Bioactivities of honey

Researchers have shown that fructose consumption induces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Whether honey, which contains high amount of fructose could also elicit such tendency is not clearly established. In this study, changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress (glutathione [GSH]) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]) induced in hepatic tissue of Wistar rats exposed to varying doses (20%, 30% and 40%) of honey and equivalent amounts of fructose were investigated. Results show that both honey and fructose administrations for 4 weeks significantly (P<0.05) increased hepatic GSH in a dose-dependent manner when compared with control. The hepatic MDA for the control, honey and fructose fed groups were not significantly (P>0.05) different. Honey or fructose challenges the liver to improve oxidative defense mechanisms and lower lipid peroxidation activity. These might be initial responses. Overall, long term effects need proper documentation.

High doses of acetaminophen (APAP) lead to acute liver damage. In this study, we evaluated the effects of citral in a murine model of hepatotoxicity induced by APAP. The liver function markers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (𝛾GT) were determined to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of citral. The livers were used to determine myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production and in histological analysis. The effect of citral on leukocyte migration and antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro. Citral pretreatment decreased significantly the levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and 𝛾GT, MPO activity, and NO production. The histopathological analysis showed an improvement of hepatic lesions in mice after citral pretreatment. Citral inhibited neutrophil migration and exhibited antioxidant activity. Our results suggest that citral protects the liver against liver toxicity induced by APAP.

Cisplatin is one of the most potent and effective chemotherapeutic agents. However, its antineoplastic use is limited due to its cumulative nephrotoxic side effects. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the nephroprotective potential of dietary bee honey and royal jelly against subchronic cisplatin toxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into controls, cisplatin-treated, bee honey-pretreated cisplatin-treated and royal jellypretreated cisplatin-treated groups. Bee honey and royal jelly were given orally at doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Subchronic toxicity was induced by cisplatin (1 mg/kg bw, ip), twice weekly for 10 weeks. Cisplatin treated animals revealed a significant increase in serum level of renal injury products (urea, creatinine and uric acid). Histopathologically, cisplatin produced pronounced tubulointerstitial injuries, upregulated the fibrogenic factors, asmooth muscle actin (a-SMA) and transforming growth factor b1(TGF-b1), and downregulated the cell proliferation marker, bromodeoxyuridine (Brdu). Dietary bee honey and royal jelly normalized the elevated serum renal injury product biomarkers, improved the histopathologic changes, reduced the expression of a-SMA and TGF-b1 and increased the expression of Brdu. Therefore, it could be concluded that bee honey, and royal jelly could be used as dietary preventive natural products against subchronic cisplatin-induced renal injury.

Physicochemical characterization of 82 Algerian honeys, collected between 2005 and 2010, from different botanical and geographical origins were analyzed. The studied parameters were: water content, pH, free acidity (FA), electrical conductivity (EC), ash content, hydroxymethylfurfuraldehyde (HMF), proline content, specific rotatory power and color. Most of the measured parameters had showed values in the range of the international standards, with a particular richness in proline and ash content. Chemometrics-based approach reveals that the discriminated groups were Citrus, Ziziphus and forest even with over represented groups like Eucalyptus. Principle component analysis (PCA) enabled to extract three principal components explaining nearly 65% of total variance, PC 1 and PC 2 were related to botanical origin whereas PC 3 to honey age. Analysis of variance showed that the studied variables were almost different depending on botanical, geographical origin and season. The current study also shows the presence of diverse honey varieties in Algeria. The collected data will contribute to the creation of products with protected geographical or/and botanical origins.

While numerous maladies are associated with hypobaric hypoxia, muscle protein loss is an important under studied topic. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the mechanism of muscle protein loss at HH. SD rats were divided into normoxic rats, while remaining rats were exposed to simulated hypoxia equivalent to 282-torr pressure (equal to an altitude of 7620 m, 8% oxygen), at 25 °C for 6, 12, and 24 h. Post-exposure rats were sacrificed and analysis was performed. Ergo, muscle loss-related changes were observed at 12 and 24 h post-HH exposure. An increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased thiol content was observed in HHexposed rats. This disturbance caused substantial protein oxidative modification in the form of protein carbonyl content and advanced oxidation protein products. The analysis showed increase levels of bityrosine, oxidized tryptophan, lysine conjugate, lysine conjugate with MDA, protein hydroperoxide, and protein-MDA product. These changes were also in agreement with increase in lipid hydroperoxides and MDA content. HSP-70 and HSP-60 were upregulated significantly, and this finding is corroborated with increase in ER stress biomarker, GRP-78. Overloading of cells with misfolded proteins further activated degradative machinery. Consequently, pro-apoptotic signaling cascade, caspase-3, and C/EBP homologous protein were also activated in 24-h HH exposure. Release of tryptophan and tyrosine was also increased with 24-h HH exposure, indicated protein degradation. Elevation in resting intracellular calcium ion, [Ca 2+ ]i, was also observed at 12-and 24-h HH exposure. The present study provides a detailed mechanistic representation of muscle protein loss during HH exposure. Keywords High altitude . Hypobaric hypoxia (HH) . Protein modifications . Muscle loss, proteostasis . Calcium Abbreviations HH Hypobaric hypoxia GRP Glucose regulating protein HSP Heat shock protein AOPP Advanced oxidation protein product MDA Malondialdehyde * Richa Rathor

While numerous maladies are associated with hypobaric hypoxia, muscle protein loss is an important under studied topic. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the mechanism of muscle protein loss at HH. SD rats were divided into normoxic rats, while remaining rats were exposed to simulated hypoxia equivalent to 282-torr pressure (equal to an altitude of 7620 m, 8% oxygen), at 25 °C for 6, 12, and 24 h. Post-exposure rats were sacrificed and analysis was performed. Ergo, muscle loss-related changes were observed at 12 and 24 h post-HH exposure. An increased reactive oxygen species production and decreased thiol content was observed in HH-exposed rats. This disturbance caused substantial protein oxidative modification in the form of protein carbonyl content and advanced oxidation protein products. The analysis showed increase levels of bityrosine, oxidized tryptophan, lysine conjugate, lysine conjugate with MDA, protein hydroperoxide, and protein-MDA product. These chang...

Honey is rich with complex natural components which could be useful as antibacterial agents or as preservative. Honey contains high concentration of sugars, low amount of water, high osmolality and often dark colour which influence its antibacterial activity. Disc diffusion, well method, micro dilution assay are methods commonly used to determine the antibacterial activity of honey. In this study, microtiter and microbial plate count were included to ascertain the potency of honey as antibacterial agent against multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with concentration of 0.2 g mL -1 . Results found that well diffusion method tends to give higher inhibitory zone than disc diffusion method but there was no correlation among the bacteria was observed except for S. Typhimurium, E. coli (R = 0.310, 0.505 and 0.316, respectively). Nan photometer assay and microtiter plates assay showed comparable results with moderately strong correlation (R 2 = 0.681 and 0.767, respectively) for S. aureus and S. typhimurium, but poor correlation was found for E. coli, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa (R 2 = 0.441, 0.308 and 0.383, respectively). Determining the number of survivors by plating on agar after nanophotometer assay or microtiter plate assay had confirmed the effectiveness of honey as antimicrobial agent against target bacteria; which confirmed that honey has the potency to inhibit pathogens even at low concentration.

Mentha plant is erect, perennial branched herb which is used to treat various types of human disorders. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. arvensis (L.) were tested to their actions against two selected bacteria namely Citrobacter freundii (gram-) and Micrococcus luteus (gram+). The antibacterial effects was assessed by using method of disc diffusion at various concentrations. The findings showed that ethanol was finest solvent used to extraction as compared to aqueous for testing the antibacterial properties of leaf and stem extracts. Mentha arvensis (L.) extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against both bacterial strains. Highest zone of inhibition 19.0mm was found in Citrobacter freundii at highest concentration, while maximum inhibition by 12.5mg/ml ethanolic stem extract was 11mm against Citrobacter freundii and maximum inhibition of Micrococcus luteus was 9 mm due to an ethanolic leaf extract of Mentha arvensis (L.), and 7.3mm by 12.5 mg/ml ethanolic stem extract. The results also revealed that ethanolic leaf extract of Mentha arvensis (L.) inhibited the population of tested pathogens considerably as compared to other ethanolic extract. The findings suggested that more research should be done on these plants and support their application in traditional medicine.

Due to the growing demand in society for healthier foods, scientific communities are searching and developing new ingredients. In this context, agro-industrial residues, which can have a negative impact on the environment, represent a natural source for bioactive compounds and their recovery can contribute to economic and environmental sustainability. Ionizing radiation is a clean and eco-friendly technology that can be used to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this review, after presenting general aspects about bioactive compounds in agro-industrial residues and radiation technologies, is to focus on the effects of ionizing radiation on the extraction of bioactive compounds from these residues and related bioactive properties. Irradiated residues were demonstrated to have enhanced bioactive characteristics that turn the prepared extracts suitable for applications in food industry, resulting in high-added-value products as well as reducing adverse impacts on the environment.

Objectives Considering the increase in the old adult population and age-related disorders, there is a need for strategies to reduce the complications of aging. Senolytic drugs might improve the function of tissues and organs in elderly people by destroying senescent cells. This review introduces different categories of senolytic drugs. Methods & Materials The keywords "Senolytic" and "Senolysis" were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines. All original, review, and systematic review articles published between 2015 and 2023 were studied systematically. After the validation of data, 50 out of 108 articles were selected, and a summary of classifications and results was provided. Results Currently, 12 categories of senolytics, including kinase inhibitors, natural polyphenols, Bcl2 protein family inhibitors, P53 stabilizers, heat shock protein inhibitors, BET protein family inhibitors, cardiac steroids, PPARα agonists, antibiotics, integrase inhibitors, caloric restriction and chimeric antigen receptor cells have been introduced that are under study in different phases of preclinical or clinical research. Conclusion Considering the aging of the population, one of the strategies to deal with the debilitating effects of old age is senolytics, which can eliminate senescent cells with unfavorable function. The most studied categories with promising results include kinase enzymes and polyphenols, but novel strategies, such as specific targeting of senescent cells with CART cells, are being developed.

The present work investigates the efficacy of using Artemisia annua in traditional medicine in comparison with chemical extracts of its bioactive molecules. In addition, the effects of location (Egypt and Jericho) on the bioactivities of the plant were investigated. The results showed that water extracts of Artemisia annua from Jericho have stronger antibacterial activities than organic solvent extracts. In contrast, water and organic solvent extracts of the Artemisia annua from Egypt do not have anti-bacterial activity. Furthermore, while the methanol extract of EA displayed high anticancer affects, the water extract of Egypt and the extracts of Jericho did not show significant anticancer activity. Finally, the results showed that the methanol and water extracts of Jericho had the highest antioxidant activity, while the extracts of Egypt had none. The current results validate the scientific bases for the use of Artemisia annua in traditional medicine. In addition, our results suggest that the collection location of the Artemisia annua has an effect on its chemical composition and bioactivities.

Background: The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants in neurological health has gained attention. Acalypha wilkesiana, or Red Acalypha, has traditionally been used for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. The hippocampus, a key brain region for memory, learning, and spatial navigation, is vulnerable to damage, making it a focus for studying natural compounds' effects on cognitive health. Damage to the hippocampus can impair cognitive abilities, emphasizing the need for interventions to prevent neurodegeneration. Methods: This study assessed Acalypha's effects on hippocampal health in rats. Four groups of seven rats each were used. The control group received distilled water, while the other groups were given Acalypha extracts at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg orally for 28 days after a 14day acclimatization. The study measured body weight, spatial memory using the Morris water maze, oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione [GSH], catalase [CAT], malondialdehyde [MDA]), and hippocampal histology. Results: Relative to the control, Acalypha treatment significantly (p < 0.05) improved multiple parameters, including mitigating weight loss, enhancing spatial memory performance in the Morris water maze test, and reducing oxidative stress markers such as SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA in a dosedependent manner. Additionally, it provided neuroprotection to the hippocampus, as evidenced by a reduction in vacuolation compared to the control group. Conclusions: Acalypha demonstrated notable neuroprotective effects, improving memory and reducing oxidative stress. This suggests its potential as a therapeutic agent for preserving hippocampal health and enhancing cognitive function, particularly against neurodegenerative conditions.

ABSTRACT:
The study aimed to investigate the morphological differences between the strains of the Apis cerana honey bee revealed that there were no major variations with morphology of black and yellow
morphs but the proboscis length and number of hamuli on forewing showed some differences. The black
and yellow morphs are reproductively isolated and differ slightly in two morphological characteristics out
of the 13 examined. The study establishes that without any geographic restriction, population at higher and lower elevations exhibited differences in these two morphological characteristics of honey bees.

KEY WORDS: Feral colony, variations, strains, proboscis, hamuli

Bu çalışmada patates (SolanumtuberosumL.) yumrularına farklı gerilimlerde (10 volt, 20volt) ve iki yönlü (yerçekimine parallel (↓) ve yerçekimine zıt (↑) yönde) doğru akım (DA) uygulanmıştır. DA 15 gün (24saat) boyunca ekimin yapıldığı ortamlarda yumrulara tatbik edilmiştir. DA'nın patates dormansisine etkilerini belirlemek amacı ile patates yumrularının hormon (giberellik asit ve absisik asit) ve şeker (glikoz, fruktoz ve sukroz) değerleri ölçülmüştür. Hormon ve şeker analizleri için Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Gerilim ve akım yönüne bağlı olarak bitkilerin hormon ve şeker değerlerinin farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. DA'nın verildiği patates yumrularının hiç birinde filizlenme olmamıştır. GA seviyesi 20 volt (↑) uygulamasında en yüksek, ABA nın ise kontrol grubunda en düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Glikoz, fruktoz ve sükroz seviyelerinin 10 volt (↑) uygulamasında en yüksek değerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yer çekimine parallel uygulamalarda gerilim artışının glikoz fruktoz ve sukroz miktarını azalttığı ortaya konmuştur.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Silymarin (SLM) on the hypertension state and the liver function changes induced by acetaminophen (APAP) inspontaneously hypertensive rat(SHR). Animals normotensive (N) or hypertensive (SHR) were treated or not with APAP (3 g/kg, oral) or previously treated with SLM. Twelve hours after APAP administration, plasmatic levels of liver function markers: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose (GLU), gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of all groups, were determined. Liver injury was assessed using histological studies. Samples of their livers were then used to determine the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production and were also sectioned for histological analysis. No differences were observed for ALT,γ-GT, and GLU levels between SHR and normotensive rats groups. However, AST and ALP levels were increased in hypertensive animals. APAP treatment promoted...

Introduction and Purpose: In addition to its use as a food product, various types of honey have been shown through research to possess numerous properties, such as strengthening the immune system, aiding in the healing of burns, exhibiting antioxidant activity, and demonstrating antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Honey has also been found to help treat stomach and intestinal ulcers or pains. Bingöl, geographically located at the intersection of three different phytogeographic regions, has a rich diversity of plants, which is why beekeeping activities are intensively carried out in the region. Furthermore, the honey produced in Bingöl has been certified as a geographical product by the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office and also holds the status of a geographical indication registered with the European Union. Materials and Methods: In the conducted study, the total phenolic content (TPC) of honey produced in Bingöl was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined using the aluminium chloride method. Antioxidant activity analyses were carried out using various methods: DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP methods were applied to measure antioxidant activity. Results: The TPC amount in the honey used in the study was found to be 41.59 ± 0.94 mg GAE/100 g of honey. TFC was determined in mg Q.E./100 g of honey. In the antioxidant activity analyses, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity in mg T.E./100 g of honey. Discussion and Conclusion: The analyzed honey sample demonstrates a significant level of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The TPC value of the honey highlights the substantial presence of phenolic compounds, which possess health-promoting properties such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. This value is consistent with previous studies reporting the phenolic content of honey, emphasizing its role as a natural source of dietary antioxidants. Key Words: Bingöl Honey, Total Phenolic Substance, Total Flavonoid Substance, Antioxidant Activity.

There has been a rise in interest in terpenoids due to their variety of chemical forms and their distinct biological features, providing a range of applications in various industries, and enabling a significant economic, social, and environmental value. A systematic review was conducted based on the results of the collected scientific articles using Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, Science Direct, and PubMed databases. This article examines the characteristics of terpenoids and their biological effects, concentrating on their anti-aging effects. Additionally, it discusses the various industrial applications and drawbacks of their application. Thanks to their activity, terpenoids play a significant part in various industries, making them important compounds with a wide range of applications. They are also frequently used and have excellent development prospects. emphasizing in particular their anti-aging qualities. Future research should focus on terpenoids’ broad toxicity, their catalytic mechanism, bioavailability, pharmacodynamics, biomarkers, extensive examinations of their bioactive qualities, and their usage in various industries in light of their effectiveness.

The antibiotic resistance among gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria is of global health concern. This has prompted the development of new effective drugs. But the discovery and development of new drugs is slow, and the emergence of resistance to such new drugs, on the other hand, is rapid as well as continuous among the bacteria. Therefore, in tackling the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria finding alternative ways is vital. This communication, based on the published scientific data, summarizes the antibacterial capacity of some naturally derived agents such as honey, phytocomponents, probiotics, and antimicrobial peptides that might bring new essence in biomedicine.

Given the growing tendency of consumers to choose products with natural ingredients, food industries have directed scientific research in this direction. In this regard, algae are an attractive option for the research, since they can synthesize a group of secondary metabolites, called phenolic compounds, associated with really promising properties and bioactivities. The objective of this work was to classify the major phenolic compounds, compare the effectiveness of the different extractive techniques used for their extraction, from traditional systems (like heat assisted extraction) to the most advance ones (such as ultrasound, microwave or supercritical fluid extraction); the available methods for identification and quantification; the stability of the enriched extract in phenolic compounds and the main bioactivities described for these secondary metabolites, to offer an overview of the situation to consider if it is possible and/or convenient an orientation of phenolic compounds from algae towards an industrial application.

Felieton poświęcony jest właściwościom miodu. Opisane jest jego korzystne działanie w różnych okolicznościach, wspomniano o zawartych w nim enzymach i witaminach, napisano o tym, że miód się praktycznie nie psuje (jadalny był miód znaleziony w grobie Tutanchamona po trzech tysiącach lat!), opisano ile miodu produkuje się w Polsce, ale w Chinach, Turcji i Iranie. Wspomniano także o produkcji miodu na Ukrainie i o wpływie wojny na tę produkcję.

Honey is a natural substance produced by bees from flower nectar. Known for its sweetness and medicinal properties, honey has been used for thousands of years. Recent research highlights its health benefits, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This paper reviews the key properties of honey and discusses its potential therapeutic applications.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of diet supplementation with a symbiotic (SY), bee pollen (BP), honey bee (HB), date palm pollen (DPP) and their mixture (MIX) on female rabbit productive and reproductive performances under desert hot climates. Seventy-two Californian does of 5 months age and average body weight of 3250 ± 78.2 g were randomly allotted into six groups, each of 12 does. All does orally receive 3 ml distilled water for 10 days before mating and 28 days during pregnancy. Treatments were repeated for four consecutive parities. The first group served as control (C) given distilled water only, however the second, third, fourth and fifth groups were supplemented with 3 ml distilled water containing 0.2 ml SY, 200 mg DPP, 200 mg BP, 0.2 ml HB/doe per day, respectively. While, the sixth group does were given all previous ingredients (MIX). Sexual receptivity rate, fertility rate, kindling rate, and newborn traits were recorded. Also, maternal feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and digestibility coefficients of nutrients were recorded. Does in all groups were artificially inseminated with 0.5 ml of fresh heterospermic semen of 15 fertile bucks extended in Tris at 806-1006 sperm/ml. Treatment increased maternal body weight and daily gain with highest values (P < 0.05) in BP, SY, and MIX does. All treatments enhanced feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with control. Number services per conception decreased (P < 0.01), while litter size and weight and survival at birth and weaning increased (P < 0.01) in treated than control does. Treated does produced more milk than control. Digestibility coefficients of all nutrients were improved (P < 0.01) in treated does. In conclusion, supporting rabbit does pre-and during pregnancy with diets supplemented with a mixture of honey bee, date palm pollen, bee pollen, and synbiotic improves the productive and reproductive performances of rabbit does and their offspring.

The study was conducted through field studies, laboratory and sensory evaluations to ascertain the quality of honey marketed in Kano. Questionnaires were administered to ten honey sellers, five each from the two major honey markets in Kano. Laboratory analyses included moisture, ash, total solids. pH, specific gravity, refractive index, total plate, coliform and total fungal counts. Sensory evaluation using seven-point Hedonic to evaluate appearance, flavour, colour, taste, sweetness, mouth-feel and acceptability was done. Results showed honey business is male dominated business. Honey quality is subjective through observations for colour and thickness as well as mouth-testing for thickness and there is no further processing prior to sales. Moisture content of the samples ranged from 15.24% (KM5) to 19.42% (KW2), ash from 0.2% (KM4 and KW4) to 0.70% (KW2); total solids 80.62% (KW2) to 84.82% (KM5). The specific gravity is the same (1.4) for all the ten samples. The refractive index ...

Bee bread (roti lebah) merupakan salah satu produk yang dihasilkan oleh lebah madu, bee bread dihasilkan oleh lebah melalui proses fermentasi. Proses pembentukan bee bread oleh lebah dimulai dengan mengumpulkan serbuk sari kemudian lebah mencampurnya dengan nektar bunga dan madu, serbuk sari yang dikumpulkan oleh lebah pekerja akan difermentasi menggunakan air liur atau saliva lebah yang mengandung bakteri asam laktat. Hasil campuran tersebut dibawa ke dalam ¾ dari volume sel sarang lebah dan terjadi fermentasi sehingga bee bread terbentuk. Bee bread merupakan produk alami lebah yang memiliki kandungan nutrisi cukup tinggi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan gizi manusia. Kandungan nutrisi bee bread mencakup protein, lemak, karbohidrat, vitamin, enzim, dan mineral. Komposisi bee bread secara biokimia hampir mirip dengan polen (serbuk sari), namun terdapat beberapa perbedaan dimana bee bread kandungan gulanya lebih tinggi dibandingkan pati, sedangkan polen kandungan gula lebih rendah dibandingk...

Honey is rich with complex natural components which could be useful as antibacterial agents or as preservative. Honey contains high concentration of sugars, low amount of water, high osmolality and often dark colour which influence its antibacterial activity. Disc diffusion, well method, micro dilution assay are methods commonly used to determine the antibacterial activity of honey. In this study, microtiter and microbial plate count were included to ascertain the potency of honey as antibacterial agent against multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) with concentration of 0.2 g mL −1. Results found that well diffusion method tends to give higher inhibitory zone than disc diffusion method but there was no correlation among the bacteria was observed except for S. Typhimurium, E. coli (R = 0.310, 0.505 and 0.316, respectively). Nan photometer assay and microtiter plates assay showed comparable results with moderately strong correlation (R 2 = 0.681 and 0.767, respectively) for S. aureus and S. typhimurium, but poor correlation was found for E. coli, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa (R 2 = 0.441, 0.308 and 0.383, respectively). Determining the number of survivors by plating on agar after nanophotometer assay or microtiter plate assay had confirmed the effectiveness of honey as antimicrobial agent against target bacteria; which confirmed that honey has the potency to inhibit pathogens even at low concentration.

Background: Tualang honey has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in various animal models. Objective: This study aims to investigate the responses of antioxidant defenses to normobaric hypoxia and the effects of Tualang honey on brain oxidant/antioxidant status of adult male rats. Methods: The rats were divided into four groups (n = 12 per group); i) sucrose non-hypoxia, ii) sucrose with hypoxia, iii) honey non-hypoxia, iv) honey with hypoxia. Oral Tualang honey (0.2 g/kg body weight) and sucrose (1 mL of 7.9%) supplementations were given to the rats daily for 14 days. The rats were then subjected to ~11% continuous normobaric hypoxia for 7 days. The brain homogenate was used to determine oxidative stress markers levels/activities. Results: The sucrose with hypoxia group demonstrated a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels when compared to...

Background: Search for natural antioxidants to ameliorate hypoxia-induced cognitive dysfunctions has attracted great interest in recent years. Objective: This paper aimed to review published original articles on the efficacy of natural antioxidant compounds that could protect neuronal morphology and cognitive function following hypoxia exposure. Method: A narrative literature review was undertaken. This review provides evidence from animal studies which highlights common natural antioxidants that have been used in adult animal experiments to ameliorate the cognitive impairment caused by environmental hypoxia. Conclusion: Natural antioxidant compounds show promise of conferring neuroprotection and preserving cognitive function following hypoxia exposure and warrants further exploration.

Nepal has a variety of honey and bee products that are dependent on floral sources available in a particular geographical region. The purpose of this study was to compare the physicochemical and antibacterial properties for the quality analysis of different honey samples. Honey samples were gathered from eight different districts of Nepal, which were assessed for their color, ash content, moisture, electrical conductivity, pH, acidity, formaldehyde content, protein concentration, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar, sucrose content, and antibacterial properties. The color and protein were determined using a colorimeter, ash content using a muffle furnace at 550°C, moisture using a refractometer, and electrical conductivity using a conductivity meter. Acidity, formaldehyde, reducing sugar, total reducing sugar, and sucrose content were determined by the titrimetric method while the antibacterial potential was determined by the agar well diffusion method. The results indicated that six honey samples were dark amber and others were light amber in color. The mean values were found ranging from 18.4+0 to 20.8+0.69% for moisture, 0.05+0.04 to 1.35+0.26% for ash, 0.03+0.01 to 1184+5.26 μs/cm for electrical conductivity, 4.5+0.06 to 7.47 +0.06 for pH, 90 to 137 meq/kg for acidity, 1 to 10 ml/kg for formaldehyde content, 0.28 to 0.73 mg/ml for protein concentration, 51.54% to 69.44% for reducing sugar, 65.35 to 80% for total reducing sugar, and 1.31 to 13.52% for sucrose. Out of the eight honey samples, four were able to show antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 while honey from Sindhupalchowk and Baitadi was also active against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, and no other samples showed inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115. The honey sample from Lamjung was able to exhibit the highest antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 at 1250 mg/ml concentration, while the lowest antimicrobial activity was shown by the sample from Chitwan at 750 mg/ml concentration against S. aureus, thus reflecting the significance of using honey as a natural remedy. This study indicated the essence of quantitative assessment of honey samples in terms of physicochemical parameters to ensure the quality of honey samples.

Context: Honey has been employed for its therapeutic attributes since ancient eras, with a history of medicinal utilization, and recent studies have highlighted its diverse clinical applications. The medicinal benefits of honey can be ascribed to various mechanisms, encompassing its osmotic and acidic characteristics, hydrogen peroxide generation, and particular bioactive compounds. While honey generally has a good safety profile, rare risks exist, particularly in infants under one year of age. More rigorous clinical trials and standardized protocols are needed to establish its optimal dosage, application methods, and specific indications. Economic considerations and regional variations in honey composition and quality should also be considered. Aims: To provide an overview of the clinical uses of honey in the medical field, emphasizing its effectiveness and potential therapeutic benefits. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to gather relevant studies on the clinical applications of honey. The search encompassed various databases and included studies published with the range from May 2001 to May 2023. The selected studies were critically reviewed to extract pertinent information for this critical review. Results: Natural honey comes from two types of honey-producing bees: honeybees and stingless bees. Honey constitutes a multifaceted amalgamation of sugars, enzymes, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, all contributing to its therapeutic attributes. It exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antioxidant effects. In wound management, honey promotes healing, reduces infection rates, and minimizes scarring. It also shows promise in treating bacterial and fungal infections. Furthermore, honey has effectively alleviated symptoms associated with respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and dermatological conditions. Conclusions: Honey possesses multifaceted clinical applications in the medical field. Its diverse therapeutic properties and minimal adverse effects make it an attractive option for various conditions. However, further research is necessary to solidify its role in evidence-based clinical practice, including conducting more rigorous clinical trials, establishing standardized protocols, and considering economic and regional factors.

Özet: Bu araştırma, Aydın yöresinde üretilen hayıt balının bazı kalite parametrelerinin belirlenerek, çam ve karışım çiçek balları ile karşılaştırılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, Aydın ili sınırları içinde üretilmiş ve yeni hasat edilmiş hayıt balı, çam balı ve yöre arıcılarının Orta Anadolu'da ürettiği karışım çiçek ballarının bazı kimyasal parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Üç bal grubunda her bir özelliğe ait veriler basit varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm özelliklerin bir arada değerlendirilmesi için, çok değişkenli varyans analizi (MANOVA) ve diskriminant analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, üzerinde durulan özellikler bakımından gruplar arası farklar önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Hayıt, karışım çiçek ve çam ballarında sırasıyla; nem oranı %15.95±0.040, %16.86±0.341 ve %17.11±0.273; invert şeker (glikoz+früktoz) oranı %73.76±0.572, %60.92±1.195 ve %60.9±0.426; früktoz/ glikoz oranı %1.16±0.03, %1.15±0.5 ve %1.36±0.104; pH değeri 3.75±0.033, 4.08±0.015 ve 4.02±0.143; serbest asitlik (meq/ kg) 26.6±0.3, 36.03±0.534 ve 27.3±0,36; elektriksel iletkenlik (mS/cm) 0.42±0.001, 0.73±0.009 ve 1.17±0.08; diastaz sayısı 27.3±0.208 ve 23.15±4.10 ve 24.07±1.17, HMF miktarı (mg/kg) ise 4.92±0.08, 0.56±0.037 ve 0.93±0.0305 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca hayıt ve karışım çiçek ballarında prolin miktarı da sırasıyla 980±37.4 mg/kg ve 922±45.8 mg/kg olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırma verilerine uygulanan çok değişkenli varyans analizine göre, tüm gruplar arası uzaklıklar önemlidir (P<0.01). Diskriminant analizi sonucuna göre, çam balı diğer ballara en uzak grubu oluşturmuştur. Ayrıca, hayıt balı ile karışım çiçek balları da birbirinden uzakta dağılım göstermişlerdir. Araştırma sonuçları özgün markerlerinin yokluğunda da rutin kimyasal parametreler kullanılarak hayıt balının diğer ballardan ayrı küme oluşturduğunu göstermiştir.

Honey is a dietary antioxidant as it contains phenolic compounds, such as fl avonoids and phenolic acids. Antioxidants are non-nutritive, biologically active ingredients in food that reduce oxidative stress. The antioxidant content in each type of honey varies depending on its source. This study was aimed to determine the effect of Nenas honey supplementation on the oxidative status of a group of healthy medical students. They were divided into two groups; control (n=10) and supplemented (n=13), where 1 tablespoon of Nenas honey was given each day. Blood sampling was done at baseline, 1 st and 2 nd month of the study for determination of DNA damage and antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidise (GPx), and catalase (CAT). Results showed that Nenas honey increased the level of DNA damage at the 1 st month but reduced it signifi cantly at the 2 nd month as compared to control. GPx and CAT activities also decreased signifi cantly with honey supplementation throughout the study, though no changes were observed in SOD activity. Fasting glucose levels remained within the normal range with honey supplementation. In conclusion, Nenas honey decreases oxidative stress which leads to a reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities in the body.

Flowers of the genus Impatiens are classified as edible; however, their inclusion in the human diet is not yet a common practice. Its attractive colours have stirred great interest by the food industry. In this sense, rose (BP) and orange (BO) I. balsamina flowers were nutritionally studied, followed by an in-depth chemical study profile. The non-anthocyanin and anthocyanin profiles of extracts of both flower varieties were also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array and mass spectrometry detector (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS). The results demonstrated that both varieties presented significant amounts of phenolic compounds, having identified nine non-anthocyanin compounds and 14 anthocyanin compounds. BP extract stood out in its bioactive properties (antioxidant and antimicrobial potential) and was selected for incorporation in “bombocas” filling. Its performance as a colouring ingredient was compared with the control formulations (white filling) and with ...

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), worldwide appreciated and used as condiments, dyes, and preservatives, possess several biological properties that justify their continuous application in the food industry. In the present study, the nutritional and chemical profiles, as well as the bioactive properties of four combinations of condiments, sold for seasoning poultry, meat, fish, and salads, were evaluated. Twenty-five phenolic compounds (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) were identified, with apigenin-O-malonyl-pentoside-hexoside as the major compound detected in all extracts. Oxalic and citric acids were identified in all mixtures (UFLC-PDA), as well as all the four tocopherol isoforms (HPLC-fluorescence). Regarding bioactivities, the mixtures for meat and salads (TBARS) and meat and poultry (OxHLIA) stood out for their antioxidant potential, whereas for the anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties, the mixtures revealing the greatest results were those for poultry and salad, respectively. In t...

The attractive colour characteristics of the flowers of the species Impatiens walleriana have been arousing great interest in the food industry, which is looking for potential natural sources of colouring ingredients. In this sense, the present work focused on the chemical and bioactive characterization of pink and orange flowers of I. walleriana. The phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS; in addition, different bioactivities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity) were also analysed. Both samples studied showed significant amounts of phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which justifies the excellent performance in the different bioactivities studied. The orange variety, despite having a greater variety of phenolic compounds, showed a total amount of compounds lower than the pink variety. Overall, the flowers of I. walleriana emerge as a promising resource to be explored by the food industry.

A simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly synthesis technique of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extracts of Egyptian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds and their antibacterial activity assessment have been conducted. Theaqueous extract was used as reducing and stabilizer agents in the synthesis of AgNPs. Characterization of AgNPs was done using different methods including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing AgNPs showed an absorption peak at around 432 nm. FTIR spectra had shown that the biomolecules were responsible for the reduction and capping agents of AgNPs. XRD study showed the particles to be crystalline with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The AgNPs exhibited significant anti-bacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococc...

The present work investigates the efficacy of using Artemisia annua in traditional medicine in comparison with chemical extracts of its bioactive molecules. In addition, the effects of location (Egypt and Jericho) on the bioactivities of the plant were investigated. The results showed that water extracts of Artemisia annua from Jericho have stronger antibacterial activities than organic solvent extracts. In contrast, water and organic solvent extracts of the Artemisia annua from Egypt do not have anti-bacterial activity. Furthermore, while the methanol extract of EA displayed high anticancer affects, the water extract of Egypt and the extracts of Jericho did not show significant anticancer activity. Finally, the results showed that the methanol and water extracts of Jericho had the highest antioxidant activity, while the extracts of Egypt had none. The current results validate the scientific bases for the use of Artemisia annua in traditional medicine. In addition, our results suggest that the collection location of the Artemisia annua has an effect on its chemical composition and bioactivities.

Background and study aim: Evidence indicates, that honey, nigella sativa and Curcumin can exert several healthbeneficial effects. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of honey, curcumin and nigella sativa inhalation on liver function in patients with chronic liver disease. Patients Methods:The study was conducted in 58 Patients (group1) with chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C and or B infection, with abnormal liver function test regarding liver enzymes, serum albumin, serum total bilirubin and international normalized ratio (INR). Another 43 patients(group2) with chronic liver disease with abnormal liver functions test as a control diseased subjects. Patients were subjected to inhalation of honey solution diluted with water with total 5 ml solution with 1 ml of curcumin solution, then adding of 2 drops of nigella sativa oil , the patients subjected to 2 times inhalation per day for 3 months. The other 43 control subjects received inhalation of 10% dextrose for the same duration. Results: there was significant difference in patients group before and after mixed solution inhalation for 3 months with decrease in serum level of ALT and less significant decrease in AST, also there was significant decrease in serum total bilirubin and INR level, already with significant increase in serum albumin. Correlation between duration of exposure to the mixed solution inhalation and change of liver functions after one and 3 months duration, showed significant negative correlation between duration and decrease in ALT, AST, INR and serum bilirubin with positive correlation with serum albumin. No significant changes was detected in liver functions in control subjects after inhalation of 10% dextrose for the same duration. Conclusion: Natural medications like honey, curcumin and nigella sativa administered by new methods like inhalation my contribute in improving liver functions with high safety profile.

Context: In Morocco, acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a frequent cause of consultations in the first level health facilities. Scientific reports indicate that honey has an important biochemical therapeutic activity.

Aims: To explore the therapeutic effect of honey on ARI in the Guelmim region of southern Morocco.

Methods: This was a prospective clinical study aiming to compare the therapeutic effect of honey in the population that consumes it versus a control population, at the level of the regional hospital and health centers, the period of the study was between September 2022 and March 2023, All the participants were questioned through a questionnaire and the study of their files and monitoring forms.

Results: The study population was divided into two equal groups of 417 people each. Honey significantly reduced the overall symptom score at Day 5 (p<0.001) in the honey group compared with the reference group, according to the ANOVA test, the significant variables are age, presence of associated diseases, duration of illness, number of consultations for respiratory episodes and current smoking status, the present study also shows that non consumption of honey OR = 15.09 [10.26-22.17], high symptom score at D1 OR = 3.85 [2.37-5.39], frequency of nocturnal cough OR = 4.26 [1.65-10.9], frequency of diurnal cough OR = 3.34 [1.5-7.4], duration of illness OR = 7.12 [3.4-14.6] and type of cough OR = 1.5 [1.04-2.2] were the determinants of high symptom score at Day 5.

Conclusions: Honey was effective in relieving symptoms associated with ARI and may be suggested as an adjuvant treatment in adults.

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases. Complementary and alternative medicine is increasingly used for treating bronchial asthma. Ten electronic databases were searched to investigate whether honey alone or in combination with other ingredients can be considered as the potential treatment for bronchial asthma. Combinations of honey and Nigella sativa (NS) showed significant improvement in all pulmonary functions, including forced expiratory volume (FEV1) (MD = 0.52, P < .001), forced vital capacity (FVC) (MD = 0.55, P = .002), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (MD = 80.60, P < .001), in both moderate and severe, uncontrolled persistent asthma compared with baseline. Asthma control test scores also improved significantly (MD = 11.22, P < .001) in patients using combinations of honey and NS compared with baseline. Patients with a less severe grade of asthma showed a significant positive response in clinical parameters upon using honey. One study showed that using celery seeds and honey was associated with clinical improvement of both lung functions, FEV1 (MD = 18.09, P < .001) and FVC (MD = 24.23, P < .001), and respiratory parameters compared with baseline. In conclusion, honey alone has no strong evidence of being effective in controlling asthma. However, when used in combination with other substances, it showed a relatively high efficacy in patients with asthma. This finding may help in asthma control with lower cost alternatives and better outcomes.

This review explores the beneficial effects of honey on Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. The research of the effectiveness of honey on H. pylori infection using electronic databases was done, these include Medline via Ovid Medline, Scopus and ScienceDirect published from the year 2000 to 2018. The articles were evaluated and selected based on the criteria which report on the effects of honey on gastric ulcer and duodenum ulcer caused by H. pylori infection. There are 53 articles were identified, which stated to the studies that relate to the criteria. Afterwards, nine articles on honey and its extracts were selected and assessed accordingly in this review. All studies reported positive effects of honey on H. pylori-induced gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Most of the studies showed at minimum 10% of honey concentration were effective as anti-H. pylori activity. This systematic review emphasized the potential of honey used to inhibit the H. pylori infection in-vitro. Future extensive studies are required to find the active component and molecular mechanism of honey before animal and human observational studies could be conducted to deliver valid evidence.

This study compared the antimicrobial activity of lavender honey manufactured in Tasmania Australia with Manuka honey as a control. Methods: Lavender essential oil also examined for antimicrobial activity. The volatile compounds were identified to find the bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial activity. Next, the volatile data of the Lavender honey and essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia cultivated in Tasmania, were used to indicate the geographical and botanical origins of the using head space solid-phase micro extraction (HS SPME) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity of Lavender Honey and essential oil from Tasmania were examined using the broth micro-dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Bacteriostatic end points were determined spectrophotometrically, then bactericidal end points were determined by plating. Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used in this study. Results: Lavender honey showed similar, and in some bacterial species, slightly higher activity than Manuka honey. The MICs and MBCs for lavender honey ranged from 6.25% to 25% v/v compared to MICs of Manuka honey which ranged between 12.5% and 25% v/v. The MIC and MBC values of lavender honey and Manuka honey against P. aeruginosa were 12.5% v/v and 25% v/v respectively. The corresponding values for a methicillin-sensitive strain of S. aureus were 6.25% v/v and 12.5% v/v respectively. The MIC and MBC were the same for both honey for E. coli equal to 12.5% v/v and for MRSA equal to 6.25% v/v. The growth of S. aureus, including MRSA and E. coli completely inhibited by Lavender E. oil at concentrations of 2.25%. Whereas, the growth of P. aeruginosa partly inhibited by the same concentrations. Use of a spectrophotometer facilitated reading of MIC values. Conclusion: These results suggest that lavender honey and essential oil could be used as an antimicrobial agent for infections caused by S. aureus including MRSA, E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical, sensory and Escherichia coli growth inhibitory characteristics of honey of different botanical sources from two geographic origin of Argentina. Honeys were obtained from apiaries located in two zones. The floral identification of honeys allowed to clustered them as monofloral, mixed and polyfloral honeys. The study of the physicochemical parameters such as colour, free acidity, pH and moisture showed that the last one reflected significant differences between honeys. These differences were markedly reflected in the average values of moisture content for each zone, being 18.96% and 14.29% to centre and east zone, respectively. In general, honeys evaluated presented an inhibitory effect on the E. coli growth at different periods of time (bacteriostatic action). Only, two of the samples would show a bactericide action against E. coli at 48 h of incubation. Honeys with higher non-hydrogen peroxide activity, were collected from a same geographic place at the same season of year, showing a relationship between the antimicrobial activity and the geographic origin, which could be associated with the typical flora of the place.

Honey has a rich history as a healing agent and a beloved food. It is produced by honey bees from the nectar and secretions of plants, serving as their primary food source. Additionally, honey is utilized to nourish bees during the winter season. Throughout the ages, the consumption of honey has served dual purposes - as a delectable sustenance and as a natural remedy. Esteemed by healers of diverse ancient civilizations, this golden nectar has long been recommended as a treatment for a myriad of maladies. Dating back to antiquity, honey has been revered for its remarkable ability to expedite the mending of wounds, a virtue repeatedly substantiated through compelling evidence. Honey, with its illustrious past as a potent remedy and a cherished culinary delight, holds a place of great significance. Crafted meticulously by diligent honey bees, this golden elixir emerges from the nectar and secretions of plants, acting as their vital sustenance. Moreover, honey is employed to nourish bees during the winter season. Across the centuries, the consumption of honey has served two-fold objectives - as a delightful sustenance and as an organic remedy. Revered by healers hailing from various ancient civilizations, this precious liquid gold has been hailed as a cure for a wide range of ailments. Tracing its roots in ancient times, honey has been highly regarded for its extraordinary power to accelerate the healing of wounds, a virtue consistently supported by compelling evidence.

2EMH.WLYH-To assess the antimicrobial potential of honey against certain microbial isolates. 0HWKRG-Samples of commercial honeys sold in Makkah area of Saudi Arabia were checked for their antimicrobial activities using standard organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimal inhibitory concentration end points of six honey samples found to possess antimicrobial activities were used to determine the sensitivity patterns of some isolates from the laboratory. The temperature stabilities of the honey samples were also determined. 5HVXOWV-The six honey samples had differing levels of antimicrobial activities with the standard organisms and with the laboratory isolates. Black Forest honey showed the highest activity followed respectively by Turkish, Orange Flower, Forest Honey and Summer Flower. The antimicrobial activities of the samples were stable after storing at 2-8° C for six months and after boiling for 15 minutes. &RQ.OXVLRQ-The study shows that honey, like antibiotics, has certain organisms sensitive to it while others are resistant, and the sensitivity varies depending on the source of the honey.

Medical treatments and preventions have made use of essential oils since the middle ages. Bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant characteristics are among the various uses for essential oils in the fields of sanitation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and food. The volatile components of these plants are phenol-derived aromatics, aliphatic compounds, and terpenes and terpenoids. Essential oils have been demonstrated in vitro to have antibacterial properties against pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Our paper discusses some of the biochemical properties of essential oils, including their antimicrobial properties, which can be used instead of dangerous synthetic fungicidal and bactericidal products. In recent years, increasing interest has been shown in the possibility of using essential oils as antimicrobials and preservatives in various industries.

As a result of the increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance among different bacteria, different plants and other natural products have been studied and found to be highly effective against pathogenic bacteria. Honey, over the years has been used as an antibacterial agent to treat certain infections caused by bacteria and is believed to be effective especially in rural areas. This study was thus aimed at comparing the effect of different honey samples against some pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) isolated from clinical source. This study was carried out in the microbiology laboratory, department of microbiology Rivers State University Nigeria from January 2018 to August 2019. The antibacterial sensitivity test was carried out using agar well diffusion method while the Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal concentration were determined using broth tube micro dilution technique in two fold dilution. The inhibitio...

Honey is a natural, healthy commodity and is probably among the most complex foods produced by nature. It is the oldest recorded and certainly the only natural sweetener that can be used by humans without any further processing. Nowadays, the increase in honey’s value, along with its growing list of healthy attributes, has made the present raw material a prime target for adulteration. In the current study, NMR-based metabolite profiling in combination with chemometrics was applied in the quality control of Greek honeys from northeastern Aegean islands. Moreover, statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) was employed for the first time as a dereplication and structural elucidation tool in the honey biomarker identification process. A total of 10 compounds were successfully identified in honey total extracts via 1H NMR spectroscopy. Compounds such as 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural, methyl syringate, a mono-substituted glycerol derivative and 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone, among o...