Cross-Cultural Differences

This paper is the first to explore the impact of culture on the acceptability of workplace bullying and to do so across a wide range of countries. Physically intimidating bullying is less acceptable than work related bullying both within groups of similar cultures and globally. Cultures with high performance orientation find bullying to be more acceptable while those with high future orientation find bullying to be less acceptable. A high humane orientation is associated with finding work related bullying to be less acceptable. Confucian Asia finds work-related bullying to be more acceptable than the Anglo, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa country clusters and finds physically intimidating bullying to be more acceptable than the Anglo and Latin America country clusters. The differences in the acceptability of bullying with respect to these cultures are partially explained in terms of cultural dimensions.

Previous literature has highlighted the relevance of subjective well-being (SWB) and academic performance (AP) in
predicting job performance. However, less research has been focused on the relationship between SWB and AP. This study
examines the relationship of SWB and its components (cognitive and affective) and overall AP, as well as its dimensions
(task, contextual, counterproductive, and innovative academic performance). We also examine whether there are sex
differences in these variables. The sample consists of 328 university students. The results show that: (1) the cognitive
component of SWB (i.e., life satisfaction) correlates with the four dimensions of AP as well as with overall AP; (2) the
affective component of SWB correlates with overall AP and with some of its dimensions; (3) significant sex differences
were found in the affective component, but not in the cognitive component, of SWB; (4) significant differences between
males and females in AP and its dimensions were also found (except in innovative performance); (5) life satisfaction and
sex explain up to 20% of the variance in AP and its dimensions. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the
results are discussed and new avenues for future research are suggested.

While males in many societies endure traumatic and painful rites, in other societies male rites are mild or completely absent. To explain these cross-cultural differences, we use data collected from eHRAF to test two sets of hypotheses derived from signaling theory. If costly male rites serve to signal mate quality, they would be expected to correlate with the intensity of mating competition. If they serve to signal group commitments, they would be expected to be associated with the importance of overcoming problems of collective action. Our results support the latter set of hypotheses: males in societies that engage in warfare endure the costliest rites. Moreover, we show that who wars are fought against (within the cultural grouping or against other cultural groups) is an important determinant of whether or not male rites result in permanent visible marks, such as ritual scars. We argue that costly male rites emerge to signal commitment and promote solidarity among males who must organize for warfare.

This study advances the current knowledge on sustainable business event management by developing and testing a novel conceptual model that predicts the intention to pay for and participate in such events. By integrating the perception of sustainability and business motivations as predictors, the model offers pragmatic insights into the behaviours of American and Korean participants. A multi-analytical approach identified in our study found significant cultural differences affecting participants' willingness to pay and participate in sustainable events. American participants focused on the sustainability aspects of business events, whereas Korean participants adopted a more complex approach to engaging in sustainable business events. Our findings offer practical guidance for the events industry.

Technology in terms of 'information technology' is a revolutionary discovery from time to time. On the similar note, one of the famous issues of IT is the Software Piracy, which has been the talk of the organizations every now and then. Software Piracy i.e. to avoid the illegal act of copying and stealing others information has always been a headache for organizations leading to billion dollars losses and no returns. This paper tracks the association of organizations' ethical culture with its orientations and software piracy. It is understand the influence of ethical behavior of the organization on software piracy handling. The study revealed that there is a negative association between perceived organizational ethical culture and software piracy in organizations. In particular, organizational ethical culture significantly influences software piracy decisions for individual having 'Exceptionist' ethical orientation. Subsequently, there is no significant association between organizational ethical culture and software piracy for Subjectivists, Absolutists and Situationists.

While much has been written about leadership, very little research has examined North American Aboriginal leadership. Drawing upon a qualitative methodology, our findings suggest several differences in how Aboriginal leaders view leadership; compared to non-Aboriginals or mainstream approaches to leadership. We found that Aboriginals view leadership as a spiritual endeavor that is holistic and egalitarian in nature. Aboriginal leaders use a more indirect style of communication that frequently invokes traditional imagery, story-telling and animal-based metaphors. Aboriginal leaders also draw from the Medicine Wheel as a guide. In conclusion, we discuss several challenges shared by Aboriginal leaders including the tall poppy syndrome and walking in two worlds and accordingly, offer managerial implications of our findings.

Measures of authoritarianism, collectivism, warmth, anger, attributions for children’s misbehavior, and parental feelings of control over failure were administered to Egyptian Canadian and Anglo-Canadian men and women living in Canada. The Egyptian Canadians were higher on authoritarianism, collectivism, anger, and the men were higher on perceived control over failure. The best predictor of authoritarian parenting for the Egyptian Canadian group was collectivism. For the Anglo-Canadian group, the best predictors were collectivism and lack of warmth. Differences in the meaning of authoritarianism in collectivist and individualist groups and their meaning for the transmission of values are discussed: Higher levels of authoritarianism are not necessarily accompanied by overall lower levels of warmth; more negative (dispositional) attributions about children; or more automatic, maladaptive, and inflexible processing of information. Thus, the conditions that promote transmission of value...

Entrepreneurial culture comprehensively affects human life and society. With it formed entrepreneurial outlook, which was based on a system of views on society and individuals. Its parts are: entrepreneurial management style and formed a system of values that are associated with a generalized reflection of the individual current economic environment and the mental ability to entrepreneurship. Due to Russia's transition to the construction of new economic relations there are changes in the essential terms of non-profit organizations. Profit is the ultimate goal of doing business, so for a commercial organization, it is the main activity, while for non-profit organizations are non-core and implemented to achieve and in accordance with the statutory goals nonprofit organization.

Despite the fact that display rules are an important concept of theories of emotion and contemporary psychology, relatively little cross-cultural research has been done on them. This study examined cross-national differences in display rules of emotion, and investigated the degree to which those differences could be attributed to Individualism and Collectivism (IC) measured on the individual level. Participants in the US, Japan, South Korea, and Russia completed a comprehensive measure of display rules assessing behavioral tendencies for seven universal emotions in four social contexts in two rating domains. They also completed Matsumoto et al.'s (1997) Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal Assessment Inventory. The results confirmed the existence of cross-national differences in IC and display rules, and indicated that IC and display rules were correlated. Significant differences between the countries remained even after IC was controlled for, and effect size analyses comparing cross-national differences when IC was controlled and not indicated that IC accounted for approximately 30% of the effect sizes related to cross-national differences. This study is unique in that it not only used the concept of IC to explain and predict differences; it also quantitatively assessed the degree to which IC contributed to those differences. These findings are discussed in terms of the utility of the IC concept to understanding cross-cultural and cross-national differences in emotion.

Bahadin has served as manager, trainer, and management development specialist in the corporate arena as well as a director, department chair and faculty member in academia. His areas of research are performance management, cross-cultural training, and leadership. Dr. Mujtaba is the author of several books on diversity, leadership, mentoring, change management, and cross cultural management. [b] Eleanor Marschke earned her doctoral degree in Human Resource Management from Nova Southeastern University. Eleanor is employed at Thomas& Betts Corporation where for the last twenty years she has been a top performer in the sales department of this Fortune 500 Company which manufactures electrical construction products. Dr.

The Kingdom of Aglovale (‘Aglovale’) and the State of Ragnell (‘Ragnell’) hereby submit the
present dispute to the International Court of Justice (‘ICJ’) pursuant to Article 40(1) of the Court’s
Statute, in accordance with the Statement of Agreed Facts for submission to the ICJ of the
differences concerning the Clarent Belt, submitted to the Court on the 30th day of August 2022.
Both States have accepted the jurisdiction of this Court pursuant to Article 41 of the Trilateral
Treaty of Lasting Peace (‘TTLP’ or ‘Treaty’)


The core matter of this case involves a dispute between the States of Aglovale and Ragnell concerning several key issues under their Treaty of Lasting Peace (TTLP). The primary issues include:

1. Legality of "Operation Shining Star": Ragnell claims that its military operation was an act of self-defense against armed attacks by UAC fighters, and thus lawful under international law, with no obligation to compensate Aglovale. Conversely, Aglovale challenges this, implying the operation was unlawful or disproportionately executed.

2. Treatment of UAC Detainees: Ragnell asserts it treated detainees in accordance with the rules governing non-international armed conflicts, including their employment during waste transport and transfer, without violating applicable laws. Aglovale may have alleged violations related to the detention or transfer of prisoners.

3. Sanctions Imposed by Aglovale: Aglovale imposed sanctions on Ragnell and Ragnellian nationals, which Ragnell argues are disproportionate, coercive, and violate the Treaty. Aglovale's actions are claimed to breach principles of sovereignty and non-intervention.

4. Plastic Waste Management: Aglovale refused to cooperate in good faith with Ragnell regarding the management of plastic waste, which Ragnell contends violated environmental and treaty obligations. Ragnell asserts it complied with its responsibilities when compelled by Aglovale’s refusal to cooperate.

In essence, this dispute encompasses issues of self-defense, lawful military targeting, detainee treatment, sanctions, sovereignty, and environmental cooperation, all under the framework of the TTLP. The Court is asked to determine whether actions taken by each party were consistent with their treaty obligations and applicable international law, and to resolve issues of responsibility and legal compliance.

This research paper explores the impact of advertising on consumer behavior, with a specific focus on the role of editing as a narrative and emotional device in audiovisual advertisements. Editing is often an overlooked yet powerful tool that shapes how messages are perceived, emotions are triggered, and brand recall is established. Through a qualitative analysis of selected advertisements—including Fevicol's generational sofa campaign and LIC’s emotionally grounded “Safety First” ad—this study investigates how editing techniques such as montage, continuity cuts, pacing, and transitions influence consumer engagement, emotional resonance, and decision-making. Findings suggest that strategic editing not only enhances storytelling but also subconsciously guides consumer perception, increases trust in the brand, and reinforces the intended marketing message.

Much research has been conducted to document and sometimes to provide proximate explanations (e.g., Confucianism vs. Western philosophy) for East-West cultural differences. The ultimate evolutionary mechanisms underlying these cross-cultural differences have not been addressed. We propose in this review that East-West cultural differences (e.g., independent versus interdependent self construal; autonomy versus harmony in values; hierarchical versus egalitarian relationships) result from social learning and individual learning as primary means to adapt to the local environment. Historical and contemporary evidence from multiple sources is reviewed that indicates smaller extents of environmental variability in East Asia including China than in Europe and North America, favoring social learning in the East and individual learning in the West. Corresponding to these different adaptive strategies, East-West differences stem from learning styles that differ between copying and rote memorization, on the one hand, and critical thinking and innovative problem solving, on the other hand. These primary cultural differences are correlated with such personality attributes as conformity, compliance, and independence that serve to facilitate social or individual learning. This and other cross-cultural and educational psychological research is reviewed as evidence to support our evolutionary explanation of why Eastern and Western cultures differ in the ways in which they do.

The purpose of this study was to explore the learning experiences and the academic adjustment process of international students who studied Bachelor degree in Taiwan. Including international students’ motivations to study in Taiwan, the challenges they face and the strategies they adopt to achieve academic adjustments.

An in-depth qualitative interview method was employed in this study. In- depth interview with six international undergraduate students in National Taiwan Normal University was to investigate their academic adjustment experiences and adjustment process. From international students’ learning experiences, this study was to understand the problems of academic and social cultural adjustments that they had suffered during the school life.

The research results are obtained and concluded as shown below:

First, six stories of academic adjustment experience are attributed into six themes: life’s transition, challenge himself, change life, breakthrough, Sweet after sweat, keep the faith and so on.

Second, international students’ motivations studying in Taiwan was influenced by a combination of “push” and “pull” factors. “Push” factors include perfect Chinese-learning environment, the advantage of Traditional Chinese characters, gain the scholarships, Chinese teachers’ recommendation and encouragement, appropriate political, economic, social and educational environment; "push" factors were: like Chinese and want to learn the second foreign language, influence from original family and significant others, poor academic performance in high school and so on.

Third, the factors that caused international undergraduate students the academic adjustment problems include Language proficiency, interpersonal relationship, economic support, psychology, curriculum system and social culture.

Fourth, academic adjustment process of international undergraduate students included “U-curve” and “W-curve” two different types. In U-curve adjustment process, international students often undergo four periods: Euphoria, depression, adjustment and acceptance; In W-curve adjustment process, international students undergo five periods: Euphoria, depression, adjustment, crisis and acceptance.

Fifth, international undergraduate students’ strategies to adapt academic learning include “internal adjustment” and“ external action”. Internal adjustment includes positive thinking and attitude, keep self-belief, self-attitude adjustment, appropriate ego request, the power of religion; External action includes seeking the support of others, participate in public affairs, the use of school resources, make good use of technological aids , ask academic adviser for help, plan blueprint for the future, and participate in extracurricular courses.

Sixth, this study explored “school environment”, “ curriculum planning”, “guidance system” and “teaching evaluations” in National Taiwan Normal University .The research indicated National Taiwan Normal University is located in the convenience of the band, specialized unit supplied space and environment to communicate, school focus on living counseling, international students’ academic learning problem have not been solved. Lacking flexibility in curriculum planning caused the pressure of international students in learning. The fair assessment has been overemphasized, ignoring international students with special learning needs.

Finally, according to the research result, the suggestions to future related researches and counseling are mentioned.

Se presenta la adaptación del cuestionario de crianza parental (PCRI-M), que mide las actitudes de los padres hacia la crianza de los hijos, distribuidos en las escalas de apoyo, satisfacción por la crianza, compromiso, comunicación, disciplina, autonomía, distribución de rol y deseabilidad social. Se aplicó a 375 madres de Canto Grande, cuyas edades oscilan entre 26 y 53 años. Los resultados indican que las características del cuestionario son adecuadas. Por lo tanto puede utilizarse con este tipo de población. Asimismo, que existen diferencias transculturales en las actitudes de crianza entre las madres españolas y las de Canto Grande (Perú). Palabras clave: crianza, cuestionario de hábitos de crianza parental, Canto Grande.

Food products have diversified with industry globalization. To market functional foods efficiently, food managers must gauge cross‐cultural variance of functional food acceptance. Expanding on previous research, we investigate young consumers' acceptance of functional foods. Data collected in French Canada, United States, and France in 2004 reveal that business students are slightly in favor of functional foods, and associate health benefits with these foods but very few product‐related benefits. Students do not have strong opinions on the trustworthiness of information and expressed a slight interest in purchasing this type of product. Analyses of cultural differences revealed significant, albeit small, divergence in these variables. Statistical analysis performed on the full sample assessed the impact of food attitudes and other cognitive and attitudinal factors on the general attitude toward functional foods. Health and product‐related benefits and belief about the credibilit...

Background: Overlap of depressive and anxiety symptoms is supposedly more common in non-Western populations. This can lead to diagnostic uncertainity and undertreatment. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess cross-cultural differences regarding the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders in a comparative population study. Methods: In a random urban population sample, stratified for descent, in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, diagnostic interviews were held by bilingual interviewers. Diagnoses of anxiety and depressive disorders, based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, were obtained for 307 native Dutch subjects, 205 Turkish-Dutch subjects and 186 Moroccan-Dutch subjects. Results: The prevalence rate of comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders was higher in Turkish-Dutch (9.8 %) and Moroccan-Dutch (3.8%) subjects compared to native Dutch subjects (2.3%). However, this could be explained by differences in baseline prevalence rate and level of severity of th...

The aim of this research was to explore relations between work and family demands and resources, work-to-family confl ict (WFC), and work and family outcomes in a cross-cultural comparative context involving Taiwanese and British employees. Two-hundred and sixty-four Taiwanese employees and 137 British employees were surveyed using structured questionnaires. For both Taiwanese and British employees, work and family demands were positively related to WFC, whereas work resources were negatively related to WFC. Furthermore, WFC was negatively related to family satisfaction. More importantly, we found that nation moderated relationships between work resources and WFC, WFC and work, and family satisfaction. Specifi cally, work resources had a stronger protective effect for Taiwanese than British in reducing WFC, whereas WFC had a stronger detrimental effect on role satisfaction for British than Taiwanese. It is recommended that both culture-general and culture-specifi c effects should be taken into consideration in designing future WFC research and familyfriendly managerial practices.

Abstract: Political scientists and economists commonly test for different kinds of social influence on collective action, particularly social pressure (visibility) and social information about the contributions of others (leading to conditional cooperation) but rarely in the same study design. This paper assesses the relative effect of these two kinds of social influence suggesting that their impact is best understood through hypothesizing for heterogeneous treatment effects based on personality. We report a step-level public goods game where ...

This study of 134 Mothers.ana their newborn infants evaluated'the nelationships between neonatal style and mother-infant interaction. The procedure indluded a newborn assessment with the .Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale and two mother-infant interaction observations, one carried out during feeding and the other during a semi-strutmred situation. The results indicated that there were consistent relationships between infant and maternal behaviors more alert' and responsive infants have.more responsive and sensitiv4 mothers. These consistenciel'..were found for both infants and mothers, across the differe4tsituations.,pospdble directional interpretations of the findings were proposed. (Aiiki " , , ) .

Progress in understanding the liability of foreignness requires accurate measurement of this concept. This paper investigates whether exits of foreign affiliates from a given host market provide a reliable measure. We tackle this question by investigating 32 exits of Japanese manufacturing affiliates from the United States. Our goal is to assess the extent to which exits are driven by a liability of foreignness, and thus whether exits can serve as a reliable measurement of this liability. We find that less than half of our exits are attributable to a liability of foreignness. We conclude that while the data confirm a liability of foreignness for Japanese early entrants into the United States, the presence of many other motives for exit suggest caution when inferring such a liability from exits, especially when exit costs are low.

This study examined differences between Israeli-Arab and Israeli-Jewish adolescents in perception of family environment and its relation to test anxiety and trait anxiety. Data were collected from 759 10th and 11th graders (ages 16-17), living in a city in northern Israel, of whom 427 were Arabs (220 boys, 207 girls) and 332 were Jews (150 boys, 182 girls). Participants completed the Family Environment Scale, the Test Anxiety Questionnaire and the Trait Anxiety Inventory. Findings indicated that Arab adolescents were more test anxious and perceived their family environment as more authoritarian than their Jewish counterparts. In addition, test and trait anxiety were negatively correlated with a supportive family environment and positively correlated with an authoritarian one.

Resumen: Este trabajo proporciona los valores normativos españoles de las 358 imágenes que forman los conjuntos 15 a 20 del International Affective Picture System (IAPS). En este estudio participaron 811 estudiantes universitarios (521 mujeres) que evaluaron las imágenes en las dimensiones emocionales de valencia, activación y dominancia. Las correlaciones entre las evaluaciones estadounidenses y las españolas en todas las dimensiones fueron altamente significativas y, como en Estados Unidos, la distribución de las imágenes en el espacio bidimensional afectivo definido por las dimensiones de valencia y activación adoptó la típica forma de boomerang. Los resultados confirmaron, asimismo, las diferencias de género encontradas en Estados Unidos en las evaluaciones de las imágenes aversivas. Estos resultados son totalmente consistentes con los obtenidos en la primera y segunda parte de la adaptación española, y demuestran que la estandarización del IAPS en nuestro país ha sido adecuada. Por último, se ratificaron las pequeñas diferencias transculturales encontradas en las evaluaciones de activación y dominancia: los españoles tendieron a asignar a las imágenes mayores puntuaciones en activación y menores en dominancia que los estadounidenses. Estos datos apoyan los estereotipos culturales de estos países y sugieren que el IAPS podría ser un indicador fiable de diferencias transculturales en la disposición emocional. Palabras clave: International Affective Picture System (IAPS);; emoción;; valencia afectiva;; activación;; dominancia;; diferencias transculturales;; diferencias de género.

This study was designed to elucidate the problem-solving skills used by frequent and infrequent video game players to negotiate impasses encountered while playing a novel video game. All participants were instructed to think aloud while playing a video game for 20 consecutive minutes. Comments made were then used to make inferences about the problem-solving skills that participants used to resolve impasses encountered during the game. Findings showed that frequent players made significantly greater reference to insight and game strategies than infrequent players. After reaching an impasse, all players also were most likely to comment on their game progress and potential game strategies to use. Over the course of game play, all participants showed increasing emphasis on their problem-solving skills as evidenced through their greater mention of insight, game strategies, and goal comments.

Formal institutions such as laws and regulations, enacted and administered by statutory bodies can be changed overnight. However, that degree of volatility hardly applies to informal  institutions,  namely  traditions,  beliefs,  national  culture  values  and  related behaviour, deeply engrained in social consciousness. Brexit brings about new regulations of international trade and business that cause operational disturbances to international business participants so far as the British market and counterparts are involved. In such a state of flux, business people might find some stability and comfort in the established societal-level values of the United Kingdom and respectively, in the mitigating role of intercultural competence. The paper attempts to reveal the underlying cultural values at a country-level of the United Kingdom and discuss their implications for international business participants. It is a conceptual desk research drawing on contributions of renowned cross-cultural communication scholars. The merits of the paper lie with its broad applicability, subject to further contextualization on behalf of international business agents.

Bahadin has served as manager, trainer, and management development specialist in the corporate arena as well as a director, department chair and faculty member in academia. His areas of research are performance management, cross-cultural training, and leadership. Dr. Mujtaba is the author of several books on diversity, leadership, mentoring, change management, and cross cultural management. [b] Eleanor Marschke earned her doctoral degree in Human Resource Management from Nova Southeastern University. Eleanor is employed at Thomas& Betts Corporation where for the last twenty years she has been a top performer in the sales department of this Fortune 500 Company which manufactures electrical construction products. Dr. Marschke's interest in Spirituality in the Workplace was the focus of her dissertation research. Her current interests are productivity management, motivation, employee wellness, and spirituality in the workplace.

Bahadin has served as manager, trainer, and management development specialist in the corporate arena as well as a director, department chair and faculty member in academia. His areas of research are performance management, cross-cultural training, and leadership. Dr. Mujtaba is the author of several books on diversity, leadership, mentoring, change management, and cross cultural management. [b] Eleanor Marschke earned her doctoral degree in Human Resource Management from Nova Southeastern University. Eleanor is employed at Thomas& Betts Corporation where for the last twenty years she has been a top performer in the sales department of this Fortune 500 Company which manufactures electrical construction products. Dr. Marschke's interest in Spirituality in the Workplace was the focus of her dissertation research. Her current interests are productivity management, motivation, employee wellness, and spirituality in the workplace.

To understand cross-cultural differences and similarities in the social contexts for adolescent development, 201 American and 502 Chinese 11th graders were surveyed about a non-parental adult who had played an important role in their lives (VIPs). Results showed that, compared to adolescents' VIPs in the United States, their Chinese counterparts were more likely to be teachers, to provide support in education-related areas, and to be considered role models. Chinese VIPs were also reported to exhibit fewer problem behaviors and depressive symptoms and express a higher level of sanctions against adolescent problem behaviors than American VIPs. Adolescents in both cultures reported that their VIPs' positive qualities surpassed those of parents and peers. VIPs' characteristics (e.g., sanctions, problem behavior, warmth, and depressed mood) were significantly associated with adolescent outcomes. These results suggest that although there are cross-cultural differences in the nature of VIPs, VIPs are a very important part of social context for adolescent development in both the United States and China.

In a globalized economic context, the quality of internal auditing has become a cornerstone of corporate governance, helping organizations effectively manage risks, make informed decisions, and maintain regulatory compliance. However, within international structures, cross-cultural communication emerges as a significant factor that significantly influences this quality of internal auditing. This article presents a comprehensive literature review that explores the complex relationship between cross-cultural communication and internal auditing in an international context. By analyzing and summarizing previous research, this study aims to highlight the critical role of cross-cultural communication in enhancing the quality of internal auditing, while identifying the key mechanisms and factors at play. The article proposes a research model that will serve as a starting point for studies aiming to analyze the impact of cross-cultural communication on audit quality.

Female nudity in advertising varies greatly across Europe and the world. However, in studying extant literature regarding nudity in advertising a number of limitations emerge. The aim of this research is to explore and describe consumer attitudes to the depiction of nudity in advertising in a previously overlooked context. Addtionally, in order to overcome omissions in extant empirical research a secondary aim is to explore such issues from a variety of perspectives. The paper does this specifically through the categories of gay men, straight men, gay women and straight women. The literature review concentrates on the key areas of sex roles in advertising, sex appeal and arousal in advertising and nudity in advertising. Thereafter follows a discussion and justification of the chosen method, including a breakdown of the choice of advertising material. Following from this are the results and discussion, broken down in to three key themes: 'opposite sex approval', definitions of sexual vs. non-sexual nakedness and femininity and product congruence. The paper draws a number of conclusions with suggestions for further research and implications for practice.

Self-efficacy is one of the cornerstone theories in Behavioral Medicine. One relevant self-reported questionnaire is the ‘General Self-efficacy (GSE) Scale’. Although this measure has been tested in many cultures, there might be a total absence of studies testing the validity and reliability of the Greek version over the last 30 years. As such, this study aimed to test and present both outcomes. A convenient sample of 192 Greeks from the general population was recruited through the snowball sampling method. The statistical analysis included Pearson’s r, Cronbach’s alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation and an Eigenvalue of 1.5 and regression analysis to test various types of validity. The results show a Cronbach’s alpha of .909, suggesting an ‘excellent’ level. The inter-item correlation matrix shows values between r= .297 and r= .673, and thus considered satisfying. Item-total statistics suggests that if item 2 is deleted then the Cronbach’s alpha will increase from .909 to .910. However, item 2 was not excluded from the analysis. The EFA illustrates that GSE has only one component. This finding suggests that there is only one factor in the case of the present study, which is probably related to the background theory of general self-efficacy. The linear regression analysis between GSE and resilience was found at high level confirming the background theory. The results of the present study show a high validity and reliability for the Greek version of GSE, while they are consistent to previous studies that tested GSE in other languages and different populations. It is recommended to clinicians and researcher to use in their practice the Greek version of GSE Scale.

K idney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Improvement in surgical care, tissue typing, and immunosuppression management has dramatically improve the outcome of kidney transplant recipients.

Workplace mentoring in the international context is an emerging research area with significant potential for global integration. However, although measurement equivalence is a prerequisite for examining cross-cultural differences, this assumption has yet to be examined in mentoring research. This study contributes to the mentoring literature by assessing the measurement equivalence of the Mentoring Functions Questionnaire (MFQ-9) across two diverse cultural settings, the U.S. and Taiwan. Results of a series of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses supported full configural invariance, full metric invariance, and partial scalar invariance across the two groups. These findings suggest MFQ-9 may provide acceptable comparisons and meaningful interpretations across cultures. Implications for future international mentoring research and managerial practice are discussed.

Could it be possible that there really is no single essence of the law and that, consequently, there is no universal function of law? In an important sense, this is exactly the jurisprudential position that we can deduce from the new psychology that we see emerging through the genius of men like jean Piaget, George Kelly, and many others. The impressive theoretical advances being made in empirical psychology should be examined for the important implications they may have for the persistent problems of traditional jurisprudence. Most traditional views of the law, however they might differ, agree in defining the law as some kind-of entity wit recognizable characteristics , . The law has always been taken to be something about which meaningful statements can be made and meaningful arguments pursued . According to, the radical nominalism of the new psychology each mail constructs his own world, one element at a time. True, he acquires many of his ideas and hypotheses about this world from his social environment. However, cognitive psychologists insist that cultural concepts are accepted voluntarily for reasons of personal advantage to the individual and are not forced on the individual. Conceived as an element in each individual's world, the law mky very well be a different entity for each individual. It will be a composite belief ; and depending on the nature and comprehensivenes of that belief, it will serve different ftinctions in the life of that individual. For purposes of illi.stration we can take the theory of George Kelly who argues rather pe2,suasively that human behavior generally follows the paradigm of scientists' behavior. He sees men as protoscientists trying to make sense of the world of sensory information that they encounter day by day and organizing that world in such a way that they can make it yield to their needs and desires. In other words, he is saying that each <<man creates his own ways of seeing the world in which he lives-, the IV2

GUERRANT, MARY TERESA. Coming Out To America: The Impact of Acculturation on the Psychological Well-Being of LGBTQ Immigrants. (Under the direction of Dr. Craig Brookins and Dr. Mary Wyer.) DEDICATION To all those who've mentored and supported me over the years, and to my sister Elizabeth. iii BIOGRAPHY Mary T. Guerrant grew up in rural Oklahoma with her parents and younger sister. After graduating high school, she attended Centenary College of Louisiana where she majored in Psychology and Music Performance (Flute) and had several opportunities to travel both nationally and internationally for academic and community service programs. By the time Mary finished her undergraduate degree, she'd spent time in 13 countries including India, Tibet, Turkey, the Bahamas, and various European countries. Influenced strongly by her experiences abroad and a passion for understanding the root causes of social problems and working to alleviate such problems, Mary began graduate school in the Psychology in the Public Interest (community psychology) doctoral program at North Carolina State University. Mary's interests, both professionally and personally, center on intersectional identities of ethnicity, race, gender, and sexuality and the empowerment of traditionally marginalized groups. She plans to pursue her current work with LGBTQ immigrants in continuing her doctoral studies and long-term career goals. to become the psychologist I am today, and to Laura "Mama" Vaughan who was always there to lend an ear or offer a hug. To all my friends scattered throughout Oklahoma, Louisiana, North Carolina, and various parts of the world, but especially to my graduate school friends and cohort who supported me and offered libations to make the thesis process more enjoyable. A big thank you to my thesis committee, especially Dr. Mary Wyer and Dr. Craig Brookins, for encouraging me to pursue my research with LGBTQ immigrants and for their advice as I worked on this project. To Whitney, for keeping me fed and sane through the long hours of working on my thesis and for being my anchor both in and out of graduate school. And finally, to Daisy, Weasel, and Bailey…the fuzzy friends who never failed to interrupt and make sure I didn't forget to take a break from work to give them attention. v LIST OF TABLES .

In this paper we analyse how fairness considerations, in particular considerations of just income distribution, affect whether or not people believe tax evasion can be justified and their willingness to engage in tax evasion. Using data from the Norwegian "Hidden Labour Market Survey" we show that individuals with low wages or long working hours, individuals that are treated unfairly by most tax systems, have a higher probability of justifying tax evasion. The same individuals are also more willing to take home income without reporting it to the tax authorities. These results are consistent with a model in which individuals make a trade-off between economic gains and fairness considerations when they make decisions about tax evasion. Taken together our results suggest that considerations of fair income distribution are important for the analysis of tax evasion.

Several empirical studies have used the Rosenberg General Self-Esteem Scale (RGSE) to address issues of cross-cultural differences in mean level of self-esteem. The majority of these studies have mostly focused on the comparison of individual-level factor structures, leaving unanswered the issue regarding the equivalence of the factor structure of the RGSE across the individual and the culture-level, a condition called factor isomorphism. This is a particularly worrisome issue, given the large interest in cross-cultural variations of self-esteem levels. The present study was designed to address this concern by administering the RGSE across 37 different countries. The study used multilevel confirmatory factor analysis to investigate the equivalence of the individual-and culture-level factor structure of self-esteem. We found evidence for the cross-cultural stability of a bifactor structure of the RGSE, which emerged both at individual and culture-levels. However, only the general self-esteem factor showed a substantial degree of isomorphism. The specific factors capturing positive and negative self-evaluations resulted instead non-isomorphic. We discuss the implications of these results for the assessment of selfesteem in cross-cultural studies.

The attributes that drive South African consumer preference for apple eating quality and appearance were investigated in this study. Black, white and Indian consumers of two age groups (18-25 or 26+) and different socio-economic background participated in consumer studies conducted in Pretoria, Gauteng province and Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal province. Nine different commercial apple cultivars were used to attain variation in eating quality and appearance attributes. Descriptive sensory analysis was carried out on all nine cultivars using a trained panel. Consumer preference for eating quality and appearance of all nine cultivars was assessed on a 9-point hedonic scale. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to project the outcome of descriptive sensory analysis onto consumers’ preference dimension. Region, ethnic and age groups as well as gender, interacted for consumer preference of eating quality. Black consumers from both Gauteng and Kwa-Zulu Natal and from both age groups (18-2...

The "authority effect" is a powerful social influence principle frequently used in advertising to increase compliance. Young adult consumers, however, often resent authority figures. Such resentment can result in negative reactions to authority-based persuasion attempts. This study examines the differential responsiveness to authority appeals among young adults in France and the U.S., as well as the boundary conditions within which such differential responses occur. Results show that before 9 / 11 Americans had more positive attitudes when the spokesperson in an ad is low (vs. high) in authority. This reverse authority effect did not obtain among French subjects, who appear to prefer recommendations from social equals, or among Americans after 9 / 11. Perceived source credibility and power distance moderate the effect of authority on attitudes and purchase intentions.

Kong. She chaired the scientific program committee of the 5th Asia/Oceania Regional Congress of Gerontology in 1995 in Hong Kong. Her research areas focus onhealth and social support issues in later life. Dr. Chi has published extensively both at the international and regional arenas on the subject of gerontology.