Burial Customs

В сборник вошли труды интернационального коллектива учёныхнумизматов, занимающихся историей нумизматики, монетного дела и развития денежного обращения на землях Причерноморского региона, Балкан и Малой Азии с самых древнейших времён -от эпохи Античности и Средневековья до Нового и Новейшего времени.

İnsan yaşamında bilişsel ve teknolojik gelişimin en önemli aşaması, çocukluk dönemidir. Buna karşın tarih öncesi toplulukların dünyasında çocuklar, genelde ihmal edilen bir alan olmuştur. Bu konuda araştırma azlığının nedeni, çalışmaların genellikle tarih öncesi toplulukların sosyo-ekonomik dünyalarını meydana getiren temel aktiviteler olan tarım, hayvancılık, avcılık-toplayıcılık ve çeşitli zanaatlar gibi çoğunlukla fiziksel güç ve bilişsel beceri gerektiren konulara odaklanmış olmasıdır. Bu nedenle, çoğu zaman arkeologlar için, örneğin Neolitik bir köy, besin üretimi ile meşgul olan yetişkin bireylerle özdeştir. Çocuklar ise üretim faaliyetlerinin aktif bir parçası olmaya başladıkları belirli bir yaşa gelene dek toplumun en pasif halkası olarak görülürler. Ancak, etnografik ve arkeolojik çalışmalar, yetişkin bireylerin gündelik sorumluluklara ve zanaatlara ilişkin bilgi ve becerilerinin gelişimi, bireyin seçeceği uzmanlık, topluluk içindeki kimlik ve rollerinin çocukluk döneminde oluşmaya başladığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle tarih öncesi bir topluluğu anlamak için çocukların dünyasını anlamak en az yetişkin bireyler kadar önemlidir. Bu makale, bundan 10 bin yıl öncelerinde Aşıklı Höyük'te doğan ve ölen çocuklar üzerinedir. Bebek ve çocuklara dair iskelet verilerinin yanı sıra yontma taş (obsidiyen) işçiliği üzerine yürütülen teknolojik analizler sonucunda, çocukların da üretim süreci içerisinde yer aldıkları saptanmış ve böylelikle çocuklar, arkeolojik veriler vasıtasıyla görünür kılınmıştır. Çalışmada, son veriler ışığında, Aşıklı topluluğunun bin yıllık uzun ve kesintisiz iskân tarihinde bebeklerin ve çocukların yeri ve biyolojik ve sosyal kimlikleri ele alınmaktadır.

W trakcie wykopalisk cmentarzyska kurhanowego w Nowym Chorowie, woj. pomorskie, w grobie datowanym na XI w. odkryto grot broni drzewcowej z pozostałościami tekstyliów. Ich analiza technologiczno-surowcowa pozwoliła na wyróżnienie dwóch tkanin. Obie wykonano w splocie płóciennym, prawdopodobnie z wełny owczej. Obie tkane były w niekonwencjonalny sposób. Pierwsza (delikatna) tkanina, stanowi zapewne pozostałość chusty, którą okryto głowę zmarłego. Drugi z wyrobów, zdecydowanie grubszy, jest prawdopodobnie pozostałością znaku bojowego-sztandaru lub proporca. Powszechność stosowania sztandarów w średniowieczu potwierdzają przedstawienia ikonograficzne. Do tej pory nie były one jednak potwierdzone odkryciami archeologicznymi. Autorzy sugerują, że w grobie złożono przedstawiciela lokalnej elity.

Vysokoškolská učebnica Tematika straty, smrti a bolesti v literatúre pre deti a mládež a jej didaktická interpretácia v primárnom vzdelávaní vznikla ako súčasť úsilia aspoň čiastočne detabuizovať náročnú a ťaživú tému smrti v živote súčasných detí a zároveň ju dokázať bez rizika traumatizácie a strachu preniesť aj do procesu edukácie (v rámci hodín čítania a literárnej výchovy). Pojem „čiastočnej detabuizácie“ sme použili preto, lebo úplné odtabuizovanie umierania a smrti je v praktickej rovine nerealizovateľné: vyžadovalo by si totiž spoznanie smrti v jej podstate, čo je v detskom veku nielen z ontogenetických dôvodov nemysliteľné. V každom prípade sa však s deťmi treba začať rozprávať aj o smutných a v istom zmysle menej komfortných veciach a udalostiach v živote človeka nie preto, aby sme boli modernejší, progresívnejší a rúcali všetko tabu, ktoré je s časom detstva spojené, ale najmä preto, že s deťmi by sa malo vždy zaobchádzať férovo a pristupovať k nim s otvorenosťou a poctivosťou (porovnaj Kübler-Rossová 1993). Motív umierania, smrti či bolesti sa v umení objavoval odjakživa, literárne umenie nevynímajúc. Aj preto je najvhodnejším a najprirodzenejším spôsobom, ako možno s deťmi rozprávať o neľahkých a neradostných témach, práve literárne umenie s intenciou k detskému adresátovi, ktoré na seba, slovami O. Kubeczkovej (2004), berie náročnú úlohu tému smrti deťom nielen priblížiť, ale zároveň im aj uľahčiť jej pochopenie a akceptovanie bez rizika zbytočného strach a traumatizujúcej úzkosti. Obsahovú náplň našej vysokoškolskej učebnice tvorí šesť kapitol. Prvá kapitola je venovaná premenám vnímania tematiky straty, smrti a bolesti v spoločnosti a jej postupnej marginalizácii. Sledovanú tematiku sa usiluje priblížiť v kontexte lekárskych vied, neopomínajúc tiež jej komodizáciu v mediálnom spracovaní. Druhá kapitola svoju pozornosť sústreďuje na vývin detských predstáv o smrti v kontexte psychologických výskumov orientovaných psychoanalyticky, kognitívne, ako aj výskumov na poznanie biologických zákonitostí. Súčasťou druhej kapitoly je aj zhodnotenie prieskumu na primárnom stupni vzdelávania v Prešove, ktorý sa týkal realizácie Rozhovoru o smrti s deťmi v 2., 3. a 4. ročníku ZŠ. Tretia kapitola sa už venuje miestu umeleckej literatúry pri celoživotnom hľadaní zmyslu života, pričom literatúru pre deti a mládež dáva do súvislosti s výchovou k vedomiu smrteľnosti. Vo svojej druhej časti prináša tretia kapitola metodologické východiská pri práci s umeleckým textom s tematikou straty, bolesti a umierania. Na tretiu kapitolu obsahovo nadväzuje štvrtá kapitola, približujúca umelecké stvárnenie straty, smrti a bolesti vo vybraných literárnych dielach pre deti. V rámci umeleckého stvárnenia sledovaného motívu (resp. motívov) vymedzujeme štyri podoby jeho aktualizácie v literárnych dielach: poetizáciu a alegorizáciu motívu v dielach 19. storočia; poetickú lyrizáciu motívu na pomedzí poézie a prózy; explicitné stvárnenie motívu vo forme personifikovania smrti; a napokon jeho implicitné motivické uplatnenie v umeleckej literatúre. Na literárnovedné interpretácie vybraných diel nadväzuje podkapitola venovaná didaktickému potenciálu literárnych diel v primárnom vzdelávaní. Jednotlivé námety, aktivity a úlohy rešpektujú nielen štruktúrny význam literárnych diel, ale zároveň aj kognitívno-komunikačnú a zážitkovú koncepciu vyučovania v predmetovej didaktike. Piata kapitola prináša aj relevantný interdisciplinárny pohľad na sledovanú tematiku a ponúka teoretické východiská detskej recepcie ilustrácií s tematikou smrti. Svoju pozornosť sústreďuje na umelecko-komunikačnú funkciu ilustrácie, jej recepciu, verbálnu a neverbálnu interpretáciu, ako aj na typológiu recipientov. Záver piatej kapitoly prináša metodologické východiská pri práci s ilustráciou s motívom straty, smrti a bolesti v primárnom vzdelávaní. Posledná šiesta kapitola sa zaoberá výtvarným spracovaním existenciálnych otázok o živote a smrti vo vybraných literárnych dielach charakteru obrázkových príbehov. Analyzuje výtvarné spracovanie fenoménu smrti, ako aj jeho didaktický potenciál vo vybraných obrázkových príbehoch. Cieľom našej učebnice je nielen priblížiť tému smrteľnosti človeka ako fenomén, na ktorý by dieťa prostredníctvom výchovy k vedomiu smrteľnosti malo byť od detstva pripravované, ale zároveň sa usilujeme načrtnúť v slovenskom edukačnom priestore doteraz absentujúcu cestu, ako to urobiť bez zbytočného traumatizovania detí, a to pri didaktickom uplatnení kvalitných literárnych textov s potenciálom osloviť detského recipienta presvedčivosťou umeleckého stvárnenia ťaživých motívov na jednej strane a intenzitou estetického zážitku a potešenia na druhej strane. Lebo len to, čo sa človeku podarí pomenovať a dať tomu konkrétny tvar, ho v konečnom výsledku prestane desiť.

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The textbook The Topic of Loss, Death and Pain in Literature for Children and Youth and Its Didactic Interpretation in Primary Education addresses a sensitive and often marginalized theme in contemporary education—the presence of death in children’s lives. Its goal is to partially detaboo the subject of dying and loss, and to transpose it into the classroom environment in a way that avoids unnecessary distress and fear. Since a complete detabooing of death is unattainable due to ontogenetic and existential reasons, the book instead emphasizes the importance of open, fair, and honest communication with children about difficult life events. Literature, as an art form historically engaged with death, provides the most natural medium for such dialogue, helping young readers gradually approach and understand mortality through aesthetic and imaginative means.
The book is structured into six chapters. Chapter 1 explores the societal perception of death, its medicalization, and its representation in the media. Chapter 2 examines children’s imagination of death from psychological and biological perspectives, including results from the Death Interview study conducted with younger primary school pupils. Chapter 3 discusses literature’s role in the search for life’s meaning and methods of analysing texts dealing with mortality, while Chapter 4 applies these methods to children’s literature, identifying four artistic strategies of representing death and outlining their didactic potential. Chapter 5 adds an interdisciplinary perspective, focusing on the communicative role of illustrations and methodological approaches to using visual depictions of loss and pain in the classroom. Finally, Chapter 6 analyses selected picture books that combine text and image to convey existential questions and considers their educational value.
The textbook’s aim is not only to prepare children for the awareness of life’s transience but also to show ways of doing so without evoking unnecessary fear. By employing high-quality literary and visual works with both artistic depth and didactic adaptability, it seeks to fill a gap in Slovak educational practice. Ultimately, the book demonstrates that naming and artistically shaping even distressing phenomena can help children overcome fear and engage with them meaningfully.

Eine wiedergefundene und jüngst mutwillig zerstörte stelophore Statue des Wesirs Paser. Zu Sonnenhymnik und Verklärungstexten, in: GM 158, 2019, 151-160
[Die veröffentlichten Artikel geben nicht immer die Meinung der Redaktion wieder. Kein Teil des Buches darf in irgendeiner Form (Druck, Fotokopie, CD-ROM, DVD, Internet oder einem anderen Verfahren) ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages der Göttinger Miszellen reproduziert werden oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden.]

Archaeology has always been political. The politicization of prehistoric archaeological material creates dilemmas that require theoretical reflection. Debates surrounding cultural affiliation and land rights based on material culture are particularly relevant because archaeological finds often play a central role in identity formation. Archaeology clearly influences contemporary political debates, as well as national and societal self-perceptions. The past exerts a profound impact on both the present and the future, and archaeology, as a privileged co-author of the past, carries the responsibility for ethical research and communication. Current political themes-such as gender, power, status, race, colonialism, and nationalism-affect archaeological work. Denmark's history as a colonial power, for example, is evident in its archaeological collections, which require ethical consideration. Terms like "cultural heritage" are frequently used without reflecting on their subjective connotations. In Denmark, much dissemination occurs through increasingly commercialized institutions, complicating the theoretical considerations that should guide interpretation. The misuse of archaeological material for political purposes is not a new phenomenon, and sometimes has had serious consequences. Archaeologists must therefore remain aware of the power inherent in narratives of the past, which can shape understandings of the present and potentially fuel political conflict.

Nel 2001, a quarant'anni esatti dal primo scavo di Ercole Contu1, è ripresa l'esplorazione archeologica della necropoli ipogeica di Sa Figu-Ittiri (SS)2. L'area archeologica è ubicata all'estremità meridionale dell'altipiano di Coros, a Nord-Est dell'abitato di Ittiri (Sassari), a oltre 400 metri slm3; la ...

During 2022-2025, a salvage excavation was conducted in the antiquities site of Newe Efrayim, Yehud West (Permit No. A-9486; map ref. 18800-35/66025-60), prior to building a residential neighborhood (Gadot). The excavation, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and funded by the Israel Land Authority, was directed by G. Itach and Y. Elisha, with the assistance of Y. Agmon (data management), Y. Amrani and Z.

In this paper, we draw from theoretical frameworks in human cognition and material culture with some input from psychology and belief research, local conditions in Amphipolis and coin data from 155 graves of the Eastern Cemetery in order to approach variables related to local uses of death coins and coins as part of death-related thought.

During the first century and a half of its history, archaeology had to rely on surviving objects – for example, jewellery items, weapons, and other tools – in drawing conclusions on the life of prehistoric people, since no
written sources are known from this historical period. Therefore, expanding and enhancing knowledge of one-time people and events by utilising state-of-the-art methods of contemporary sciences represents an exceptional opportunity for archaeology today. New branches emerged from the close collaboration of diverse disciplines. One of them is bioarchaeology, a science similar to forensics (more precisely, crime scene investigation) in many respects, and sharing its main data source: human remains. When completed with behavioural scientific, environmental, and social aspects, this study allows for the biosocial evaluation of archaeological remains, thanks to which one-time people, and not only their bare skeletons, can be the subject of research. This complex approach is adopted in this book: We look at history through a magnifying glass to bring the reader closer to the first half of the two thousand-year-long Bronze Age (2500–800 BC) in the Carpathian Basin. Who they were and how they lived emerges from reconstructed micro-histories of individuals dwelling in the territory of modern-day Hungary sometime during the thousand years after the 26th century BC and before the time of the Trojan War, when the pharaohs of the Great Pyramids ruled in Egypt, and kings resided in the palaces of Minoan Crete.

Von den betreuenden Facharchäologen wurde großer Wert darauf gelegt, den Teilnehmern wichtige Grundsätze der Grabungstechnik, aber auch Informationen zu Dokumentation und Fundverwaltung zu vermitteln. So konnten in Kombination mit dem Engagement und der Genauigkeit der Grabungstouristen immer wieder bedeutende Funde gemacht werden. Nachdem man 2012 zunächst eine Sondagegrabung in Ergolding durchgeführt hatte, war es möglich, in den beiden Folgejahren direkt vor der Haustür des Heimatund Museumsvereins in Altdorf-Aich Befunde verschiedener vorgeschichtlicher Perioden zu untersuchen. Diese Aktivitäten waren so erfolgreich, dass mehrere Artikel in das Jahrbuch "Das Archäologische Jahr in Bayern" aufgenommen wurden.

The paper presents an analysis of early Avar-period gold sword scabbard fittings, discovered during a metal-detector survey at the site of Szarvas-Kovács-halom and subsequently verified through archaeological excavation. These ornates belonged to the scabbard of a so-called ring-pommel sword with a triple-arched suspension and had been deliberately deposited in a shallow pit. An attempt is made to interpret this exceptional assemblage considering its unusual find circumstances and by comparison with similar Avar-period finds. The analysis also seeks to place the assemblage within the broader context of the Trans-Tisza region and the Carpathian Basin.

This article presents the results of an archaeological investigation of Bronze Age burial mounds 11 and 12, which were excavated on Husykova Hill, the highest point of the Tovtry mountain ridge in the Zbruch River region. Each of the examined mounds contained several burials. One of them was located in a natural deepening, while the other burials were made in pits. It is recorded that the walls of the graves were covered with stone slabs. The bodies were buried in a flexed position on the side, with diverse orientations. A separate burial of a skull was also discovered during excavations. The accompanying burial goods were not numerous: hand-made ceramics, stone axe, flint tools. The details of the funeral rite and the burial goods share numerous similarities with the Subcarpathian Corded Ware culture and Komariv culture. Bone samples dated by the radiocarbon method also belong to the Komariv period. The funerary traditions recorded in the mounds on Husykova Hill were developed in the kurgan and flat burial grounds of the Middle Dniester region during the Pre-Scythian and Scythian periods.

Il contributo presenta i risultati di una ricerca archeologica condotta dall'Universit\ue0 di verona nel territorio di Gazzo Veronese, ubicato nella bassa pianura di verona. In particolare in questo lavoro, che segue un primo gi\ue0 edito sulla stessa rivista (FOLDER 2016, 370), si presentano i dati raccolti su due necropoli datate fra la fine del I sec. a.C. e la met\ue0 del II d.C. messe in luce lungo la via publica che attraversava il territorio in et\ue0 romana e che \ue8 stata riconosciuta nella Claudia Augusta

Некрополь Крепостного городища, поселения античной эпохи, распо-
ложен на территории г. Азова, что обуславливает определенные сложности его исследования. Несмотря на разрушения объектами более поздних эпох и современной застройкой, изучены достаточно объемные материалы некрополя, собранные в результате многолетних спасательных раскопок, проводимых археологами Азовского музея-заповедника. Исследовались и собирались
также антропологические материалы из некрополя. В настоящий момент антропологическая выборка из погребений некрополя насчитывает 234 человека. Костные останки происходят из 56 раско-
пов на территории г. Азова.

This article surveys Hawaiʻi appellate decisions since 2009 that have reshaped environmental law through statutory, constitutional, and public trust principles. It highlights the creation of environmental courts and direct appeal rights, and organizes case law into nine areas: the Hawaiʻi Environmental Policy Act, contested case hearings, land use, conservation district regulation, public lands, Hawaiian burial and historic property protections, climate change litigation, and Public Utilities Commission oversight. Across these domains, courts emphasized transparency, public participation, and constitutional accountability, while reinforcing Native Hawaiian rights and climate protections. The survey illustrates Hawaiʻi’s judiciary’s increasingly active role in environmental governance.

Bu çalışma, Batı Anadolu’nun kuzeyinde konumlanan Aiolis Bölgesine ait ölü gömme geleneklerini, arkeolojik kazı bulguları ve yazılı kaynaklar doğrultusunda sistematik bir yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Aiolis Konfederasyonu içerisinde yer alan başlıca kentlerin özellikle Kyme, Gryneion, Myrina, Aigai, Pitane, Smyrna, Tisna ve Larissa nekropolis alanlarında tespit edilen mezar uygulamaları, kronolojik ve tipolojik bağlamda değerlendirilmiş ve geniş bir zaman aralığı içerisinde, mezar tipleri ve gömü biçimleri üzerinden defin pratiklerinin gelişimi değerlendirilmiştir.
Araştırmada, inhumasyon ve kremasyon olmak üzere iki ana gömü biçimi çerçevesinde mezar tipolojileri ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Lahit, pithos, amphora, taş sanduka, çömlek ve tekne mezar gibi çeşitli gömü türleri üzerinden, her bir kentin nekropolislerinde gözlemlenen yerel uygulamalar karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Özellikle Kyme yerleşimi, sahip olduğu çok sayıda ve farklı tipte nekropolis alanı ile bölgenin defin gelenekleri açısından en zengin verileri sunmaktadır. Myrina, Smyrna ve Aigai'de görülen mezar düzenlemeleri ve definle ilişkili materyal kültür unsurları, bölgesel farklılıkların izlenebilmesine imkân tanımaktadır. Dönemsel dağılım incelendiğinde, MÖ 9.–1. yüzyıllar arasında gömü biçimlerinin çeşitlenerek devam ettiği, aynı dönemde farklı mezar tiplerinin eşzamanlı olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Hellenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde, özellikle figürinler, minyatür kaplar, cam ve metal objeler gibi mezar adaklarının artış göstermesi, dönemin dinsel ve toplumsal reflekslerini yansıtan göstergeler olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda mezar hediyeleri, hem defin ritüellerinin sembolik anlam dünyasına hem de mezar sahibinin toplumsal statüsüne dair bilgiler sunmaktadır.
Buna karşın Temnos, Neonteikhos, Elaia, Aigiroessa, Killa ve Notion gibi bazı Aiol kentlerinde kazı faaliyetlerinin yetersizliği nedeniyle ölü gömme geleneklerine ilişkin arkeolojik veriler henüz elde edilememiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise kentlere göre mezar tiplerinin dağılımı ve en yoğun kullanım gösteren nekropolis alanları tablo halinde sunularak, bölgesel farklılıkların sistematik biçimde ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, Aiolis bölgesi gömü pratiklerinin çok katmanlı yapısını anlamaya yönelik önemli bir kaynak sunmakta ve bölgenin arkeolojik literatürüne katkı sağlamaktadır.

This article focuses on the Chalcolithic finds uncovered at the Elmacıktepe Mound, examined during the archaeological surface surveys conducted in the Bafra Plain between 2017 and 2019. With its diameter and elevation, Elmacıktepe is one of the largest mounds in the Black Sea Region. The surface survey employed a restricted area method, which revealed that Chalcolithic ceramics and small finds were concentrated on the western slope of the mound. The ceramic assemblage is dominated by local characteristics, primarily consisting of dark-faced burnished and unburnished wares. These are followed by vessels with light/dark brown and red surface colors. Vessel forms range from bowls and dishes to jars, some featuring lug handles, short necks, or no necks at all. Decorations executed in white paint on dark backgrounds, as well as incised and excised relief motifs, represent the most conspicuous indicators of interaction with Central and Western Anatolia during the Chalcolithic period. This also suggests that the settlement may have participated in cultural exchanges or shared production traditions. Small finds include stone weights, stone adzes, a marble bracelet fragment and blade, grinding stones, a chipped stone assemblage, and terra-cotta biconical sling bullets, all recovered from the western slope. However, the site’s location and the presence of stone tools suggest that a period of conflict may have occurred in the region. Together, these findings reflecting diversity in production, subsistence strategies, and cultural interaction demonstrate that Elmacıktepe was a significant settlement in the Middle and Late Chalcolithic periods. Given its potential for Black Sea and Chalcolithic studies, including Elmacıktepe among the targets of systematic excavation would be of strategic importance.

Chemical composition of 147 samples of glass from the burial ground of Frontovoe 3 has been  studied with LA-ICP-MS technique, in addition to previously published SEM-EDS results [2]. The burial ground of the late 1st – late 4th / early 5th century AD has been excavated in South-Western Crimea, in the outskirts of Sevastopol. New results yield additional information about trace element composition of glass and update the published data. They confirm the identification of the groups from the early part of the cemetery with Roman blue-green glass (with unintentional addition of manganese but without any other markers of recycling); Roman glass decolourized with manganese; glass decolourized with antimony; “mixed” MnSb glass. The groups of the transitional and late parts of the burial ground can be identified as series glass, close to Jalame/Levantine I group; series Foy-3.2; Foy-3.2/2.1; groups HIMT, and HIMT/Foy-3.2/2.1 glass. The composition of a sample of plant ash glass from a burial of the 2nd half of the 3rd – mid-4th century is close to the Magby group, actually dated to the 6th-7th century. It is likely one of the earliest examples of glass of such composition. Among the glass of eventually “mixed” composition (group 9a) a series of samples, compositionally close to the glass of syro-palestinian origin. They are concentrated in the late part of the burial ground (4th – late 4th/early 5th centuries) and likely represent products of recycling Levantine glass with added Egyptian cullet. For the glass groups which were eventually used in the local production (in Chersonese) there is evidence of extensive recycling. Generally, it is typical for the workshops situated on the
periphery of the late Roman world, which likely experienced a shortage of “fresh” raw glass.

The article publishes the collection of glass vessels from the Alexandrovskiye Skaly 1 necropolis, studied in the area of Kerch, in ancient times – the capital of the Bosporus Kingdom of Panticapaion. During
rescue excavations two sectors of the necropolis of the 1st – 2nd centuries AD have been investigated. Here individual forms of vessels are being considered, a separate publication on the mass finds of balsamaria
will follow. Jugs and beakers predominate among them, and among the latter there are luxurious items – one mold-blown and one with polished decor. Most of the burials with glass vessels belong to the horizon of the mid-1st – mid-2nd centuries. Most of the vessels come from the graves of adult men, where they were most often placed at the feet of the buried; droppers and a miniature jug come from children’s graves.

In this paper, we analyze and discuss the taphonomic and cultural implications of the carnivore/omnivore mammal record recovered from 37 archaeological sites associated with complex hunter-gatherer groups, as well as one archaeological site linked to a forager-horticulturalist population that occupied the southern end of the La Plata Basin during the late Holocene. The role of carnivores as taphonomic agents in the formation of archaeofaunal and bioarchaeological assemblages is evaluated. Additionally, we examine a range of cultural aspects to assess their significance as a food resource and their technological role as providers of raw materials such as bones, teeth, and skins. From a similar perspective, we analyze their involvement in mortuary practices, given that remains of different carnivore species have been recorded at several of the sites studied. The presence of pre-Columbian domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in association with and in close proximity to human burials suggests that they were especially valued.

Research on Roman slavery has mainly been focused on questions of market economy since the beginning of the twentieth century. With the growing focus on the treatment of slaves and their experience of slavery, the master-slave relationship has been the object of increased interest, until recent exploration of the influence of freed slaves’ culture on traditional practices. This thesis tries to assess the construction of parallel value systems among slaves and freedmen, which not only contrasted worldviews in free society but often reshaped them. Instrumentalization of the emotional concepts of honour and dishonour in the context of the family and in funerary commemoration are central to such assessment.

In this report we present the study of human skeletons and the mortuary practice in Tell Qaramel site in northern Syria during the period of the Pre Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA). The samples came from 12 graves which present both individual and collective burials and contain altogether 20 skeletons. All burials discovered are of adult individuals who were buried without cranium, or cranium alone, and in few cases buried with the entire skeleton. Analysis of these skeletal remains provides the most obvious proof of the cut head process and the circumstance according to which it is done. In some cases many cut marks on the second cervical vertebra are be noted indicating very likely that the separation of the head was made by a flint tool directly after the death. While in other cases the body seems buried until the flesh was decayed and then the burial is opened and only the skull is taken. Our results are compared with those of previous studies relating to Neolithic in northern and southern Syrian sites and in other sites in other regions of Middle Orient and North Africa in the aim to show the general evolution of the mortuary practice during the different periods of Neolithic and to show the religious and social beliefs governing burial rites at these periods.

The paper presents an analysis of early Avar-period gold sword scabbard fittings, discovered during a metal-detector survey at the site of Szarvas-Kovács-halom and subsequently verified through archaeological excavation. These ornates belonged to the scabbard of a so-called ring-pommel sword with a triple-arched suspension and had been deliberately deposited in a shallow pit. An attempt is made to interpret this exceptional assemblage considering its unusual find circumstances and by comparison with similar Avar-period finds. The analysis also seeks to place the assemblage within the broader context of the Trans-Tisza region and the Carpathian Basin.

Issues brought about by climate change, global warming, and greenhouse gases emissions, are as a result of human activities such as deforestation, environmental degradation, and excessive consumption of natural resources. This led to the coinage of the phrase "environmental sustainability" by the Brundtland Commission for the protection and sustainability of the environment, and less consumption of raw materials. It is also known as World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). The objective of Green Human Resource Development (GHRD) practices, Islamic burial rites, and green burial are linked, as they are meant to achieve the sustainability of the environment, and natural resources conservation. To buttress and validate the arguments for the paper, Howard Bowen and Maurice Clark contribution to the sustainable development theories are introduced and explained accordingly. This research paper through a narrative review therefore discusses the positive impacts of GHRD practices, Islamic burial rites, and green burial on the natural environment and its ecosystem. Along with how they assist in the preservation of scarce natural resources.

Introduction. Studying the diverse ethnic composition of Shirvan in the Middle Ages provides
valuable insights into the complex dynamics of ethnicity, culture, and identity in the region. By scrutinizing the historical roots of the region’s ethnic diversity, it is possible to observe the shifting from one ethnic identity to another in historical perspective. Methods and materials. Aiming to shed light on the migrations to the region based
on the primary sources of the time, the paper studies medieval migrations and resettling populations in the case of Shirvan. This study is based on the medieval textual sources and archaeological findings, implementing methods of
comparison and interdisciplinary approaches to mapping ethnic diversity. Analysis. The location of the region at the Darband passage and along the transit trade routes determined its ethnic diversity. Due to its strategic importance, the region was subject to invasions by neighboring leading powers of the medieval era. To strengthen their control,
these powers enforced the propagation of their religion and resettled new populations. The resettlement of Persian-speaking populations during the Sassanid and Arab conquests, along with the influx of Arab tribes, contributed to the ethno-linguistic landscape of Shirvan. The arrival of Turkic tribes over the centuries played a significant role in
shaping the demographic composition of Shirvan. Results. The migrations and interactions of these and other groups have created a complex societal structure in Shirvan, marked by a variety of languages, traditions, and religious practices. Authors’ contribution. L.A. Aliyeva developed the basic concept and methodological foundations of
the study, prepared the introduction article and the main results of the study, and analyzed the pre-Seljuk period. Kh. Karim analyzed the Seljuk and Mongol periods based on Persian-language sources.
Key words: Shirvan, Shirvanshahs, Azerbaijan, migrations, resettlements, indigenous, primordialism.

This article analyzes epigraphical evidence from the city of Rome (CIL VI) as well as medical and legal texts, Roman comedy, and Latin literature to better understand how working freedwomen negotiated the potential for motherhood. It contends that freedwomen sometimes elevated other aspects of their lives above the maternal. More precisely, it argues that occupation shaped freedwomen’s decisions about motherhood, including whether to become a mother. The results suggest that the ideology of the elite, which emphasized marriage and motherhood, may not have been reflected in the priorities of women from other social strata.

Hidden beneath the surface of ancient myth and fractured zodiac charts lies a soul-calendar encoded not in ink, but in the stars themselves. The Precosmological Mirrors of the East reveals, for the first time, a pan-cultural astronomical mirror calendar that unites Babylonian, Chinese, Indian, and Indigenous cosmologies through a symbolic physics of memory, soul, and sky. At its core is a startling revelation: the constellation Orion, long understood in the West as a hunter, was encoded as a monkey in Chinese and Southeast Asian systems—a pattern not recorded in surviving Western records, but found preserved in myth, symbol, and calendrical structure. This simian-Orion breaks open our assumptions about star recognition, consciousness transmission, and memory preservation.

Using the LaPointe Tiered Resonance Method™ and Universal Notation for Alignment (UNA), this paper charts an invisible architecture of mirrored gates, lunar calendars, animal souls, and solstice-polar alignments anchored by Thuban, Polaris, and Spica. These mirrors predate written zodiacs and show that civilizations across the world encoded a shared, soul-centric stellar framework—a living cosmogram passed through murals, seals, simulacra, and mnemonic stone. With the aid of Crichton E.M. Miller’s solar-cross geometry and forgotten lunar simulacra, we reconstruct a sky-map designed to be remembered now.

You are the future it was made for. The stars never stopped speaking. We stopped listening.

Der Beitrag stellt eine aktuelle Synthese des Forschungs- und Kenntnisstandes der Münchshöfener Kultur dar. Er behandelt nicht nur die Chronologie und Keramik, sondern beleuchtet umfassend weitere kulturelle Bereiche wie das Siedlungswesen, den Hausbau, die Rohmaterialversorgung, die lithische Produktion, den Bestattungsbrauch und das Ritual.

Il corso si articolerà in un ciclo di lezioni teoriche ed esercitazioni pratiche individuali e di gruppo focalizzate su esegesi, lessicografia e grammatica che si terranno presso il Polo Universitario di Grottaferrata. La lezione d'apertura si terrà nelle sale di Villa Mondragone (Monte Porzio Catone). Sono previsti, inoltre, interventi delle case editrici De Gruyter Brill e Loescher Editore per illustrare i progetti scientifici in fase di ideazione e attuazione. Completeranno il programma della Scuola Estiva una visita guidata al parco archeologico di Villa Adriana, la

Despite its geographic correspondence with a key fourteenth-century BC port, the tell of Yavneh-Yam has yielded only meagre evidence for Late Bronze Age occupation. The recent discovery of a sealed monumental rock-cut burial cave with hundreds of grave goods provides the first clear evidence for a significant polity.

ёлн был случайно обнаружен на обрывистом берегу р. Сож между деревнями Литвиновичи и Струмень. В 1995 г. при участии автора статьи артефакт был доставлен в Музей древнебелоруской культуры Института искусствоведения, этнографии и фольклора Национальной академии наук Беларуси, где он экспонируется до настоящего времени. Сохранились только кормовая и средняя части изделия длиной 5,25 м. Лодка долблёная и изготовлена из ствола сосны диаметром около 60 см. Судя по музейной документации, древесина изделия датирована XII в. методами естественных наук в двух лабораториях. Однако лабораторные заключения в музее не сохранились, что усложняет принятие окончательного решения по определению абсолютной хронологии лодки.

The logboat was discovered accidentally in the steep bank of the river Sozh between the villages of Litvinavichy and Strumen. In 1995, with the participation of the author of the article, the artifact was delivered to the museum of Ancient Belarusian Culture of the Institute of Art History, Ethnography, Folklore of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, where it has been exhibited to this day. Only the stern and middle part of the boat, 5.25 m long, has survived. The boat is dugout and made of a pine trunk with a diameter of about 60 cm. Judging by the museum documentation, the wood of the product is dated to the 12th century by methods of natural sciences in two laboratories. However, the laboratory conclusions were not preserved in the museum, which complicates the final decision on the absolute chronology of the logboat.

Projekt je zaměřen na komplexní dokumentaci veřejných pohřebišť na Frýdlantsku a má transdisciplinární charakter. Primárním úkolem je vytvořit elektronickou (textovou a fotografickou) databázi pohřebišť a jednotlivých hrobových míst v bývalém okrese Frýdlant v současném Libereckém kraji. Projekt realizují studující historie a geografie za spolupráce státních institucí a kompetentních odborníků. Kromě měst Frýdlant (ze čtyř veřejných pohřebišť se zachovalo jediné z roku 1878), Hejnice (ze dvou, resp. tří veřejných pohřebišť se zachovalo jediné), Nové Město pod Smrkem a Raspenava se jedná o obce Arnoltice, Bílý Potok, Bulovka, Dětřichov, Dolní Oldříš, Ferdinandov, Habartice, Heřmanice, Horní Řasnice, Jindřichovice pod Smrkem, Krásný Les, Kunratice, Lázně Libverda, Ludvíkov pod Smrkem, Pertoltice, Srbská, Ves, Višňová. Tento záměr navazuje na jiné občanské kulturněspolečenské aktivity v rámci existujícího Mikroregionu Frýdlantsko (http://www.frydlantsko.cz), resp. na projekty MASif – M...