Artillery

Los métodos de enseñanza son algunos de los medios para facilitar el aprendizaje, así como para agilizarla y asegurar el camino hacia lo que queremos alcanzar con mayor facilidad. Algunos de estos métodos son: a) Mando directo: es el más común en el Pentathlón y recurrido en los aspectos militares. b) Mixto: combinación de dos o más métodos dependiendo la necesidad. c) Asignación de tareas: es el trabajo en circuito. d) Resolución de problemas: se le indica lo que se debe realizar, pero él decide como se realiza el ejercicio. e) Descubrimiento guiado: uno indica el ejercicio y el elemento propone otro parecido. La programación es una función necesaria para determinar no solo los logros a perseguir si no también en la forma en la que pretendemos alcanzar dichos logros, es solo una herramienta imprescindible que por sí sola no garantiza el éxito, pero si minimiza las posibilidades de fracaso. En el caso del Pentathlón para realizar una planeación se deberá partir de en plan anual en el cual se planearán los objetivos y logros a alcanzar. La siguiente etapa de planeación es el "Macro siclo", en esta etapa se plasmarán las fechas de comienzo y termino de cada una de las actividades a desarrollar durante el año, el semestre, cuatrimestre o trimestre de trabajo, por ejemplo, reclutamiento-jura de bandera, campamentos, juegos nacionales del PDMU, etc. Otro de los planes de trabajo es el "meso siclo", en él se enmarca la etapa y el objeto a cubrir por ejemplo preparación física general, trabajo de resistencia, experiencias motrices básicas, fundamento de la rodada al frente, etc. El "micro siclo" es el periodo de planificación de carácter semanal y enmarca las actividades a desarrollar en esa semana exclusivamente, es importante señalar que es solo un objetivo el que se desarrolla. Por último, se pasa a la planeación diaria en ella se plasma de manera más específica las actividades y los ejercicios con los cuales se pretende estimular, mejorar, ese fundamento o etapa. Un plan de sesión nos sirve para poder tener un control sobre los tiempos y las actividades a realizar en cada sesión de instrucción. Este plan debe cumplir ciertas especificaciones en su estructura y elaboración algunas sugerencias son las siguientes. El plan de sesión o Instrucción se va a dividir en tres partes las cuales son: -Parte Inicial -Parte Medular o Principal -Vuelta a la calma o final Cada una de estas cubre una función específica dentro del plan y mencionamos cada una de estas y su función: Parte Inicial: Son todos aquellos ejercicios de flexibilidad principalmente, encaminados a proteger el organismo del elemento o individuo de sufrir una lesión muscular o cardiaca, los ejercicios de esta parte deben ser encaminados o preparatorios para la siguiente parte del plan o programa. Por lo general tiene una duración entre 15 a 20 minutos, dependiendo del clima o la intensidad de la parte medular o central. Parte medular: es la parte central de los fundamentos que se desean desarrollar, por ejemplo, rodadas, velocidad, fuerza, resorte de brazos, etc. Tomando en cuenta las cargas de trabajo y la

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The town walls of Assisi testify of a centuries-long stratification in their construction and relation with civil and religious fabrics that incorporate or overlap them. The paper starts with an introduction about the evolution of the town walls and critically interweaves data from
iconography - in particular referable to Giacomo Lauro’s map (1599) - with the outcomes of direct
surveys on the architectural evidence. This in order to understand the historical process, made up of constructive and destructive actions connoting the walls, intended as a necessary step for a better comprehension and enhancement of the fortified system in its unity.

While every possible form of pressure should be brought to bear on the Biden administration to cut off the flow of arms to Israel, the prevailing law and policy debate tends to obscure some key aspects of how U.S. imperialism actually works. For the United States does not simply ship arms abroad, it is also the world’s leading arms trafficker, wielding enormous power over how weapons made by other countries circulate throughout the world as an immense collection of commodities. The web of legal forms that makes U.S. imperialism possible goes far beyond federal legislation and much of it is not public: it includes memoranda of understanding and executive agreements between states, technical instruments, and contracts between governments and private entities.

This is where a law and political economy approach usefully shows why imperialism should be understood not just as a pejorative for countries projecting power in unsavory ways, but as a tool for understanding the system of relations in which the subjugation of some nations by others is maintained by and for the accumulation of capital across borders. We can illustrate this idea and explore some of its many consequences by following the example of a specific commodity that is in very high demand at the moment: the 155mm artillery shell.

The author describes the evolution of Portuguese military architecture in the course of the reign of King Manuel I (1495-1521), during the so-called "transition period" when late medieval castles were adapted to receive artillery. Two phases are defined. The first until 1508-10, when castles received small improvements so as to be able to use the new weapons. In the second phase, after 1510, castles received more radical changes mainly due to the work of two architects -Diogo de Arruda and Francisco de Arruda -who had also the experience of building the tower of Belém, the new castle of Évora, the castle of Vila Viçosa and the tower of the castle of Évora Monte. The author emphasises the close similarity of the castles of Vila Viçosa and Steinvikholm (Norway).

Esta investigación se enfoca en una de las fortificaciones españoles más antiguas de un sistema defensivo ubicado en la Bahía de Santa Marta, cuyo objetivo era proteger a la ciudad de los numerosos ataques piratas la cual era un sitio de interés, por ser puerta de entrada al interior del territorio continental. Dada la naturaleza de los vestigios se realizaron procesos de prospección a nivel de la playa y también a nivel subacuático utilizando sonares de barrido lateral con el fin de detectar anomalías de interés en el lecho marino.  Se relacionan aspectos constructivos y contextuales dentro del sistema de defensa, analizando su transformación a lo largo del tiempo desde el S. XVI evidenciando su persistencia hasta el tiempo presente del cual se conservan  vestigios que se encuentran sumergidos en la Bahía, esto en razón a procesos erosivos y diversas transformaciones del paisaje a lo largo de los siglos. También  Del Fuerte de San Vicente persiste un fragmento de muro que se conserva en tierra en la Bahía, en base al cual se realizó un análisis arqueométrico de la composición de los ladrillos de la estructura con el fin de determinar la materia prima y también los procesos de transformación,  que permiten caracterizar de forma diferenciada los ladrillos de la época colonial utilizados en las fortificaciones coloniales en contraste con ladrillos contemporáneos de manufactura industrial. También se realiza un análisis de algunas de las dinámicas sociales que se tejieron en torno a estas estructuras defensivas y sus posteriores transformaciones.

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The aim of this article is to investigate, how artillerymen of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half of the 17th century defined their «homeland» and «native culture», using the case study of Casimir Siemienowicz, an artillery engineer from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The existing historiography of the issue is based on introductory data located on four pages of the treatise «The Great Art of Artillery»: the flyleaf, the title page, and the dedication. Unlike previous researchers, we will ask the question: which «fatherland» the author himself considered «his own»? We will try to provide an answer by analyzing the text of the treatise in its entirety. We will show how the author’s own statements can shed light on the question of the identity of a 17th-century artilleryman. An attempt is made to explain his choice using the prosopographical method. Results. There are several markers in the text of the treatise that allow to determine the engineer’s «own» culture. First, the units of measurement: among the «own» units, the author names the Polish foot and mile. Second, the historical sources used: the Polish chroniclers of the 16th-17th century Martin Kromer and Paweł Piasecki are referred to as «ours». Third, the «privatization» of language: Casimir Siemienowicz considered Polish to be his «own» language. A comparative analysis of the careers of artillerymentheorists of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the first half of the 17th century helps to explain why the nobleman from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania identified himself with the culture of the Crown of Poland. Siemienowicz’s career developed in the army of the Crown of Poland – therefore, after some time, the Polish language became «his own» for him. He well understood the better prospects for selling his work to the European scientific community, which led to the decision to publish it in Latin – unlike the less successful treatises of his colleagues in «vernacular» languages. A key role in the careers of military engineers was played by the patron – a person who provided financial support for applied technical projects. Therefore, wherever the artilleryman-theorist traveled, he did not forget to declare loyalty to the patron and his family or dynasty – regardless of confessional and national preferences. The most important factor is travel. The careers of the artillerymen under consideration were a series of military internships – both on their own initiative and commissioned by the authorities. In the context of constant migrations, each professional decided for himself: what would remain «one’s own», and what would become «foreign». Сonclusion: Casimir Siemienowicz’s choice is a result of his career path.

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On a longtemps présenté le long XIX e siècle européen (1815-1914) comme un âge de paix générale, troublé par des tensions régionales et des conflits limités, dont la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871 est la crise la plus grave et la plus lourde de conséquences. Cette perspective globale n'est certes pas inexacte. Si l'on considère les années 1792-1815 et le premier XX e siècle (1914-1945), le XIX e siècle paraît bien être, en effet, un âge de retenue diplomatique et militaire. La concertation régulière des grandes puissances européennes, leur prudence et leur recherche du compromis préviennent alors efficacement l'extension des conflits. Ni les crises grecque et belge (1820-1830), ni l'unification italienne (1845-1870) ni même la question d'Orient et ses extensions balkaniques (1830-1913) ne détruisent ce concert. Pour autant, cette paix « générale » est régulièrement troublée par des crises régionales de basse et de haute intensité, particulièrement nomb-reuses en Europe méditerranéenne où les effets contraires de l'autoritarisme, du sous-développement et du nationalisme se conjuguent. Manifestes, dès les années 1820, dans les péninsules ibérique et italienne, les aspirations libérales et nationales y sont exacerbées, au milieu du siècle, par des aspirations démocratiques, qui ne parviennent pas à s'exprimer pacifiquement. Le 13 avril 1848, les projets sécessionnistes siciliens entraînent la déchéance des Bourbons qui, reprenant l'offensive en septembre 1848, écrasent toute opposition au printemps 1849. En Vénétie, dans le Milanais comme en Italie Centrale, les mouvements démocratiques et anti-autrichiens de 1848, sont défaits l'année suivante par les forces autrichiennes. La victoire des Habsbourg est toutefois provisoire. Champion de la cause unitaire, le Piémont, battu en 1848-1849, dispose d'intelligences et de complicités dans tous les États péninsulaires qui facilitent, en 1860, l'annexion partielle de l'Italie Centrale, au lendemain des victoires françaises de 1859, puis l'intégration du royaume des Deux-Siciles, dont l'administration et les forces armées se désagrègent sous les coups des Garibaldiens et de leurs partisans. En Méditerranée orientale, de meurtrières résistances et violences de masse entravent les entreprises réformatrices et pro-libérales dont les Puissances occidentales attendaient la « régénération » des sociétés et des économies. Après la guerre de Crimée (1854-1856), l'instabilité politique de la Grèce, où les insurrections et le brigandage sont endémiques, ruine définitivement le crédit du roi Othon I er , contraint à l'exil en 1863. Dans l'Empire ottoman, les luttes agraires et de

This report investigates two separate drone attacks on vessels belonging to the Global Sumud Flotilla, which occurred off the coast of Tunisia between September 9-10. Through analysis of open-source imagery and technical data, the incendiary device used in the second attack has been identified as a thermite-based grenade consistent with the AN-M14 TH3 model or its derivatives. While the device type is strongly associated with Western and Israeli arsenals, the available evidence is insufficient to conclusively attribute responsibility for the attacks.

Robust military architectures from post WWII are contradictory heritages burdened with
material concrete iron artillery immaterial memories stories practices norms and symbolic
representations symbols ideology load To disentangle the complex dynamics at the eight batteries
and bunkers of Plan Barron the defensive system of the Lisbon and Setúbal coast implemented in the
1940s and 50s we propose a curatorial approach in the fields of visual and urban culture in order to
read and understand the physical cultural and conceptual aspects The reading articulates with
theoretical formulations from several fields from heritage to contemporary art and aesthetics
integrates material collected from field work references to military archive documents and to research
on audiovisual recordings posted on social networks by civilians and television broadcasters
We consider Plan Barron dismantled since 1998 and the eight sites where the batteries are
located taking into account its disuse and state of degradation and above all we focus on the
multiple appropriations they were subject of We highlight how the sites ecological processes the
performative and narrative civilian engagement the decaying materiality the obsolescence of the
structures as well as the spontaneous use human and non human signals alter modes of re
signifying heritage returning it to the public sphere and imaginary

Malgrado la grande presenza di testi sulla produzione e l’uso di cannoni e fucili nell’Impero ottomano primo-moderno, l’argomento resta in gran parte sconosciuto al lettore italiano, se non per alcuni reiterati luoghi comuni e notizie aneddotiche, peraltro piagate da persistenti errori etnocentrici, quali il fantomatico «conservatorismo islamico», il «dispotismo militare», la totale divergenza tra tecnologie costruttive di areale cristiano e islamico, la supposta inferiorità dei cannoni orientali o la dipendenza ottomana dalle forniture europee Per parlare dell’impatto delle armi pirobalistiche riteniamo necessario espanderci in areali differenti da quello ottomano, ma egualmente significativi in senso comparativo e in termini assoluti, con una possibilità di ragionamento che vada oltre il mero dato storico e il singolo areale turco, così da poter situare il fenomeno in maniera chiara.

1925- 2025 : gli incrociatori pesanti italiani, una sintesi di storia navale e di tecnica a un secolo dalla loro apparizione, il ricordo di un breve periodo di servizio conclusosi con un episodio che è diventato un caso politico e motivo di aspre polemiche per oltre settant’anni.
Un dibattito che ben evidenzia le spaccature e i confronti emotivi e demagogici che troppo spesso prevalgono e caratterizzarono (poco) la nascita di questo tipo di nave e molto la loro fine.
Nello specifico, ci sarebbe poco da trattare riguardo ad un programma navale limitato, nato da un compromesso politico, un esperimento che poteva essere un’opportunità, di potere e di sviluppo industriale, che alcuni Paesi hanno colto mentre in Italia non si è capito né si è sfruttato
In Italia si fece quanto si poteva fare, ma non era quanto si sarebbe dovuto fare, anche se alcune voci si alzarono al riguardo e, con poco,  si sarebbero potute trovare opportune e tempestive soluzioni
Il progetto dei Trento venne sviluppato da uno “stato dell’arte nazionale”, sulla base di capacità industriali e cantieristiche al momento ancora accettabili, seppur non all’avanguardia;  l’incapacità di cogliere l’opportunità portò in breve tempo a un divario incolmabile rispetto allo stato dell’arte degli avversari .
Stato dell’arte e quindi capacità belliche e operative
Il risultato fu purtroppo, al momento della necessità e degli eventi bellici,  quello di navi superate se non sbagliate, nel posto sbagliato nel momento sbagliato.
Questo è l’ assioma che potrebbe chiudere questo capitolo di storia navale, ma - invece - sarà certamente oggetto di ben altre polemiche.
Una storia di responsabilità e incapacità che non si vollero riconoscere e quel che è peggio non si vogliono ancora riconoscere in un diverso panorama e un altro contesto, a distanza di un secolo e con insanabili conseguenze di perdite umane in uno scenario tragico ed inaccettabile: un dibattito al riguardo è possibile ed auspicabile,  ormai in assenza dei protagonisti e dei responsabili, come si è voluto aprire nella commemorazione dell’ottantesimo anniversario di Matapan, suggellata con la pubblicazione del libro di Massimo Alfano (Matapan: Il caso e la colpa. Dalla grande Marina alla vera Marina – Phatos Edit.)

Questo saggio è un anticipo del secondo volume sull’argomento e rientra nel dibattito in corso da tempo sulla reale preparazione e capacitò italiane di affrontare quella che nel 1940 era chiaramente una guerra tecnologica
 
Abstract
1925- 2025 : the Italian heavy cruisers, a synthesis of naval and technology history a century after their appearance, the record of a brief period of service that ended with an episode that became a political case and a reason for bitter controversy for over seventy years.
A debate that well highlights the rifts and emotional and demagogic confrontations that too often prevail and characterized (a little) the birth of this type of ship and very much their end. Specifically, there would be little to debate regarding a limited naval program, born from a political compromise, an experiment that could have been an opportunity, of power and industrial development, which some countries have seized while in Italy it has not been understood or exploited
In Italy what could be done was done, but it was not what should have been done, even if some voices were raised in this regard and, with little, appropriate and timely solutions could have been found
The Trento project was developed from a "national state of the art", on the basis of industrial and shipbuilding capacities that were still acceptable at the time, although not at the forefront; the inability to seize the opportunity led in a short time to an unbridgeable gap with respect to the state of the art of the opponents “state of the art” and therefore war and operational capabilities
The result was, unfortunately, at the time of operational necessity and war events, that of outdated more que wrong ships, in the wrong place at the wrong time.
This is the axiom that could close this chapter of naval history, but - instead - it will certainly be the subject of much more controversy.
A story of responsibility and inability that may people did not want to recognize and what is worse they still do not want to recognize in a different panorama and another context, a century later and with incurable consequences of human losses in a tragic and unacceptable scenario: a debate on this is possible and desirable, now in the absence of the protagonists and those responsible, as it was intended to open in the commemoration of the eightieth anniversary of Matapan, sealed with the publication of Massimo Alfano's book (Matapan: Il caso e la colpa. Dalla grande Marina alla vera Marina – Phatos Edit.)

This essay is a advance of the second volume on the subject and is part of the debate that has been going on the real Italian preparation and capability to face what in 1940 was clearly a technological war

This study explores the application of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) for analyzing watercourse trafficability, focusing on the Vltava River as a case study. GPR technology enables the measurement of subsurface structures by detecting differences in material permittivity, providing critical insights into riverbed depth, relief, slope gradient of the banks, and bed composition. Data obtained using GPR offer real-time assessments, significantly improving the decision-making process for military operations or rescue missions. Compared to conventional methods, which often rely on outdated databases, GPR provides accurate and immediate information, enhancing the efficiency of evaluating terrain trafficability. This initial measurement on the Vltava River demonstrated the feasibility of GPR measurement for identifying riverbed structures and highlighted its potential to approximate material composition.

This article aims to give value to the passionate researchers which, with their search on the field, discovered the rests, nowadays disappeared, of the Y-Peiler Atlantik II. After having evocated the historical situation of Penmac'h (Finistère) during the WWII and the Penmarc'h German military installations, the article evocates the details of the discovery of the Atlantik II rests and their characteristics. The Atlantik I and Atlantik II similarities are discussed and a possible vision of the Pointe de Penmarc'h during the WWII with the radar FuMO 3 superimposed on the Vieux Phare is proposed. It is hoped that this article can form the basis for further studies on Atlantik II and the historical situation of Penmarc'h during the WWII.

The presence, during WWII, near Ploudalmézeau (Finistère-FR) of the German Lézérouté camp and the Y-Peiler coded FuSan 424/Atlantik I Y UKW attracts attention and stimulates curiosity concerning their history and role. After a historical context review, the consideration of the recorded witnesses and the information in literature permitted us to ascertain that the construction of the camp started in the spring of 1943 and it hosted four concrete platforms for artillery pieces and that on 14 th August 1943 Atlantik I was probably not yet operational. They permitted also us to identify all the components of Atlantik I and of the camp and the visits on the field permitted us to determine that the first ones are all gone and the second ones are all at their place although mostly covered by terrain and vegetation and consequently unrecognizable. It is hoped that this article can form the basis for further studies on Lézérouté camp and Atlantik I.

The question of the origin of Casimir Siemienowicz (d. after 1651), the artillery engineer of Poland and author of the treatise “Artis Magnae Artilleriae Pars Prima,” remains unresolved. Due to a lack of direct evidence, researchers construct their arguments on ambiguous data contained within four pages of the treatise. Unlike our predecessors, we will pose a different question and use different material. We are not interested in the place from which the engineer originated, but rather in who he considered himself to be. What was Casimir Siemienowicz’s “fatherland” (patria)? The only source for an answer remains the text of “Artis Magnae,” which has not yet been fully used by researchers: we will show how the formulations from this book can shed light on the question of identity of the 17th-century artilleryman. Finally, with the help of prosopographical analysis, we will attempt to explain his choice.

During the First World War Macedonia in its ethnic borders was a space of bloody fights of the Great Powers and their struggle for world domination and colonial empires. The front line on the territory of Macedonia, known as the Front of Macedonia, whose length was several hundred kilometers long, stretched predominantly through the mountainous areas at an altitude of over 2,000 meters where the armed conflicts, between the forces of the Entente and the Central Powers took place. The immediate cause of the formation of the Macedonian Front was the failure of the Dardanelles Operation, when troops from Galipola were transferred to Thessaloniki. The Macedonian front was the only allied front where the only command had been operating throughout its existence. At the beginning, the main command was held by the General Moris Saraj. The paper deals with the tragedy of the cities and the population, and the mountain heights that were located on the first frontline of the Macedonian Front, with huge destruction and devastation from everyday artillery and air strikes. Bitola as an important communication point was constantly exposed to bombardment, and many of the surrounding villages disappeared forever. Only a few kilometers southeast of Bitola is the top Kajmakcalan, where there were also fierce fighting with many casualties and terrible devastation. The Battle of Kajmakcalan as part of the military operations of the Macedonian Front is one of the great battles of the First World War. In the history, the Battle of Kajmakchalan has been observed according to the great number of dead and wounded and the altitude where it took place. The breathtaking legendary city of Dojran and its surroundings, located in the center of the demarcation (front line), was completely destroyed. The residents of Dojran, on the orders of the Central Forces who were stationed there, left their homes and left in other Macedonian cities, but also in Serbia and Bulgaria, before the very beginning of the "Dojran Front".

CONQUER is a pilot blast monitoring program that monitors, quantifies, and reports to military units the training-related blast overpressure exposure of their service members. Overpressure exposure data are collected using the BlackBox Biometrics (B3) Blast Gauge System (BGS, generation 7) sensors mounted on the body during training. To date, the CONQUER program has recorded 450,000 gauge triggers on monitored service members. The subset of data presented here has been collected from 202 service members undergoing training with explosive breaching charges, shoulder-fired weapons, artillery, mortars, and 0.50 caliber guns. Over 12,000 waveforms were recorded by the sensors worn by these subjects. A maximum peak overpressure of 90.3 kPa (13.1 psi) was recorded during shoulder-fired weapon training. The largest overpressure impulse (a measure of blast energy) was 82.0 kPa-ms (11.9 psi-ms) and it was recorded during explosive breaching with a large wall charge. Operators of 0.50 caliber...

Di fronte alla totale assenza di documenti d'archivio che segnalino una qualche responsabilità nell'innalzamento della nuova dimora dei Del Bene, il fastoso apparato decorativo voluto dai Del Bene, da Nikolaus Trauttmansdorff, dai d'Arco all'interno e all'esterno della loro abitazione costituisce un documento di forte evidenza, che contrasta con l'anonimato e l'incertezza relativa alle vicende edilizie. Le figure, a vario titolo evocate, di Francesco Verla 1 , di Giovan Maria Falconetto o di artisti del suo ambito 2 (gli unici nomi fino ad ora segnalati in merito alle decorazione del palazzo) portano ad un panorama di novità, di relazioni e di scambi validi non solo per la storia dell'arte nel Trentino. L'apparato decorativo emerso nel corso dei restauri novecenteschi è rimasto per buona parte inedito, anche se più volte richiamato dagli studiosi per riflettere intorno al significato degli apporti di artisti forestieri sulla cultura figurativa locale, quasi esclusivamente importata da contesti esterni, negli anni del primo Rinascimento. Non c'è dubbio che in un panorama artistico come quello roveretano, dove sono rarissimi i casi di pittura murale nell'edilizia civile (tanto privata quanto pubblica), palazzo Del Bene costituisca un'eccezione senza confronti. Si contano infatti sulle dita di una mano i decori databili al Quattrocento e al primo Cinquecento a Rovereto: alcune tracce poste sotto l'intonaco esterno di palazzo Frizzi Brunatti, più noto come palazzo Noriller; le decorazioni geometriche di casa Bontadi e di palazzo Pretorio 3 ; quelli (perduti e alquanto significativi, per la presenza dei ritratti di Dante e Petrarca, posti accanto all'effigie della Madonna) realizzati nel 1502 sulla facciata di una casa di piazza San Marco 4 e pochi altri, ritrovati nei primi anni del XX secolo, segnalati enfaticamente dalla pubblicistica locale 5 e andati a loro volta perduti.

The 21st century has presented complex challenges to all countries, particularly
about agendas related to national security and defense. The Nation-State, a
fundamental political actor in the interactional system, has had its power increasingly
contested. There is a growth in narratives that resort to the securitization of themes
and the relativization of state sovereignty, particularly when the subject is
environmental management. In this context, Brazil stands out, a country that is home
to around 60% of the total area of the Amazon Forest, a biome with the greatest
terrestrial biodiversity in the world, and which also has full control of the mouth of the
Amazon River, the main river of the largest river basin on the planet. Therefore, the
Brazilian State has an urgent duty to gather defense capabilities that allow it to deter
potential aggressors against its sovereignty in the Amazon region, which strengthens
the idea of implementing the operational concept of anti-access and area denial
(A2/AD) in the field. military, following in the wake of the political-strategic guidelines
of other key actors on the global stage, such as Russia and China. Within the scope
of this topic, the ASTROS system appears as a logical and national solution, given
the characteristics specific to the aforementioned military use material, which is
endowed with great versatility, firepower, and the ability to hit long ranges, whether
through saturation area or by the use of precision ammunition. However, when
studying military doctrine, it appears that knowledge gaps remain regarding the use
of the ASTROS system, especially in a battle space in which there may be greater
relevance of the maritime domain in a Theater of Operations. In this scenario, the
Brazilian Armed Forces have shown particular concern in finding solutions for an
effective defense of the mouth of the Amazon River against potential, current, and
future threats, to safeguard the multiple national interests in that region. Existing
studies on the subject are unanimous in pointing out that the Brazilian State must, as
a matter of urgency, have sufficiently robust military means to deter extra-regional
threats, denying them, if it is in the national interest, access to the Atlantic coast of
the Brazilian Amazon, mainly in the Amazon River estuary. Thus, the proposed
problem was summarized as follows: how can the ASTROS system effectively
defend the mouth of the Amazon River? To this end, a multi-method study was
conducted, based on an inductive approach and historical-comparative procedures,
based on the qualitative analysis of data collected in bibliographies, documents, and
interviews with specialists, to result in research of an applied nature and of
exploratory objective. The investigation offers a model for modular operational use of
the ASTROS system in the A2/AD strategy in the defense of the mouth of the
Amazon River. The results can contribute to the development of a greater capacity to
support joint forces in achieving superiority in the multidomain environment, during
military operations.

The charge of fuel-air explosive (FAE) warhead usually is solid-liquid mixed fuel. The solid component is aluminium powder. To meet the demand of FAE weapon usage and storage safety, in the mixed-fuel medium, there must be gaps where adiabatic compression occurs during launchine overloading of warhead. Adiabatic compression makes the temperature of the medium in the gaps to rise. High temperature can cause dxplosion of the mixed fuel during launching acceleration of the warhead, which is very dangerous. Because the fuel is a multicomponent mixture, the critical ignitioh temperature can't be determined only by one component. Through experiment, the critical ignition temperature of the mixed fuel is attained, and the changing regularity of the pressure following the temperature is shown in this paper. .., '

We present the artillery of a well-preserved late medieval Danish-Norwegian carvel warship, Gribshunden. Probably built in the Netherlands in 1484, the ship served King Hans until sinking in June 1495. Of its original 50 or more guns, elements of 11 have been recovered and digitally recreated, and more remain on the wreck. Investigation of this site provides insights into the development of shipboard artillery in the late 15th century, the crucial period of technological evolution for the ship-gun combination. It offers a Nordic-region comparison to the handful of early 16th-century gun-carrying Iberian wrecks, commonly known as ships of discovery.

Based on the written sources and the results of archaeological excavations, the article examines the initial appearance of Viciebsk masonry castles in the fourteenth century and their transformation
up to the mid-seventeenth century. In addition to the architecture, the study explores the system of construction and repair of fortifications, the social structure of the castle population, and the functioning of services related to their provision of necessary resources and utilities

Trabajo de investigación que presenta y analiza una pieza desconocida de artillería naval de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI, localizada sin inventariar en una de las salas del Archivo-Museo «Don Álvaro de Bazán» del Palacio de El Viso del Marqués en Ciudad Real (España). Se trata de un esmeril bastardo que hemos bautizado como «matacapitanes», por ser un modelo diseñado para optimizar su empleo contra los oficiales enemigos protegidos con armaduras a prueba de balas de arcabuz. Además, se realiza una aproximación al estudio de la tipología y clasificación de la artillería naval del siglo XVI a través de los documentos, tanto manuscritos como impresos, de esa época. This work is aimed at the analysis of an unknown piece of maritime artillery dated at the second half of the XVIth century. This piece, out of any inventory record, was located within one of the Archive-Museum chambers in the Don Álvaro Bazán Palace at El Viso del Marqués, Ciudad Real province, central Spain. The specimen is a bastard esmeril here so-called «matacapitanes» («killer of captains») because it seems precisely designed to be used against the bullet-proof armour of enemy officers. By means of manuscripts and impressed documents, an approach and discussion on the typology and classification of the XVIth century´s maritime artillery is also presented.

In classical statistical ballistics, the probability that a projectile successfully disables a target is often modeled by convolving a Gaussian error distribution with a Gaussian vulnerability profile centered on the target. While mathematically convenient, the Gaussian assumption for target vulnerability may misrepresent certain real-world systems, particularly those where lethality or effect decays exponentially with distance from the target center. We replace the Gaussian vulnerability function with a radially exponential function under the assumption of two-dimensional isotropic Gaussian dispersion of shots. We derive a closed-form expression for the single-round kill probability when the kill effectiveness of a hit decays as 𝑒-𝑟 𝑎 with radial miss distance 𝑟 and the shot lands according to a bivariate normal distribution. By transforming the problem to polar coordinates and evaluating the resulting integral, we obtain an exact formula for the kill probability. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of this expression in the regimes of high and low dispersion and show consistency with physical intuition: perfect aim yields kill probability approaching 1, while highly dispersed fire yields vanishingly small kill probability. This model offers a more realistic and tractable framework for practitioners modeling weapons systems or defensive platforms where damage diminishes rapidly with distance, and provides a novel alternative to the Gaussian target model for tactical analysis and fire-control decision-making.

In mountain corps, the combat surprise of the enemy is made, first of all, by mobility. For this, when the horses are not used, the access of vehicles in difficult access areas is sometimes vital because it is a surprise for the enemy, the attacks of special troops of mountaineers can be surprising or the mountain artillery companies can supply their troops better. This is the reason why my doctoral research has focused on the influences of ground features on the capacity of crossing, especially in the cold period of the year, because most of the time mountain rangers' corps take action in this kind of conditions. The tests were made in real conditions, during the missions and the field exercises, in tough climatic and atmospheric conditions, exclusively in mountains in winter.

The warhead performance of the German Flying Bomb (V1 - Vengeance Weapon) also known as Fieseler (Fi-103) and Flakzielgerät 76 (FZG-76) is assessed; the V1 was the world’s first cruise missile. The V1 was cost effective, being cheap and easy to produce. The number of design changes of the build and particularly of the warhead filling composition make analysis difficult. This paper aims to add some detail to this area. During the war many replacement fillings were used as alternatives. All the filling types and associated London Housing damage are assessed. These large areas of damage caused major problems for the British. The performance difference between the various warhead compositions was large, with a factor of four between the best and worst charges used. The fact that air raid warnings could be given disrupted many lives, especially during the night, seriously affecting wartime industry.

In 2022-2023, a new hotel building appeared at Mickiewicz Square 9 in Lviv. It was built on the site of an architectural monument dating back to 1839. -the Gudec House. The project of the Gudec House was designed by Viennese architect Wilhelm Schmidt. The monument was dismantled despite the protests of the Lviv community and despite the decision of the Scientific and Methodological Council of the Ministry of Construction of Ukraine on the need for its restoration. In connection with the construction of the hotel, the city authorities announced plans to build an underground parking lot for 40 cars. This initiative sparked a great deal of discussion among monument conservationists and construction professionals. The site for the construction of the parking lot has a very complex hydrogeological structure, which greatly complicates the construction and can also negatively affect the entire historical environment of the square and the surrounding buildings. Another feature of the square is the presence of a number of archaeological sites. These are, first of all, the remains of two lines of fortifications -relics of the High Defense Wall of the 13 th -16 th centuries. (in the area of the square are the remains of the Butchers' tower and the wall curtain from it to the Coopers' tower) and the remains of the so-called "third" defensive belt of the city center (a defensive line built in 1522-1542 in the form of large artillery corner towers and bastions; the corner towers were connected to each other by a rampart and a wall). These two defense lines had their own moats filled with water. In the 17 th -18 th centuries, when the fortification function faded away, buildings for various purposes were added to the defensive walls. Their remains may also be present in the underground space of the square. In the center of the square there is a monument to Adam Mickiewicz from 1904 -an object of unique artistic and architectural work. The purpose of this publication is to show what archaeological heritage sites are under the square and to point out the value of these relics for the history of Lviv. The discovery and archaeological disclosure of these monuments will make it impossible to build an underground parking lot here.

Durante el auge del corsarismo atlántico, los concejos municipales de Canarias implementaron la política defensiva auspiciada por Felipe II en respuesta a los continuos ataques de corsarios respaldados por las coronas enemigas de la Monarquía Hispánica: Francia, Inglaterra y los corsarios berberiscos. En el presente estudio, se examina la contratación de artilleros por parte del concejo de La Palma durante la segunda mitad del siglo xvi, utilizando como fuente primaria los Libros de Acuerdos de esta isla en el período comprendido entre 1559 y 1599. Palabras clave: corsarismo, piratería, Canarias, siglo xvi, La Palma, artilleros.

Статья посвящена артиллерии Нерчинска и Нерчинского уезда во 2-й половине XVII – начале XVIII в. Структурно исследование разделено на три части. В первой на основании изучения архивных документов авторы показывают, как развивался артиллерийский парк Нерчинска от момента основания города до 1710 г. На начальном этапе этого развития (1658–1684) в Нерчинский уезд поступило только около 7 орудий (в т. ч. пушки медные и железные затинные пищали). В 1684–1685 гг. в связи с угрозой начала вооруженного конфликта с Китаем число пушек, направляемых в Забайкалье, увеличилось, значительная их часть предназначалась для последующей отправки в Албазин в Приамурье. Все эти орудия имели малый калибр и вес. В 1686 г. из Москвы на юг Дальнего Востока в составе полка Ф.А. Головина направили мортиру и 20 полковых пушек, калибром 2 фунта. Эти орудия в совокупности с артиллерией, возвращенной в Нерчинск из Албазина, составили вооружение Нерчинского уезда в 1690–1710 гг. Также представлена информация о нерчинских пушкарях и материальной базе, необходимой для обслуживания мортиры. Во второй части статьи рассматриваются пушки XVII в. из коллекции ВИМАИВИС, привезенные в Санкт-Петербург из Нерчинска в XIX в. (в т. ч. в последствие утраченные). Большая часть из них представляет собой двухфунтовые медные орудия, входившие в состав артиллерии полка Ф.А. Головина. Описаны и уникальные образцы: пищаль мастера Якова XV века, пушка медная Якима Никифорова, вероятно, участвовавшая в обороне Албазина 1685 г., венецианские корабельные пушечки и др. Сравнение данных из исторических документов и музейных описаний позволяет соотнести часть реальных образцов с документальными упоминаниями. В третью часть включена публикация документа «Приемный список разным военным снарядам и запасам Нерчинского, Теленбинского и Еравинского острогов» (1690 г.). The article is devoted to the artillery of Nerchinsk fortress and Nerchinsk District in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries. Structurally, the study is divided into three parts. In the first part, based on a study of archival documents, the authors show how the artillery park of Nerchinsk developed from the time of the foundation of city until 1710. At the initial stage of development (1658-1684), only about 7 pieces (including “copper cannons” and iron wall guns) arrived in Nerchinsk District. In 1684-1685, due to the threat of a military conflict with China, the number of cannons sent to Transbaikalia increased sharply (abo ut 18 pieces), a significant part of them, including one mortar, were intended for subsequent shipment to the Albazin fortress in the Amur region. All these guns had a small caliber and weight. In 1686, a mortar and 20 regimental guns, with a caliber of 2 pounds, were sent from Moscow to the south of the Far East as part of F.A. Golovin's regiment. These pieces, together with the artillery transported to Nerchinsk from Albazin, constituted the armament of the Nerchinsk District in 1690-1710. In addition to the data directly on the guns, the article provides information on the material base necessary for servicing the mortar, as well as supplies for the manufacture of explosives for its grenades. Data on the Nerchinsk gunners is also provided. The second part of the article ex-amines 17th century cannons from the Military-Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineering and Signals Troops collection, brought to St. Petersburg from Nerchinsk in the 19th century (including those subsequently lost). Most of them are 2-pound “copper” can-nons, which probably were part of the artillery of F.A. Golovin's regiment. In addition, unique examples are described, such as the 15th-century arquebus by master Yakov, the copper cannon of Yakim Nikiforov, which probably participated in the defense of Alba-zin in 1685, Venetian ship cannons, etc. Comparison of data from historical documents and museum descriptions allows us to cor-relate some of the real samples with documentary references. For example, the 3-pound cannon of Ivan Novgorodets with one of the two guns that became the first artillery of Nerchinsk in 1658. The third part includes the publication of the document “Recep-tion list of various military equipment and supplies of the Nerchinsk, Telenbinsk and Eravinsky forts” (1690).

: The overall objective was to improve the understanding of RDX transformation in plant tissues and the subsequent cycling of tissue-associated RDX and RDX daughter products among soil mineral and humic fractions following plant senescence. The hypothesis was that environmental risks from RDX at military training ranges can be reduced, and possibly eliminated, through a series of coupled processes involving plant uptake, plant enzyme mediated transformation, photodegradation in the plant, and finally humification of plant-tissue-associated RDX conjugates into soil organic matter after plant senescence and leaf drop. Although the effect of each individual process may be small, the combined effects of the processes taken as a system for sustainability may have a significant impact on RDX residues on surface soils. If so, they may lead to feasible range sustainability management practices. RDX is found in the soils and groundwater of bombing ranges and manufacturing sites. Plants of th...

The essence of the problem of artillery system effectiveness factors determination has been disclosed in the paper. On the base of the hypothesis of presentation possibility of effectiveness factors of artillery systems as linear combination of performance characteristics, the method of effectiveness factors calculation for the new artillery systems of the same category it has been offered. By this model using the effectiveness factors for the several artillery systems have been calculated, by compare of obtained data with their effectiveness factors, the adequacy of constructed mathematical model has been shown. At the same, with purpose of investigation of the "discrepancy" between the linear combination coefficients and the influence feature on effectiveness factor of relevant performance characteristic, the correlation between performance characteristics and the correlation between each performance characteristic and performance characteristic have been investigated, also Pirson's linear correlations coefficients have been calculated. The efficiency coefficient dependence on battle characteristics (artillery firepower, mobility, durability and applicability) and on the performance characteristics has been modelled. The "discrepancy" in the signs and the values of the performance characteristics coefficients has been explained by various impacts on the combat characteristics of artillery sets. K e ywor d s : artillery system; combat properties; performance characteristics; efficient factor; neural networks; leastsquares method; linear correlation factor.

In mountain corps, the combat surprise of the enemy is made, first of all, by mobility. For this, when the horses are not used, the access of vehicles in difficult access areas is sometimes vital because it is a surprise for the enemy, the attacks of special troops of mountaineers can be surprising or the mountain artillery companies can supply their troops better. This is the reason why my doctoral research has focused on the influences of ground features on the capacity of crossing, especially in the cold period of the year, because most of the time mountain rangers' corps take action in this kind of conditions. The tests were made in real conditions, during the missions and the field exercises, in tough climatic and atmospheric conditions, exclusively in mountains in winter.