Computer Generated Holograms

Augmented Reality (AR) is a method of combining computer-generated virtual content with the real world. This augmentation is often achieved with the aid of a head-mounted device that the user looks through. Computer-Generated Holography (CGH) is a way of shaping light waves to form / replay three-dimensional content. Unlike currently widespread stereoscopic 3D displays, holography is capable of reconstructing objects showcasing real depth information, leading to a superior viewing experience. This work explores various aspects of CGH within the context of optical seethrough near-eye displays suited for AR applications. Although Holographic AR displays only appeared in the 2010s, they have benefited from decades of research into Computer-Generated Holography for projection and display applications. The particular focus of this work is the hardware of Holographic AR devices. Listed and examined are all the physical and optical components of an AR system, namely: the light source and its coherence requirement, light source conditioning, spatial light modulator (SLM), SLM illumination, relay / magnification optics, and combiner optics. In each section, trade-offs which are necessary to navigate while building holographic AR systems are identified and analyzed. Suggestions on how to optimize the overall projector layout are offered throughout the text.

Computer generated holograms generated by using three different numerical techniques are reconstructed optically by spatial light modulators. Liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLM) on transmission and on reflection modes with different resolutions were investigated. A good match between numerical simulation and optically reconstructed holograms on both SLMs was observed. The resolution of the optically reconstructed images was comparable to the resolution of the SLMs.

LCD Liquid Crystal Display. In this usage, a transmissive EASLM display that spatially modulates the beam intensity. LCOS Liquid Crystal On Silicon. A reflective EASLM display that spatially modulates the beam phase. Used in conjunction with a polariser to modulate the intensity. Nd:YAG Neodymium Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet. A lasing material used in near-infrared lasers. VSYNC Vertical Synchronization. Matching a display (such as an SLM) refresh rate. CW Continuous Wave. A laser beam that is continuous, rather than pulsed. 3D Three-Dimensional. A three dimensional object or image. 2D Two-Dimensional. A two dimensional image, without depth. Such as a photograph. xvi LIST OF ACRONYMS 2.5D 2.5 Dimensional. An image with, typically, horizontal but not vertical parallax. CCD Charge-coupled device. A device that enables electric charges to be transported through successive capacitors controlled by a clock signal. Used mainly for sensors that capture and record light. DTC Digital Temperature Controller. The name we gave to the PCB that heats and measures the temperature of a component. PCB Printed Circuit Board. A board for supporting, mounting and connecting electronic components. PID Proportional Integral Derivative. A standard algorithm to change an output in response to an input. ID identification number. Assigned unique number for identification. USB Universal Serial Bus. A serial bus standard for communication between devices.

Integrated multicore structures are good candidates to improve the performance of active optical devices [1]. We are working on the characterization of these fabricated structures by femtosecond laser writing [2]. The two modal characterization techniques implemented by our group are presented.

This paper describes a method to arbitrarily shape and homogenize high-coherence extreme ultraviolet sources using time-varying holographic optical elements and a scanning subsystem to mitigate speckle. In systems with integration times longer than 100 ms, a speckle contrast below 1% can be achieved.

Permainan tradisional galah panjang mempunyai keunikan dan unsur kebudayaan yang tersendiri. Bagi sesebuah masyarakat, permainan tradisional dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan diri seseorang kerana ia meliputi perkembangan jiwa, sifat dan kebudayaan hidup sosial anak muda pada masa akan datang. Bagaimanapun, permainan tradisional galah panjang kurang didedahkan kepada kanak-kanak. Malah, ada kanak-kanak yang tidak tahu tentang permainan tersebut. Justeru, melalui permainan interaktif galah panjang ini, berkemungkinan akan dapat menaikkan minat kanak-kanak untuk bermain permainan tradisional berbanding permainan digital. Terdapat tiga objektif kajian ini, iaitu mengenal pasti pengetahuan kanak-kanak tentang permainan tradisional galah panjang, menganalisis tahap kefahaman kanak-kanak tentang permainan tradisional galah panjang dan mereka bentuk satu medium permainan galah panjang berbentuk media interaktif agar dapat menarik minat kanak-kanak untuk bermain permainan tradisional galah panjang. Kesimpulannya, medium permainan interaktif galah panjang ini dapat membantu meningkatkan minat kanak-kanak untuk bermain permainan tradisional dan berharap permainan tradisional ini tidak dilupakan oleh generasi akan datang.

A variational algorithm to object wavefront reconstruction from noisy intensity observations is developed for the off-axis holography scenario with imaging in the acquisition plane. The algorithm is based on the local least square technique proposed in paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 21, 367 (2004)]. First, multiple reconstructions of the wavefront are produced for various size and various directional windows applied for localization of estimation. At the second stage, a special statistical rule is applied in order to select the best window size estimate for each pixel of the image and for each of the directional windows. At the third final stage the estimates of the different directions obtained for each pixel are aggregated in the final one. Simulation experiments and real data processing prove that the developed algorithm demonstrate the performance of the extraordinary quality and accuracy for both the phase and amplitude of the object wavefront.

Interferometry is a well-established technique to test optical elements. However, its use is challenging in the case of free-form and aspheric elements, due to the lack of the reference optics. The proposed idea concerns the development of a versatile interferometer, where its reference arm is equipped with a reprogrammable Computer Generated Hologram. This principle takes advantage from our study on photochromic materials for optical applications, which shows a strong and reversible modulation of transparency in the visible region. The encoding of the desired hologram can be done off-line, or directly into the interferometer, and different patterns may be realized sequentially after the erasing of the previous hologram. We report on the present state of the research and on the future perspectives.

The analogy between optical one-to-one point transformations and optical one-to-one interconnections is discussed. Methods for performing both operations are reviewed and compared. The multifacet and multistage architectures have the flexibility to implement any arbitrary one-to-one transformation or interconnection pattern. The former would be preferred for low-cost and low-resolution applications, whereas the latter would be preferred for high-cost and high-performance applications.

We investigated the question of how the perception of threedimensional information reconstructed numerically from digital holograms of real-world objects, and presented on conventional displays, depends on motion and stereoscopic presentation. Perceived depth in an adjustable random pattern stereogram was matched to the depth in hologram reconstructions. The objects in holograms were a microscopic biological cell and a macroscopic metal coil. For control, we used real physical objects in additional to hologram reconstructions of real objects. Stereoscopic presentation increased perceived depth substantially in comparison to nonstereoscopic presentation. When stereoscopic cues were weak or absent e.g. because of blur, motion increased perceived depth considerably. However, when stereoscopic cues were strong, the effect of motion was small. In conclusion, for the maximization of perceived three-dimensional information of holograms on conventional displays, it seems highly beneficial to use the combination of motion and stereoscopic presentation.

This paper is about the search for the possible meaning of how the holographic principle is related to Aristotle's notion that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." This quest will follow two paths: one secular-scientific and philosophical-and the other, initiatic, more mystical. The two paths, eventually coming together in their various interpretations, intend to show that the two worlds are far from incompatible. The intellect and affect are two universes which, far from being antagonistic, are linked and should be better investigated in order, for example, to make science and spirituality compatible.

In computation of full-parallax computer-generated hologram (CGH), balance between speed and memory usage is always the core of algorithm development. To solve the speed problem of coherent ray trace (CRT) algorithm and memory problem of look-up table (LUT) algorithm without sacrificing reconstructed object quality, we develop a novel algorithm with split look-up tables (S-LUT) and implement it on graphics processing unit (GPU). Our results show that SLUT on GPU has the fastest speed among all the algorithms investigated in this paper, while it still maintaining low memory usage. We also demonstrate high quality objects reconstructed from CGHs computed with SLUT on GPU. The GPU implementation of our new algorithm may enable real-time and interactive holographic 3D display in the future.

The aim of this work is to electronically generate the diffraction patterns of medical images and then trying to optically reconstruct the corresponding holographs to be displayed in space. This method is proposed in a trial to find a smart alternative of the expensive and perishable recording plates.

The Kaczmarz algorithm is an iterative method for solving linear equations in the form of Ax = b. It is widely used in computed tomography (CT) and digital signal processing (DSP) but has yet to be adopted in computer-generated holography (CGH). Phase retrieval algorithms such as Gerchberg-Saxton or Fienup are significantly more popular in this field, however, in this paper we propose a unique and alternative approach to projecting a replay field through Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) matrices and have shown that there are legitimate benefits to implementing this approach. The gradient descent iteration mechanism adopted by Kaczmarz, for instance, provides finer granularity control over the individual pixels in the replay field. We consequently demonstrate the quality of the image is significantly improved when compared to Gerchberg-Saxton.

Understanding and improving the perceived quality of reconstructed images is key to developing computer-generated holography algorithms for high-fidelity holographic displays. However, current algorithms are typically optimized using mean squared error, which is widely criticized for its poor correlation with perceptual quality. In our work, we present a comprehensive analysis of employing contemporary image quality metrics (IQM) as loss functions in the hologram optimization process. Extensive objective and subjective assessment of experimentally reconstructed images reveal the relative performance of IQM losses for hologram optimization. Our results reveal that the perceived image quality improves considerably when the appropriate IQM loss function is used, highlighting the value of developing perceptually-motivated loss functions for hologram optimization. Holography offers a unique ability to control light, which profoundly impacts various applications from optical telecommunications 1 , data storage 2 , microscopy 3 to two-and three-dimensional displays 4,5. Advances in algorithms and computational capacity have enabled Computer-Generated Holograms (CGHs) to be numerically calculated by simulating light diffraction and interference. The obtained CGH is displayed on a spatial light modulator (SLM), which modulates coherent illumination to reproduce the desired scenes. The goal of CGH algorithms is to compute a hologram that can be displayed on an SLM and that produces an intensity distribution that best approximates the desired image. CGHs are commonly displayed on nematic liquid crystal SLMs, which boost superior light efficiency but are restricted to modulating only the phase of the incident beam. To solve the phase-only restriction imposed by these SLMs, double phase 4,6 and error diffusion methods 7-9 directly encode complex-amplitude diffraction fields into phase-only holograms. Another approach, known as the one-step phase retrieval algorithm (OSPR) 10,11 , displays multiple phase-only holograms within a short time interval to statistically average out errors in the replay field. Trained deep learning-based CGH algorithms are also employed as non-iterative solutions 12-14. Iterative CGH algorithms such as direct search (DS) 15 and simulated annealing (SA) 16 alter single pixels in the hologram to find the optimal hologram. Phase retrieval methods like the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (GS) 17 and hybrid input-output (HIO) 18,19 method have also been explored. Recently, the gradient descent method has been applied to phase-only CGH optimization 12-14,20-24. The gradient of a predefined objective function is calculated and used to update the hologram phase at each iteration. This method can be further combined with a camera as a feedback optimization strategy to eliminate optical artifacts in experimental setups 13,22. The specific loss function selected is essential in these iterative optimization approaches to drive the hologram phase to its optimal state. A standard choice of the loss function is the mean squared error (MSE) due to its simplicity of use and clear physical meaning. Though MSE quantifies the perpixel error in the reconstructed image, it is widely criticized for its poor correlation with perceptual quality 25-28. A promising but relatively less exploited approach is to use image quality metrics (IQMs) in the phase-only CGH optimization process. The traditional role of IQMs in digital holography is to dynamically monitor the optimization process and to evaluate the perceptual quality of obtained images 29-32. Modern IQMs model assesses visual quality based on a priori knowledge regarding the human visual system or uses learned models trained with large datasets. They use image features in appropriate perceptual spaces 28,33 for image quality evaluation but have not yet been fully exploited in the CGH optimization process. Here, we focus on the use of IQMs as an alternative to the ubiquitous MSE for the training loss, with the intention of using the gradient of these perceptual metrics to strive for a better CGH optimization algorithm. The use of perceptual motivated loss functions has recently gained attention in foveated CGH 34,35 , focusing specifically on speckle suppression in the foveal

A method of generating an aberration-and distortion-free wide-angle holographically projected image in real time is presented. The target projector is first calibrated using an automated adaptive-optical mechanism. The calibration parameters are then fed into the hologram generation program, which applies a novel piece-wise aberration correction algorithm. The method is found to offer hologram generation times up to three orders of magnitude faster than the standard method. A projection of an aberration-and distortion-free image with a field of view of 90x45 degrees is demonstrated. The implementation on a mid-range GPU achieves high resolution at a frame rate up to 12fps. The presented methods are automated and can be performed on any holographic projector. Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Understanding and improving the perceived quality of reconstructed images is key to developing computer-generated holography algorithms for high-fidelity holographic displays. However, current algorithms are typically optimized using mean squared error, which is widely criticized for its poor correlation with perceptual quality. In our work, we present a comprehensive analysis of employing contemporary image quality metrics (IQM) as loss functions in the hologram optimization process. Extensive objective and subjective assessment of experimentally reconstructed images reveal the relative performance of IQM losses for hologram optimization. Our results reveal that the perceived image quality improves considerably when the appropriate IQM loss function is used, highlighting the value of developing perceptually-motivated loss functions for hologram optimization.

A near eye holographic display using light-emitted diode (LED) instead of laser diode as the reconstruction light source has been proposed. An off-axis illumination architecture on a phase modulation only liquid crystal on silicon(LCoS) panel is used for investigating the influence of LED source property on the reconstruction image quality.

Digital holography allows the recording, storage and subsequent reconstruction of both amplitude and phase of the light field scattered by an object. This is accomplished by recording interference patterns that preserve the properties of the original object field essential for 3D visualization, the so-called holograms. Digital holography refers to the acquisition of holograms with a digital sensor, typically a CCD or a CMOS camera, and to the reconstruction of the 3D object field using numerical methods. In the current work, the different representations of digital holographic information in the hologram and in the object planes are studied. The coding performance of the different complex field representations, notably Amplitude-Phase and Real-Imaginary, in both the hologram plane and the object plane, is assessed using both computer generated and experimental holograms. The HEVC intra main coding profile is used for the compression of the different representations in both planes, either for experimental holograms or computer generated holograms. The HEVC intra compression in the object plane outperforms encoding in the hologram plane. Furthermore, encoding computer generated holograms in the object plane has a larger benefit than the same encoding over the experimental holograms. This difference was expected, since experimental holograms are affected by a larger negative influence of speckle noise, resulting in a loss of compression efficiency. This work emphasizes the possibility of holographic coding on the object plane, instead of the common encoding in the hologram plane approach. Moreover, this possibility allows direct visualization of the Object Plane Amplitude in a regular 2D display without any transformation methods. The complementary phase information can easily be used to render 3D features such as depth map, multi-view or even holographic interference patterns for further 3D visualization depending on the display technology.

The article discusses the use of computer-generated holograms (CGHs) for the application as one of the security features in the relief-phase protective holograms. An improved method of calculating CGHs is presented, based on ray-tracing approach in the case of interference of parallel rays. Software is developed for the calculation of multilevel phase CGHs and their integration in the application of security holograms. Topology of calculated computer-generated phase holograms was recorded on the photoresist by the optical greyscale lithography. Parameters of the recorded microstructures were investigated with the help of the atomic-force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. The results of the research have shown highly protective properties of the security elements based on CGH microstructures. In our opinion, a wide use of CGHs is very promising in the structure of complex security holograms for increasing the level of protection against counterfeit.

AbstrakPerkembangan pesat industri kreatif pada abad ke-21 telah membuka pintu peluang terutamanya dalamsektor guna tenaga yang memberikan sumbangan penting kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi sesebuahnegara. Perkembangan ini telah menimbulkan fenomena “masa hadapan kreatif” bagi abad ke-21 dimana pada masa yang sama kemajuan mendadak dalam bidang sains dan teknologi berlaku denganciptaan pelbagai rangkaian komunikasi dan media baru di mana internet telah menjadi elemen palingpenting dalam sistem kehidupan. Secara umumnya, industri kreatif yang dikaitkan dengan hubunganmanusia antara penerbitan atau pengeluaran, pengedaran atau pengagihan, pertukaran atau pameran,penggunaan barangan dan menyediakan perundangan/perkhidmatan suapan kepada budaya, seni,estetik, intelek, dan emosi kepada pelanggan di pasaran. Di samping itu juga proses kebudayaan sepertireka bentuk bertujuan membawa keluar kesan yang kuat dalam semua aspek kehidupan yang bergabungsecara langsung dengan penggunaan komoditi. Kerta...

This Letter proposes a scanned holographic display system that takes the advantage of a high-speed resonant scanner to augment a galvanometer and hence improves the opto-mechanical information distribution capabilities, thereby potentially achieving an increased image size and enlarged viewing angles.

While developing deformable mirrors for adaptive optics, and while studying scintillation, we also tested the method of curvature sensing and different variants of it. By very carefully adjusting the optics we were able to discern variations on the scale of one nanometer. The limited dynamic range of the detectors and various optical artifacts caused systematic and random errors of 5-8 percent. Calibration of the measurements turned out to be a difficult issue as well. One of the main problems with non-atmospheric measurements was vignetting. We suspect that strong atmospheric scintillation might cause similar problems in curvature sensing, because of light scattered outside the measurement aperture, leading to errors in the estimated wave front phase. We looked into measuring turbulence along the optical path, by comparing field data of both Hartmann-Shack and intensity sensors collected under similar conditions. It seems that some of the turbulence can be tracked back to its range, but this is still being tested. If so, it might be possible to ~orrect it using multi-conjugate optics and reduce significantly scintillation effects. Scintillation can also be removed artificially by correcting a scaled-up version of the turbulence at a scaled-down conjugate distance and vice versa.

Waveguide holography refers to the use of holographic techniques for the control of guided-wave light in integrated optical devices (e.g., off-plane grating couplers and in-plane distributed Bragg gratings for guided-wave optical filtering). Off-plane computer-generated waveguide holography (CGWH) has also been employed in the generation of simple field distributions for image display. We have previously depicted the design and fabrication of a binary-phase CGWH operating in the Raman-Nath regime for the purposes of near-to-eye 3-D display and as a precursor to a dynamic, transparent flat-panel guided-wave holographic video display. In this paper, we describe design algorithms and fabrication techniques for multilevel phase CGWHs for near-to-eye 3-D display.

In a computer-generated holographic projection system, the image is reconstructed via the diffraction of light from a spatial light modulator. In this process, several factors could contribute to non-linearities between the reconstruction and the target image. This paper evaluates the non-linearity of the overall holographic projection system experimentally, using binary phase holograms computed using the one-step phase retrieval (OSPR) algorithm, and then applies a digital pre-distortion (DPD) method to correct for the non-linearity. Both a notable increase in reconstruction quality and a significant reduction in mean squared error were observed, proving the effectiveness of the proposed DPD-OSPR algorithm.

Tightly-focused laser beams that carry angular momentum have been used to trap and rotate microrotors. In particular, a Laguerre-Gauss mode laser beam can be used to transfer its orbital angular momentum to drive microrotors. We increase the torque efficiency by a factor of about 2 by designing the rotor such that its geometry is compatible with the driving beam, when driving the rotation with the optimum beam, rather than beams of higher or lower orbital angular momentum. Based on Floquet's theorem, the order of discrete rotational symmetry of the rotor can be made to couple with the azimuthal mode of the Laguerre-Gauss beam. We design corrugated donut rotors, that have a flat disc-like profile, with the help of the discrete dipole approximation and the T-matrix methods in parallel with experimental demonstrations of stable trapping and torque measurement. We produce and test such a rotor using two-photon photopolymerization. With a rotor that has 8-fold discrete rotational sym...

Nowadays, wavefront sensors are widely used to control the shape of the wavefront and detect aberrations of the complex field amplitude in various fields of physics. However, almost all of the existing wavefront sensors work only with quasi-monochromatic radiation. Some of the methods and approaches applied to work with polychromatic radiation impose certain restrictions. However, the contemporary methods of computer and digital holography allow implementing a holographic wavefront sensor that operates with polychromatic radiation. This paper presents a study related to the analysis and evaluation of the error in the operation of holographic wavefront sensors with such radiation.

This paper describes some results of authors' research in machine reading at scale as a support for self-learning, which combines the challenges of document retrieval (finding the relevant articles) with that of machine comprehension of text (identifying the answer spans from those articles). Our approach combines a search component based on bigram hashing and TF-IDF (term frequency–inverse document frequency) matching with a multi-layer recurrent neural network model trained to detect answers in Wikipedia paragraphs.

Perkembangan pesat industri kreatif pada abad ke-21 telah membuka pintu peluang terutamanya dalam sektor guna tenaga yang memberikan sumbangan penting kepada pertumbuhan ekonomi sesebuah negara. Perkembangan ini telah menimbulkan fenomena "masa hadapan kreatif" bagi abad ke-21 di mana pada masa yang sama kemajuan mendadak dalam bidang sains dan teknologi berlaku dengan ciptaan pelbagai rangkaian komunikasi dan media baru di mana internet telah menjadi elemen paling penting dalam sistem kehidupan. Secara umumnya, industri kreatif yang dikaitkan dengan hubungan manusia antara penerbitan atau pengeluaran, pengedaran atau pengagihan, pertukaran atau pameran, penggunaan barangan dan menyediakan perundangan/perkhidmatan suapan kepada budaya, seni, estetik, intelek, dan emosi kepada pelanggan di pasaran. Di samping itu juga proses kebudayaan seperti reka bentuk bertujuan membawa keluar kesan yang kuat dalam semua aspek kehidupan yang bergabung secara langsung dengan penggunaan komoditi. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan mengupas model integrasi baru penyelidikan dan inovasi yang dapat mengintegrasikan kepelbagaian disiplin pengetahuan dan sinergi output penyelidikan dan inovasi melalui pengkomersialan.

The quality of the reconstructed holographic three-dimensional image is seriously influenced by the noise. A novel encoded algorithm combining the Burch code with the four-step phase shifting method is presented to remove the noise and improve the contrast and resolution of the reconstructed image. The reconstructed three-dimensional images are compared with the results of the median filtering. The performance parameters of two methods are analyzed. The experimental results show that the zero-order light spot, conjugate image and speckle noise are suppressed effectively. The quality of the reconstructed image is noticeably improved.

Strongly aberrated wavefronts lead to inaccuracies and nonlinearities in holography-based modal wavefront sensing (HMWS). In this contribution, a low-resolution Shack-Hartmann sensor (LRSHS) is incorporated into HMWS via a compact holographic design to extend the dynamic range of HMWS. A static binary-phase computer-generated hologram is employed to generate the desired patterns for Shack-Hartmann sensing and HMWS. The low-order aberration modes dominating the wavefront error are first sensed with the LRSHS and corrected by the wavefront modulator. The system then switches to HMWS to obtain better sensor sensitivity and accuracy. Simulated as well as experimental results are shown for validating the proposed method.

A new method for designing holographic optical elements is presented. The method is based on matching the grating-spacing profile of the recording light interference pattern to the desired grating-spacing profile. We show that for designing near-field holograms, in which the optical images involved are close to the hologram aperture, the grating-matching technique is superior to the well-established aberrationbalancing method introduced by Latta ͓Appl. Opt. 10, 609 ͑1971͔͒.

On-axis holograms are synthesized on positive binary-amplitude recordin g media. These holograms present unique characteristics: The signal is reconstructed around the optical axis without overlapping orders and it is the brightest order in the reconstruction plane, the coding procedure is fast, and the holograms can be implemented on low information content recording devices. Various examples and applications are discussed and the method is illustrated with an experimentally implemented array illuminator.

A simple imaging system together with complex semidefinite programming is used to generate the transmission matrix of a multimode fiber. Once the transmission matrix is acquired, we can modulate the phase of the input signal to induce strong mode interference at the fiber output. The optical design does not contain a reference arm and no interferometric measurements are required. We use a phase-only spatial light modulator to shape the profile of the propagating modes and the output intensity at an individual pixel is monitored. The semidefinite program uses a convex optimization algorithm to generate the transmission matrix of the optical system using intensity only measurements. This simple yet powerful method can be used to compensate for modal dispersion in multimode fiber communication systems. It also yields great promises for the next generation biomedical imaging, quantum communication, and cryptography.

The aim of this study is to create two dimensional (2d) animation by integrating silhouette with batik as animated background. In line with the public interest to support Malaysia’s heritage, this study attempts to ascertain the outcome and effectiveness of applying the art of batik into animated work. Recent studies in animation have highlighted the important roles of background in specific scenes to support the storytelling. The background is concerned with not only the detail and color that used, but also the ways in which it appeals and conveys to the viewer as information, In this project animation Part Behind, using both batik and silhouette as the main formula can realize its capability as the project’s experiment main reason of the conduct, in the end, the result is depending on gathering data from the viewers’ response to further prove whether batik can really be applied through animation. This study focuses on the concept, idea and animating style so as to explore the effi...

Investigated H1-H2 transfer analogue and digitally printed reflection holograms suitability for autostereoscopic projection displays. Proved that reflection hologram, having part of replayed image in front of its surface may be used as autostereoscopic display. Assembled 3D streaming images projection device, incorporating digitally printed reflection hologram. Given recommendation for digitally printed holograms use as 3D projection screens.

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We demonstrate aberration-free dynamic focusing with a low-cost 19-channel continuous-surface micromachined membrane deformable mirror ͑MMDM͒. A lookup table of the optimum control voltages for various focal lengths is obtained with an adaptive optics algorithm. Diffraction-limited imaging resolution is achieved owing to the capablility of the MMDM for aberration compensation. The measured speed of the MMDM supports dynamic focusing operations at several hundred hertz. Our dynamic focusing approach is shown to function with either monochromatic or broadband optical sources.

A time-division multiplexing method for computer-generated holograms (CGHs) is proposed to solve the problem of the limited space-bandwidth product. A three-dimensional (3-D) scene is divided into multiple layers at different depths. The CGH corresponding to each layer is calculated by an angular-spectrum algorithm that is effective at a wide range of propagation distances. All of the CGHs are combined into several group-CGHs. These group-CGHs are sequentially uploaded onto one spatial light modulator at a high frame rate. The spacebandwidth product can be benefited by the time-division processing of the CGHs. The proposed method provides a new approach to achieve high quality 3-D display with a fast and accurate CGH computation.