on the night of September 23, 1968, decreed a change of route