Community Interventions

The trauma of a genocide can be transmitted to subsequent generations though familial mental health, sociopolitical trauma, and cultural narratives, thereby impacting mental health and well-being. Understanding specific mechanisms that are unique to each ethnic group impacted by genocide illuminates cultural, sociopolitical, and individual factors related to the transmission. For the Armenian community, the unresolved historical loss of the Armenian Genocide of 1915, with the threat of acculturation for such a large diasporic population, a continued denial by the perpetrators, as well as subsequent generations’ refugee experiences, may further exasperate the impact of transgenerational trauma from the genocide. This literature review explores the mental health needs of Armenian youth in the current sociopolitical context and provides implications for how schools and communities may use this knowledge to inform supports that center Armenian community healing. Future directions for re...

Juvenile delinquency poses a growing challenge within Cameroonian communities, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas where young people face increasing vulnerability due to socioeconomic pressures and limited guidance. This dissertation explores the prevention of juvenile delinquency through the lens of family dynamics, educational support systems, legal structures, and community-based initiatives. Drawing deeply from the author’s personal experiences and the lived realities of her community, the study emphasizes the pivotal role of parents and school guidance counselors in shaping early behavioral patterns. It further examines the legal and policy frameworks in Cameroon, alongside the interventions of local NGOs and youth-focused development programs. The analysis reveals that while formal mechanisms exist, the most impactful preventive strategies are often rooted in strong family involvement, school engagement, and sustained community support. The dissertation concludes with practical recommendations for strengthening these pillars to create a more holistic, preventive approach to juvenile delinquency.

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) have high rates of recreational drug use and binge drinking that are related to increases in unprotected sex and HIV risk. We describe the development of a community-level intervention focused on MSM ages 15 to 29 who identify as Black or White and who reported episodic use of alcohol and/or drugs. Intervention content included culturally-relevant role model stories and peer outreach. Outcome measures, including number of partners and a risk score indicating risk for HIV from protected or unprotected insertive or receptive anal sex, were examined over 36 months in a sample of YMSM in Philadelphia, the intervention site, and Baltimore, the comparison site. Decreases in risk scores over time were significantly larger in the intervention sample than in the comparison sample. Effects were greater for YMSM who engaged in binge drinking and/or marijuana use, compared to those who used other drugs.

The Palestinian local governments suffer from many negative practices, which is considered a
contradiction to the practices of good governance. Because of the vital role of the local
governments and the tasks entrusted to them, identifying the negative practices and deviations that
fall within them is of particular importance because these practices can be the beginning of the
emergence, if not manifestation, of corruption. This study deals with the negative practices and
common mistakes in the work of local authorities that affect the governance of their work by
adopting a descriptive and analytical approach through the qualitative method in collecting data
based on in-depth interviews, in addition to the preliminary data from the internal reports of the
Ministry of Local Government and the Office of Financial and Administrative Control and the
literature of the Anti-Corruption Commission. Coupled with relevant local and international
literature.
The study is based on all the evidence as inputs to produce results and outputs in the form of
interventions. Several interventions and strategies that can be identified to enhance good
governance are presented, accompanied by some practical proposals. The work on them falls on
the shoulders of the Ministry of Local Government, the Oversight Bureau, and the Anti-Corruption
Commission, the most important of which is the need to establish a special unit in the Anti
Corruption Commission for the purpose of dealing with suspicions and possible manifestations of
corruption in the country. Local bodies. It also concluded the need to develop an internal audit
system, with its two parts, control, and audit, within the local authorities in the form of
organizational units, wherever available, and possible review committees. The study proposes
several possible tools, including the development of a legislative framework of laws, regulations,
policies, procedures, and evidence for the purposes of making the idea of internal auditing possible
and applicable. Perhaps the most important proposal is to work on establishing an internal audit
system by recommending the development of a recruitment and training project to provide
appropriate cadres in this field while activating the idea of community oversight and including it
in the internal audit tools. Local bodies are supposed to be open to community work, and modern
societal oversight tools are among the most practical and feasible tools that are assigned to
measuring and evaluating local bodies.

Elevated blood pressure and blood sugar levels are two of the leading causes of the increase in disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates. 1 Both these conditions remain a major public health threat for India because of the huge population and rapid population aging, lack of sufficient infrastructure and skilled health workers; and increased ABSTRACT Background: The health care system in India lacks an approach targeting individual risk behavior change and selfcare practices. Thus, it is imperative to complement the healthcare system's efforts with alternative care management strategies at the grassroots. This paper aims to evaluate the utility of a community-based peer support program facilitated by trained volunteers to better manage diabetes and hypertension in rural areas of Karnataka state, India. Methods: A semi-structured peer support group approach called Swasthya Samithi (SS) and capacity-building activities empower patients with diabetes and/or hypertension, caregivers, and community health workers for better chronic care management through the ACE-ME program. Glasgow's RE-AIM framework assessed reach, feasibility, and effectiveness. A structured questionnaire based on WHO's STEPS tool, standardized scales, and qualitative checklists (Mixed-method approach) were used to collect data on program processes, output/outcome variables like lifestyle behavior, self-care practices, and clinical values. Results: The program reached 98% of the intended participants along with the non-patient community members. A total of 56 SS meetings were facilitated. Improved lifestyle behavior with reduction in use of tobacco, alcohol, consumption of processed food and significant improvement in self-care practices affirmed that the program was effective. Metabolic control of disease improved from 27% to 42% and 54% to 76% amongst the participants with diabetes and hypertension, respectively. Conclusion: The active engagement of participants and the capacity building of local health workers were key to the program's significant success, and the implementation experiences of the ACE-ME model provide pragmatic insights for its expansion in similar contexts.

Chronic diseases are considered as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and cause many deaths each year. Specifically, 41 million people die each year from these diseases (71% of the deaths that occur worldwide in a year). Diabetes is included in this group of NCDs, along with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases (World Health Organization [WHO, 2020]). The main diseases are type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and gestational diabetes. T2D is the predominant type and occurs mostly in adulthood. Although the body can produce insulin, it does not manage it correctly, and its origin is related to a deficit of physical activity and overweight. Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition during pregnancy that could complicate it, produced by an increase in blood glucose levels during this period (WHO, 2021). Finally, T1D, the focus of this study, normally appears at an early age, where the beta cells of the pancreas are attacked, losing its ability to produce insulin, the regulatory hormone of blood glucose levels (Spanish Clínica y Salud ( ) 33(1) [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been causing negative impacts on various sectors in Sri Lanka, as a result of the public health interventions that the government had to implement in order to reduce the spread of the disease. Equivalent work carried out in this context is outdated and close to ideal models. This paper presents a mathematical epidemiological model, called SEQIJRDS, having additional compartments for quarantine and infected people divided into two compartments as diagnosed and non diagnosed, compared to the SEIR model. We have presented the rate equations for the model and the basic reproduction number is derived. This model considers the effect of vaccination, the viral load of the variants, mask use, mobility, contact tracing and quarantine, natural immunity development of the infected people, and immunity waning of the recovered group as key developments of the model. The model has been validated for the COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka by parameter derivation using mathematical formulations with the help of the existing data, the literature, and by model fitting for historical data. We present a comparison of the model projections for hospitalized infected people, the cumulative death count, and the daily death count against the ground truth values and projections of the SEIR and SIR models during the model validation. The validation results show that the proposed SEQIJRDS model's 12-week projection performance is significantly better than both the SEIR and SIR models; the 2-, 6-, 8-, and 10-week projection performance is always better, and the 4-week projection performance is only slightly inferior to other models. Using the proposed SEQIJRDS model, we project mortality under different lockdown procedures, vaccination procedures, quarantine practices, and different mask-use cases. We further project hospital resource usage to understand the best intervention that does not exhaust hospital resources. At the end, based on an understanding of the effect of individual interventions, this work recommends combined public health interventions based on the projections of the proposed model. Specifically, three recommendations-called minimum, sub-optimum, and optimum recommendations-are provided for public health interventions.

El presente artículo de investigación tuvo como objetivo sistematizar el proceso de implementación del Modelo de Atención Integral al Consumidor de Sustancias Psicoactivas con personas internas en un establecimiento penitenciario y carcelario del municipio de Pasto,Nariño, a través de un estudio cualitativo y desde el enfoque histórico-hermenéutico. El proceso se realizó en tres momentos: planificación de la sistematización, recuperación y análisis e interpretación de la xperiencia. La información obtenida se organizó en tres categorías denominadas: componentes de acción, principios orientadores y características de la intervención. Se plantea la importancia de intervenir en este tipo de contextos desde una lógica comunitaria, haciendo uso de estrategias que se adapten a los recursos disponibles en la comunidad y que permitan que sean las mismas personas internas quienes lideren su proceso de cambio y conformen una comunidad protectora sostenible en el tiempo. Implementación de un modelo de atención integral al consumidor de sustancias psicoactivas en un establecimiento penitenciario.* The objective of this research article was to systematize the process of implementation of the Compre-hensive Care Model for the Consumer of Psychoactive Substances with inmates in a penitentiary and prison establishment of the municipality of Pasto, Nariño, through a qualitative study and from the historical-herme-neutical approach. The process took three stages: systematization planning, recovery and interpretation and analysis of experience. The results were organized in three categories: action components, guiding principles and characteristics of the intervention. They consider the importance to intervene in this kind of contexts from community logic, using strategies that adapt to available resources in community and allow inmates to lead theirs change process and form a protective sustainable community over time

Purpose Although shelters represent a primary instrument for governmental intervention in the worldwide endeavor to aid
women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), an alternative approach to assist such women involves establishing
community-based programs. In this qualitative study, we examined an Israeli pilot of a community-based program offering
professional support to women survivors of IPV, using an empowerment model. Questions regarding whether and how the
program helped the participants leave the cycle of violence, and whether the program met their needs, were explored.
Methods The study was based on two focus group meetings with 21 women who participated in the program and shared
their experiences, four months into the program and one year after its initiation.
Results The findings resulted in the conceptualization of a five-stage model: Name, Trust, Learn, Reclaim, and Maintain. The
model stages mirror the process through which the women, empowered by the intervention, regained control over their lives.
Conclusions The study offers an effective intervention that can be applied to women IPV survivors who need assistance in the
community, and emphasizes the need for a variety of programs for this population in accordance with their different needs.

More individuals are attempting career changes in later life as an increasing number of older adults face precarious retirement prospects. Although many of these older job seekers eventually find new livelihoods, little is known about their emotional well-being subsequent to these changes. Using respondents from the 2014 New Careers for Older Workers Study who successfully navigated a career change after age 45 (n=337), we evaluate the contributions of demographic characteristics, agency, and resources when estimating three measures of career-oriented emotional well-being. We found that having financial resources during the career transition was associated with all three optimistic emotional outcomes; while family support and intentionality were also associated with more positive emotions. Conversely, prior job prestige and additional job training had no relationships with careeroriented well-being. These results suggest that later life career change, despite its challenges, often results in positive emotional outlooks-for those with the resources to support it.

En el presente ensayo apuntamos algunos retos y alternativas a la lógica punitivista desde tradiciones antipatriarcales, antirracistas y descoloniales, como la labor que realizamos desde la Ciudad de México en un colectivo del cual hicimos parte de 2020 a 2023, ofreciendo talleres y acompañando casos de violen- cia sexual y de género, especialmente contra mujeres y personas de la diversidad sexual. En conjunto, ex- ploramos el rol de la creatividad reparativa (Kondo, 2018) a la vez con la imaginación preventiva, como la llamamos, practicadas a través del intercambio, la la- bor creativa y el conocimiento colectivos durante los procesos de acompañamiento. A través de la prác- tica de la justicia transformativa, nuestra intención ha sido crear espacios para las personas (personas migrantes, personas trabajadoras sexuales o en la mira del Estado por distintas razones, entre otras) quienes no pueden, o quieren, recurrir a la policía o instituciones gubernamentales con el fin de (des) aprender, prevenir y responder colectivamente a la violencia sexual y de género.

This study investigates the professional development needs and challenges faced by Madrasah teachers in rural Bukidnon, focusing on key areas such as personal and family challenges, educational environment, community and social influences, health and well-being, and transportation and accessibility. Using qualitative methods, including focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual interviews, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the barriers that impact the participation and effectiveness of professional development programs for Madrasah educators. The findings reveal that personal and family responsibilities significantly affect teachers' ability to engage in professional development, necessitating flexible scheduling and local or online PD options. Additionally, inadequate educational resources and outdated materials present substantial obstacles, highlighting the need for investments in updated resources and improved school facilities. Community and social influences also play a role, with cultural norms affecting the adoption of new teaching practices. Addressing these issues requires integrating cultural values into PD programs and engaging community stakeholders. Furthermore, the study identifies health and well-being concerns and transportation challenges as critical barriers to effective PD. The long travel times and associated stress impact both teaching effectiveness and overall well-being, suggesting a need for wellness programs and more accessible PD formats. The research concludes with recommendations for creating a more supportive and effective professional development environment through flexible scheduling, resource investment, cultural sensitivity, and improved accessibility. These measures aim to enhance the professional growth of Madrasah teachers and improve the educational experience for learners in Bukidnon.

Institute activities CAFCA produces, collates, synthesises and disseminates research and evidence-based resources to help policy-makers and practitioners plan and deliver services to children (aged 0-12 years) and families within disadvantaged Australian communities. The clearinghouse provides research evidence and resources that are relevant and up-to-date in a format that is accessible and user-friendly. By providing a central site for accessible and user-friendly evidence-based resources in this field, the clearinghouse can assist policy-makers and practitioners to: enhance services for children and families in disadvantaged Australian communities; and enhance the ability of the relevant sectors to build the capacity of disadvantaged communities so that communities themselves are better able to improve outcomes for children and families.

Institute activities CAFCA produces, collates, synthesises and disseminates research and evidence-based resources to help policy-makers and practitioners plan and deliver services to children (aged 0-12 years) and families within disadvantaged Australian communities. The clearinghouse provides research evidence and resources that are relevant and up-to-date in a format that is accessible and user-friendly. By providing a central site for accessible and user-friendly evidence-based resources in this field, the clearinghouse can assist policy-makers and practitioners to: enhance services for children and families in disadvantaged Australian communities; and enhance the ability of the relevant sectors to build the capacity of disadvantaged communities so that communities themselves are better able to improve outcomes for children and families.

Background: A hip fracture in older adulthood can result in function and mobility decline. The consequences are debilitating and place a great burden on patients, caregivers, and the health care system. Although inpatient rehabilitation programs have proven effective, the best practices for community-based rehabilitation required to maintain the gains in function and mobility post hospital discharge are currently unknown. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate the evidence on the effectiveness of community-based rehabilitation post hospital discharge interventions for older adults with cognitive impairment (CI) following a hip fracture, and to identify the physical recovery outcomes and measures used in previous studies. Methods: The methods outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention were followed and findings were reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search strategy included a combination of text words and subject headings relating to the concepts of CI, dementia, delirium, cognitive reserve, and hip fractures. For a study to be included in the review, it had to involve participants with CI who underwent hip fracture surgery, and consisted of an outpatient intervention that occurred in the participant's home or community. Peer-reviewed journal articles were identified by searching various databases. Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts to determine which articles comprising of a rehabilitation intervention within a community setting prior to being included for a full article review. A data extraction form and an evidence and quality checklist were used during the full article data analysis and synthesis. A meta-analysis was not conducted due to heterogeneity of measures and outcomes. Results: The original search resulted in over 3000 articles. Of those, three studies satisfied the necessary criteria to be included in the systematic review. All studies included inpatient and outpatient physiotherapy, with some including a cognitive component, family education, and a discharge assessment. Conclusions: The findings from this review suggest that community-based rehabilitation post hospital discharge interventions show promising results towards improving various physical function outcomes, mobility, and activities of daily living for older adults with CI following a hip fracture. This review also demonstrates and discusses the current lack of outpatient rehabilitation interventions targeted towards older adults with CI post-hip fracture. Additionally, several substantive gaps that require attention to move this field forward are highlighted.

Marie-Pascale Béland, Lara Gautier, Catherine Pappas, Hugues Laforce, William Delisle, Ancuta Stan, Jean-Sébastien Patrice et Naïma Bentayeb

Le contexte pandémique a exacerbé les inégalités et les problèmes de santé mentale, transformant profondément le travail des intervenant·e·s communautaires et augmentant leur vulnérabilité et épuisement, malgré le rôle essentiel des organismes communautaires. Cette contribution expose une initiative montréalaise de coconstruction d’activités pour les intervenant·e·s, favorisant leur bien-être et offrant un espace de parole et de soutien. Les données indiquent une réponse positive des intervenant·e·s, soulignant la nécessité de pérenniser et d’étendre ces activités, affirmant l’importance de leur déploiement étendu pour un soutien durable.

El presente trabajo es una reflexion acerca del recorrido realizado en una experiencia vivida en investigacion. Esta incluyo el desarrollo de diversas actividades de aprendizaje que se desprendieron del Proyecto de Investigacion “Representaciones sociales de la vida cotidiana en jovenes de 20 a 30 anos” (UBACyT P051) dirigido por la Dra. Susana Seidmann. Se comienza delimitando aquellos supuestos vinculados a la construccion identitaria del rol del investigador y como estos pueden verse modificados a lo largo del proceso. Se realiza ademas, un analisis pormenorizado de la situacion de entrevista tal como se desarrollo en el contexto de aprendizaje, ubicandola como instrumento metodologico privilegiado en el proceso de investigacion cualitativa. Palabras clave Aprendizaje Investigacion Representaciones sociales Entrevista ABSTRACT SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS RESEARCH: A LEARNING EXPERIENCE This paper is an analysis of the path walked while doing a lived experience in research learning. Th...

Trauma is an intense form of stress
characterized by overwhelming experiences
accompanied by a lack of safety, agency and
helplessness when exposed to a significant
perilous event or series of events (either real
or perceived). Unhealed traumas may result
in re-traumatisation, triggering memories of
the past trauma and reliving trauma all over
again in the present moment as if it is
happening now. Further, the potential risk
for re-traumatisation increases with trauma
survivors’ exposure to high-stress
environments. Globally, individuals,
communities and societies' exposure to
traumatic stress is quite common, causing
horrendous impacts on biopsychosocial and
spiritual domains across life and
generations. As a result, to foster basic
needs of safety, connection and regulation
among trauma survivors in non-clinic
settings, Trauma-informed care(TIC) is
framed with the basic assumption to 'do no
harm' through re-traumatisation, ensured
employing of psychoeducation and training
for service providers.

The study was to assess development interventions gaps on pastoralist economic development in West Hararge Zone, Ethiopia. The qualitative and quantitative data surveys were employed, and data were collected from 160 respondents. In doing, the maximum likelihood estimation of logit model was applied to identify development stakeholders, and used descriptive statistics to know how much beneficiaries were benefited from intervention. In addition, SWOT analyses were applied to the extent of stakeholder's intervention. Finally, to develop way of recommendation to each stakeholder; the researchers were used Spearman's rank analysis as (Charles Edward Spearman, 1863-1945) to assess the rank of stakeholders contribution. Therefore, the result of the study shows; among stakeholders of pastoralist development, the sectors rank awarded based on their participation's contribution to pastoral development were positively follows; education sectors of government [1], productive safety net program [2], cooperative Oromia promotion; Busa Gonofa sector institution 3, pastoral development government sector [4], water sector of government [5], and care Ethiopia non-government organization [6].

This study focused on the action research writing ability of secondary school teachers in Tabuk City Division, Philippines, as affected by their socio-demographic profile. There were 15 secondary schools in the division; however, only 7 schools were participating in research. This was planned as a basis in giving technical assistance to improve teachers' action research writing ability. The study involved 41 chosen teachers who have conducted action researches. It was a quantitative study and employed descriptive research design. The data on respondents' socio-demographic profile was presented in percentage. Furthermore, Chi-square test was used to determine the association of the action research writing ability of the teachers with their socio-demographic profile. Results showed that most of the respondents were in the field of English, followed by Science, Math and Filipino. Majority were 36-50 (70.70%) years old, female (78%), master's degree holders (75.6%), in the service for ten years and below (53.7%), with three or more trainings on research writing (65.9%), and with one action research conducted. Almost half (46.3%) hold Teacher III positions and the rest hold either a Master Teacher or Teacher II position. Results further showed that the overall action research writing ability of the respondents is at moderate level. Furthermore, Chi-square test revealed that the action research writing ability of the teachers does not have significant association with their educational attainment, teaching position, and length of service but have significant association with their field of specialization, age, gender, number of trainings attended and number of action research conducted.

This research aimed to explore access to health support and treatment, in particular for infectious diseases in England for people subject to modern-day slavery.
- 25 participants were involved in focus groups and interviews. Data was analysed using thematic analysis.
- Key themes emerged identifying barriers to accessing health treatments within this health inclusion group.
- Recommendations are provided for overcoming barriers and include continuity of care, prevention and testing, peer workers, outreach models of support, and policy development.

Alcohol use, intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV infection are associated, but few programmes and interventions have addressed their synergistic relationship or been evaluated for effectiveness and acceptability. This is a critical gap in populations with high rates of alcohol use, HIV and IPV, such as Uganda's fishing communities. This study examined drinking norms, barriers and facilitators to engagement in a risk reduction programme, and ideas for tailoring. Results showed that alcohol use is common in fishing villages. While men and women drink, gendered notions of femininity deem alcohol largely unacceptable for women. Plastic sachets of liquor were the most common alcoholic drink. Participants did not understand the definition of 'hazardous drinking', but recognised connections between drinking, violence and sexual risk-taking. The idea of an alcohol, IPV and HIV risk reduction intervention was supported, but barriers need to be addressed, including how best to help those uninterested in reducing their drinking, addressing normalisation of drinking and how best to inform those who truly need intervention. Intervention to people living with HIV around the time of diagnosis and treatment may be warranted. Study findings highlight the potential to integrate alcohol and IPV reduction programmes into an HIV service provision.

Lucía Vivanco Muñoz es terapeuta ocupacional, egresada de la Universidad de Chile en 1983 y una de las primeras en incursionar en la Terapia Ocupacional social y comunitaria en Chile. En esta entrevista, realizada por su colega Débora Grandón, analiza el desarrollo de la Terapia Ocupacional social y comunitaria a través de su incursión, a finales de la década de 1980 y durante los años 90, en áreas no tradicionales de la Terapia Ocupacional, como el acompañamiento a personas viviendo con VIH-SIDA, la desinstitucionalización de niñeces vulneradas y la reinserción en sus familias y comunidades. También, colaboró en el diseño de políticas públicas para la superación de la pobreza desde el Estado chileno y en otros países, en su rol de consultora para el Banco Mundial. Actualmente, es académica de la Escuela de Terapia Ocupacional en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile USACH. Esta experiencia como iniciadora de áreas de práctica hoy instituidas en el ejercicio de la profesión tiene un relevante valor histórico y constituye un aporte significativo al desarrollo de estos campos y a la formación de nuevas generaciones.

Senior mentoring is a medical education component whereby medical students and community older adults establish a connection, with the intention being a fuller understanding by the student of the complex lives of older adults who represent future patients. Embedding geriatrics into U.S. medical education and practice is a relatively recent phenomenon. In 1974, the National Institutes of Health established the National Institute on Aging. In 1982, the Veterans Administration established two-year geriatrics fellowship programs at 12 VA medical centers and the fi rst separate department of geriatrics was created at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. In 1988, the American Board of Internal Medicine recognized geriatrics as a specialty. At Virginia Commonwealth University, Peter Boling, MD, Professor of Internal Medicine and Chair of Geriatrics in the School of Medicine, has been championing geriatrics education since 1984. His 2001 Strengthening Training in Geriatrics grant from the Donald...

Fire is one of the common disasters in Indonesia especially in many big cities including capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta. Although it is considered as human error factor and happened incidentally but fire has become a disaster because its effect to many aspect of community life. It also usually happens in high density area with low social-economic status. Thus, this intervention intends to empower vulnerable community against fire hazard. Research focuses at the aspect of preparedness based on social-cognitive model (Paton, 2006). It is used to elaborate the factors of intention to prepare including critical awareness, sense of community, action coping, and outcome expectancy of the community as the basic to design an intervention in order to develop a proper form of risk communication that match with local community need. Then, vulnerability and capacity assessment technique is used to obtain the whole picture about community’s vulnerabilities and capacities. Intervention strate...

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

BackgroundMaternal mental illness is a major growing global concern which can affect parenting with serious negative implications for offspring. Group-based parenting programs for mothers which both enhance the parent-child relationship and address mental health symptoms in a supportive social setting may optimise better outcomes for mothers and children. The Acorn program in South Australia draws on attachment theory to integrate dance play, reflective diary keeping and therapeutic letters in a holistic program for a diversity of vulnerable mothers and children aged 1–36 months. The program seeks to nurture and enhance parental wellbeing and the quality of the parent-child relationship for mothers experiencing identified mental health illnesses that impinge upon their parenting. This study presents the evaluation of the program and its effectiveness.MethodsAction research approach for continuous monitoring and program improvement engaging Acorn program staff in evaluation data coll...

Loneliness, or the subjective feeling of social isolation, is an important social determinant of health. Loneliness is associated with poor physical health, including higher rates of cardiovascular disease and dementia, faster cognitive decline, and increased risk of mortality, as well as disruptions in mental health, including higher levels of depression, anxiety, and negative affect. Theoretical accounts suggest loneliness is a complex cognitive and emotional state characterized by increased levels of inflammation and affective disruptions. This review examines affective neuroscience research on social isolation in animals and loneliness in humans to better understand the relationship between perceptions of social isolation and the brain. Loneliness associated increases in inflammation and neural changes consistent with increased sensitivity to social threat and disrupted emotion regulation suggest interventions targeting maladaptive social cognitions may be especially effective. Work in animal models suggests the neural changes associated with social isolation may be reversible. Therefore, ameliorating loneliness may be an actionable social determinant of health target. However, more research is needed to understand how loneliness impacts healthy aging, explore the role of inflammation as a potential mechanism in humans, and determine the best time to deliver interventions to improve physical health, mental health, and well-being across a diverse array of populations.

Our work brings together theories and methodologies from public health and the learning sciences to develop a culturally relevant community-based intervention aimed at promoting healthy childhood development. We present our approach to personalising a community-based family intervention to prevent childhood obesity that aims to enhance participants’ agency. We argue that situating obesity within the individual’s multi-layered context not only provides a more robust understanding of the causes, but also generates sustainable options for promoting healthy lifestyles. Our findings emphasise the importance of a situated approach to learning that leverages social systems as a key resource for better navigating the environmental, material and ideational infrastructures that support healthy lifestyles.

Background: Anemia is the most prevalent disease in teenage girls and like other chronic diseases not only affects different aspects of their quality of life (QOl) but also quality of life of their parents. Objective: The aim of present study is investigating the effectiveness of family centered empowerment model (FCEM) on adolescent girls with anemia and their mother's quality of life. Methods: Semi-experimental practical research is performed by choosing 60 girls with anemia and their mothers classified in two case and control groups based on random allocation in Tehran city. The eight sessions of educational program based on educational needs of girls & mothers in case group done for two months. The post test was carried out 1/5 month after the end of intervention through QOl questionnaire in case and control groups. Data analysis was performed using statistical methods including t-test, paired t-test. Results: There was no significant difference in the QOl in adolescent girls and their mothers between the two case and control groups before intervention (P=0/473 & P=0/94 respectively). While, after the intervention independent t-test showed a significant difference between the two case and control groups (P>0/001). Conclusions: Findings showed that the FCEM promote the QOl in adolescent girls with anemia and their mothers. It is recommended that extensive studies be performed on the effectiveness of this model for other chronic diseases in different age groups.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Background Public mental health (PMH) aims to improve wellbeing and prevent poor mental health at the population level. It is a global challenge and a UK priority area for action. Communities play an important role in the provision of PMH interventions. However, the evidence base concerning community-based PMH interventions is limited, meaning it is challenging to compare service provision to need. Without this, the efficient and equitable provision of services is hindered. Here, we sought to map the current range of community-based interventions for improving mental health and wellbeing currently provided in England to inform priority areas for policy and service intervention. Method We adopted an established mapping exercise methodology, comparing service provision with demographic and deprivation statistics. Five local authority areas of England were selected based on differing demographics, mental health needs and wider challenging circumstances (i.e. high deprivation). Communit...

Executive Summary
Since 2018, Albanians have made up the highest number of foreign nationals entering the UK National Referral Mechanism (NRM). In 2022, the number of Albanian potential victims of trafficking referred into NRM overtook the number of UK nationals.
There is a pressing and acute need for evidence-based principles for understanding the reasons for this increase. This study aimed to explore the role of culture in the prevention of human trafficking and modern slavery and the potential for culturally competent based approaches to supporting survivors in the UK. Using Albania as a case study, a review of migration trends from Albania and analysis of focus groups with Albanian families provided invaluable first-hand insights into cultural dynamics
that intersect with human trafficking and modern slavery journeys from Albania. Acknowledging the role of culture in modern slavery trajectories is crucial to tackling this complex phenomenon, both in terms of prevention, particularly in the country of origin of potential victims, and in delivering trauma-informed and culturally competent based protection to survivors in the UK. Additional findings from surveys and consultations with practitioners and survivors based in the UK offer insights into
awareness/understandings of cultural competence in the modern slavery sector. This multifaceted approach offers evidence-based recommendations for prevention and protection, based on 1) the actual cultural context in Albania, as opposed to myths perpetuated in common narratives, and 2) the need for a framework for cultural competency and compassionate care in prevention strategies and protection of survivors in the UK and further afield. Finally, adapting the Cultural Competence and
Compassionate Care model, originally developed for the healthcare sector, will enable application of the findings from this study more broadly to other national cultural groups.

Project Aims and Objectives
• Examine cultural dynamics influencing precarious migration from Albania, to contribute to more effective prevention efforts
against precarious migration, trafficking, and exploitation.
• Explore cultural competence among service providers in modern slavery support provision in the UK.
• Investigate cultural barriers experienced in survivor recovery journeys.
• Adapt the Cultural Competence and Compassionate Care model, as a potential model/framework for cultural competence in the modern slavery sector. The model is introduced through a complementary report which explains the adaptation of this framework.

The research was funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council through the Modern Slavery and Human Rights Policy
and Evidence Centre (Modern Slavery PEC).

Background: Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) refers to the practice of feeding breast milk only, (including expressed breast milk) to infants; and excluding water, other liquids, breast milk substitutes, and solid foods. Inadequately breastfed infants are likely to be undernourished and have childhood infections. EBF knowledge and infant feeding practices have not been studied sufficiently in Sokoto State, Nigeria. We describe the results of a randomized community trial to promote Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) in two local government areas Kware and Bodinga selected as intervention and control groups respectively. Methods: During advocacy meetings with community leaders, a Committee was formed. Members of the Committee were consulted for informed consent and selection of ten female volunteers who would educate mothers about breastfeeding during home visits. Participants comprised mothers of infants who were breastfeeding at the time of the study. A total of 179 mothers were recruited through systematic random sampling from each community. Volunteers conducted in-person interviews using a structured questionnaire and counseled mothers in the intervention group only. Results: At baseline, intervention and control groups differed significantly regarding maternal occupation (P=0.07), and age of the index child (P=0.07). 42% of infants in the intervention group were up to 6 months old and about 30% of them were exclusively breastfed. Intention to EBF was significantly associated with maternal age (P=0.01), education (P=0.00) and women who were exclusively breastfeeding (P=0.00). After counseling, all infants up to 6 months of age were exclusively breastfed. The proportion of mothers with intention to EBF increased significantly with maternal age (P=0.00), occupation (P=0.00) and women who were exclusively breastfeeding (P=0.01). Post-intervention surveys showed that source of information and late initiation of breastfeeding was not significantly associated with intention to EBF. Mothers who reported practicing EBF for 6 months, were older (P=0.00) multi-parous (P=0.05) and more educated (P=0.00) compared to those who did not practice EBF. Among them, significantly increased proportion of women agreed that EBF should be continued during the night (P=0.03), infant should be fed on demand (P=0.05), sick child could be given medication (P=0.02), EBF offered protection against childhood diarrhea (P=0.01), and helped mothers with birth spacing (P=0.00). Conclusion: This study shows that there is a need for reaching women with reliable information about infant nutrition in Sokoto State. The results show decreased EBF practice among working mothers, young women, mothers with poor education and fewer than five children. Counseling is a useful strategy for promoting the duration of EBF for six months and for developing support systems for nursing mothers.

a year. It is expected that the publication of this photovoice book can facilitate stakeholders and the general public to get an overview of the transwomen profile in Indonesia. Of course, with the hope that the readers will be moved to take part in efforts to fulfil their rights as citizens. Although in almost every cultural environment, transwomen have been existed for a long time, but it seems that acceptance of them has become increasingly difficult in recent years. Whereas as human, it is the human obligation to be able to accept other human beings to live side by side peacefully without stigma and discrimination. The obligation is relevant because humans are created to be human, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, or life choices. However, any liability is always followed right that must be met, and it is this that can not be realized properly, especially in an environment that does not support their rights as citizens. Regarding the choice to express their identity as transwomen, they faced a tough challenge. The rejection of family and society, the difficulty of getting the right identity, making it difficult to access the needs for health, education and other government assistance. Vulnerable to accept unfair treatment and also verbal and physical violence.

Actualmente estamos asistiendo al origen de nuevas situaciones sociales, culturales y demograficas que hacen brotar en los profesionales de la educacion nuevas preocupaciones de atencion y desarrollo formativo. En este articulo se hace referencia a diversas caracteristicas que pueden caracterizar a uno de estos profesionales: el educador social.

Actualmente estamos asistiendo al origen de nuevas situaciones sociales, culturales y demográficas que hacen brotar en los profesionales de la educación nuevas preocupaciones de atención y desarrollo formativo. En este artículo se hace referencia a diversas características que pueden caracterizar a uno de estos profesionales: el educador social. ABSTRTACT At the moment we are attending the origin of new social, cultural and demographic situations that they make sprout in the professionals of the education new concerns of attention and formative development. In this article reference is made to diverse characteristic that can characterize one of these professionals: the social educator.

Social cohesion has become an important construct in South African society in recent years. It has a fairly short history, appearing predominantly in the post-apartheid period and more specifically in the period around 2012 when the Department of Arts and Culture (the government department responsible for drafting the social cohesion strategy) hosted a social cohesion summit and adopted social cohesion and nation building strategy (DAC, 2012). In 2014 a social cohesion summit was held and a second report back on the 2014 social cohesion summit was then held in 2015 along with other related activities such as presentations to parliament on social cohesion by the Department of Arts and Culture. Since this process began the concept has become particularly commonplace and whilst it is used by many across government and non-governmental sectors I want to concentrate here on the ways in which it is used by the Department of Arts and Culture in official strategies and formal speeches. Social cohesion is connected to several related concepts which I will only be able to mention briefly in order to consider why social cohesion may have emerged as important in this moment. Most significantly, I want to suggest that the use of social cohesion at this point in time should not be unproblematically celebrated. Rather we need to question why we want social cohesion, in what forms, and what it might offer to whom at this moment in South African history. Tracing the origins of social cohesion shows that it is a concept that has roots beyond South Africa. Internationally, social cohesion has emerged out of the literature on social capital (see Portes, 2000 for an overview; also Putman 1993, 2001). In this context social

Objectives Type 1 diabetes (T1D) adolescents often do not achieve good glycemic control. In the context of growing number of technologically savvy adolescents, this study was done to examine the effectiveness of a motivational smartphone app to improve their glycemic control. Methods Eleven to eighteen year old adolescents, treated by Pediatric endocrine team of CMC, Vellore, who had T1D ≥ 1 y duration with poor glycemic control (mean HbA1c ≥ 8.5% in preceding 12 mo) were recruited. An app programmed to provide 3 reminders per day regarding insulin, meals and physical exercise was installed on their phone. Diabetes management was continued as per the standard of care. HbA1C was measured after 3 mo. Results Thirty seven adolescents were recruited; 3 were excluded as the app became non-functional. Seventeen were boys, mean age was 13.8 y (11-18 y) and mean duration of diabetes was 4.9 y (0.8-16 y). The mean HbA1c levels over preceding 12 mo and at recruitment were 10.75% (1.88) and 10.6% (2.08) respectively. Twenty eight participants returned for repeat HbA1C after 3-4 mo. As compared to baseline there was significant reduction in HbA1c level: 10.6% (2.08) vs. 9.65% (1.6); p = 0.004. Twenty two of twenty eight participants showed reduction in HbA1c after app installation. The magnitude of change in HbA1c levels over a 3 mo period before and after the app use was analyzed. There was significant difference between mean HbA1c levels before and after app use; +0.28 (2.06) vs. −0.914 (1.52); p = 0.019. Conclusions Following usage of smartphone app as a motivational intervention in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, there was significant reduction in HbA1c level after 3 mo. With continued use, this may benefit them to achieve target HbA1c levels. Use of mobile phone apps as motivational interventions is feasible in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in India.

Objectives Type 1 diabetes (T1D) adolescents often do not achieve good glycemic control. In the context of growing number of technologically savvy adolescents, this study was done to examine the effectiveness of a motivational smartphone app to improve their glycemic control. Methods Eleven to eighteen year old adolescents, treated by Pediatric endocrine team of CMC, Vellore, who had T1D ≥ 1 y duration with poor glycemic control (mean HbA1c ≥ 8.5% in preceding 12 mo) were recruited. An app programmed to provide 3 reminders per day regarding insulin, meals and physical exercise was installed on their phone. Diabetes management was continued as per the standard of care. HbA1C was measured after 3 mo. Results Thirty seven adolescents were recruited; 3 were excluded as the app became non-functional. Seventeen were boys, mean age was 13.8 y (11-18 y) and mean duration of diabetes was 4.9 y (0.8-16 y). The mean HbA1c levels over preceding 12 mo and at recruitment were 10.75% (1.88) and 10.6% (2.08) respectively. Twenty eight participants returned for repeat HbA1C after 3-4 mo. As compared to baseline there was significant reduction in HbA1c level: 10.6% (2.08) vs. 9.65% (1.6); p = 0.004. Twenty two of twenty eight participants showed reduction in HbA1c after app installation. The magnitude of change in HbA1c levels over a 3 mo period before and after the app use was analyzed. There was significant difference between mean HbA1c levels before and after app use; +0.28 (2.06) vs. −0.914 (1.52); p = 0.019. Conclusions Following usage of smartphone app as a motivational intervention in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, there was significant reduction in HbA1c level after 3 mo. With continued use, this may benefit them to achieve target HbA1c levels. Use of mobile phone apps as motivational interventions is feasible in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes in India.

Background:
Maternal mental illness is a major growing global concern which can affect parenting with serious negative implications for offspring. Group-based parenting programs for mothers which both enhance the parent-child relationship and address mental health symptoms in a supportive social setting may optimise better outcomes for mothers and children. The Acorn program in South Australia draws on attachment theory to integrate dance play, reflective diary keeping and therapeutic letters in a holistic program for a diversity of vulnerable mothers and children aged 1-36 months. The program seeks to nurture and enhance parental wellbeing and the quality of the parent-child relationship for mothers experiencing identified mental health illnesses that impinge upon their parenting. This study presents the evaluation of the program and its effectiveness. 
Methods:
Action research approach for continuous monitoring and program improvement engaging Acorn program staff in evaluation data collection and interpretation of pre and post self-completion measures and standardized observations. Additional data was collected through a telephone interview of attending mothers 6-8 months after program completion to address sustainable impacts on parenting and wellbeing. 

Results:
The program engaged 353 diverse vulnerable mothers with their children. Many had profound overlapping mental health issues including borderline personality disorder (BPD) and depression. The quality of the parent-child interaction, parental confidence, competence and enjoyment were enhanced; mothers’ wellbeing, ability to cope and lasting social supports were augmented. This occurred for a number of ‘most vulnerable’ subgroups identified by the literature including single mothers, mothers with BPD, mothers from non-English speaking households and those with lower levels of education or household income. Mothers reported sustained improvements in their wellbeing, parenting, social and family lives, and feeling closer to their child as a result of participating in the program. 
Conclusions
Given the high prevalence of maternal mental health issues and substantial potential negative consequences for mothers and offspring, the Acorn parenting program offers an effective means of addressing this pressing public health issue potentially helping large numbers of vulnerable mothers and their children. This has additional gravitas in the shadow of COVID-19 due to expanded numbers of those experiencing greater parental stress, isolation and mental illness.