Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

The nuclei that constitute a crystalline lattice oscillate relative to each other with a very low energy that is not sufficient to penetrate through the Coulomb barriers separating them. An additional energy, which is needed to tunnel through the barrier and fuse, can be supplied by external electromagnetic waves (x rays or synchrotron radiation). Exposing the solid compound LiD (lithium deuteride) to x rays for the duration of 111 h, we detect 88 events of nuclear fusion d + 6 Li → 8 Be *. Our theoretical estimate agrees with what we observed. One possible application of the phenomenon we found is in measurements of the rates of various nuclear reactions (not necessarily fusion) at extremely low energies inaccessible in accelerator experiments.

Recent ab-initio theoretical study [1] of interaction between electromagnetic radiation and metal deuterides indicate a new mechanism for deuteron acceleration, which along with possible large electron screening in the metal targets [2] could potentially strongly enhance the yield of DD-reaction in metal deuterides at room temperature. In this research we continue our study with regards to the role of electromagnetic excitation of hydrogen subsystem in metal deuterides to enhance the yield of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR). To this aim we have carried out 5 series of experiments on charged particle detection using plastic track detectors CR-39, under in-vacuum electronbeam stimulation of various metal deuterides during spontaneous deuterium desorption (if any) from the deuterated samples. In order to identify the type and energy of emitted particles the detectors were covered by metal (Al and Cu) films of various thickness. Moreover, the sequential etching technique, involving ...

NASA Glenn Research Center is investigating nuclear reactions in deuterated materials exposed to bremsstrahlung photons with kinetic energies from 1-3 MeV. Recent experiments used a continuous beam Dynamitron electron accelerator with a braking target. Electron beam energy loss verification was desired and experiments using cadmium and indium were completed which are known to transition to excited metastable states after exposure to bremsstrahlung photons. The gamma spin-up of 111Cd, 113In, and 115In are with photon beam energies of 1017 keV, 1024 keV, and 941 keV respectively. Recent tests corroborated published gamma energies using a beam energy loss of 62 to 74 keV

This document explores the theoretical feasibility of producing radioactive isotopes, such as Nickel-63 (Ni-63), from trace metals in heavy oil using cold fusion reactors, and the potential role of predictive high-speed analysis (e.g., machine learning, simulations) in advancing such processes. While conventional nuclear reactors efficiently produce isotopes via neutron capture, cold fusion remains an unproven technology with significant scientific and practical challenges. The low concentration of precursor metals in heavy oil and the speculative nature of cold fusion limit the practicality of this approach. Computational methods could aid in optimizing hypothetical cold fusion experiments, but substantial advancements are needed to make this viable.

The Dirac Coulomb Green function in the representation of the annihilation and creation operators is established and on the basis of the application of this new operator representation an algebraic method of calculation OF atomic characteristics is briefly discussed. The relativistic polarizability of hydrogen-like atoms is calculated and its simple analytical Formula is obbined.

The article describes the structural changes on the surface of Pd cathodes that occur during their electrolytic deuteration. These changes are caused by not only deuterium absorption, but also by the electrochemical heterogeneity of the surface. One of the sources of this heterogeneity is impurities contained both in the initial Pd and arising on its surface during the electrolysis process. Another type of heterogeneity is the formation of a two-phase structure (α and β solid solutions of deuterium in Pd) as a result of the spinodal decomposition of a β solution. Thus, surface heterogeneity increases during the electrolytic process. Non-trivial consequences of these inhomogeneities are: a) local Pd melting accompanied by the formation of craters, b) intense local surface Pd mass transfer and the formation of secondary crystals of various structures.

Our sun emits 380 yottawatt, yet the nuclear reactant energies producing that power are very low (1 keV). These energies are so low, that replication of such reactions in the laboratory produce rates that are nearly impossible to detect. Unlike the historical efforts to understand stellar processes by extrapolating down from higher energy beam experiments, there are efforts to study reactions using low energy reactants. To do so requires specialized equipment and environments. The results indicate the need to understand the Coulomb screening effects of condensed matter in these processes. An explanation for heat production in planetary cores may also follow.

Research has been carried out during the last three years in the field of triggering anomalous heat effects in palladium deuteride. An enhancement of excess power reproducibility in deuterated palladium was obtained by using HeNe laser irradiation during electrochemical loading. A preliminary correlation between excess energy and helium-4 concentration increasing above the background was found. The continuation of the experimental program confirmed that laser triggering produce an interesting gain of reproducibility. The experimental set-up has been upgraded.

We present a novel method to construct particle accelerators targeting light atoms and nuclei using high-power femtosecond laser pulses. Initially, we confine light atoms within the laser pulse envelope due to longitudinal polarization forces, allowing them to acquire kinetic energies of several GeV. Subsequently, an external electric field separates the nuclei at the cathode, concentrating helium nuclei in a small area. The kinetic energy of the 1.88 GeV impacts, exceeding the alpha particle binding energy (28 MeV) by two orders of magnitude, induces powerful gamma radiation and neutron emission from decay processes. This experiment marks a demonstration of a laser-induced decay method for helium nuclei for the first time. Moreover, helium isotopes or deuterium nuclei trapped on the cathode show significantly reduced Coulomb repulsion, enabling subsequent nuclear fusion reactions and substantial nuclear energy release.

disseminating the results of its research and development activities. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA counterpart of peerreviewed formal professional papers, but having less stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic presentations.

The notion of local energy and momentum conservation in a nuclear reaction provide a foundation of nuclear physics. Classical models for energy and momentum conservation were used as a way to understand nuclear scattering experiments in the time of Rutherford [1]. Energy

Since the initial report of anomalies in PdD by Fleischmann and Pons back in 1989, a variety of anomalies have been seen in experiments of all kinds over the years. Although there is not agreement within our field as to precisely which anomalies should be accepted as real, in our view there is evidence for excess heat production in PdD with associated He emission; slow tritium production; light water excess heat in the NiH system; low-level neutron and charged particle emission; weak gamma emission; collimated x-ray emission; and different kinds of transmutation effects. None of these effects are predicted from conventional nuclear or solid state physics.

If we consider the nucleus as a relativistic composite, then we are able to derive from a many-particle Dirac model a coupling between the center of mass motion and internal nuclear degrees of freedom. This interaction can be rotated out in free space, but has the potential to give rise to new physics when two or more nuclei exchange phonons with a common vibrational mode. The simplest example of such a system is a homonuclear diatomic molecule in a frozen matrix, for which we are able to develop an expression for the second-order phonon–nuclear interaction that can result in a splitting of the nuclear energy levels as a result of excitation transfer between the nuclei. The phonon-nuclear coupling is an E1 interaction, so the low energy 6.237 keV E1 transition in Ta is special; this motivates an interest in molecular Ta2 as a candidate for a Mössbauer experiment where the splitting might be observable. We also consider excitation transfer in the case of a macroscopic a Ta plate. c ©...

The inclusion of phonon exchange in a nuclear reaction is accomplished most easily when the associated matrix elements are written explicitly as a function of the spatial coordinates. We report on the wavefunctions and matrix elements for the special case of a T = 0 4-body deuteron-deuteron fusion reaction.

Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, holds significant promise across a spectrum of scientific and industrial domains, particularly within the realms of nuclear technology, chemistry, and pharmaceuticals. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted applications and implications of deuterium utilization, spanning from its role in nuclear fusion reactors to its incorporation into organic molecules for medicinal purposes.
In the field of nuclear fusion, deuterium serves as a primary fuel source, offering the potential for clean, sustainable energy production through controlled fusion reactions. Detailed experimental studies have revealed the efficacy of electrolysis-based methods for deuterium enrichment, leading to substantial increases in deuterium concentration within water and organic solvents. Moreover, novel approaches such as laser stimulation have been investigated to enhance the efficiency of deuterium extraction and fusion processes.
Beyond nuclear fusion, deuterium finds extensive use in organic chemistry, where isotopic labeling techniques enable the synthesis of deuterated compounds with altered chemical and pharmacokinetic properties. This includes the production of deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs), offering new avenues for drug development and metabolic research.
Economically, the commercialization of deuterium-based technologies presents lucrative opportunities for industries involved in energy production, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. The increasing demand for deuterated compounds underscores the importance of efficient and sustainable methods for deuterium extraction and enrichment.
Looking ahead, ongoing research endeavors aim to further optimize deuterium-related processes, enhance fusion reactor efficiency, and explore novel applications in fields such as isotope geochemistry and environmental remediation. However, challenges remain, including the scalability of deuterium production, regulatory hurdles, and geopolitical considerations surrounding deuterium-rich regions.
In conclusion, the comprehensive examination of deuterium's diverse applications underscores its pivotal role in advancing scientific understanding and technological innovation. By harnessing its unique properties, researchers and industries alike stand poised to unlock new frontiers in energy, medicine, and beyond.

Energy crisis is slowly building up due to the increase in the amount of energy requirement in every field of human existence. Pollution free energy is in great demand due to the government norms implemented worldwide in reducing global warming. Infinite energy from low radiation reactions are currently being explored into. Nuclear Fusion is one of the methods which produces high energy yield with very low radiation effects. This paper explores into the possibility of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) [1] which has the potential to curb the ever increasing energy scarcity. Bubble fusion a type of cold fusion, is highlighted in this paper as a major breakthrough in this research field. This paper intends to revive a research in the field of nuclear fusion reactors in the small form factor structure that could be a possible solution for the existing energy crisis.

T he fifth New Energy Technology Symposium was held at the 241st American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting at the Sheraton Park Resort in Anaheim, California on March 27 and 28. The organizer of the symposium, Dr. Jan Marwan of Dr. Marwan Chemie, was unable to chair the meeting due to personal reasons. However, the sessions of the symposium were co-chaired by Dr. Francis Tanzella of SRI International, Dr. Pamela Boss of SSC-Pacific and Dr. Melvin Miles of Dixie State College. The meeting started with a moment of silence in honor of Dr. Scott Chubb, who had passed away on March 25 after a two-year battle with cancer. A sympathy card was signed by some of the session participants and sent to Scott’s wife and family. The New Energy Technology Symposium was divided into three topic areas. The first topic area was “Theoretical Approach to LENR/Cold Fusion.” Due to cancellations, only five speakers presented during the first session. Prof. Akito Takahashi (Kobe University, Technova) was the...

Historical The first who reported [1-3] Palladium catalysed fusion of hydrogen nuclei to Helium at room temperature were German researchers Paneth and Peters in 1926. They retracted their work for unknown reasons. Lochte-Holtgreven studied LENR in the 1970s and reported [4-5] neutrons when electrically exploding deuterated liquids. He was director of the institute for experimental physics at the Christian Albrechts University at Kiel.

Research has been carried out during the last three years in the field of triggering anomalous heat effects in palladium deuteride. An enhancement of excess power reproducibility in deuterated palladium was obtained by using HeNe laser irradiation during electrochemical loading. A preliminary correlation between excess energy and helium-4 concentration increasing above the background was found. The continuation of the experimental program confirmed that laser triggering produce an interesting gain of reproducibility. The experimental setup has been upgraded.

We report on the results of mass spectroscopic analysis of the hydrogen yield from metals satu rated with hydrogen under the action of accelerated electrons (with an energy of up to 100 keV and a current density from 3 to 30 µA). It is found that the desorption rate is determined not only by parameters of the elec tron bunch, but also by the structure of the oxide film. It is discovered that the electronic subsystem of hydro gen enriched metals enhances their ability to absorb the energy of the external electromagnetic action and to preserve it for a longer time as compared to a pure metal. This facilitates nonequilibrium migration and yield of hydrogen under the action of radiation in the subthreshold range. A theoretical model is proposed and ana lytic dependences are derived for the intensity of hydrogen yield from metals exposed to an electron bunch. The results of this study can be used for the removal of hydrogen from metals and for obtaining submicroc rystalline materials (e.g., titanium).

For nucleosynthesis calculations, precise reaction rates should be known at energies within the Gamow window. At these energies, electron screening cannot be neglected. Despite the significance of the effect, a huge disagreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions is still not understood. In order to address to this problem, we investigated the dependence of the electron screening potential on the target host lattice structure by measuring the rate of the 2H(19F,p)20F reaction in zirconium, titanium and palladium targets containing deuterium.

Neutron emission would be a convincing proof for cold fusion of deuterium in palladium as proposed by Fleischmann and Pons. In recent experiments essentially no neutron events of technical interest have been observed. But Jones et al. claim for deuterium charged titanium and palladium a low fusion rate of almost 1O-23 events per second and D-pair above background. We have therefore repeated the search for neutrons, but using electrochemically controlled high deuterium concentrations in palladium and a NE-213 neutron detector of well known efficiency. The result of this investigation is that a possible fusion rate would be lower than lO_" events per second and D-pair.

Early criticisms were made of the scientific claims made by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons in 1989 on their observation of heat effects in electrochemically driven palladium-deuterium experiments that were consistent with nuclear but not chemical or stored energy sources. These criticisms were premature and adverse. In the light of 25 years further study of the palladium-deuterium system, what is the state of proof of Fleischmann and Pons' claims?

94025-A research activity has been carried out, during the last three years, in the field of triggering anomalous heat effects in palladium deuteride. An enhancement of the excess of power reproducibility in deuterated palladium was obtained by using HeNe laser irradiation during electrochemical loading. A preliminary correlation between excess of energy and helium-4 concentration increasing above the background was found. The continuation of the experimental program confirmed that laser triggering produces an interesting gain of reproducibility. An upgrade of the experimental setup has been realized.

It is universally accepted, even by nonscientists, that if the measured output from a physical system is double, triple, or quadruple that obtained when the measured stimulus/input is doubled, tripled, or quadrupled then there is a "cause and effect relationship" between the input and output (e.g. total energy input versus excess energy [or nuclear ash] output in a cold fusion experiment). How does one quantify this scientifically, when random process disturbances and random measurement noises preclude perfect linearity? This question is answered under the assumption of Gaussian (or "normal") departures from ideal linearity regarding the two mentioned statistical aspects. This is a generalization of the protocol proposed by Bass [1], which is more realistically flexible in several respects. An arbitrary number N ≥ 3 of similarly prepared samples is allowed, and neither the voltage nor the current is required to be constant. However, the previous protocol may be recovered as a special case when N = 5.

Abstract We model filamentary vortex plasma as a lattice stacking tubes with axes in the four tetrahedral directions. For three elementary unit types we give pitch values enabling their cohe- rent rotation as worm gear loops. We combine these units in octahedral and hexagonal cells for periodic tube lattices with coherent rotation as model for vortex crystals. For triangular arrays in the complex plane we calculate potential and streamlines, including their projection on spherical surfaces. For potential field calculations in 3D cells we present and prove a theorem on analytic quaternion functions. With standard methods for stellar model calculations we find a vortex plasma regime in air enabling fusion of atmospheric deuterium nuclei. Their high-energy emis- sions agree with reported lightning transients, and double haloes observed around ball lightning.

Since 2011, at INFN-LNF, we investigated the behavior of Constantan (Cst) alloy (Cu55Ni44Mn1; ISOTAN44) as concerns Hydrogen and/or Deuterium (H2/D2) absorption and generation of Anomalous Heat Excess (AHE) at High Temperatures (HT, i.e.>>200 °C). To further improve the intrinsic, excellent, catalytic proprieties of Cst toward H22H dissociation, surface underwent repeated cycling of “flash” oxidation (pulsed power up to 20 kVA/g), obtaining sub-micrometric particles at mixed composition (Cst-NiOx-CuOy-CuxNiyOz) and reducing deleterious self-sintering problems of nano-materials at HT. Despite results on thin (=200 m)-long (l=100 cm) wires were generally positive and excess power (10-20%) was frequently recorded (5-10 W at 50 W input), reproducibility remained yet unsatisfactory. Later on, we realized that Fe impurities (up-to 1% into old, pre-1970 batch of Cst) enhanced AHE generation, especially at T>500 °C. Since 2014, we added Fe(NO3)3 solutions both at the Cst sub-mic...

Cold Fusion might, if claims are to be believed, be looking at the wrong nuclear phenomenon that isn’t fusion and sporadic claims of excess energy production might be due to a wholly different process, perhaps the Wigner Energy of the Lattice, unlinked to claims of fusion, thus confusing the issue and holding the field back. We also have reasonable questions to the authors regarding their experiment.

A novel and unique model based on the singlet state of (proton-neutron) pair as a building block for nucleosynthesis of different nuclei is postulated. The presently accepted alpha cluster model is inadequate for the explanation of the formation of Li, Be, B, their stability and abundance. Problem of Beryllium bottleneck and the explanation of Hoyle's state of 12 C appear to be insurmountable by this model. The combination of a proton and a neutron can produce in addition to deuteron, a particle of zero spin satisfying Pauli Exclusion Principle which is capable of combining with another such unit to produce an alpha particle. This distinctive pair (pn) is in reality an isomer of deuteron. The corresponding element is an isotope of hydrogen (hitherto unrecognized) and Christianized as Paulium, (symbol Pl) in honour Wolfgang Pauli. The nucleon of Paulium is Paulion that produces alpha particles and can subsequently take part in numerous neucleosynthetic processes with success. The Paulion condensation model can be applied to build-up different isotopes of Li, Be, B, C, N and O and can resolve the hitherto unsolved puzzle in the nucleosynthsis of stable 12 C. It can also explain the abundance and the properties of different nuclei. An empirical equation A = Z (pn) pair + (A-2Z) N explains the composition of different nuclei where A is the mass of isotope of the nucleus, Z and N being its number of proton and neutron, respectively.

An attempt is made to build an LENR theory that does not contradict any basic principle of physics and gives a relatively simple explanation to the plethora of experimental results. A single unconventional assumption is made, namely that nuclei are kept together by a magnetic attraction mechanism, as proposed in the 1980s of the past century by Valerio Dallacasa and Norman Cook. This assumption contradicts a non-proven detail of the standard model, which instead attributes the nuclear force to a residual effect of the strong interaction. The theory is based also on a property of the electron which has been known for long, but has rarely been used: the Zitterbewegung (ZB). This property should allow the magnetic attraction mechanism that binds nucleons together, to manifest also between the electron and any isotope of hydrogen, leading to the formation of three neutral pseudo-particles (the component particles remain separate entities), collectively named here Hydronions (or Hyd). Th...

A Ge(Li) detector has been irradiated with energetic neutrons from a (d, t) neutron generator and an 241Am/Be source. The signal produced by the inelastic scattering of neutrons exciting the 0~-state in 72Ge has been split up into the pulse due to the slowing down of the recoiling 72Ge* nucleus and the pulse of the conversion electron. The time separation of those two pulses has been used to deduce the lifetime of the excited 0~ state in 72Ge. The result is r = 640.9-t-1.1 ns. In addition, the relative response of a GeXLi) detector on the slowing down of Ge projectiles of 800 keV has been determined to be r = 0.437 + 0.024.

A coin-shaped proton conductor made from metal oxides of strontium and cerium can be charged in a hot D 2 gas atmosphere to produce excess heat. Anomalous heat evolution was observed from the proton conductors charged with alternating current at 5 to 45 V at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700°C. The anomalous heat produced temperature increases as much as 50°C. Excess heat was estimated as a few watts in most cases, totaling up to several kilojoules.

NASA Glenn Research Center is investigating nuclear reactions in deuterated materials exposed to bremsstrahlung photons with kinetic energies from 1-3 MeV. Recent experiments used a continuous beam Dynamitron electron accelerator with a braking target. Electron beam energy loss verification was desired and experiments using cadmium and indium were completed which are known to transition to excited metastable states after exposure to bremsstrahlung photons. The gamma spin-up of 111 Cd, 113 In, and 115 In are with photon beam energies of 1017 keV, 1024 keV, and 941 keV respectively. Recent tests corroborated published gamma energies using a beam energy loss of 62 to 74 keV.

In this paper, we introduce the Schrödinger equation with a general kinetic energy operator. The conservation law is proved and the probability continuity equation is deducted in a general sense. Examples with a Hermitian kinetic energy operator include the standard Schrödinger equation, the relativistic Schrödinger equation, the fractional Schrödinger equation, the Dirac equation, and the deformed Schrödinger equation. We reveal that the Klein-Gordon equation has a hidden non-Hermitian kinetic energy operator. The probability continuity equation with sources indicates that there exists a different way of probability transportation, which is probability teleportation. An average formula is deducted from the relativistic Schrödinger equation, the Dirac equation, and the K-G equation.

Experimental investigation of anomalous heat effects from hydrogen isotope absorption in palladium lattice has proven to be an arduous task. Numerical modeling of the electronic structure of the Pd-H(D) system holds out the promise of identifying LENR active materials. Multiple theories on hydrogen isotope fusion in Pd metal have been developed over the years. Among other important factors, the high concentration of H(D) atoms and their close proximity to each other within a host lattice are important. We use numerical modeling to investigate conditions favorable to lower H-H (D-D) separation. This separation depends on the background charge density within the lattice [1, 2]. Because of the high charge density in bulk Pd the internuclear distance between two hydrogen or deuterium atoms is larger than the value in vacuum [1]. However, the presence of lattice defects (vacancies [3], free-internal surfaces/cracks [4] and interstitials [5]) can lower the charge density down to the level which would promote the H 2 (D 2) molecule formation at closer separation. We use the open-source software package QuantumEspresso to investigate H 2 (D 2) absorption in transition-metal alloys in the presence of different types of lattice defects and dopants. In addition to the previously reported effect of vacancies in Pd lattice [3], we find that doping the transition metals with elements of high electronegativity further lower the charge density and results in absorption of H 2 (D 2) with shorter separation distance.

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Modification of nuclear reactions due to impurities in plasma is investigated. The hindering effect of Coulomb repulsion between reacting particles, that is effective in direct reactions, can practically disappear if Coulomb interaction of the reacting particles with impurities embedded in plasma is taken into account. The change of the wavefunction of reacting particles in nuclear range due to their Coulomb interaction with impurity is determined using standard time independent perturbation calculation of quantum mechanics. The result can be interpreted as if a slow, quasi-free particle (e.g. a proton) were pushed by a heavy, assisting particle (impurity) of the surroundings and can get (virtually) such a great magnitude of momentum which significantly increases the nuclear contact probability density and also the probability of its capture by an other nucleus. As a sample reaction the process, called impurity assisted nuclear pd reaction is investigated and the rate and power densities produced by the reaction are numerically calculated. With the aid of astrophysical factors the rate and power densities of the impurity assisted d(d, n) 3 2 He, d(d, p)t, d(t, n) 4 2 He, 3 2 He(d, p) 4 2 He, 6 3 Li(p, α) 3 2 He, 7 3 Li(p, α) 4 2 He, 9 4 Be(p, α) 6 3 Li, 9 4 Be(p, d) 8 4 Be, 9 4 Be(α, n) 12 6 C, 10 5 B(p, α) 7 4 Be and 11 5 B(p, α) 8 4 Be reactions are also estimated. The affect of plasma-wall interaction on the process is also considered. A partial survey of impurity assisted nuclear reactions which may have practical importance in energy production is also presented.