Comparative Military Systems

Considerar la superioridad numérica como la única ley y pensar que todo el secreto de la guerra radicaba en la fórmula: lograr superioridad numérica en cierto lugar, en determinado momento-, constituía una restricción totalmente insostenible frente al poder de la realidad.

Nowadays, the major and substantial challenge and constraint of organizations, specifically in developing countries, are not the lack of raw materials, energy, or even technology but cases that are directly or indirectly associated with human resource management. The most significant problems that organizations face include dissatisfaction, lack of motivation, inefficiency of human resources, high amount of job turnovers, and low productivity. Today’s organizations and institutions should realize true perfection and health create the conditions for survival, order, excellence, and growth. In this research, considering the high importance of these issues, the problems of scheduling and allocation of manpower in a real place are solved. To this end, the metaheuristic Tabu search algorithm is used with the aim of minimizing the duration of activity and the presence of all manpower. For this purpose, to achieve the objectives of the research, three different scenarios related to the req...

During Kangxi period ( 1662 ～ 1722 ), Jin Fu regulated the Yellow River for more than twenty years by building dam to block breach of levee, clearing sands with converging flow, using the Huai River to fight against the Yellow River flood. In the both bank of upstream and downstream of Yellow River areas of Xuzhou, several overfall dams were built to split flood of the Yellow River. The north flood was led back to the Yellow River diversion or to the Grand Canal, while south flood was often led into Lake Hongze by using the Huai River to fight against the Yellow River flood. His successors often continue to use this measure. This approach was of great advantage to the protection of water transportation at that time. But it also caused constantly silting up of the Yellow River bed,raising of water level of the Yellow River, the Huai River and the Grand Canal,lengthening and heightening the Gaojia Dam of the Hongze, which eventually diverted into the river, causing great damage on regional water system and environment in Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui bordering areas with a series of consequences, such as internal strife in central government, competition of local forces, even bloody fighting of people.
Keywords: Help the Huai River Resistance the Yellow River Flood; Yellow
River; Environmental Changes; Water Disputes in the Border Area

Much has been written recently on something called 'hybrid warfare'. While there is no one agreed definition, the current storm of books, articles and blog pieces claiming authority on the subject concur broadly that it is a novel, 21 st -century concept centring on using local malcontents, organised covertly by secret services into plausibly deniable paramilitary formations supported by agents and special forces, propaganda and diplomatic pressure to achieve strategic aims in lieu of overt military force.

Much has been written recently on something called ‘hybrid warfare’. While there isno one agreed definition, the current storm of books, articles and blog piecesclaiming authority on the subject concur broadly that it is a novel, 21st-centuryconcept centring on using local malcontents, organised covertly by secret servicesinto plausibly deniable paramilitary formations supported by agents and special forces,propaganda and diplomatic pressure to achieve strategic aims in lieu of overt militaryforce.

İnsansız hava araçlarının ortaya çıkması ve kullanımının artmasıyla ülkeler için bu sistemler savunma sanayinde önemli bir kuvvet çarpanı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu teknolojiyi üreten ülkeler uzay ve havacılık endüstrisinde geleceğin yeni nesil havacılık anlayışı olarak görülen paydan kendileri için en büyük oranı alacaklardır. Aynı zamanda bu alanda gerçekleştirilecek olan üretim ortaya konulan teknolojinin kompleks bir yapıya sahip olmasından dolayı ülkenin geniş bir yelpazede teknolojik kazanım sağlamasına yol açacaktır. Bu çalışmada Ülkemizin bu önemli teknolojiyi ithal eden konumdan nasıl ihracat başarısına dönüştürdüğünün analizi yapılmıştır. Ülkemiz savunma sanayinde önemli bir ithalat kalemi silinmiş bunun yerine yerli ve milli imkanlarla yapılan Bayraktar TB2, ANKA ve KARAYEL İnsansız Hava Araç Sistemleri kullanıma sunulmuştur.

中法战争期间，在慈禧太后的运作下，醇亲王奕譞以商办为名取代其兄恭亲王奕䜣成为主政者，史称甲申易枢。战后，原于德国购置的铁甲舰陆续归国，朝廷筹议海防，决议统筹海防经费与事务，成立海军衙门，亦由醇亲王总理。光绪十二年（1886）四月，醇亲王奉慈禧太后懿旨巡阅北洋水陆各军，从天津出海，前往旅顺、威海、烟台等地视察海防设施与海军舰队。竣事后，醇亲王辑成《航海吟草》，随行官员周馥编成《醇亲王巡阅北洋海防日记》，还有广东摄影师梁时泰和德籍摄影师来歆克两位参与。醇亲王曾在宫廷中接触众多帝王画作，亦曾总监平定叛乱等战役的战图。海军校阅之后，其麾下画师庆宽也受命绘制校阅图。这些丰富的图文史料，使人得以窥见北洋海军正式成军前的面貌。本文首以校阅前政治背景和醇亲王的个人生涯切入探悉，其次结合照片史料，对奉旨巡阅的历程进行考究。其三，庆宽绘制的《巡阅北洋海防图》和《渤海阅师图册》，是记录这次校阅最重要的官方绘画，在技法和呈现上与先前的宫廷画校阅图迥异，创新地融合了西方传入的照相术、工程制图和舆图绘制技术。本文将对两者构成进行解析，期能探索此一清季最大的海上校阅活动及其在海防史与军事艺术创作中的意义。
During the Sino-French War, under the operation of Empress Dowager Cixi, Prince Chun replaced his brother Prince Gong as the ruler in an event known as the Jia Shen Power Shift. After the war, ironclad warships originally purchased from Germany gradually returned to China. The court discussed naval defense strategies and decided to centralize the budget and affairs of naval defense, establishing a naval yamen under the supervision of Prince Chun. In April of the twelfth year of Emperor Guangxu’s reign (1886), Prince Chun, following Empress Dowager Cixi’s imperial order, inspected the naval and land forces of the Beiyang Fleet, traveling from Tianjin to ports like Lüshun, Weihai, and Yantai to review the naval defense facilities and fleet. After the inspection, Prince Chun compiled Nautical Verses (Háng Hăi Yín Căo in Chinese pinyin), and the accompanying official Zhou Fu compiled Prince Chun’s Diary of Inspecting the Beiyang Naval Defense (Chún Qīn Wáng Xún Yuè Běi Yáng Hăi Fáng Rì Jì in Chinese pinyin). Photographers Liang Shitai from Guangdong and the German photographer Reisinger also participated. Prince Chun, who had been exposed to numerous imperial paintings in the palace and oversaw the military campaigns against the rebellion and other uprisings, commissioned the painter Qing Kuan to create inspection illustrations after reviewing the navy. These rich textual and visual historical materials allow us to glimpse the appearance of the Beiyang Navy before it was formally established. This paper begins by exploring the political background prior to the inspection and Prince Chun’s personal career. Next, it examines the process of the imperial inspection with photographic materials. Lastly, the official paintings ‘Inspection of the Beiyang Naval Defense’ (Xún Yuè Běi Yáng Hăi Fáng Tú in Chinese pinyin) and ‘Review of Troops in the Bohai Sea’ (Bó Hăi Yuè Shī Tú in Chinese pinyin) by Qing Kuan, which significantly differ in technique and presentation from previous court paintings of military reviews, innovatively integrate Western photography, engineering drawing, and cartography. This paper analyzes the composition of these works to explore the significance of this grand naval review of the Qing dynasty in the history of naval defense and military art.

Il III Battaglione del Lombardisches Infanterie-Regiment N. 23 dell’Armata austriaca, che  reclutava nel Lodigiano e nel Cremasco, era a Cremona nel 1848. Il Battaglione, dissoltosi nel marzo, fu ricostituito nel settembre dello stesso 1848 e nella fortezza di Mantova fu riarmato, rivestito e riaddestrato. Sotto il comando del Major Trzaghi, lasciate due compagnie a guardia dei passi del Po, nella seconda metà del marzo del 1849, fu inviato con altri reparti imperiali austriaci a riprendere la Brescia delle  10 giornate

Il saggio esamina l'evoluzione dell'artiglieria da fortezza italiana nel cruciale periodo in cui si realizzarono le fortificazioni alpine sia nel teatro italo-francese che in quello italo-austriaco. L'analisi si incentra sia sull'ordinamento dei reparti sia sull'organizzazione degli enti territoriali (comandi, direzioni) che garantivano il necessario supporto tecnico.

Cosa è accaduto a Carlo Pisacane a Lugano tra il 16 settembre 1850 e il 25 ottobre dello stesso anno? Una delusione politica che si è intrecciata con quella sentimentale? Si è trovato suo malgrado in mezzo ai dissidi tra Cattaneo e Dall'Ongaro? Probabilmente tutte queste motivazioni sono valide... leggete i testi in allegato e fatemi sapere le vostre impressioni...

Confrontando l'Istoria militare dell’Insurrezione Italiana che porta la data Lugano16 settembre 1850 con la premessa della guerra combattuta in Italia che porta la data Lugano 25 ottobre 1850 ci si rende conto che sono due testi completamente diversi... Quindi in un mese e 10 giorni Pisacane butta via la prima stesura della propria opera e la riscrive completamente cambiando anche il titolo. Sto cercando dunque di capire cosa è accaduto in questo arco di tempo abbastanza breve per attuare una completa riscrittura... Al di là dei guai personali, ossia il tradimento di Enrichetta con Enrico Cosenz, sto cercando di capire quali discussioni politiche possono aver coinvolto Pisacane con gli altri esuli presenti a Lugano e possano aver fatto scaturire determinate riflessioni per cui nella stesura definitiva Pisacane critica sia i moderati sia i repubblicani, ritenendo entrambi responsabili del fallimento del 1848-1849.

La critica di Pisacane è rivolta certamente contro Mazzini, anche se non lo nomina esplicitamente e immagino anche contro lo scrittore Francesco Dall'Ongaro amico e difensore di Mazzini, nonostante Carlo vivesse nello stesso appartamento a Lugano che era comunque un punto di appoggio di diversi esuli... Dall'Ongaro pensando ad una camera che si stava per liberare da poeta romantico Dall'Ongaro credeva che Carlo dopo il tradimento di Enrichetta corresse a Genova per riconquistarla e aveva già invitato Tommaseo a lasciare Corfù per raggiungerlo a Lugano con la motivazione che la vita era poco cara e i luganesi erano accoglienti nei confronti degli italiani, poi Tommaseo non accetto' e la camera rimase disponibile per Carlo...




Informazioni su questo libro Si tratta della copia digitale di un libro che per generazioni è stato conservata negli scaffali di una biblioteca prima di essere digitalizzato da Google nell'ambito del progetto volto a rendere disponibili online i libri di tutto il mondo. Ha sopravvissuto abbastanza per non essere più protetto dai diritti di copyright e diventare di pubblico dominio. Un libro di pubblico dominio è un libro che non è mai stato protetto dal copyright o i cui termini legali di copyright sono scaduti. La classificazione di un libro come di pubblico dominio può variare da paese a paese. I libri di pubblico dominio sono l'anello di congiunzione con il passato, rappresentano un patrimonio storico, culturale e di conoscenza spesso difficile da scoprire. Commenti, note e altre annotazioni a margine presenti nel volume originale compariranno in questo file, come testimonianza del lungo viaggio percorso dal libro, dall'editore originale alla biblioteca, per giungere fino a te.

Trascrizione della prima pagina del contratto di pubblicazione:

(Copia di Cattaneo)

Castagnola, 29 settembre 1850

Le difficoltà incontrate nella pubblicazione del primo volume dell'Archivio triennale" pubblicato dalla Tipografia Elvetica, avendo fatto conoscere la necessità di rinnovare il contratto tra la direzione e la tipografia sono venuti d'accordo alle seguenti determinazioni:

1) il contratto anteriore in data 28 settembre 1849 tra i signori Repetti, da una parte Cattaneo e Dall'Ongaro dall'altra si dichiara sciolto e le parti si ritengono indenni da ogni conseguenza che può aver avuto l'esecuzione o non esecuzione degli obblighi e dei diritti in esso compresi... 

Continua.... 

论及元明之际的海洋史，多数学者首先会想到海洋政策由宽松到严苛的嬗变。然而，若对比分析元明时期官方海运与造船航海活动，就会发现元明海洋史尚有传承与发展的一面。元朝建立之后，元大都人口规模庞大，加之战争所需，无法实现自给，故需要从江南等地补给大量粮食。海运因其廉价、方便、运量大等特点，成为从江南调运粮食的首选方式。及至明朝新立，明政府派遣大量士兵驻扎于辽东。驻军虽有屯田，但尚不能自给，故只能依靠明廷从江南和山东等地海运粮食、布花钞锭等军需物资。从参与人员、船只数量、运输总量等方面来讲，饷辽海运可能远超其后的郑和下西洋活动，为当时海禁形势下的一个特例。随着官方海运的持续进行，造船和航海技术也得以传承发展。蓬莱、天津等地现存的元明沉船、庙宇、银铤、铜权、仓库遗址等，为我们了解官方海运和造船航海活动提供了文物证据。

Este estudo se insere em um contexto de crescente cristalização da politização das Forças Armadas no Brasil, especialmente a partir de 2014, quando as intervenções militares na política se tornaram mais visíveis desde a redemocratização. Esse fenômeno foi acompanhado por um discurso conservador que propõe a salvação do país pelas mãos dos militares, algo que, para mim, representa um ponto crucial de análise. Em minha pesquisa contextualizo o papel das Forças Armadas na América Latina, onde o envolvimento militar na política é uma prática comum, e busco entender como essas dinâmicas refletem nas relações de poder dentro do Brasil. Minha dissertação oferece uma visão crítica sobre a continuidade de uma mentalidade intervencionista e militarista, que permanece influente no cenário político atual, visando investigar a relação entre as Forças Armadas e a sociedade brasileira, com foco na construção de um imaginário de confiança e apoio à instituição, apesar de seu histórico de intervenções políticas. O objetivo principal é entender como o militarismo é estruturado no Brasil e vê-lo por uma ótica ideológica com base na obra de Michael Freeden. Para tal, fora adotada uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando métodos de reconstrução lógica e análise bibliográfica, com uma investigação descritiva e exploratória, buscando compreender como as atitudes, concepções e discursos emanados da caserna impactam a percepção sobre os militares. Os resultados indicam que, apesar de seu histórico de intervenções, as Forças Armadas mantêm um alto grau de legitimidade entre a população civil, sendo vista como uma instituição moralmente superior e capaz de resolver os problemas do país. Além disso, destaco que a ideologia militarista tem raízes profundas na história do Brasil, especialmente após o movimento tenentista e as sucessivas intervenções militares no governo. Por fim, concluo que a confiança inabalável da sociedade brasileira nas Forças Armadas não pode ser explicada apenas por uma percepção racional da eficiência institucional, mas está profundamente enraizada em um imaginário cultural. A presença constante de discursos militaristas e a legitimação da intervenção militar, mesmo em tempos de paz, refletem uma dinâmica de pretorianismo que continua a influenciar a política brasileira.

Latin American representative democracies have faced challenges that undermine their structures, leading to democratic deficits. The region is surrounded by illiberal and antidemocratic movements characterized by polarization and calls for military involvement in politics. In Latin America, anti-democratic and militaristic tendencies emerge from framing political opponents as enemies, and through mechanisms of violence, surveillance, and repression. Corruption scandals involving political and business elites, the inability of political parties to renew themselves, demands for direct leadership, frustration with political crises, and lack of basic public services have sparked protests in countries like Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia. Methodologies to assess democratic quality often overlook criteria such as populism, militarization, securitization, and militarism. Studying democracy in Latin America requires understanding violence manifested through militarism, securitization, and military involvement, as reflected in perceptions of armed forces as saviors or praetorian guard of elected autocrats.

The Russia Strategic Initiative at US European Command tasked CNA with providing a primer on the Russian General Staff for a public audience. The General Staff is perhaps the most important warfighting institution in the Russian Armed Forces, acting both as the planning "brains" of the Russian military and also as its operational-strategic headquarters. This paper covers the formal structure of the Russian General Staff, its institutional relationships with other militarybureaucratic institutions in Russia, its role in civil-military relations, its historical evolution, and its special role during wartime. It also offers multiple interpretations of the General Staff's significance in military decision-making, considering the dynamics of political and policy influence in Russia and the role of the General Staff in developing military and political-military doctrine. This paper also raises the issue of the Russian General Staff chief's incumbency and leadership continuity in light of the 2024 cabinet reshuffle. CNA's Occasional Paper series is published by CNA, but the opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of CNA. The views, opinions, and findings contained in this report should not be construed as representing the official position of the Department of the Navy.

The present debate over "regime change" in Iraq conceals a little known irony-it offers a cast of characters and a reprise of arguments that shaped an earlier invasion of that country. The invasion in question was not the Gulf War of 1991-rather, it was the British invasion of 1941. In May 1941, in the midst of a World War, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered his reluctant Commander-in-Chief Middle East, General Sir Archibald Wavell, to march on Baghdad to effect a "regime change." The British Prime Minister's arguments reflected many of those same concerns expressed today by members of the George W. Bush administration: British intervention would "pre-empt" Axis support for Rachid Ali, a violently anti-British Arab nationalist whose government threatened Britain's strategic position in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It would strike a blow at a terrorist challenge orchestrated by a charismatic Islamic cleric. British intervention also would protect oil reserves vital to the British war effort. Furthermore, Churchill was willing to wave aside offers of third-party mediation in favor of a "unilateralist" approach. Conversely, Wavell's arguments against an invasion of Iraq mirrored contemporary objections-he simply lacked the resources to add Iraq to an impossibly extensive list of military commitments. A military attack, Wavell believed, would make Britain's position in the Middle East less, not more, secure. Better let sleeping dogs lie and take care of pressing business elsewhere.

Este articulo analiza la doctrina de Seguridad Nacional de México y las relaciones civiles-militares. Se parte de la base de que la participación militar en labores de desarrollo se fortalece desde los años 1960, por influencia del pensamiento desarrollista de Estados Unidos (Alianza para el Progreso). En este contexto, se examinan los planes militares de apoyo a la población civil en casos de desastres naturales y reconstrucción: DN-III-E, Plan Marina, Plan GN-A, planes que se convierten en un mecanismo importante para la política exterior de México, como acción externa militar humanitaria. Estas acciones no militares serán legitimadas por el aparato civil del Estado mexicano, especialmente, después de la aprobación de la Declaración de Seguridad de las Américas (2003) de la OEA, acerca de las amenazas multidimensionales a la seguridad.

Ninguna parte ni la totalidad de este documento puede ser reproducida, grabada o transmitida en forma alguna ni por cualquier procedimiento, ya sea electrónico, mecánico, reprográfico, magnético o cualquier otro, sin autorización previa y por escrito de la Fundación Alternativas.

Nella notte fra il 14 ed il 15 giugno i Francesi investirono in forze ed occuparono Montmelian, St Pierre d'Albigny e Maltaverne e proseguirono verso Conflans. All'altezza di Gilly vennero temporaneamente fermati dai Cacciatori del colonnello Roberti. Investirono poi Conflans e Bourg l'Hopital che vennero sgomberati. Scontri si ebbero ancora nella valle d'Isère a Cevins e Moutiers . Un' altra divisione francese, quella del Gen. Dessaix, si mosse verso Annecy con obiettivo Thonon sul lago di Ginevra

Η παρούσα μελέτη εστιάζει στη διερεύνηση της πρόσληψης και ενσυνείδητης επιλογής από πλευράς του συγγραφέως των Οροσειρών Πέταρ Ζόρανιτς συγκεκριμένων μοτίβων και συμβολισμών που προέρχονται από το έργο του Δάντη, με έμφαση στη θέση και λειτουργία που αποκτούν στην αφηγηματική δομή του έργου του. Παράλληλα, έμφαση δίδεται στο κατά πόσο τα συγκεκριμένα μοτίβα και οι συμβολισμοί αυτοί διατηρούν την πρωταρχική τους σημασιολογική και θεματική βαρύτητα ή προσλαμβάνουν νέα διάσταση.

Ottimi affari per il gruppo Leonardo S.p.A. con il trasferimento di armi alle forze armate ucraine via Israele-Lituania. La leader del governo lituano, Ingrida Šimonytė, ha annunciato l’intenzione di acquistare apparecchiature radar e per lo sminamento da inviare entro la fine dell’autunno all’Ucraina e che si aggiungeranno ad oltre 5.000 droni di produzione nazionale. “In occasione del mio recente incontro con il presidente ucraino Volodymyr Zelenskyy, ho reso noto che nelle prime settimane di settembre consegneremo a Kiev un primo pacchetto di aiuti militari che include una decina di sistemi di difesa aerea a corto raggio, 30 missili anti-drone e una quantità aggiuntiva di armi e munizioni”, ha dichiarato la prima ministra Ingrida Šimonytė.

En este trabajo analizamos a las tropas regulares de la guarnición de Buenos Aires durante la primera mitad del siglo
XVIII, en particular, entre la guerra de Sucesión Española y la guerra de los Siete Años. Para ello, luego de un planteo general
sobre la defensa del territorio, en primer lugar, presentamos las reformas tempranas del presidio porteño, que se produjeron
en las primeras décadas del siglo. A continuación, realizamos un análisis cuantitativo de la evolución de la tropa, desde los
años previos a la reforma hasta el final del periodo. Finalmente, analizamos la distribución de la tropa en los distintos puestos
y guardias del territorio rioplatense, y sus implicancias en la defensa de la gobernación.

The scale of the cyber threats that Georgia faces
is increasing in terms of complexity and diversity, and
Russian-orchestrated or -supported cyber attacks can
lead to significant material losses and casualties. Cyber
propaganda can negatively influence public opinion
and perceptions among the Georgian people toward
the West and, by forming and strengthening the image
of the pro-Russian elite, foment a situation that might
lead Russia to risk conventional military operations.
Therefore, Georgia should pay special attention to
creating and implementing information gathering and
analysis mechanisms to better assess the intentions,
capabilities and actions of Russia as a destructive cyber
power/actor.

This research is based on the present missile detection technologies in the world and the analysis of these technologies to find a cost effective solution to implement the system in Bangladesh. The paper will give an idea of the missile detection technologies using

All indications are that Moscow has launched a major shake-up of its military establishment, quite unlike any previous attempts at reform since 1945. In fact, we would argue that if carried through to its completion, it will be the structural equivalent of the late Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov's "revolution in military affairs." Indeed, based on the direction it appears to be taking, the future Russian military could well be unrecognizable to those who have watched the evolution of the Soviet or the current Russian armed forces. Consider the changes underway at present. First, plans for personnel numbers: Much to the chagrin and in some cases opposition (by serving officers), the officer corps is being cut from 355,000 (there are 400,000 slots but only 355,000 are filled at present) to 150,000.[2] Following NATO's example, Moscow has decided to cut the ratio of officers to enlisted from the current 2-2.5 ratio to one for every fifteen enlisted personnel.[3] The numbers involved are staggering. For example, the number of generals on active duty will be cut from 1,107 to 886 (primarily in logistics since much of it will be civilianized), and colonels from 25,665 to 9,114. Majors will be cut from 99,550 to 25,000, while captains will go from 90,000 to 40,000. The only officer rank to gain will be lieutenants and they will go up by 10,000.[4] No sector is being spared. There are currently 140,000 warrant officers on active duty. By the end of 2009 all but 20,000 (primarily in the Navy) will be gone.[5] They will be given the option of becoming non-commissioned officers or-if they are currently filling an officer's billet-they have the possibility of lateraling into the officer corps. Otherwise, they will be civilianized.

The paper is focused on changes occurred in military organizations in Information Age. During Industrial Age the military structure of forces evolved according with principles of decomposition, specialization, hierarchy, optimization, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralized execution. But now the solutions based upon Industrial Age assumptions and practices will break down and fail in the Information Age. This will happen no matter how well intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leadership and the force are. Two key force capabilities needed by Information Age militaries are interoperability and agility. Both interoperability and agility are provided by Network centric warfare theory of war.

I was very happy to be included in the new Cambridge History of Southeast Asia edited by the Barbara and Leonard Andaya. Scholarship on warfare in the Southeast Asian region is really taking off and where studies are not overtly warfare many are warfare related. The challenges of doing this chapter were the same questions that have faced us for a long time. We roughly agree on what the region is but how do we represent it. There are three levels to do so...

Defence Resource Management System (DRMS) represents the tool to establish and develop short and mid-term planning within the Defence system in Georgia. The paper describes general overview of DRMS process and its principles, authority, purpose, organization and responsibilities. This paper explains phases of PPBS – planning, programming, budgeting and execution by defining steps, responsible office, and guideline documents and explicates roles of Management Team (MT) and their functions in defence resource management process.

Rudolf Josef Graf Kottulinsky von Kottulin, Freiherr auf Krzischovitz dal 4. luglio 1859 al 27 dicembre 1859 fu Oberst e Regimentscommandant del Lombardisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 23. Il Reggimento, costituito l’1 luglio 1814, fu sciolto il 31 dicembre 1859, dopo la Pace di Zurigo (10 novembre 1859).

MEhMET MERT ÇAM üzerinden boru hatları vasıtasıyla Avrupa'ya taşınmasını öngören East-Med projesi rafa kalkmak zorunda kalmıştır. 16 Ukrayna'daki durumu ele aldığımızda da Türk (S)İHA'larının sadece askerî çevreleri değil sivil halk kitleleri üzerinde de kalıcı bir etki bıraktığı görülmektedir. Bayraktar TB-2'nin milyonlar üzerinde yarattığı etki "maliyet-etkinlik" açısından benzersizdir. Ukraynalılar yeni doğan erkek çocuklarına Bayraktar ismi vermekle birlikte 17 , Bayraktar adıyla bir şarkı bestelemişlerdir. Ukrayna televizyonlarında "Bayraktar Şarkısı", TB-2'nin Rus konvoy ve tanklarını, Rus hava savunma sistemlerini imha ettiği operasyon kesitlerinden oluşturulan video klip eşliğinde yayınlanmaktadır. 18 Ukraynalılar, Rus işgaline karşı sokak eylemlerinde şarkıyı hep bir ağızdan söylemekte ve sosyal medya hesaplarında münferit paylaşımlar yapmaktadır. 19 Bayraktarın Ukrayna'daki başarısı, iki devlet arasında "Stratejik Endüstriler Alanında İşbirliğine" dair protokolün imzalanmasına ve savunma sanayi alanında ortak üretim dahil olmak üzere çeşitli hava, kara, deniz silah ve araçlarının geliştirilmesini kapsamaktadır. 2025 yılında Ukrayna'da Akıncı SİHA ve Bayraktar TB-2'lerin üretimin gerçekleştirileceği fabrika, Antonov uçaklarının ortak üretimi, aynı zamanda motor yapımı, hava savunma sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi, korvet sınıfı bir geminin ortak üretimini de içermektedir. 20 Bugün Türk (S)İHA'ları, yukarıdaki ülkeler dışında üç kıtada çeşitli ülkeler tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği üyesi Polonya başta olmak üzere Kırgızistan, Türkmenistan gibi Türk Devletleri, Fas, Cezayir, Nijerya gibi Afrika ülkeleri, Kuveyt, Katar, Pakistan, Tacikistan ve ismi saklı daha birçok ülke Bayraktar TB-2 almakta ve kullanmaktadır. 21 man Prof. Juan Luis Suarez de Vivero tarafından hazırlanan harita Doğu Akdeniz'deki deniz yetki alanlarını göstermektedir. Vivero, haritada kıta sahanlığı ve münhasır ekonomik bölgeyi (MEB) kapsayan deniz yetki alanlarını tamamen "ortay hat" hesabına göre çizerek bölgede bulunan istisnasız tüm adalara aynı ana karalar gibi "tam etki" verilmesi öngörülmektedir. Matematiksel bir hesapla çizilen haritaya göre, Doğu Akdeniz'de Yunan kıta sahanlığı, Meis adasından Mısır'a doğru Doğu Akdeniz'in ortasına kadar inmekte, Kıbrıs adasına da aynı şekilde ortay hat hesabıyla tanınan deniz alanları da dahil edilince Türkiye, Doğu Akdeniz'deki yetki alanı kapsamında Antalya Körfezi açıklarında küçük bir alana hapsolmaktadır. Bununla birlikte yüzölçümü 10 kilometrekare olan, Türkiye'ye 2 kilometre, Yunan ana karasına ise 580 kilometre uzaklıkta bulunan Meis adasına "tam etki" tanınması halinde Türkiye'nin güney kıyısına adeta bitişik bu ada kendi boyutunun 4 bin katı, yani yaklaşık 40 bin kilometrekare büyüklüğünde bir deniz yetki alanıyla Türkiye'nin oldukça uzun kıyı projeksiyonunu keserek Türkiye'yi adeta Anadolu'ya hapsetmektedir. "Yunanistan ve GKRY Sevilla Haritasıyla Türkiye'yi Antalya Körfezi'ne Hapsetmeye Çalışıyor", https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/yunanistan-ve-gkry-sevilla-haritasiyla-turkiyeyi-antalya-korfezine-hapsetmeye-calisiyor/1982659 (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2023) ve Sevilla Üniversitesi'nin Hazırladığı Deniz Sınırları Haritası, https://turkdegs.org/icerik/ sevilla-ueniversitesinin-hazirladigi-deniz-sinirlari-haritasi (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2023).

From military theorists` perspective, the airspace is an area from which objectives of strategic importance to the enemy can be effectively engaged and neutralized, in order to disorganize the command and control system at strategic level, as well as to diminish the enemy’s operational potential to develop and the tactical effort in the area / areas where military actions are carried out. From this point of view, maintaining control of the airspace is a necessary condition for providing national security, and this can be achieved by constantly updating the doctrine of the air force, the one that manages the use of airborne vectors (aviation, missiles, artillery, drones, etc.) and supports the development of specific infrastructures, research and production elements, as well as modern structures for the educational and training needs of the Air Force. The airspace and going beyond that, the circumterestrial space are areas where there are no physical limitations or obstacles, geograp...

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a implantação do ensino de Língua Portuguesa, a partir de 2020, no Curso de Formação e Graduação de Sargentos e sua importância para a formação dos líderes de pequenas frações, numa Força Terrestre cujos quadros devam estar em condições de cumprir suas missões constitucionais em cenários cada vez mais complexos e que exigem dos comandantes, em todos os níveis, a capacidade de compreender e integrar conceitos cada vez mais elaborados, além de serem fiéis depositários de conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes, valores e tradições tão caros ao Exército Brasileiro. O ensino da Língua Portuguesa está intimamente ligado à interação, um dos fatores de Liderança que se dá através da comunicabilidade. Dessa forma, o presente estudo integrou os conceitos básicos e a bibliografia relevante e atualizada, a fim de enfatizar a importância do ensino de Língua Portuguesa nas Escolas de Formação para o desenvolvimento da competência comunicabilidade do líder de pequenas frações do Exército Brasileiro, notadamente, o Sargento.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a implantação do ensino de Língua Portuguesa, a partir de 2020, no Curso de Formação e Graduação de Sargentos e sua importância para a formação dos líderes de pequenas frações, numa Força Terrestre cujos quadros devam estar em condições de cumprir suas missões constitucionais em cenários cada vez mais complexos e que exigem dos comandantes, em todos os níveis, a capacidade de compreender e integrar conceitos cada vez mais elaborados, além de serem fiéis depositários de conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes, valores e tradições tão caros ao Exército Brasileiro. O ensino da Língua Portuguesa está intimamente ligado à interação, um dos fatores de Liderança que se dá através da comunicabilidade. Dessa forma, o presente estudo integrou os conceitos básicos e a bibliografia relevante e atualizada, a fim de enfatizar a importância do ensino de Língua Portuguesa nas Escolas de Formação para o desenvolvimento da competência comunicabilidade do líder de pequenas frações do Exército Brasileiro, notadamente, o Sargento.

The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.

Directed Infrared Countermeasures (DIRCM) are used to protect aircrafts against missiles with infrared (IR) guidance. They are employed by military and civilian aircrafts, drawing away the guidance system of a missile as it attempts to lock onto the IR signature of the turbines. Unfortunately, the protection provided by these devices generates risks and challenges that must be overcome. In this paper, investigations on DIRCM risks to fighter aircraft pilots are carried out. Different kinds of lasers employed in actual DIRCMs are analyzed and the results show that, depending on their frequency (wavelength), damages can occur up to a distance of 4.8 km. The transmittance through the canopy of an F-5 fighter aircraft is evaluated and its effects on the IR propagation are predicted by the use of software called Counter-Measurements in PYTHON (CMePy). Results show that, even when there are interfaces between the pilot and the source of radiation, damages can occur, showing the importance of this investigation to the right understanding of this subject and future mitigations.

Head up Display (HUD) is a means of presenting information to the pilot key flight instrument data onto a set of glasses regarded as "beam combiner" positioned just in front of the pilot"s line of sight looking ahead out of the aircraft helping him in key tasks like take off, navigation and landing. It also improves the situational awareness greatly by displaying flight, sensor and instrument data in the pilot"s forward field of view. HUD employs a CCD camera mounted right in front of the pilot, that is, between the beam combiner and the pilot for recording the view comprising of the outside world and the HUD symbology as seen by the pilot. This recorded video is sent directly through telemetry to the flight analysis ground station for real time flight data analysis as seen by the pilot as well as to guide the pilot. The recorded video is also used for post flight analysis as well as video source for HUD repeater display used by the pilot occupying rear cockpit seat in case of trainer aircrafts. The inconsistent and improper lighting conditions prevailing during weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, bright sunny daylight and against the white clouds causes either insufficient or excessive light intensity at different spatial locations falling on the CCD camera sensor head resulting in degraded image quality with very low contrast. The work presented in this paper attempts to tackle this problem through theoretical study and experimental analysis. A customized template matching technique is also presented here for enhancement of the video captured by HUD camera. Added to this, hardware based methods are also suggested which can be employed for real time video enhancement.

In the 21st century, cyberspace has become the fifth domain
of conflict, together with air, land, sea and space. Countries
increasingly exploit cyberspace to achieve political or
military goals or for geopolitical advantage. The number of
states successfully developing offensive cyber capabilities is
constantly increasing, and cyber warfare is rapidly becoming
an integral component of war and conflict.
Russia, especially, has successfully integrated cyber elements into its
hybrid war tactics. Its offensive cyber activities encompass all military,
diplomatic, political, economic, social, cultural and religious areas,
which it uses to exert technical and psychological impacts on its targets.
As a result of experiences gained from conducting cyber attacks and
information operations in Estonia (2007) and in Georgia (2008), Russia
has evolved its offensive cyber tactics to its present-day application in
Ukraine. Analysis of these conflicts proves that Russia uses conflict territories as training ranges on which to test its cyber-offensive capabilities.

In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis.

The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.