Civil-Military Operations

Access to formal state of justice in Timor-Leste is one of the major problems as a logical consequence of a process of building a new state like Timor-Leste. We have seen that Timor-Leste at the time of its restoration of Independence has been facing a lack of its qualified human resources in the area of justice.
The public questions a lot the process of justice in the courts in respecting human rights especially in relation to the time limit of the trial, the preventive detention that exceeds the time without a fixed date for the trial, the problem of evidence, the trial of minors, torture and homicide in preventive detention, the problem of the use of the Portuguese language in court and there are many cases pending in court. Even so, the state seeks to make a lot of effort so that justice can be accessible to all citizens through the judicial reform that this government makes and the formation of judges, public defenders, prosecutors, judicial officers and mobile courts.
Timorese leaders seek to establish Timor-Leste as a state of law where state positive law regulates the entire life of the state and the people. One of the indications of a rule of law is the guarantee of access to justice to assert and protect human rights of the timorese people.
We have seen that in Timor-Leste, not only does the state justice system exist, but also the state of Timor-Leste values and promotes the use of the traditional justice system, especially in rural communities, as a quick and accessible solution in the search for the solution and resolution of the conflict.
Therefore, we can consider that the state of Timor-Leste seeks to establish the state and traditional mechanism to help every citizen in accessing justice.

Civilians are not mere bystanders in irregular warfare: they are strategic terrain. Armed actors, both state and non-state, routinely seek to control, coerce, or punish civilian populations to achieve military and political objectives. Access to healthcare and basic survival infrastructure in these environments becomes a contested resource.

In the ethnic conflict zones of Myanmar (aka Burma), where formal health systems may be absent and violence is endemic, it has become necessary to develop an unconventional form of civilian defense: health-based resistance and resilience. The Civilian Health Defense Program, developed amid Myanmar’s protracted insurgencies represents a grassroots strategy to protect civilian populations from the cascading health consequences of irregular warfare.

Over the last half-decade or so, the field of Open Source Intelligence (OSI) as a means to provide policymakers and operators intelligence about their operational environment and other players within that environment, has increased markedly in prominence, both overseas and within Australia. However, it has only been in the last eighteen months or so that the beginnings of a systematic OSI program have begun to emerge within the Australian Defence Organisation (ADO). In this paper, the means by which an enhanced OSI program could be established within the ADO in order to support likely future operational deployments by the Australian Defence Force (ADF) will be examined.  The paper commences with a discussion of the nature and characteristics of likely future ADF deployments.  This is followed by an assessment of the limitations of traditional sources of intelligence to provide support for these operations.  The paper then discusses how OSI can address the limitations of traditional intelligence.  The paper concludes with a proposal for the implementation of an systematic OSI program within the ADO.

The WPS Forum, held as part of the EDSA People Power celebration at ULS, DLSU-D, highlighted the importance of the West Philippine Sea in national sovereignty, security, and environmental protection. Experts emphasized the 2016 arbitral ruling, the need for stronger maritime defense, and international cooperation. The discussion also stressed the economic and ecological value of the sea and the urgency of sustainable resource management. Lastly, the forum encouraged civic engagement, reminding Filipinos of the power of unity and patriotism in protecting the nation’s future.

Timor Leste's diverse national literature alongside western literature on women's participation in politics is still in the midst of an equitable and democratic transition. It is assumed that women's participation in politics will create a committed force towards the renewal of democratic values. Sadly, there has been a lot of injustice in the participation system in young democracies with a tradition of contributing interventions outside the government system itself such as the role of NGOs and the UNs for woman development and participation in Timor-Leste. Therefore, this article aims to introduce the extent of women's participation in electoral politics in gaining parliamentary seats. Do the nation's democratic values and public policy tendencies in the national policy realm lend support to the significance of non-conventional political participation and support for democracy internationally. This study digests and reviews the tendency of political interest, the desire to have political knowledge, the understanding of the extent of the equality of women participants in politics (elections), and also the interpersonal belief in the nuances and moralization of democracy from the perspective of gender equality.

Several years ago, I was involved in organising a conference in South Africa called “Strengthening Lifeline media in Regions of Conflict”. It was one of these conferences which brought a unique group of people together-media practitioners, conflict resolvers and ...

This study delved into the work experiences of women police officers assigned in mobile force companies in the entirety of Samar. Criticized for its underperforming economy due to insurgent threats, this district provided a backdrop for exploring the role of women police officers in counter-insurgency programs. The research employed a phenomenological, qualitative approach to uncover deeper insights.This study used phenomenological research design. Ten (10) women police officers from various areas in Samar, including Allen, Pambujan, Calbayog, Catbalogan, Dolores and Quinapondan were chosen as informants. These officers, with a minimum of two years of experience, were selected from the Samar provincial police records.Interviews were conducted and recorded using a smartphone application, ensuring detailed and accurate transcriptions. Most responses were in English, with a small portion in the local dialect, which was translated for clarity.The study identified nine emergent themes:

This study delved into the work experiences of women police officers assigned in mobile force companies in the entirety of Samar. Criticized for its underperforming economy due to insurgent threats, this district provided a backdrop for exploring the role of women police officers in counter-insurgency programs. The research employed a phenomenological, qualitative approach to uncover deeper insights.This study used phenomenological research design. Ten (10) women police officers from various areas in Samar, including Allen, Pambujan, Calbayog, Catbalogan, Dolores and Quinapondan were chosen as informants. These officers, with a minimum of two years of experience, were selected from the Samar provincial police records.Interviews were conducted and recorded using a smartphone application, ensuring detailed and accurate transcriptions. Most responses were in English, with a small portion in the local dialect, which was translated for clarity.The study identified nine emergent themes:

The complexity of the non-traditional threats that cause humanitarian crises in Indonesia, demands the involvement of the civilian and military sectors. However, there is not a sufficient basis for military authorities to get involved. The previous studies only examined the pattern of civil-military relations without trying to reconstruct the military's authority in a review of legal certainty. This paper outlines the need for reconstruction to provide an applicable solution. This research was conducted by using library research with descriptive analysis method through data collection. In analyzing the reconstruction of the role of the military, this study uses the theory of civil-military relations based on the thoughts of Michael C. Desch and Kelsen's theory of legal certainty in the context of authority. This study finds that the reconstruction of military authority in humanitarian crises can be pursued by several alternatives, such as revising the law on the Indonesian national army, making a new special law, or making derivative regulations that already exist. The author believes that a useful reconstruction in the future is by issuing a new special law, namely the Law on Humanitarian Crisis Management. The formulation of this new law has the opportunity to accommodate new theories, concepts, and paradigms in solving humanitarian crises, particularly in realizing proportional civilmilitary relations. Based on these results, this study can enrich the treasures of defense studies. However, it needs to be refined with a legal drafting approach so that it can be more applicable.

As the United States moves toward great-power competition, the U.S. Army must invest in future civil affairs capabilities to understand and influence civil networks and facilitate interorganizational cooperation in multi-domain operations. Additionally, civil affairs forces must contribute to the Army’s calibrated force posture in an era of constant competition to help deter aggression, prevent conflict, and, if necessary, rapidly transition to support armed conflict should deterrence fail.

: The United States Army finds itself at an inflection point. Fifteen years of war have yielded inconclusive results, and the American people have limited enthusiasm for new investments in blood and treasure. Yet the global security environmentis one of growing complexity and danger, and the demand for an adaptive, agile military persists. The U.S. Army has a solemn responsibility to protect and defend the nation and the Constitution, and this requires critical assessment. This report is an analysis of the Army conducted by the Carlisle Scholars Program at the U.S. Army War College. Recent studies of the Army have tended to fixate on the mismatch between the ends of national military strategy and the means available to execute it, epitomized by the 2011 Budget Control Act and the 2012 Defense Strategic Guidance. This approach to framing risk is a short game that has achieved limited results. This study recommends that the Army reframe its approach. We believe that Army leaders are m...

As fiscal austerity continues to impact each U.S. Army component's readiness posture, the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) realized the need to diversify the means to obtain training opportunities for the reserve force. One of the many innovative opportunities for soldiers, leaders, and units is the USAR's Private Public Partnership Program (P3). This program has three lines of effort (LOE), all of which work towards maintaining the operational readiness of the USAR. The collective element of the program, titled P3 Unit Readiness, serves to advance the geographic combatant commander's (GCC) building partner capacity activities while providing the USAR units training opportunities. This thesis sought to validate whether P3, in particular, the unit readiness LOE, provides the USAR an increased capability when supporting an Army service component command and/or GCC's security cooperation activities and/or programs. Secondly, the thesis examined whether the P3 provides opportunities for USAR to maintain its readiness posture.

In the past decade, Treasury deployees have accumulated considerable experience of the theory and practice of capacity development in economic policy agencies in various countries in the Asia Pacific region. In this paper, we address issues that we grappled with in our roles as capacity development advisers in Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, such as how to maintain good working relationships with counterparts, whether we were focusing on the right priorities, and how to assess whether we were being effective in our work.

This study examines the use of Twitter during humanitarian crises and its impact on public opinion. The study analyzed over 3262 tweets related to crisis, war, tragedy, violence, riot, uprising, revolt, destruction, bombing, migration, and refugees from February 2021 to February 2023 from International News Agencies. The study found that Twitter, reveals the fragmentation of news consumption patterns on social media, which are influenced by the sources of information followed and strengthened by the platforms' algorithms. Furthermore, the study shows that news agencies' coverage of humanitarian crises is detectably fragmented, and governments and related organizations have an impact on them and use them for various purposes. The study concludes by recommending future research to expand the analysis to other social media and news agencies, as well as incorporate more advanced techniques for handling misinformation and analyzing the impact of social media on public opinion.

The second article in this book analyzes the progression of civil-military relations during the first four (4) decades of post-war Philippine state formation. It discusses Michael Desch’s Structural Theory of Civil-Military Relations as the foundational theoretical framework in plotting the range of outcomes for civilian control of the military and relate it with SSR as a normative concept. It aims to  provide a historical overview of the civil-military relations under various administrations—from Manuel Roxas to Ferdinand Marcos. Lastly, it assesses and evaluates using Desch’s Structural Theory of Civil-Military Relations and SSR the extent upon which the security policy interventions implemented during the previous administrations have advanced (or undermined) the professionalization of the military and strengthened (or weakened) the political institutions of civilian control and oversight deemed necessary for democratic consolidation.

This research aims to understand the collaboration between civilians and military in disaster management in Indonesia due at the ontological, epistemological, and axiological level. The problem is very interesting to be analyzed by conducting a qualitative research based on collaborative governance theory and power theory. Data were collected through in-depth interview, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed by using interactive models are data reduction, data display, data verification, and supported by triangulation. The results of this research is collaboration between civilians and military in disaster management have to be involved the related institutions on making regulations and should be conducted for making better regulation on disaster management. This finding support for improving policy and practice by providing relevant information to stakeholders related for making better regulation on collaboration in disaster management.

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MIL-CIV Military to Civilian Relations MIL-MIL Military to Military Relations MOE Measures of Effectiveness MOP Measures of Performance NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO Non-commissioned Officer NG National Guard the NG's SPP in promoting synergetic regional security in the Western Balkans? this chapter answers all the secondary questions, which in term lead to the answer of the primary question. Three secondary questions will help frame the answer to the primary research question. The first secondary question aims at the region of the Western Balkans and asks, why does the region of the Western Balkans still matter? The second secondary question is linked directly to the NG SPP: how does the NG measure the effectiveness of its SPP and what are the desired outcomes? The third secondary question focuses on the linkage between NG SPP and the enhancement of regional security: what are the current and potential implications of the NG's SPP on regional security?

This paper draws upon the experiences, challenges, and observations from our work on behalf of the United States Government (USG) in Colombia, Taiwan, and Indonesia. From these experiences, we derive general insights, ideas, and approaches on how to assist foreign defense
institutions to develop joint concepts and doctrine. In turn, joint concept and doctrine development promote development of a joint culture within defense institutions. We find a joint culture – or jointness – is important for implementing a more effective and efficient force development process. Jointness also lends itself to better employment of existing forces.

After the end of the Cold War the United Nations promoted a significant shift from national security towards human security. While the USA focuses on the war against terrorism, UN, OECD and European nations emphasise security as fundamental to people's livelihoods, reducing poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. When security is considered to be an essential condition for sustainable development, the role of the state and its security forces come into focus. Managing Security Sector Reforms (SSR), however, is mainly the responsibility of civil elites and civil society. Without civilian oversight over the security sector, sustainable development is not achievable. This requires new thinking and a shift of priorities of international development cooperation .

This paper discusses the conflict management mechanism of the African Union (AU). It notes that the AU appeared oblivious of the example provided by the existence of the mechanism for conflict management and resolution under the defunct OAU, as its (AU's) Constitutive Act made no such provision. This created a vacuum in this vital aspect of the AU's mission, which was only addressed with the adoption of the protocol relating to the establishment of the peace and security council. This paper appraises the provisions of this protocol in terms of the establishment of agencies like the Panel of the Wise, the Early Warning System, the African Standby Force, and the Peace Fund. It concludes that their full and effective operations will go a long way in addressing the shortcomings of the yet current approach of the AU.

Background: Globally, disasters affect over 200 million people annually. Governments at all levels attempt to mitigate the effects of disasters by providing training and resources to responders in the event of a disaster. When the disaster is of sufficient magnitude, those that respond will require additional resources to adequately attend to disaster victims. County emergency managers assist in making needed additional resources available. Department of Defense (DoD) installations are sources where emergency management agency (EMA) directors may request assistance. The purpose of this research is to understand the resources legal authority available to civilian emergency managers of Ohio Counties in a disaster. This study explores the legal authorities that provide emergency managers' access to assets available at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and the DoD. Methods: Key informant interviews were conducted with six EMA directors of the counties comprising the Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Metropolitan Statistical Area. A thematic analysis was accomplished on the answers obtained from the EMA directors. Results: There were discrepancies concerning how to engage with agencies through the intrastate mutual aid compact. There was also a lack of knowledge concerning resources available at Wright-Patterson AFB. The EMA directors were not aware of legal authorities that make DoD resources available to civilian emergency management agencies. The interviews identified constraints that cost has on providing a lasting emergency response. Conclusions: Fostering stronger relationships with the EMAs of the Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Metropolitan Statistical area and Wright-Patterson AFB, can allow for greater protection of the citizens the EMAs are charged with serving.

The resumption of the peace talks marks the first attempt of President Benigno C. Aquino III to end the separatist conflict in Mindanao despite factional divides that threaten the negotiation process. A key aspect is the shift to a human security approach articulated in the new internal security plan. Commentary ON 9 FEBRUARY 2011, both Philippine and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) peace panels met in Kuala Lumpur to seek the end of a long-running rebellion in Mindanao with Malaysia facilitating the process. Talks collapsed 30 months ago following the Philippine Supreme Court's ruling that the Memorandum of Agreement on Ancestral Domain (MOA-AD), which specifies certain rights of domain to the Moros, to be unconstitutional. Strengthening the peace mechanism and clarifying proposals are major issues to be addressed. The direction from President Aquino is to achieve a comprehensive and lasting agreement within a year. Aquino Presidency The dramatic political rise that led to the Aquino presidency in June 2010 presented a new opening in the peace process. In his first formal address, President Aquino presented the peace framework of his administrationgood governance, effective delivery of basic services, sustainable development, and security sector reform. The question remains whether these measures are sufficient to quell insurgent violence. The government has promised to settle religious conflicts, resume peace talks and review the structure of the negotiation process. Multiple efforts along these lines were taken in the past and have failed to bring about peace. Pressing issues which may or may not have a direct impact on the peace process are developing. On one hand there is a secessionist movement plagued by its own internal factions even as they prepare to go back to the negotiating table; on the other there are senior officers within the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) under Senate scrutiny for corruption. The AFP is tasked with reducing the ability of internal armed groups to threaten stability; to do so they must be viewed as legitimate in the eyes of their fellow citizens. Campaign Plan The new Internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) focuses on human security: the emphasis is on the security of citizens within their communities, not just the security of the state. The plan involved wide consultations including academia, civil society groups, and civilian government agencies. President Aquino's IPSP message RSIS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU.

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The goals of this research is mapping the role and contribution of each stakeholders and developing a model of stakeholders collaboration in disaster preparedness logistics activities in Indonesia. The approach used in this research is a qualitative research approach with the type of descriptive explorative research. The model produced by this research involves five groups of stakeholder, namely government, society, private sector/industry, media and scientists. The role of the five stakeholders is mapped in three types of stakeholders, namely key stakeholders primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. Disaster preparedness logistics activities in this research are divided into four activities, namely facility location, stock prepositioning, resource allocation, and relief distribution, while the collaboration indicators set in this research are partnership, participation and network. The mapping of stakeholders and the formulation of stakeholders collaboration models in this ...

This article assesses the implications of six megatrends for humanitarian action in the future, including changes in demography, technology and science, economics, political power, climate, and patterns of conflict. The interaction of these trends suggests a particularly complex landscape for future humanitarian response. For example, conflict in the future is more likely to take place in cities that are growing as a result of economic and environmental factors. Social media are contributing to both political change and humanitarian response, while changes in global political and economic power are likely to influence the way in which the international humanitarian system is financed and supported.

International theories that address civil-military relations have increasingly been the target of new approaches. The scenario in which these are developed gains specific nuances and priority fields in the discussion about the effectiveness of joint work and the limits of each of these groups. This article discusses how the civil-military relationship has been constructed in the context of UNMISS. Based on the theoretical construction of civil-military relations, more specifically, as applied to the context of peace operations and their practice, the effectiveness of the relationship between the military and civilian components in all their multiplicity is discussed. We challenge the efficiency of the integrated response that is sought through the deepening of civil-military relations. The central question addressed specifically seeks to understand the main problems in civil-military synergy in South Sudan and what can be done to mitigate this situation. As a result, we carried out the mapping of the main problems needed for both components and later confronted through discovery with military and civilians in charge of theoretical confrontation with the main concepts of the Copenhagen School and we discussed the process, projecting in this work some perspectives that can assist in the mitigation of mapped problems

As teorias internacionais que estudam as relações civis-militares tem sido cada vez mais alvo de novas abordagens. O cenário onde estas se desenvolvem ganha nuances específicas e campos prioritários na discussão sobre a efetividade do trabalho conjunto e os limites de cada um destes grupos. O presente artigo debate como o relacionamento civil-militar vem sendo construído no contexto UNMISS. Com base na construção teórica das relações civis-militares, mais especificamente, as aplicadas ao contexto das operações de paz e sua prática, discute-se a efetividade da relação entre os componentes militares e os componentes civis em toda sua multiplicidade. Colocamos confronto a eficiência da resposta integrada que é buscada através do aprofundamento das relações entre civis e militares. A questão central abordada, especificamente, busca compreender os principais problemas na sinergia entre civis e militares no Sudão do Sul e o que pode ser feito para mitigar esta situação. Como resultado realizamos o mapeamento dos principais problemas apresentados por ambos os componentes e confrontados posteriormente através de entrevistas realizadas com militares e civis em cargos de chefia a confrontação teórica com os principais conceitos da Escola de Copenhague e discutimos o processo, projetando neste trabalho algumas perspectivas que possam auxiliar na mitigação dos problemas mapeados.

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This paper explores how human security is viewed in the Philippines. The research collects and maps out perspectives and interpretations of human security among key stakeholders in the Philippines, namely academics, government officials and agencies, civil society groups, and local communities. The research methods employed are: review of academic literature, relevant policy documents, position papers, etc.; face-to-face or online interviews with different stakeholders; and focus group discussions with some local communities. The following are the major questions: (1) How do stakeholders and their institutions understand human security as a concept? (2) What are the different threats or risks to human security in the Philippines and the region? How can these be addressed or are these already being addressed? Who can address these risks and threats? (3) Has the concept of human security been mainstreamed in government and society? What are the future prospects of promoting the practi...

O artigo analisa a accountability sobre as operações de garantia da lei e da ordem. A partir de entrevistas com tomadores de decisão e atores da sociedade civil, que foram codificadas e analisadas através do software Nvivo, a pesquisa conclui que o controle civil está concentrado antes do início das operações militares.

The complexity of the non-traditional threats that cause humanitarian crises in Indonesia, demands the involvement of the civilian and military sectors. However, there is not a sufficient basis for military authorities to get involved. The previous studies only examined the pattern of civil-military relations without trying to reconstruct the military's authority in a review of legal certainty. This paper outlines the need for reconstruction to provide an applicable solution. This research was conducted by using library research with descriptive analysis method through data collection. In analyzing the reconstruction of the role of the military, this study uses the theory of civil-military relations based on the thoughts of Michael C. Desch and Kelsen's theory of legal certainty in the context of authority. This study finds that the reconstruction of military authority in humanitarian crises can be pursued by several alternatives, such as revising the law on the Indonesian national army, making a new special law, or making derivative regulations that already exist. The author believes that a useful reconstruction in the future is by issuing a new special law, namely the Law on Humanitarian Crisis Management. The formulation of this new law has the opportunity to accommodate new theories, concepts, and paradigms in solving humanitarian crises, particularly in realizing proportional civilmilitary relations. Based on these results, this study can enrich the treasures of defense studies. However, it needs to be refined with a legal drafting approach so that it can be more applicable.

The United States and the Republic of the Philippines maintain a "special relationship" that can be traced back to the beginning of the 20 th Century. During this period, the US has played a significant role in the development of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) to what it is today. This thesis assesses the scope of US influence in shaping military professionalism in the Philippines. Maintaining military professionalism in the AFP is fundamental in keeping positive civil-military relations in the country. As an essential element in sustaining democracy, military professionalism directly impacts the status of US-Philippines bilateral relations and ensures the advancement of the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT) objectives. This thesis analyzes several areas wherein the US has potentially played a role in influencing military professionalism, namely the Philippine Military Academy (PMA), attendance of Philippine cadets at US service academies, International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, and US-Philippines Mil-to-Mil exercises. In addition, this study also discusses the degree of US influence as the AFP deals with the Post-Cold War era, the new roles and missions related to the postmodern military, the Revolution in Military Affairs, and the US-led global war on terrorism. Finally, this thesis presents a case study of the July 2003 failed mutiny that involved a number of junior officers. The study proposes that professionalism, or the lack thereof, is not an independent variable that determines whether or not the military will intervene in political affairs. Instead, it is a combination of strong civilian institutions, an effective and efficient military institution, solid

Good governance is often a prevalent theme within the public administration sphere; being politically, socially and economically inclined. The focus of good governance is based on the responsibility of governments and governing bodies for the safety and well-being of their stakeholders. With the dominance of the technology age, social media and related technologies have become a strategic communications tool for the citizens of democratic states to voice their needs and opinions. Social media has proved to be a useful and effective communications tool in many crises internationally. However, in South Africa social media has not been fully embraced as a strategic communications tool by public organisations and is an evolving one. There is a lack of studies and knowledge of how social media can be used for crisis communication in South Africa or the factors that may influence it's usage in crises. The study identified the gaps, and factors of using social media, thereby establishing the need for inclusion of social media in an organisation's or government's crisis management plan. Public Administrators play an important role in a crisis is to ensure that the citizens receive the vital information to ensure their safety in life-threatening situations and this became evident in the study. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyse the use of social media as a communication tool during crises and disasters from a South African governance perspective. As such, from the main aim, a few key objectives highlighted include amongst others: an investigation into the extent of social media usage in crisis and disaster communication; determining of the global factors affecting the use of social media in crisis and disasters and the proposal of updated communication flow models for the specific case of social media in crisis management; legislative and governance factors and developing an integrative model for the enhanced use of social media to address crisis communication whilst recommending social media strategies for effective use in crisis management for public/private South African organisations. A mixed methods approach was used to gather and analyse the findings. The study involved the collection of empirical data incorporating the use of questionnaires, interviews, secondary data and content analysis from authoritative documents to elicit relevant information from the relevant experts, specialists and academics in this field of study, utilising the Task Technology Fit (TTF) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as guidelines. From the identified factors which influence the adoption of social media, an issue regarding the awareness of the respondents toward the relevance of South African laws emerged. The #Feesmustfall campaign was one case study that revealed the extent to which social media was being used nationally and internationally. Key themes that emerged from the study include privacy and security which further emphasised the need for governing frameworks and legislation. Furthermore, social media strategies in terms of possible future legislation and or frameworks were recommended for the effective use in crisis v management. The study concluded that social media is an important channel of communication in crisis and disaster but control mechanisms are required for its effectiveness. Furthermore, the study establishes the need for future research in this important area, which would be beneficial to the global community as a whole.

The Shelter Guide, developed for Habitat for Humanity, builds on ongoing research for the project 'Climate Resilient Honiara', funded by the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund and administered by UN-Habitat; as well as other local activities being carried out by shelter researchers and practitioners in shelter, informal settlements, disaster risk reduction, and urban climate resilience across Melanesia. The work was underpinned by an area-based 'action research' approach, with the project team comprising a mix of Solomon Islanders and international researchers. This gave due weight to local knowledge and traditional practice, while also applying scientific expertise in the built environment. The voices of local women, youth and disability groups were given prominence to ensure that the Guide was informed by the cultural knowledge of all community members around shelter, vulnerability, and acceptable levels of risk.

The Shelter Guide, developed for Habitat for Humanity, builds on ongoing research for the project 'Climate Resilient Honiara', funded by the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund and administered by UN-Habitat; as well as other local activities being carried out by shelter researchers and practitioners in shelter, informal settlements, disaster risk reduction, and urban climate resilience across Melanesia. The work was underpinned by an area-based 'action research' approach, with the project team comprising a mix of Solomon Islanders and international researchers. This gave due weight to local knowledge and traditional practice, while also applying scientific expertise in the built environment. The voices of local women, youth and disability groups were given prominence to ensure that the Guide was informed by the cultural knowledge of all community members around shelter, vulnerability, and acceptable levels of risk.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a conceptual model of control aspects in humanitarian logistics. Control aspects in organisations providing humanitarian logistics have been identified and brought into context with the requirements in the phases of disasters. It was found that humanitarian relief organisations (HROs) are best suited to conduct logistics in the preparedness phase, military organisations are best suited in the emergency response phase. HROs are best suited in the recovery phase. Commercial companies are well suited in all phases. This paper has shown that control mechanisms have to be considered in the context of humanitarian logistics. This opens new avenues for academic research which should lead to improved logistics in the phases of disasters. To our knowledge, no such research has been attempted before.

T he end of the Cold War more than two decades ago created new international realities, along with hopes and expectations for greater peace and stability worldwide. Part of that peace dividend was expected to be the result of a decrease in defense spending, with direct consequences for the size and functions of nations' armed forces. As a result, in parts of the world that benefited from increased security, the changing security challenges and interpretations of what should be considered suitable tasks and roles of armed forces have led to "profound … shifts in their core roles … (which are) … increasingly challenging long-held assumptions about what armed forces are for and how they should be structured and organized". 2 Governments and societies have been contemplating the appropriateness of newly defined or previously secondary purposes for their armed forces, which extend beyond their core role of national defense. These include the assignment of a variety of external and internal military and civilian roles and tasks. Some of these are performed as a subsidiary activity in support of operations under civilian command. An examination of the internal roles of the armed forces in 15 Western democracies shows that armed forces assist in internal security provision mainly as a resource of last resort when efforts are required to respond to exceptional situations. This is the case primarily during and after natural and humanitarian catastrophes as well as other emergencies that exceed the response capacities of civilian and hybrid security institutions. Under the command and control of civilian agencies, the usually subsidiary operations of the armed forces are designed to enhance the capacity of civilian security providers in such situations. 3 What does this mean for armed forces in the developing countries in their indigenous state-building

Gender-based violence has been regarded as one of the major social public health concerns affecting women from all walks of life across the world. Moreover, the incidence of the problem increases enormously in regions which are facing humanitarian emergencies. In order to respond to the problem of violence against women living in a displacement camp in Myanmar, the United Nations Population Fund started a new initiative to develop a network of male volunteers to prevent violence and adequately respond to assist the victims. To conclude, the problem of gender based violence cannot be eliminated unless men are actively involved in the drive. The current strategy of developing a network of men and involving them to counter this menace is quite an effective approach and the program managers from different parts of the world should aim to take a leaf out of it and replicate the same in their settings for a better and a favorable outcome.