Cosmic Microwave Background

We present results of our wide-field redshift survey of galaxies in a 285 square degree region of the Shapley Supercluster (SSC), based on a set of 10529 velocity measurements (including 1201 new ones) on 8632 galaxies obtained from various telescopes and from the literature. Our data reveal that the main plane of the SSC (v ≈ 14500 km s -1 ) extends further than previous estimates, filling the whole extent of our survey region of 12 degrees by 30 degrees on the sky (30×75 h -1 Mpc). There is also a connecting structure associated with the slightly nearer Abell 3571 cluster complex (v ≈ 12000 km s -1 ). These galaxies seem to link two previously identified sheets of galaxies and establish a connection with a third one at v = 15000 km s -1 near R.A.= 13 h . They also tend to fill the gap of galaxies between the foreground Hydra-Centaurus region and the more distant D. Proust et al.: Shapley Supercluster SSC. In the velocity range of the Shapley Supercluster (9000 km s -1 < cz < 18000 km s -1 ), we found redshift-space overdensities with bj < 17.5 of ≃ 5.4 over the 225 square degree central region and ≃ 3.8 in a 192 square degree region excluding rich clusters. Over the large region of our survey, we find that the intercluster galaxies make up 48 per cent of the observed galaxies in the SSC region and, accounting for the different completeness, may contribute nearly twice as much mass as the cluster galaxies. In this paper, we discuss the completeness of the velocity catalogue, the morphology of the supercluster, the global overdensity, and some properties of the individual galaxy clusters in the Supercluster.

This article presents an alternative interpretation of the relationship between gravity, the quantum vacuum, and the origin of cosmic inflation. In this perspective, energy is understood as flow — a manifestation of movement sustained by space-time geometric configurations, called “formats.” While contemporary cosmology attributes inflation to a hypothetical field, the inflaton, here it is argued that the explosive expansion can be explained by the conversion of virtual particles and antiparticles, generated in the quantum vacuum, into real ones — a process sustained by compacted primordial energy.
The conservation of energy implies an astronomical multiplication of particle–antiparticle pairs, whose more complex formats occupy more space than the primordial unified energy. This multiplication, combined with the dispersive effect of opposite spins, provides a natural justification for the inflationary phase.
It is further proposed that gravity and energy are inseparable and constant entities: the extreme gravity of compacted states pressures the quantum vacuum to its maximum production, as in the pre–Big Bang. Thus, inflation appears not as the cause of particle formation, but as its consequence. This perspective suggests that formats, energy, and space-time form an inseparable unity, challenging the assumption of a continuous and uniform vacuum production and offering a coherent alternative to the necessity of the inflaton field.

A transição entre radiação pura e matéria massiva, como o processo de produção de pares (), envolve uma mudança fundamental na equação de estado do sistema, que impacta diretamente suas propriedades gravitacionais. Este artigo propõe um **Modelo de Equilíbrio Dinâmico** que demonstra que a influência gravitacional de um sistema confinado está inversamente correlacionada com a sua tendência intrínseca de escapar do confinamento. Este princípio é formalizado através de uma **Função de Transição de Fase** contínua, , que liga o **Coeficiente de Confinamento** () do sistema e a sua **Intensidade Gravitacional Relativa** (). Este enquadramento, derivado de uma análise do ciclo , sugere que a diferença na atração gravitacional entre radiação () e matéria () atua como um **Amortecedor Gravitacional** natural, um mecanismo potencialmente responsável por estabilizar objetos compactos e prevenir a formação de singularidades. O modelo é uma extensão fisicamente motivada da atual Teoria Quântica de Campos (TQC) para um regime de alta densidade, visando preencher a lacuna entre a TQC e a Relatividade Geral (RG).

We introduce and investigate a generalized methodological framework for constraining a class of modified gravity theories characterized by temporal screening mechanisms. These mechanisms implement scale-independent, redshift-dependent coupling evolution, resulting in constant modifications across all cosmological scales at fixed redshift, while evolving sharply across cosmic time. This approach is designed to test the class of theories that employ temporal screening rather than environment-dependent (chameleon, Vainshtein) screening. We demonstrate this methodology using several alternative functional forms, including exponential suppression as a primary worked example. The parameterizations generate distinctive observational signatures including

Progress in many areas of astronomy requires large-area surveys and observations of extended objects. This includes the cosmic microwave background, nearby galaxies, the Milky Way, and regions of star-forming regions within our galaxy. The ability to carry out such studies is critically dependent on the development of affordable high-sensitivity focal plane arrays, for both spectral line and continuum observations. We discuss a program for the next decade to develop such technology for ground-based and spacebased millimeter and submillimeter astronomy. Appropriate technologies exist, but significant effort is required to make the transition from simply replicating individual pixels to approaching focal plane array design in an integrated fashion from feeds to spectrometers for spectral analysis. This advance is essential to realize the full potential of major new ground-based, suborbital, and future space facilities, and is relevant to the RMS and EOS panels. The recommended budget ...

We report on the development of some of the key technologies that will be needed for a large-format Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) interferometer with many hundreds of wideband W-band (75-110 GHz) receivers. A scalable threebaseline prototype interferometer is being assembled as a technology demonstration for a future ground-or space-based instrument. Each of the prototype heterodyne receivers integrates two InP Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) low-noise amplifiers, a coupled-line bandpass filter, a subharmonic balanced diode mixer, and a 90 • local oscillator phase switch into a single compact module that is suitable for mass production. Room temperature measurements indicate bandaveraged receiver noise temperatures of 500 K from 85-100 GHz. Cryogenic receiver noise temperatures are expected to be around 50 K.

We introduce and investigate a generalized methodological framework for constraining a class of modified gravity theories characterized by temporal screening mechanisms. These mechanisms implement scale-independent, redshift-dependent coupling evolution, resulting in constant modifications across all cosmological scales at fixed redshift, while evolving sharply across cosmic time. This approach is designed to test the class of theories that employ temporal screening rather than environment-dependent (chameleon, Vainshtein) screening. We demonstrate this methodology using several alternative functional forms, including exponential suppression as a primary worked example. The parameterizations generate distinctive observational signatures including µ(k, z) = µ(z) independent of wavenumber, vanishing gravitational slip Σ ≈ 0, and minimal background expansion modifications ∆H/H ≲ 1%. Fisher forecasts using DESI Year 1 specifications establish a critical detectability threshold (null-boundary) for this entire class of models. We show that a coupling strength of β0 ≳ ≳ ≳ 0.2 is required for detection with 2σ-3σ sensitivity using a multi-probe combination. For our fiducial exponential model with β0 = 0.3 and ztr = 1.5, redshift-space distortions alone yield σ(β0) = 0.162 (54% uncertainty), while combining with Planck CMB and DES weak lensing tightens this to σ(β0) = 0.074. MCMC analysis of BOSS/eBOSS data confirms current observations provide only weak constraints (β0 = 0.51 +0.33-0.34), validating the need for next-generation surveys. Crucially, our analysis demonstrates how future data could enable model discrimination. By comparing the predicted observable evolution for alternative forms (power-law, hyperbolic tangent), we identify distinct signatures-such as transition sharpness differing by factors of 2-6-that would allow distinguishing between underlying physical processes, such as sharp cosmic phase transitions versus smooth coupling decay. This work establishes the necessary technical framework and the critical null-boundary for future searches targeting this unique class of modified gravity.

I derive the conformal compactification used in Penrose diagrams from a fifth dimensional hydrodynamic model of time. In this model a temporal flow field carries shear, expansion, vorticity, and acceleration. The conformal factor on four dimensional sections is generated by invariants of that flow, so the boundary of the diagram gains the interpretation of an informational conservation surface. I present a closed action, field equations, dimensional and energy checks, and explicit worked examples for FRW cosmology and Schwarzschild geometry. The result is a complete mechanical origin for the conformal geometry that Penrose introduced.

Recent precise observations of the 2.7 K CMB by the Planck mission toward the Coma cluster are not in agreement with X-ray measurements. To reconcile both types of measuring techniques we suggest that unstable dark matter is the cause of this mismatch. Decaying dark matter, which gravitationally dominates the galaxy cluster, can affect the estimated hot plasma content, which is then missing in the measured SZ effect from exactly the same place in the sky. The model independent lifetime of dark matter decaying entirely to X-rays is estimated to be about 6x10^{24} sec; this lifetime scales down with the fraction of the radiatively decaying dark matter. In addition, it is shown that the potential of such dark matter investigations in space is superior to the largest volume Earth-bound dark matter decay searches. Other clusters might provide additional evidence for or against this suggestion.

Phenomena currently attributed to Dark Energy (DE) and Dark Matter (DM) are merely a result of the interplay between gravitational energy density, g ∈ , generated by the contraction of space by matter, and the energy density of the Cosmological Microwave Background (CMB), which causes space dilation. CMB ∈ These contentions and the observation that, globally, in the universe CMB g ≈∈ ∈ lead to the derivation of the Hubble parameter, H, as a function of the scale factor, a, the time, t, the redshift, z, and to the calculation of its present value, H 0 . They also lead to a new understanding of the cosmological redshift and the Euclidian nature of the universe. From H(t) we conclude that , ( const a = ), in contrast to the consensus of the last decade. This result is supported by the fit of our theoretically derived flux from supernovae (SN) as a function of z, with observation. This flux is derived based on our H(z) that determines D L , the Luminosity Distance (LD). We obtain this fit without any free parameters, whereas in current cosmology this fit is obtained by using the dependent free parameters Ω M and Ω Λ .

We present griz P1 light curves of 146 spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia Supernovae (0.03 < z < 0.65) discovered during the first 1.5 years of the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey. The Pan-STARRS1 natural photometric system is determined by a combination of on-site measurements of the instrument response function and observations of spectrophotometric standard stars. We find that the systematic uncertainties in the photometric system are currently 1.2% without accounting for the uncertainty in the HST Calspec definition of the AB system. A Hubble diagram is constructed with a subset of 113 out of 146 SNe Ia that pass our light curve quality cuts. The cosmological fit to 310 SNe Ia (113 PS1 SNe Ia + 222 light curves from 197 low-z SNe Ia), using only SNe and assuming a constant dark energy equation of state and flatness, yields w = -1.120 +0.360 -0.206 (Stat) +0.269 -0.291 (Sys). When combined with BAO+CMB(Planck)+H 0 , the analysis yields Ω M = 0.280 +0.013 -0.012 and w = -1.166 +0.072 -0.069 including all identified systematics . The value of w is inconsistent with the cosmological constant value of -1 at the 2.3σ level. Tension endures after removing either the BAO or the H 0 constraint, though it is strongest when including the H 0 constraint. If we include WMAP9 CMB constraints instead of those from Planck, we find w = -1.124 +0.083 -0.065 , which diminishes the discord to < 2σ. We cannot conclude whether the tension with flat ΛCDM is a feature of dark energy, new physics, or a combination of chance and systematic errors. The full Pan-STARRS1 supernova sample with ∼3 times as many SNe should provide more conclusive results.

We probe the systematic uncertainties from the 113 Type Ia supernovae (SN Ia) in the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) sample along with 197 SN Ia from a combination of low-redshift surveys. The companion paper by Rest et al. (2013) describes the photometric measurements and cosmological inferences from the PS1 sample. The largest systematic uncertainty stems from the photometric calibration of the PS1 and low-z samples. We increase the sample of observed Calspec standards from 7 to 10 used to define the PS1 calibration system. The PS1 and SDSS-II calibration systems are compared and discrepancies up to ∼ 0.02 mag are recovered. We find uncertainties in the proper way to treat intrinsic colors and reddening produce differences in the recovered value of w up to 3%. We estimate masses of host galaxies of PS1 supernovae and detect an insignificant difference in distance residuals of the full sample of 0.037 ± 0.031 mag for host galaxies with high and low masses. Assuming flatness and including systematic uncertainties in our analysis of only SNe measurements, we find w =-1.120 +0.360 -0.206 (Stat) +0.269 -0.291 (Sys). With additional constraints from BAO, CMB (Planck) and H 0 measurements, we find w = -1.166 +0.072 -0.069 and Ω m = 0.280 +0.013 -0.012 (statistical and systematic errors added in quadrature). Significance of the inconsistency with w = -1 depends on whether we use Planck or WMAP measurements of the CMB: w BAO+H0+SN+WMAP = -1.124 +0.083 -0.065 . Subject headings: supernova general-cosmology observations-cosmological parameters 1. INTRODUCTION

We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of 23 high-redshift supernovae (SNe) spanning a range of z ¼ 0:34 1:03, nine of which are unambiguously classified as Type Ia. These SNe were discovered during the IfA Deep Survey, which began in 2001 September and observed a total of 2.5 deg 2 to a depth of approximately m % 25 26 in RIZ over 9-17 visits, typically every 1-3 weeks for nearly 5 months, with additional observations continuing until 2002 April. We give a brief description of the survey motivations, observational strategy, and reduction process. This sample of 23 high-redshift SNe includes 15 at z ! 0:7, doubling the published number of objects at these redshifts, and indicates that the evidence for acceleration of the universe is not due to a systematic effect proportional to redshift. In combination with the recent compilation of , we calculate cosmological parameter density contours that are consistent with the flat universe indicated by the cosmic microwave background . Adopting the constraint that total ¼ 1:0, we obtain best-fit values of ð m ; Ã Þ ¼ ð0:33; 0:67Þ using 22 SNe from this survey augmented by the literature compilation. We show that using the empty-beam model for gravitational lensing does not eliminate the need for à > 0. Experience from this survey indicates great potential for similar large-scale surveys while also revealing the limitations of performing surveys for z > 1 SNe from the ground.

Given observations of B-mode polarization power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), we can reconstruct power spectra of primordial tensor modes from the early Universe without assuming their functional form such as a power-law spectrum. Shape of the reconstructed spectra can then be used to probe the origin of tensor modes in a model-independent manner. We use the Fisher matrix to calculate the covariance matrix of tensor power spectra reconstructed in bins. We find that the power spectra are best reconstructed at wavenumbers in the vicinity of k ≈ 6 × 10 -4 and 5 × 10 -3 Mpc -1 , which correspond to the "reionization bump" at 6 and "recombination bump" at ≈ 80 of the CMB B-mode power spectrum, respectively. The error bar between these two wavenumbers is larger because of lack of the signal between the reionization and recombination bumps. The error bars increase sharply towards smaller (larger) wavenumbers because of the cosmic variance (CMB lensing and instrumental noise). To demonstrate utility of the reconstructed power spectra we investigate whether we can distinguish between various sources of tensor modes including those from the vacuum metric fluctuation and SU(2) gauge fields during single-field slow-roll inflation, open inflation and massive gravity inflation. The results depend on the model parameters, but we find that future CMB experiments are sensitive to differences in these models. We make our calculation tool available on-line.

The problem of cosmological production of gravitational waves (GWs) is discussed in the framework of an expanding, spatially homogeneous and isotropic FRW type universe with time-evolving vacuum energy density. The GW equation is established and its modified time-dependent part is analytically resolved for different epochs in the case of a flat geometry. Unlike the standard [Formula: see text]CDM cosmology (no interacting vacuum), we show that GWs are produced in the radiation era even in the context of general relativity. We also show that for all values of the free parameter, the high frequency modes are damped out even faster than in the standard cosmology both in the radiation and matter-vacuum dominated epoch. The formation of the stochastic background of gravitons and the remnant power spectrum generated at different cosmological eras are also explicitly evaluated. It is argued that measurements of the CMB polarization (B-modes) and its comparison with the rigid [Formula: see ...

The standard cosmological model (ΛCDM) relies on the scale factor a(t) to interpret redshift and cosmic expansion. In earlier work, I showed that the recursive use of a(t) creates a logical error: expansion is assumed in the input and then "proven" in the output. This paper demonstrates that the consequences of this blunder are now observable in a striking new anomaly: the quasar dipole. Surveys reveal that the large-scale dipole pattern in quasar redshifts is misaligned by approximately 90° from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) dipole, with one side showing a relative blueshift and the opposite side a relative redshift. This paper argues that the anomaly arises naturally from the misuse of the scale factor and is incompatible with the assumption of a smooth, universal expansion of space. Instead, it is consistent with a vibrational framework in which redshift arises from local harmonic stretching of the Dynamic Matter field rather than global expansion.

Photonic Condensation Hypothesis (PCH) Development and Tests of the Schrödinger-Based Micro-Formula and Comparison with ΛCDM 2 E 3 B 3. Transition to the Schrödinger Micro-Physical Formula At the core of PCH are the Schrödinger-Poisson type dynamics of condensing photons. In this approach, a structure analogous to a quantum wavefunction was established between the expansion of the universe and photonic condensation. The microphysically derived formula is: w(a) =-1 \;+\; \alpha(1-a)\;+\;\beta\,a(1-a)\;-\;\gamma(1-a)^2 Physical Interpretations of the Parameters: * \alpha: Represents the early-universe quantum pressure. A negative value implies quintessence-like behavior in the past. * \beta: The stability parameter of the photon condensate. A positive value ensures the present-day universe converges towards Λ. * \gamma: The term for future fluctuation/collapse. When positive, it produces a phantom future (w <-1). * M: A normalized term representing the effect of the condensation's mass/scale factor at the micro-scale. The structure of this formula goes beyond the simple linear form of CPL and is directly based on Schrödinger microphysics. Thus, PCH becomes not just a phenomenological model but a theoretically grounded one. 2 E 3 B 4. Connection to the Video The idea emphasized in the video-"light condensing and settling into a balanced energy field"-is a direct mathematical projection of this formula. * The visual narrative in the video depicted light behaving as outward radiation (positive pressure) and inward condensation (negative pressure). * The coefficients \alpha, \beta, and \gamma in the formula mathematize this exact visual duality: * \alpha represents the outward-opening side, * \beta is the equilibrium point, * \gamma symbolizes the inward collapse. Therefore, the Schrödinger formula places the intuitive narrative from the video into a scientific framework.

The purpose of this paper is to try a formal consideration of gravity as a physical curvaturedeformation of a physical matter-free astro-region, generated by external to the astro-region field-energy attack. This attack-answer deformed but stable state of the astro-region suggests appropriate dynamical view on the physical structure of this region, based on existent real physical external disturbances, and on the real surviving answer-disturbances. Such a physical view on the situation: stress-answerstress, leads to correspondent attack-deformation formal theoretical view. Such physically deformed real physical region will demonstrate itself in two ways: physically and geometrically, i.e., new energy distribution, and new geometrical structure. Our purpose is these real deformation and surviving two aspects of the new physical stress-strain distribution to get formal tensor presentation. The spherically symmetric case will be considered from this physical-geometrical view.

Contemporary cosmology faces unresolved questions regarding the nature of dark matter and dark energy. To address these challenges, this study introduces the source energy field theory (SEFT), a novel framework that reinterprets cosmic structure formation. SEFT envisions the universe as permeated by a fundamental energy field, where cosmological redshift arises not from accelerated expansion but from distance-dependent attenuation of electromagnetic energy and spatial curvature induced by the field. A general nonlinear wave equation is introduced to describe these dynamics, linking redshift to right ascension, declination, and distance. The model was optimized using 1,701 observational data points from Pantheon+ and SH0ES, including Type Ia supernovae and Cepheid variables (6.3-17241 Mpc), and compared with the flat lambda cold dark matter ΛCDM model. SEFT achieved lower RMSE (145.521 vs. 147.665 Mpc), higher R² (0.9910 vs. 0.9908), and superior model selection criteria (Δ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = -41.753 Δ𝐵𝐵𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = -19.997). These results provide strong statistical evidence for SEFT, highlighting its potential to complement or extend the ΛCDM paradigm.

The KGS Onon Framework proposes a revolutionary paradigm in understanding the cosmos, unifying the origins of existence, fundamental forces, and the multiverse under a single primordial field: the Onon Field. Unlike conventional models, the Onon Field predates spacetime and matter, serving as the genesis of cosmic structure, dark energy, and dark matter. Within this framework, black holes, quantum gravity phenomena, and the Higgs mechanism emerge as natural manifestations of Onon dynamics, revealing deep interconnections between particle physics and cosmology. The framework also provides a theoretical architecture for multiverse formation, where each universe is an expression of Onon potentiality. By redefining the very notion of “nothingness” and “creation,” the Onon Framework not only extends our comprehension of the physical universe but also challenges the boundaries of metaphysical thought, positioning itself as a bold candidate for a theory of everything.

We present measurements of the angular cross-correlation between luminous red galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the cosmic microwave background temperature maps from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe. We find a statistically significant achromatic positive correlation between these two data sets, which is consistent with the expected signal from the late Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect. We do not detect any anti-correlation on small angular scales as would be produced from a large Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, although we do see evidence for some SZ effect for our highest redshift samples. Assuming a flat universe, our preliminary detection of the ISW effect provides independent physical evidence for the existence of dark energy.

We measure cosmological parameters using the three-dimensional power spectrum P (k) from over 200,000 galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) in combination with WMAP and other data. Our results are consistent with a "vanilla" flat adiabatic ΛCDM model without tilt (ns = 1), running tilt, tensor modes or massive neutrinos. Adding SDSS information more than halves the WMAP-only error bars on some parameters, tightening 1σ constraints on the Hubble parameter from h ≈ 0.74 +0.18 -0.07 to h ≈ 0.70 +0.04 -0.03 , on the matter density from Ωm ≈ 0.25 ± 0.10 to Ωm ≈ 0.30 ± 0.04 (1σ) and on neutrino masses from < 11 eV to < 0.6 eV (95%). SDSS helps even more when dropping prior assumptions about curvature, neutrinos, tensor modes and the equation of state. Our results are in substantial agreement with the joint analysis of WMAP and the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, which is an impressive consistency check with independent redshift survey data and analysis techniques. In this paper, we place particular emphasis on clarifying the physical origin of the constraints, i.e., what we do and do not know when using different data sets and prior assumptions. For instance, dropping the assumption that space is perfectly flat, the WMAP-only constraint on the measured age of the Universe tightens from t0 ≈ 16.3 +2.3 -1.8 Gyr to t0 ≈ 14.1 +1.0 -0.9 Gyr by adding SDSS and SN Ia data. Including tensors, running tilt, neutrino mass and equation of state in the list of free parameters, many constraints are still quite weak, but future cosmological measurements from SDSS and other sources should allow these to be substantially tightened. -0.33 0.55 +0.47 -0.29 0.177 +0.082 -0.058 0.313 +0.097 -0.087 0.36 +0.17 -0.14 0.25 +0.10 -0.10 0.326 +0.093 -0.086 h 2 Ωm 0.128 +0.022 -0.021 0.132 +0.021 -0.028 0.123 +0.020 -0.018 0.144 +0.018 -0.016 0.143 +0.020 -0.019 0.140 +0.020 -0.018 0.153 +0.020 -0.018 h 0.48 +0.27 -0.12 0.50 +0.16 -0.13 0.84 +0.12 -0.10 0.674 +0.087 -0.049 0.63 +0.14 -0.10 0.74 +0.18 -0.07 0.684 +0.070 -0.045 τ 0.33 +0.17 -0.17 0.22 +0.34 -0.13 0.19 +0.13 -0.09 0.15 +0.18 -0.07 0.19 +0.18 -0.10 0.21 +0.24 -0.11 < 0.35 (95%) z ion 25.9

We present the large-scale correlation function measured from a spectroscopic sample of 46,748 luminous red galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The survey region covers 0.72h -3 Gpc 3 over 3816 square degrees and 0.16 < z < 0.47, making it the best sample yet for the study of large-scale structure. We find a well-detected peak in the correlation function at 100h -1 Mpc separation that is an excellent match to the predicted shape and location of the imprint of the recombination-epoch acoustic oscillations on the low-redshift clustering of matter. This detection demonstrates the linear growth of structure by gravitational instability between z ≈ 1000 and the present and confirms a firm prediction of the standard cosmological theory. The acoustic peak provides a standard ruler by which we can measure the ratio of the distances to z = 0.35 and z = 1089 to 4% fractional accuracy and the absolute distance to z = 0.35 to 5% accuracy. From the overall shape of the correlation function, we measure the matter density Ω m h 2 to 8% and find agreement with the value from cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies. Independent of the constraints provided by the CMB acoustic scale, we find Ω m = 0.273 ± 0.025 + 0.123(1 + w 0 ) + 0.137Ω K . Including the CMB acoustic scale, we find that the spatial curvature is Ω K = -0.010 ± 0.009 if the dark energy is a cosmological constant. More generally, our results provide a measurement of cosmological distance, and hence an argument for dark energy, based on a geometric method with the same simple physics as the microwave background anisotropies. The standard cosmological model convincingly passes these new and robust tests of its fundamental properties. Subject headings: cosmology: observations -large-scale structure of the universe -distance scalecosmological parameters -cosmic microwave background -galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD

We measure the large-scale real-space power spectrum P (k) using luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and use this measurement to sharpen constraints on cosmological parameters from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). We employ a matrix-based power spectrum estimation method using Pseudo-Karhunen-Loève eigenmodes, producing uncorrelated minimum-variance measurements in 20 k-bands of both the clustering power and its anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions, with narrow and well-behaved window functions in the range 0.01 h/Mpc < k < 0.2 h/Mpc. Results from the LRG and main galaxy samples are consistent, with the former providing higher signal-to-noise. Our results are robust to omitting angular and radial density fluctuations and are consistent between different parts of the sky. They provide a striking confirmation of the predicted large-scale ΛCDM power spectrum. Combining only SDSS LRG and WMAP data places robust constraints on many cosmological parameters that complement prior analyses of multiple data sets. The LRGs provide independent cross-checks on Ωm and the baryon fraction in good agreement with WMAP. Within the context of flat ΛCDM models, our LRG measurements complement WMAP by sharpening the constraints on the matter density, the neutrino density and the tensor amplitude by about a factor of two, giving Ωm = 0.24±0.02 (1σ), mν ∼ < 0.9 eV (95%) and r < 0.3 (95%). Baryon oscillations are clearly detected and provide a robust measurement of the comoving distance to the median survey redshift z = 0.35 independent of curvature and dark energy properties. Within the ΛCDM framework, our power spectrum measurement improves the evidence for spatial flatness, sharpening the curvature constraint Ωtot = 1.05±0.05 from WMAP alone to Ωtot = 1.003 ± 0.010. Assuming Ωtot = 1, the equation of state parameter is constrained to w = -0.94 ± 0.09, indicating the potential for more ambitious future LRG measurements to provide precision tests of the nature of dark energy. All these constraints are essentially independent of scales k > 0.1h/Mpc and associated nonlinear complications, yet agree well with more aggressive published analyses where nonlinear modeling is crucial.

We explore the use of random forest and gradient boosting, two powerful tree-based machine learning algorithms, for the detection of cosmic strings in maps of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), through their unique Gott-Kaiser-Stebbins effect on the temperature anisotropies.The information in the maps is compressed into feature vectors before being passed to the learning units. The feature vectors contain various statistical measures of processed CMB maps that boost the cosmic string detectability. Our proposed classifiers, after training, give results improved over or similar to the claimed detectability levels of the existing methods for string tension, Gµ. They can make 3σ detection of strings with Gµ 2.1×10 -10 for noise-free, 0.9 -resolution CMB observations. The minimum detectable tension increases to Gµ 3.0×10 -8 for a more realistic, CMB S4-like (II) strategy, still a significant improvement over the previous results.

Many models have been studied that contain more than one species of dark matter and some of these couple the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) to a light scalar field. In doing this we introduce additional long range forces, which in turn can significantly affect our estimates of cosmological parameters if not properly accounted for. It is, therefore, important to study these models and their resulting cosmological implications. We present a model in which a fraction of the total cold dark matter density is coupled to a scalar field. We study the background and perturbation evolution and calculate the resulting Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy spectra. The greater the fraction of dark matter coupled to the scalar field and the stronger the coupling strength, the greater the deviation of the background evolution from ΛCDM. Previous work, with a single coupled dark matter species, has found an upper limit on the coupling strength of order O(0.1). We find that with a coupling of this magnitude more than half the dark matter can be coupled to a scalar field without producing any significant deviations from ΛCDM.

This paper proposes an extended \(f(R)\) gravity model, \(f(R,z) = R + \alpha(z)R^2\), to address anomalies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), such as unexpectedly massive early galaxies and hyper-efficient star formation. By incorporating redshift dependence, cyclic cosmology, multiverse interactions, and elements of supergravity, the model positions the scalaron —termed here as a "supergraviton"—as a bridge between classical gravity, quantum effects, and force unification. The paper provides complete mathematical derivations of the modified field equations with dimensional analysis, quantitative comparisons with JWST observational data, and rigorous stability analyses. The supergraviton is quantized, revealing connections to string theory's dilaton and offering resolutions to singularities, the cosmological constant problem, and information paradoxes via a revised holographic principle. Implications for unifying gravity with electromagnetism and nuclear forces are explored, with specific testable predictions for future observations. Statistical analysis shows strong evidence (Bayesian evidence ratio = \(3.0 \times 10^5\)) favo ring this model over \(\Lambda\)CDM for high-redshift observations. This framework  transforms JWST anomalies from observational puzzles into probes of fundamental physics.

Unlike previous approaches that treated modified gravity, where in the early universe, accelerating structure formation. with stellar masses of 5 ) favoring this model over ) gravity model, too massive and structured for their redshift, challenging the standard September 27, 2025 is a function of the Ricci scalar ). This introduces a dynamical scalaron transforms JWST anomalies from observational puzzles into probes of fundamental physics. , interpreted as a formation. By incorporating redshift dependence, cyclic cosmology, multiverse interactions, and elements of supergravity, the model positions the scalaron-termed here as a "supergraviton"-as a bridge between classical gravity, quantum effects, and force unification. The paper provides complete mathematical derivations of the modified field equations with dimensional analysis, quantitative comparisons with JWST observational data, and rigorous stability analyses. The supergraviton is quantized, revealing connections to string theory's dilaton and offering resolutions to singularities, the cosmological constant problem, and information paradoxes via a revised holographic principle. Implications for unifying gravity with electromagnetism and nuclear forces are explored, with specific testable predictions for future observations. Statistical analysis shows strong evidence (Bayesian ) models primarily for late-time acceleration, this work specifically ΛCDM for high-redshift observations. This framework , to include redshift dependence: supergraviton in a supergravity-inspired framework. The model integrates cyclic cosmology to avoid singularities, multiverse interactions for extra-dimensional effects, and quantum feedback to bridge gravity quantization and force unification. This not only explains JWST anomalies but offers a unified perspective on quantum gravity and particle the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), such as unexpectedly massive early galaxies and hyper-efficient star 2 , to address anomalies observed by ΛCDM model. These include "blue monsters"-⊙-and evidence of hyper-efficient star formation where 100% of available gas has been converted to stars. While some analyses suggest these galaxies are less massive than initially thought due to refined data, the discrepancies persist, prompting explorations beyond standard cosmology. addresses the tension between JWST observations of early structure formation and standard cosmological models. The The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has unveiled anomalies in the early universe, including galaxies that appear is crucial for explaining how quantum gravitational effects were significantly stronger 2. Mathematical Formulations

An interesting test on the nature of the Universe is to measure the global spatial curvature of the metric in a model independent way, at a level of |Ω k | < 10 -4 , or, if possible, at the cosmic variance level of the amplitude of the CMB fluctuations |Ω k | ≈ 10 -5 . A limit of |Ω k | < 10 -4 would yield stringent tests on several models of inflation. Further, improving the constraint by an order of magnitude would help in reducing "model confusion" in standard parameter estimation. Moreover, if the curvature is measured to be at the value of the amplitude of the CMB fluctuations, it would offer a powerful test on the inflationary paradigm and would indicate that our Universe must be significantly larger than the current horizon. On the contrary, in the context of standard inflation, measuring a value above CMB fluctuations will lead us to conclude that the Universe is not much larger than the current observed horizon; this can also be interpreted as the presence of large fluctuations outside the horizon. However, it has proven difficult, so far, to find observables that can achieve such level of accuracy, and, most of all, be model-independent. Here we propose a method that can in principle achieve that; this is done by making minimal assumptions and using distance probes that are cosmology-independent: gravitational waves, redshift drift and cosmic chronometers. We discuss what kind of observations are needed in principle to achieve the desired accuracy.

We discuss the design and expected performance of STRIP (STRatospheric Italian Polarimeter), an array of coherent receivers designed to fly on board the LSPE (Large Scale Polarization Explorer) balloon experiment. The STRIP focal plane array comprises 49 elements in Q band and 7 elements in W-band using cryogenic HEMT low noise amplifiers and high performance waveguide components. In operation, the array will be cooled to 20 K and placed in the focal plane of a ∼ 0.6 meter telescope providing an angular resolution of ∼ 1.5 degrees. The LSPE experiment aims at large scale, high sensitivity measurements of CMB polarization, with multi-frequency deep measurements to optimize component separation. The STRIP Q-band channel is crucial to accurately measure and remove the synchrotron polarized component, while the W-band channel, together with a bolometric channel at the same frequency, provides a crucial cross-check for systematic effects.

This paper proposes an extended f(R) gravity model, f(R,z) = R + α(z)R², to address anomalies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), such as unexpectedly massive early galaxies and hyper-efficient star formation. By incorporating redshift dependence, cyclic cosmology, multiverse interactions, and elements of supergravity, the model positions the scalaron-termed here as a "supergraviton"-as a bridge between classical gravity, quantum effects, and force unification. The paper provides complete mathematical derivations of the modified field equations with dimensional analysis, quantitative comparisons with JWST observational data, and rigorous stability analyses. The supergraviton is quantized, revealing connections to string theory's dilaton and offering resolutions to singularities, the cosmological constant problem, and information paradoxes via a revised holographic principle. Implications for unifying gravity with electromagnetism and nuclear forces are explored, with specific testable predictions for future observations. Statistical analysis shows strong evidence (Bayesian evidence ratio = 3.0 × 10⁵) favoring this model over ΛCDM for high-redshift observations. This framework transforms JWST anomalies from observational puzzles into probes of fundamental physics.

The Timeless Energy Principle (TEP) posits a timeless, pre-spacetime energy substrate from which dimensions, spacetime and matter emerge. Using an action-variational formulation on an emergent manifold, we derive the effective four-dimensional dynamics via dimensional reduction, obtain Friedmann equations in minisuperspace and analyse linear stability. We then connect parameters to observation: dark-energy evolution w(z), standard-siren luminosity distances and galaxy star counts via a BLUE estimator. The framework reproduces GR/QFT limits and produces falsifiable predictions distinguishable from ΛCDM at high precision.

We investigate a class of models of topological inflation in which a super-Hubble-sized global monopole seeds inflation. These models are attractive since inflation starts from rather generic initial conditions, but their not so attractive feature is that, unless symmetry is again restored, inflation never ends. In this work we show that, in presence of another nonminimally coupled scalar field, that is both quadratically and quartically coupled to the Ricci scalar, inflation naturally ends, representing an elegant solution to the graceful exit problem of topological inflation. While the monopole core grows during inflation, the growth stops after inflation, such that the monopole eventually enters the Hubble radius, and shrinks to its Minkowski space size, rendering it immaterial for the subsequent Universe's dynamics. Furthermore, we find that our model can produce cosmological perturbations that source CMB temperature fluctuations and seed large scale structure statistically consistent (within one standard deviation) with all available data. In particular, for small and (in our convention) negative nonminimal couplings, the scalar spectral index can be as large as ns ≃ 0.955, which is about one standard deviation lower than the central value quoted by the most recent Planck Collaboration.

Perturbations in cosmic microwave background (CMB) photons and large scale structure of the universe are sourced primarily by the curvature perturbation which is widely believed to be produced during inflation. In this paper we present a 2-field inflationary model in which the inflaton couples bi-quadratically to a spectator field. We show that the spectator induces a rapid growth of the momentum of the curvature perturbation and the associated Gaussian van Neumann entropy during inflation such that the initial conditions at the end of inflation are substantially different from the standard ones. Consequently, one ought to reconsider the kinetic equations describing evolution of the photon, dark matter and baryonic fluids in radiation and matter eras and take account of the fact that the curvature perturbation and its canonical momentum are two a priory independent stochastic fields. We also briefly analyze possible imprints on the CMB temperature fluctuations from the more general inflationary scenario which contains light spectator fields coupled to the inflaton.

The meaning and evolution of the notion of “temperature” (which is a key concept for the condensed and gaseous matter theories) is addressed from the different points of view. The concept of temperature turns out to be much more fundamental than it is conventionally thought. In particular, the temperature may be introduced for the systems built of “small” number of particles and particles in rest. The Kelvin temperature scale may be introduced into the quantum and relativistic physics due to the fact, that the efficiency of the quantum and relativistic Carnot cycles coincides with that of the classical one. The relation of the temperature to the metrics of the configurational space describing the behavior of system built from non-interacting particles is demonstrated. The Landauer principle asserts that the temperature of the system is the only physical value defining the energy cost of isothermal erasing of the single bit of information. The role of the temperature the cosmic micro...

I present a unified model of cosmic evolution within the Chronoflux framework. Time is treated as a hydrodynamic entity embedded in a five-dimensional manifold. The Big Bang is reinterpreted as a phase transition that collapses fast temporal regimes into slower structured flow. I derive governing equations from an action principle, reduce to four dimensions, obtain modified Friedmann equations, and set out the perturbation, thermodynamic, Hamiltonian, and observational structure. I provide energy condition inequalities, a quantitative BBN bound, a normalized gravitational-wave background, a PBH abundance estimate, a computational stability proof, and explicit falsification criteria.

We introduce a new framework for cosmic acceleration: the Scalar-Cost Dark Energy model. In this approach, dark energy arises not from a cosmological constant but from an energetic cost associated with the expansion of spacetime. This cost is encoded in an additional scalar-field term that remains dormant at high redshift but activates dynamically at late times. The model preserves the ΛCDM background expansion while producing distinct, testable perturbation-level signatures. Specifically, it predicts a ~5% enhancement in the linear growth rate, a ~3-5% increase in weak-lensing shear power at intermediate scales, a ~4% rise in cluster abundance above 10¹⁴ M☉, and a ~0.02 upward shift in S₈-alleviating, though not eliminating, the observed weak-lensing vs. CMB tension. The model is stable (no ghosts, cₛ² > 0), consistent with early-universe constraints, and falsifiable with upcoming large-scale structure surveys.

Hypersphere World-Universe Cosmology (WUC) shows that fundamental physical constants and key cosmological parameters of the Observable World can be derived from a minimal foundation. The dimensionless Universe Constant α , together with the time-varying scaling factor Q , forms the backbone of the model. Comparisons with observational data reveal strong consistency with WUC predictions. While continued refinement by the global physics community is essential, the insights of WUC-combined with the groundbreaking discoveries of JWST and Dirac's proposals over the past 87 years-highlight the urgent need for a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.

We present a revolutionary alternative to the Big Bang cosmological model based on Filament Theory principles. Instead of expansion from a singular point, we propose the Great Hot Fragmentation (GHF)-a process where an initially uniform, hot filament medium undergoes spontaneous fragmentation into the structured universe we observe today. This model naturally explains the cosmic microwave background as thermal radiation from the fragmentation process rather than a relic of primordial expansion. We derive the critical fragmentation temperature (2.725 K) from first principles and show how large-scale structure formation emerges from filament density fluctuations rather than dark matter gravitational clustering. The model predicts specific signatures in the CMB power spectrum, explains the horizon problem without inflation, and provides a natural mechanism for the observed homogeneity and isotropy of the universe. Our approach resolves several fundamental problems of standard cosmology while making testable predictions that distinguish it from the Big Bang paradigm.

Pocatkem 21. stoleti se výrazně zviditelnila sankcni politika EU. Vedle sankci schvalených RB OSN provadi EU aktivně take autonomni opatřeni. Nasledujici text se zaměřuje na ukladani sankci (vyhlasovani omezujicich opatřeni) a jeho pravni ramec, podrobně zkouma obsah ukladaných omezeni a vazbu mezi sankcnimi režimy EU a OSN. Vychazi ze stavu sankci vyhlasených EU ke dni 8. 3. 2011 a u jednotlivých sankcnich režimů srovnava jejich pravni zaklad, hlavni obsah omezujicich opatřeni, skutecnost, zda jsou omezujici opatřeni EU navazana na rozhodnuti RB OSN, anebo zda se jedna o autonomni opatřeni EU, a take zda jde o sankce cilene.

This paper extends Rupture–Containment Cosmology (RCC) beyond its theoretical foundation and Hilbert-space Companion by applying RCC equations directly to data and laboratory analogues. The Tracker presents 17 case studies covering cosmology (DESI, Union3, Pantheon+, BAO, S8, ISW, recombination damping), astrophysics (black-hole ringdown, GW170817 multimessenger timing, Cassini Shapiro delay), laboratory and space-based tests (superfluid helium films, MMS solar wind, ISS interferometry), and particle-domain probes (pulsar timing arrays, high-energy neutrinos).

Each case anchors a specific $\epsilon$-sector relation to observations, demonstrating how RCC reframes existing results while remaining consistent with precision constraints. The Tracker concludes with a Bronstein Cube coverage meter, showing RCC’s expansion from ~95% (baseline Companion) to ~97% fulfillment when Tracker applications are included.

Taken together with the Companion and UV Completion papers, the Tracker positions RCC not only as a mathematically consistent framework but also as an empirically testable cosmological program.

This report presents a derivation of the Z boson mass (Z) within the M o framework. Using a phenomenological relation and a dimensionless parameter t 2 = 1 2 , the Z boson mass can be expressed as: Ze k B M o = α 2-e-t 2 2 , where e is the elementary charge, k B is the Boltzmann constant, and M o is the fundamental mass parameter. The calculated Z boson mass is in excellent agreement with the experimental value.

Precise measurements of the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background enable us to do an accurate study on the form of the primordial power spectrum for a given set of cosmological parameters. In a previous paper [1], we implemented an improved (error sensitive) Richardson-Lucy deconvolution algorithm on the measured angular power spectrum from the first year of WMAP data to determine the primordial power spectrum assuming a concordance cosmological model. This recovered spectrum has a likelihood far better than a scale invariant, or, 'best fit' scale free spectra (∆ ln L ≈ 25 w.r.t. Harrison Zeldovich, and, ∆ ln L ≈ 11 w.r.t. power law with ns = 0.95). In this paper we use Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to decompose the local features of the recovered spectrum individually to study their effect and significance on the recovered angular power spectrum and hence the likelihood. We show that besides the infra-red cut off at the horizon scale, the associated features of the primordial power spectrum around the horizon have a significant effect on improving the likelihood. The strong features are localised at the horizon scale.

We apply MDL-guided machine learning and Fourier spectrum analysis to Planck CMB data, revealing concentric hotspot structures. These features align with predictions from Penrose’s Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) and suggest subtle cosmological patterns beyond the standard model.

We propose an update of the ETCQ model (Elastic Cosmic Quantum Web), in which the gravitational response of baryons is modified by an elasticity factor bounded by the fine-structure constant α. This bound acts as a universal cap that limits the web's ability to store energy, ensuring a direct link between atomic physics and cosmological dynamics.

In this work, I have considered slow roll inflation in theories of two scalar fields in the context of Starobinsky gravity. It is found that the inflationary observables, the spectral indices and tensor to scalar ratio at Hubble exit, depends on theory parameters, (Mp, M) and scalar potential parameters, in complicated manner due to the presence of two scalar fields in an unusual background dynamical nature of spacetime.

Considering possible solutions to the S 8 tension between the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurement and lowredshift probes, we extended the standard ΛCDM cosmological model by including decay of dark matter (DDM). We first tested the DDM model in which dark matter decays into a form of noninteracting dark radiation. Under this DDM model, we investigated the impacts of DDM on the Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ) effect by varying the decay lifetime, Γ -1 , including the background evolution in cosmology and the nonlinear prescription in the halo mass function. We performed a cosmological analysis under the assumption of this extended cosmological model by combining the latest high-redshift Planck CMB measurement and low-redshift measurements of the SZ power spectrum as well as the baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) and luminosity distances to type Ia supernovae (SNIa). Our result shows a preference for Γ -1 ∼ 220 Gyr with a lower bound on the decay lifetime of ∼ 38 Gyr at 95% confidence level. Additionally, we tested the other DDM model in which dark matter decays into warm dark matter and dark radiation. This model supports Γ -1 ∼ 137 Gyr to resolve the S 8 tension with a lower bound on the decay lifetime of ∼ 24 Gyr at 95% confidence level. Comparing these two models, we find that the second leads to slightly better reconciliation of the S 8 tension.