Digital Holography

“Yapay Zekâ, Yazılım ve 3D Modelleme ile Mesleki İngilizce" eğitimi Avrupa ölçeğinde yetişkin
eğitiminde yeni bir açılım niteliği taşımaktadır.
Hayat boyu öğrenme kavramı, çağdaş eğitim politikalarının temel taşlarından biridir. Özellikle
yetişkin eğitimi, bireylerin yalnızca kişisel gelişimlerini değil, aynı zamanda istihdam, girişimcilik
ve bölgesel kalkınma süreçlerini doğrudan etkileyen stratejik bir alan olarak ön plana
çıkmaktadır (UNESCO, 2015). Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından desteklenen EPALE (Electronic
Platform for Adult Learning in Europe), yetişkin eğitiminde yenilikçi yaklaşımların
paylaşılmasına ve yaygınlaştırılmasına olanak tanımaktadır.
Oluşturulan Dersin EPALE ile Entegrasyonun Önemi
EPALE, yetişkin öğrenenler için geliştirilen projelerin görünürlüğünü artırmak, Avrupa
ölçeğinde iş birliklerini güçlendirmek ve eğitimde yenilikçi yaklaşımları paylaşmak açısından
kritik bir platformdur (European Commission, 2012). Bu ders modelinin EPALE üzerinde
paylaşılması, hem Türkiye’deki uygulamaların Avrupa’daki iyi örneklerle kıyaslanmasını
sağlayacak hem de dijital öğrenme materyallerinin yaygınlaştırılmasına katkıda bulunacaktır.
Oluşturulan Ders Modelinin Genel Yapısı
Sefa Sezer tarafından gerçekleştirilen dersin, Ocak 2026 – Haziran 2026 tarihleri arasında,
toplam 96 saatlik bir eğitim sürecini kapsayacak bu ders; yapay zekâ, yazılım, 3D modelleme ve
endüstriyel robot teknolojileri alanlarında katılımcılara temel ve orta düzey beceriler
kazandırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda, mesleki İngilizce terminolojisinin entegrasyonu
ile katılımcılar, uluslararası düzeyde iletişim ve iş birliği kapasitesi yüksek birer nitelikli insan
kaynağı hâline gelmeyi hedeflemektedirler.

Yabancı dil eğitimi, bireylerin günümüz dünyasında kültürlerarası diyalog kurabilmeleri, uluslararası düzeyde etkili iletişim becerileri kazanabilmeleri ve dil yetkinliklerini geliştirebilmeleri açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ancak Türkiye'deki zorunlu eğitimde uygulanan yabancı dil öğretim yöntemleri, genellikle etkili eğitim yaklaşımlarından uzak kalmakta; bu da öğrencilerin dil öğrenme süreçlerinde çeşitli zorluklara yol açmaktadır. Müfredatın yeterliliği, öğretmenlerin mesleki donanımı, ölçme-değerlendirme uygulamalarındaki sınırlılıklar ve dijital araçların sınıf içi kullanımındaki eksiklikler, dil öğreniminin verimliliğini etkileyen temel unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır.

Bu rapor, "Zorunlu Eğitimde Yabancı Dil Öğretimi" çalıştayında bir araya gelen eğitimciler ve akademisyenlerin sahadaki gözlemleri ve uzman görüşleri ışığında, yabancı dil öğretiminde karşılaşılan sorunları ele almakta ve bu engelleri aşmak için önerilen çözüm yollarını sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, eğitim politikalarının ve öğretim yöntemlerinin güncellenmesi gerektiğine dikkat çekmektedir. Yaşa uygun hedeflerin belirlenmesi, sosyal bağlamların güçlendirilmesi, esnek ve modüler içerik tasarımı ile isteğe bağlı yoğunlaştırılmış yabancı dil programları gibi öneriler sunarak, yabancı dil öğretiminin daha etkili ve sürdürülebilir hale gelmesine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Quantitative Phase Imaging (QPI) provides unique means for the imaging of biological or technical microstructures, merging beneficial features identified with microscopy, interferometry, holography, and numerical computations. This roadmap article reviews several digital holography-based QPI approaches developed by prominent research groups. It also briefly discusses the present and future perspectives of 2D and 3D QPI research based on digital holographic microscopy, holographic tomography, and their applications.

This paper presents a novel method of multi-spatial light modulator (SLM) holographic image display that enables wide angle reconstruction of images of real world objects. The image data are delivered by means of digital holography. The capture and display systems are arranged in a circular configuration. In order to support the proper information flow between the multi-sensor capture and multi-SLM display systems we perform analysis using the Wigner distribution function. We also consider a mismatch of the capture and display configurations as well as the visual perception of the displayed image. Experimental results based on the reconstruction of real world scenes are presented that demonstrate the validity of the theoretical solutions. A single camera is used to record the digital holograms, where the object is rotated between captures, and these holograms are then displayed on a circular configuration of SLMs. The results show the limitation of multi-SLM holographic displays in terms of visual perception. These problems arise from the limited angular distribution of the SLMs on a display circle and the presence of gaps between the SLMs.

The application of digital holography as a viable solution to 3D capture and display technology is examined. A review of the current state of the field is presented in which some of the major challenges involved in a digital holographic solution are highlighted. These challenges include (i) the removal of the DC and conjugate image terms, which are features of the holographic recording process, (ii) the reduction of speckle noise, a characteristic of a coherent imaging process, (iii) increasing the angular range of perspective of digital holograms (iv) and replaying captured and/or processed digital holograms using spatial light modulators. Each of these challenges are examined theoretically and several solutions are put forward. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the validity of the theoretical solutions.

This paper presents the full technology chain supporting wide angle digital holographic television from holographic capture of real world objects/scenes to holographic display with an extended viewing angle. The data are captured with multiple CCD cameras located around an object. The display system is based on multiple tilted spatial light modulators (SLMs) arranged in a circular configuration. The capture-display system is linked by a holographic data processing module, which allows for significant decoupling of the capture and display systems. The presented experimental results, based on the reconstruction of real world, variable in time scenes, illustrates imaging dynamics, viewing angle and quality.

We demonstrate an active, holographic tomography system, working with limited angle of projections, realized by optical-only, diffraction-based beam steering. The system created for this purpose is a Mach–Zehnder interferometer modified to serve as a digital holographic microscope with a high numerical aperture illumination module and a spatial light modulator (SLM). Such a solution is fast and robust. Apart from providing an elegant solution to viewing angle shifting, it also adds new capabilities of the holographic microscope system. SLM, being an active optical element, allows wavefront correction in order to improve measurement accuracy. Integrated phase data captured with different illumination scenarios within a highly limited angular range are processed by a new tomographic reconstruction algorithm based on the compressed sensing technique: total variation minimization, which is applied here to reconstruct nonpiecewise constant samples. Finally, the accuracy of full measureme...

Okullar, bir zamanlar toplumun ortak anlamlar inşa ettiği içtimai mekânlardı. Bugün ise endüstriyel sınav mantığının şekillendirdiği, standardize edilmiş başarıların üretildiği kurumsal yapılara dönüşmekte. Bu yazı, okulların neden günümüzün ihtiyaçlarına göre yeniden yapılanamadığını ve bu durumun, eğitim kurumlarının toplumsal rolü ile geleceğini nasıl etkileyebileceğini ele almaktadır.

The digital holography has immense potential related to many applications of science and engineering. It has many advantages compared to conventional holography i.e. characterization of online dynamic phenomena and imaging in small scale microscopic systems. However, its primary limitation is the size of sensors and number of sensors compared to the conventional holographic plate. The critical issue of digital holography is the numerical reconstruction procedure. The present study proposes a new reconstruction algorithm known as 'Within Depth Intensity Averaging (WDIA)'. The effectiveness of the WDIA algorithm is demonstrated using both experiment and simulation for single particle, 2D and 3D distribution of particles. The 3D distribution of particles is experimentally simulated by using gelatin film on the glass slide. The particle images from digital holography compare well with that of microscopic images demonstrating the success of the proposed algorithm compared to the existing reconstruction procedure. The depth error significantly reduces (maximum 100%) and particles of any size can be characterized by the WDIA reconstruction algorithm contrary to the existing reconstruction algorithm available in literature. The effect of particle number density, particle size and sample volume depth on reconstruction effectiveness using the WDIA algorithm has been investigated and compared with the literature demonstrating its superiority in performance.

Digital holography represents a novel media which promises to revolutionize the way the users interacts with content. This paper presents an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art algorithms for advanced processing and rendering of computer-generated holography. Open-access holographic data are selected and characterized as references for the experimental analysis. The design of a tool for digital hologram rendering and quality evaluation is presented and implemented as an open-source reference software, with the aim to encourage the approach to the holography research area, and simplify the rendering and quality evaluation tasks. Exploration studies focused on the reproducibility of the results are reported, showing a practical application of the proposed architecture for standardization activities. A final discussion on the results obtained is reported, also highlighting the future developments of the reconstruction software that is made publicly available with this work.

Pubblicato con licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non Commerciale-Non opere derivate 4.0 Internazionale (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) L'opera, comprese tutte le sue parti, è tutelata dalla legge sul diritto d'autore. L'Utente nel momento in cui effettua il download dell'opera accetta tutte le condizioni della licenza d'uso dell'opera previste e comunicate sul sito

Previous investigations on mammalian cells have shown that microgravity, either that experienced in space, or simulated on earth, causes severe cellular modifications that compromise tissue determination and function. The aim of this study is to investigate, in real time, the morphological changes undergone by cells experiencing simulated microgravity by using digital holographic microscopy ͑DHM͒. DHM analysis of living mouse myoblasts ͑C2C12͒ is undertaken under simulated microgravity with a random positioning machine. The DHM analysis reveals cytoskeletal alterations similar to those previously reported with conventional methods, and in agreement with conventional brightfield fluorescence microscopy a posteriori investigation. Indeed, DHM is shown to be able to noninvasively and quantitatively detect changes in actin reticular formation, as well as actin distribution, in living unstained samples. Such results were previously only obtainable with the use of labeled probes in conjunction with conventional fluorescence microscopy, with all the classically described limitations in terms of bias, bleaching, and temporal resolution.

The digital holography has immense potential related to many applications of science and engineering. It has many advantages compared to conventional holography i.e. characterization of online dynamic phenomena and imaging in small scale microscopic systems. However, its primary limitation is the size of sensors and number of sensors compared to the conventional holographic plate. The critical issue of digital holography is the numerical reconstruction procedure. The present study proposes a new reconstruction algorithm known as 'Within Depth Intensity Averaging (WDIA)'. The effectiveness of the WDIA algorithm is demonstrated using both experiment and simulation for single particle, 2D and 3D distribution of particles. The 3D distribution of particles is experimentally simulated by using gelatin film on the glass slide. The particle images from digital holography compare well with that of microscopic images demonstrating the success of the proposed algorithm compared to the existing reconstruction procedure. The depth error significantly reduces (maximum 100%) and particles of any size can be characterized by the WDIA reconstruction algorithm contrary to the existing reconstruction algorithm available in literature. The effect of particle number density, particle size and sample volume depth on reconstruction effectiveness using the WDIA algorithm has been investigated and compared with the literature demonstrating its superiority in performance.

Çoklu ortam teknolojileri, Dijital teknoloji, Dijital öyküleme, Dijital teknolojinin eğitimde kullanımı, Animasyon, Özel yetenekli öğrenciler. Çalışmada özel yetenekli öğrencilerin eğitim görmekte oldukları bilim ve sanat merkezi öğretmenlerinin çoklu ortam teknolojileri ve eğitimde kullanımına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi ile çalışma kapsamında bu yönde farkındalık ve çoklu ortam teknolojilerini geliştirilebilir düzeyde kullanım becerisi kazanmaları amaçlanmıştır. TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Toplum Yenilikçi Eğitim Uygulamaları kapsamında 2020 yılında desteklenen çalışmanın alt yapısını 'storyboard, adobe photoshop ve adobe premiere, dijital öyküleme, dijital video kurgulama ve animasyon ile dijital içerik hazırlama' eğitimleri gerektiren ve son yıllarda çoklu ortam teknolojilerinin eğitime entegrasyonu konusunda özgün bir öğretim yöntemi sunan 'dijital öyküleme ve animasyon' eğitimi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma grubunu 21 farklı bilim ve sanat merkezinden ve 13 farklı branştan 28 öğretmenin oluşturduğu çalışmanın veri analizinde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmış ve çalışma doğrultusunda katılımcıların çoklu ortam teknolojileri ve eğitimde kullanımına yönelik farkındalık ve geliştirilebilir düzeyde kullanım becerisi sağladıkları görülmüştür.

We demonstrate a single-shot near on-axis digital holographic microscope that uses a constrained optimization approach for retrieval of the complex object function in the hologram plane. The recovered complex object is back-propagated from the hologram plane to image plane using the Fresnel back-propagation algorithm. A numerical aberration compensation algorithm is employed for correcting the aberrations in the object beam. The reference beam angle is calculated automatically using the modulation property of Fourier transform without any additional recording. We demonstrate this approach using a United States Air Force (USAF) resolution target as an object on our digital holographic microscope. We also demonstrate this approach by recovering the quantitative phase images of live yeast cells, red blood cells and dynamics of live dividing yeast cells.

Optical microscopy is reached a new level in terms of resolution, 3-D imaging capability, flexibility of imaging different samples which increase imaging complexity and the cost.. Though established labs can afford high-end microscopes, it remains a concern in rural areas where clinics and patients cannot afford much. Semi-portable microscopy based on inline holographic setup is demonstrated where depth information as 3rd dimension can also be accessed. This setup contains only light emitting diode (LED), pinhole and charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Since laser source gives rise to speckle noise and it is also cost constraint for developing a low cost microscopy, thus it is replaced with incoherent LED source. This setup is also known as 'lensless holography' because there is no use of lens for imaging. In conventional inline holographic setup the sample is placed closed to the pinhole which will restrict field of view (FOV) and diffraction signature of one particle (cell) will overlap with other. To avoid overlap of diffraction signatures and to increase FOV sample was placed close to CCD sensor. To test the working of microscopy agarose microbeads were used. Optimization algorithm is used for reconstruction of object field from recorded hologram.. Thus both amplitude as well as the phase images of the microbeads is reconstructed. Instead of using microscopic objective to focus sample, autofocus algorithm is used to calculate the focused plane.

Our calculation method for the group refractive index (RI) of the matching oil was incorrect. We have corrected the order of the polynomial approximate curve for phase RI against wavelength in Sects. 3.1 and 4. The error at the center pixel of the RI tomograhic image with the corrected RI is 213% higher than the original one in Sect. 4. The reason for the increased error was that the peak position in the power spectrum of the interferogram depended on the accuracy of mirror scanning. Hence, we optimized the position of the Gaussian window used for spatial frequency filtering by Gaussian fitting based on the nonlinear least-squares method [J. J. Moré and D. C. Sorensen, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. 4, 553 (1983)]. We have replaced Figs. 7, 8(a), 8(c), 12, 13(a), and 13(c) and each value with the following figures and a table. The corrected Fig. is not shown here because its profile d θ (x) is shown in Fig. . Value in article Corrected value 09NB03-2 RI of matching oil by proposed method in Table I 1.457 1.470 09NB03-4 Left column 2nd line 2.7 µm 2.1 µm 09NB03-4 n ðrodÞ mean by proposed method in Table II 1.523 1.525 09NB03-4 RMSE by proposed method in Table II 0.0111 0.0093 09NB03-4 Right column 18th line 61.5% 67.7% 09NB03-6 n ðrodÞ mean by proposed method in Table V

Most studies on new cancer drugs are based on population-derived data, where the absence of response of a small population may pass unnoticed. Thus, individual longitudinal tracking of cells is important for the future development of efficient cancer treatments. We have used digital holographic microscopy to track individual JIMT-1 human breast cancer cells and L929 mouse fibroblast cultivated in normoxia or hypoxia. In addition, JIMT-1 cells were treated with salinomycin, a cancer stem cell targeting compound. Three-day time-lapse movies were captured and individual cells were analysed with respect to cell division (cell cycle length) and cell movement. Comparing population-doubling time derived from populationbased growth curves and individual cell cycle time data from time-lapse movies show that the former hide a sub-population of dividing cells. Salinomycin treatment increased the motility of cells, however, this motility did not result in an increased distant migration i.e. the cells increased their local movement. MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed similar motility behaviour as salinomycin-treated JIMT-1 cells. We suggest that combining features, such as motility and migration, can be used to distinguish cancer cells with mesenchymal (JIMT-1) and epithelial (MCF-7) features. The data clearly emphasize the importance of longitudinal cell tracking to understand the biology of individual cells under different conditions.

Digital planar holography enables the creation of a new generation of integrated photonic circuits with desired transfer function. We give here, for the first time, the basis for designing computer-generated planar holograms and demonstrate their application for spectroscopy-on-chip. Nanospectrometer chips are demonstrated with unmatched spectral resolution of up to 2 Á 10 5 . A specific configuration is demonstrated for easy integration of planar holograms into the full spectrometer system. The ultraminiaturization and very high performances of the devices are a breakthrough in spectroscopy and open a novel route for the digital processing of light.

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is combined with digital speckle photography (DSP) to measure out-of-plane deformation in the presence of large in-plane translation or rotation. ESPI is used to measure out-of-plane displacements smaller than the speckle diameter. In-plane displacements larger than the speckle size are obtained by DSP using artifacts images computed from the phase-stepped specklegrams. Previous works use the specklegram modulation for that purpose, but we show that this can lead to errors in the case of low modulation. In order to avoid this, a simple averaging of phase-stepped specklegrams allows obtaining the average irradiance, which contains information on the speckled object image. The latter can be used more efficiently than the modulation in DSP and is simpler to compute. We also perform a numerical simulation of specklegrams, which show that the use of background terms is much more stable against some error sources as compared to modulation. We show experimental evidence of this in various experiments combining out-of-plane ESPI measurements with in-plane translations or rotations obtained by our DSP method. The latter has been used efficiently to restore phase loss in out-of-plane ESPI measurements due to large in-plane displacements.

In this paper, we present a multicolor display via referenceless phase holography (RELPH). RELPH permits the display of full optical wave fields (amplitude and phase) using two liquid crystal phase-only spatial light modulators in a Michelson-interferometer-based arrangement. Complex wave fields corresponding to arbitrary real or artificial 3D scenes are decomposed into two mutually coherent wave fields of constant amplitude whose phase distributions are modulated onto the wave fields reflected by the respective light modulators. Here, we present the realization of that concept in two different ways: firstly, via temporal multiplexing using a single setup, switching between wavelengths for temporal integration of the respective wavefields; secondly, using spatial multiplexing of different wavelengths with multiple Michelson-based setups; and finally, we present an approach to magnify the 3D scenes displayed by light modulators with limited space–bandwidth product for a comfortable v...

The link margin for satellite communication services targeting mobile users is tight. This leads to reception problems in areas with strong fading scenarios like urban areas or forested areas with dense foliage. In order to avoid loss of service in urban areas with week coverage by satellite signals, terrestrial repeaters are used. Therefore in the design of antennas for mobile reception of satellite services, an optimized characteristics for the satellite constellation, as well as an adequate coverage of the terrestrial repeaters has to be accounted for. In this paper an antenna with optimum shaped pattern for the satellite mode and adjustable gain for vertical polarization is investigated. Beside constraints regarding the radiation pattern, measurements concerning the dependence of the antenna on noise temperature and therefore the behavior in real noisy environments are carried out. A comparison with a conventional antenna shows the high performance of the new antenna in combination with a very low volume requirement.

It is reported a method which may simplify the optical setups used to achieve super-resolution through the amplitude multiplication of two waves. For this end we decompose a super-resolving pupil into two complex masks and with the aid of a Spatial Light Modulator (LCoS) we obtain two intensity images that are subtracted. With this proposal, the traditional experimental optical setups are considerably simplified, with the additional benefit that different masks can be utilized without needing to perform the setup alignment each time.

We present experimental investigation of a new reconstruction method for off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM). This method effectively suppresses the object auto-correlation, commonly called the zero-order term, from holographic measurements, thereby suppressing the artifacts generated by the intensities of the two beams employed for interference from complex wavefield reconstruction. The algorithm is based on non-linear filtering, and can be applied to standard DHM setups, with realistic recording conditions. We study the applicability of the technique under different experimental configurations, such as topographic images of microscopic specimens or speckle holograms.

Incoherent holographic imaging technologies, in general, involve multiple optical components for beam splitting-combining and shaping-and in most cases, require an active optical device such as a spatial light modulator (SLM) for generating multiple phase-shifted holograms in time. The above requirements made the realization of holography-based products expensive, heavy, large, and slow. To successfully transfer the holography capabilities discussed in research articles to products, it is necessary to find methods to simplify holography architectures. In this book chapter, two important incoherent holography techniques, namely interference-based Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) and interferenceless coded aperture correlation holography (I-COACH), have been successfully simplified in space and time using advanced manufacturing methods and nonlinear reconstruction, respectively. Both techniques have been realized in compact optical architectures using a single static diffractive optical element manufactured using lithography technologies. Randomly multiplexed diffractive lenses were manufactured using electron beam lithography for FINCH. A quasi-random lens and a mask containing a quasi-random array of pinholes were manufactured using electron beam lithography and photolithography, respectively, for I-COACH. In both cases, the compactification has been achieved without sacrificing the performances. The design, fabrication, and experiments of FINCH and I-COACH with static diffractive optical elements are presented in details.

We address the problem of zero-order-free image reconstruction in digital holographic microscopy. We show how the goal can be achieved by confining the object-wave modulation to one quadrant of the frequency domain, and by maintaining a reference-wave intensity higher than that of the object. The proposed technique is nonlinear, noniterative, and leads to exact reconstruction in the absence of noise. We also provide experimental results on holograms of yew pollen grains to validate the theoretical results.

We have previously developed a new way for nonscanning second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy [Opt. Lett. 34, 2450Lett. 34, (2009))]. Based on digital holography, this technique captures, in single-shot hologram acquisition, both the amplitude and the phase of a coherent SHG radiation, which makes possible second harmonic phase microscopy. In this work, we present holographic SHG phase microscopy of a label-free biological tissue and discuss its added value to SHG microscopy.

We present a numerical two-step reconstruction procedure for digital off-axis Fresnel holograms. First, we retrieve the amplitude and phase of the object wave in the CCD plane. For each point we solve a weighted linear set of equations in the least-squares sense. The algorithm has O(N) complexity and gives great flexibility. Second, we numerically propagate the obtained wave to achieve proper focus. We apply the method to microscopy and demonstrate its suitability for the real time imaging of biological samples.

In this study, the experience of teaching anatomy of the heart´s conduction system with holographic technique is described. The implementation of this advanced technology complements the study with cadaveric dissection in a university medical degree course. The results of a survey of the students who participated in this didactic experience are shown.
RESUMEN: Se describe la experiencia de la enseñanza de la anatomía del sistema de conducción del corazón con técnica holográfica. La implementación de esta tecnología de avanzada complementa el estudio con la disección cadavérica en la carrera universitaria de medicina. Se muestran los resultados de una encuesta de los alumnos que participaron en esta experiencia didáctica.

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) are widely used for their capability to control beams howbeit fluctuations in phase and amplitude. It is then necessary to understand the negative effects of these fluctuations, also known as flicker, and the means to mitigate them. The flicker is observed either as high frequency variations of polarization, attenuation or high phase fluctuations on the wave front modulated by the LCoS device. Here, we compare the flicker behavior in a twisted nematic (TN) LCoS-SLM for different polarization schemes and temperatures. The quantitative evaluation shows that flicker is effectively reduced only by chilling the LCoS panel to temperatures just below 0 1C but, the LCoS modulation capability is also affected.

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) Spatial Light Modulators (SLM) are widely used for their capability to control beams howbeit fluctuations in phase and amplitude. It is then necessary to understand the negative effects of these fluctuations, also known as flicker, and the means to mitigate them. The flicker is observed either as high frequency variations of polarization, attenuation or high phase fluctuations on the wave front modulated by the LCoS device. Here, we compare the flicker behavior in a twisted nematic (TN) LCoS-SLM for different polarization schemes and temperatures. The quantitative evaluation shows that flicker is effectively reduced only by chilling the LCoS panel to temperatures just below 0 1C but, the LCoS modulation capability is also affected.

While most common holographic methods of digital reconstruction are based on the convolution theory, for the ease in the mathematical approach, here we present an algorithm by a discretization of the Huygens-Fresnel integral from a Taylor series expansion to produce a bidimensional Fourier transform. Compared to the digital convolution method, the algorithm presented here is more concise and generates a reduction in processing time, since the Fourier transform appears only once in the discretization. Another advantage is associated with the production of results in the frequency domain, allowing the optical information to be obtained directly.

In this paper a digital holographic phase shifting interferometric method is used to characterize the graded index (GR-IN) optical fibers. Off-axis digital holographic Mach-Zehnder like arrangement in aid of phase shifting tool is applied. Numerical reconstruction of phase shifted holograms is applied to calculate the optical phase difference distribution in the image plane, and then the optical phase differences across GR-IN fibers are extracted considering image enhancement and noise reduction steps. Also, a simple algorithm is presented to modify the position of the extracted optical phase differences across the fibers to be perpendicular to x-axis, so that it becomes easy to calculate the mean optical phase differences along the fiber. The mean optical phase differences in combination with multilayer model are applied to calculate the refractive index profiles across GR-IN optical fibers. An analytical model is presented to predict the mode distribution associated with the effective indices and the propagation coefficient of the parabolic refractive index profile GR-IN fiber.

For the first time to our knowledge, digital holography is used to determine the distribution of parabolic or nonparabolic refractive index fields in graded index optical fibers. The fiber is embedded in an index matching fluid whose refractive index can be varied to a matching and mismatching index with respect to that of the cladding. In experiments for both cases high precision phase-shifting digital holographic interferometry is applied with numerical evaluation employing the multilayer model for recognition of the refraction. Due to the higher redundancy in the multiple phase-shifted holograms better accuracy can be obtained compared to classical two-beam interferometry. Therefore the holographic method is recommended as a nondestructive and noncontacting method for characterizing graded index optical fibers.

We present a simple and novel technique for interferometric surface measurement using a Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) as phase shifter and wavefront-compensator simultaneously. In comparison to a mechanical piezo-based phase shifter measurement, speed and measurement range can be increased by this approach.

of the desired ͑first-order͒ and undesired ͑zero-order͒ terms originating from the recorded primary-fringe patterns in digital holography is a problem without a real-time solution. We propose a procedure for suppressing the zero-order disturbance that is realizable in real time. The procedure is based on the stochastic change of the speckles in the primary-fringe patterns and on the subtraction of two such subsequent patterns. The theoretical description of the procedure is given and experimental results presented.

Briga o ljudskome tijelu odavno uključuje tehnologiju te bionička tehnologija danas sustiže mogućnosti ljudskoga tijela. Neuronske proteze – bionici uobičajeni su, a u novije vrijeme repliciraju se ljudski organi što omogućava stvaranje djelomično ili potpuno umjetnih ljudi. U radu su predstavljene tehnike kojima se pomoću računala stvara/simulira živi organizam. U stvaranje bioloških fenomena pomoću računala, s početne razvojne faze umjetnoga života, uključeno je i simuliranje ponašajnih procesa nastalih kao rezultat svijesti i emocija. Poboljšanje mentalnih i fizičkih ljudskih sposobnosti dovodi do bojazni od gubitka ljudskoga i žrtve znanstveno-tehničkoga napretka. Ispreplitanje umjetnoga i ljudskog briše granice između ljudi i kiborga te je nužno uspostaviti kiborgoetiku koja će jasno odrediti granicu implementacije umjetnoga u ljudsko, kao i donijeti zakone koji će štititi umjetno stvorena bića.Care of the human body has involved technology since long ago, and the technology of...

Here we introduce a phase-shifting digital holography-based method to determine the temperature profile around an irradiated (sub-)micron spherical bead. The method utilizes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer implemented into an open setup microscope. The results of irradiated gold spheres with diameter of 400 nm and also silver-coated micron-sized silica beads embedded in silicone oil are presented. We show that the applied method is able to accurately determine the surface temperature with accuracy of 1 • C. Our experimental results perfectly confirm the theoretical prediction of temperature profile around the irradiated bead.

Noise reduction and image quality improvement by the use of partial coherence illumination will be shown in digital holographic microscopy (DHM). The DHM will be compared to other techniques providing the quantitative phase contrast imaging.

This paper presents a detailed proof of concept and hardware design for a novel optical fractal processor, an innovative approach to Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) inspired by complex wave dynamics and the inherent self-similarity found in natural phenomena. Moving beyond traditional binary computing, this system proposes modulating coherent light using specially configured quartz crystals and a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) to generate intricate fractal patterns described by the complex wave function (f(\lambda, t) = I_0 \sin(\omega t + \alpha \lambda) e^{i(\omega t-k\lambda + \beta\lambda^2)}). The hardware integrates advanced optical components with a robust computational interface to process these optical patterns adaptively, aiming for superior energy efficiency, generalization, and a more natural form of intelligence compared to current silicon-based paradigms. We detail the theoretical foundation, hardware components, operational principles, and expected outcomes, alongside identified limitations, offering a comprehensive overview of this groundbreaking computational paradigm.

Araştırmada Evrensel Tasarıma Dayalı Öğrenme Modeli'nin ortaokul kademesinde uygulanmasının öğretmen ve öğrencilerin deneyimlerine göre değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır ve nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubu, bir devlet ortaokulunun 7. sınıfında öğrenim gören 20 öğrenci ve uygulamayı yürüten öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Evrensel tasarımın temel ilkelerine uygun olarak Türkçe dersinde dört hafta, 20 ders saati uygulama yapılmıştır. Öğretmen ve öğrenci yansıtıcı günlükleri ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formlarıyla toplanan veriler, içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bu modele ilişkin öğrenciler, aktif ve etkileşimli bir ders olduğunu, çoklu temsil ve ifade araçlarını kullandıklarını, farklı bakış açısı geliştirdiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Öğretmen bu model ile öğrencilerin bireysel farklılıklarına daha fazla önem verdiğini ifade etmiştir. Bazı öğrenciler ise, derste aktif olmalarının beklenmesi sebebiyle, öğrenme sürecini zaman zaman yorucu bulduklarını belirtmiştir. Evrensel Tasarıma Dayalı Öğrenme Modeli, bireysel farklılıkların değerine ve öğrenmenin önündeki engellerin ortadan kaldırılmasına odaklandığından, eğitimciler tarafından eğitim sisteminin her kademesinde ve alanında uygulanabilir.

We propose and demonstrate a digital holographic technique for 3D object recognition and classification. One Fresnel digital hologram of each of the 3D objects to be classified is recorded. The electronic holograms are processed digitally to retrieve 3D object information as 2D digital complex images. We use this method to classify four physical objects in a 3D scene into two classes. Results are presented from an experiment to demonstrate the proof of the concept.

Historically, women do not appear to be escaping the determination to be insane either by adopting prescribed patterns of femininity or by opposing the attributions. No matter how strong or weak a woman is, in the end, there is always a possibility of the loss of the self in them that turns them into mad women. This paper examines why and how several female protagonists in Game of Thrones are depicted as insane and hysteric as over time their characters grew stronger. The analogous arrangement of madness and femininity blocks their access to the position of normality in this fictional world. Moreover, Female abnormality is a clear form of female normality since, weak or strong, women like Daenerys, Sansa, Arya, or Cersei end up being labeled as insane or hysterical by the patriarchal normativity. In the fictional world of Westeros, madness and gender performative discourses form the framework of behavioral traits that leads its female protagonists towards madness. In explaining the attitudes of the writer as well as the creators of Game of Thrones towards female insanity and the reasons behind the depiction, the paper will use gender theories and Butler’s performative acts.

Dust explosibility data are a critical input to the design of equipment and strategies for reducing the risk of a combustible dust deflagration or explosion. These data, which include minimum explosible concentrations, deflagration indices, and explosion overpressures, are obtained using formally accepted, standard techniques, and are known to be sensitive to the particle size characteristics of the dust being evaluated. Published literature demonstrates that the standard techniques can alter the particle size distribution during dispersion, making interpretation of the explosibility data challenging because the particle characteristics are altered from their original, raw state. Digital in-line holography (DIH) presents a novel method for measuring airborne dust particle size distributions and imaging three-dimensional particle flows during dispersion to characterize the changes to the particle size characteristics and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. In this work, a DIH i...

Holographic neural interfaces (HNIs) represent a paradigm shift in humanmachine interaction, enabling seamless integration of augmented cognitive systems (ACS) with human neural processes. By leveraging holographic displays and braincomputer interfaces (BCIs), HNIs facilitate real-time cognitive augmentation for complex tasks in exascale computing environments. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing, implementing, and evaluating HNIs, with a focus on their scalability, adaptability, and ethical implications. Through a detailed literature review, a novel methodology, extensive simulations, and critical discussions, we demonstrate the potential of HNIs to enhance cognitive performance in fields such as scientific research, medical diagnostics, and autonomous systems management by 2050.

W HEN optical holography was invented, it was basically intended for recording the three-dimensional (3-D) images of physical objects on high resolution photographic films. Although there are some other applications, they are still rather limited as the content of an optical hologram is permanently recorded and cannot be modified to represent another object. The rapid advancement of computing technology in the past three decades has enabled holograms to be generated numerically with computers and distributed as digital holographic data. The latter can be displayed on high resolution device commonly known as spatial light modulator (SLM), showing the 3-D image that is represented by the hologram. Apart from that, the digital holographic data can be easily processed, encrypted, distributed, and stored by the existing computing and communication frameworks. These flexibilities have led to the emergence of digital holography (DH), the development and applications of which are only limited to imagination. New ideas are proposed incessantly, often starting with a few publications, and rapidly evolved into an extensive research area with numerous enthusiastic participants. It is the purpose of this Special Section "2019 Digital Holography for Industrial Applications," to provide an inspiring glimpse of some latest development of this fast moving discipline. Seven articles contributed by renowned scholars, each addressing an important and popular aspect of digital holography, are presented in the Special Section. A list of the papers, categorized into four major areas, is summarized in Table . We hope that these papers will provide readers with useful information on some of the encouraging milestones that have been achieved to date in hologram acquisition, cryptography, display, and processing. This Editorial provides readers with a quick overall view on the works reported in each paper of the Special Section.