International Papers by Dr. P. Saranraj
Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 2025
The increasing health risks linked to synthetic pigments have the natural substitutes, especially... more The increasing health risks linked to synthetic pigments have the natural substitutes, especially microbial pigments with safety, biodegradability, and bioactive compounds. Synthetic pigments commonly used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals tend to be health hazards due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Natural pigments from plants and microorganisms that are non-toxic, biodegradable, and eco-friendly. Microbial pigments, especially bacterial pigments, have many benefits in that they are easy to have quick growth in inexpensive mediums and are resistant to diverse environmental situations. The most widely used natural pigments are carotenoids, among Staphyloxanthin, a yellow-orange pigmented carotenoid from Staphylococcus aureus has potential usage in food pigmentation and therapy. In this present research, the isolation of pigment-producing Staphylococcus aureus from tomato rhizosphere soil samples was done from various locations in Tirupattur District, Tamil Nadu, India. The isolates were characterized based on morphology and biochemical test results. Pigment extraction was carried out using a methanol-water solvent system followed by confirmation of Staphyloxanthin through a colorimetric assay with concentrated hydrochloric acid that caused a yellow-to-orange colour change. Staphyloxanthin pigment acts as a food coloring agent in food industries. The antibacterial activity of the extracted Staphyloxanthin was tested against both Gram positive and Gram negative isolates using the agar well diffusion assay. At 1500 mg concentration, the pigment had antimicrobial activity, with a maximum zone of inhibition. The results have shown the dual role of Staphyloxanthin as a natural pigmentation as well as a bioactive compound having a vast spectrum of antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the pigment can destabilize microbial cell membranes and inhibit oxidative metabolism. Staphyloxanthin pigment also has other therapeutic properties of bacterial pigments for medical and industrial purposes.
Formulation of a biosurfactant-based biodetergent using surfactin from Bacillus subtilis for oil-contaminated wastewater bioremediation
Chemical Papers, 2025
Oil pollution poses severe threats to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, necessitating sustainab... more Oil pollution poses severe threats to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, necessitating sustainable remediation strategies. The potential of Bacillus subtilis, which was isolated from tomato rhizosphere soil, for oil bioremediation and biosurfactant synthesis was examined in this work. The isolate was characterized through Gram staining, Plating in Bacillus Differentiation Agar, and Biochemical tests, confirming its identity as Bacillus subtilis. Screening assays, including hemolytic activity, oil displacement (74 mm clearance zone), emulsification (E24 index: 76.6%), and drop collapse tests, demonstrated robust surfactin production. GC–MS analysis identified (13Z)-13-Docosenamide as a key bioactive compound, contributing to hydrocarbon degradation. For bioremediation, oil-contaminated wastewater samples (gasoline, crude oil, kerosene and diesel) were treated with surfactin and monitored over four weeks. Optical density (OD) measurements revealed progressive oil degradation, with crude oil (WWS-2) showing the highest efficiency (OD reduction to 0.23). The study also formulated a powder-based biodetergent using surfactin (25–60%), Sapindus mukorossi (1% foaming agent), and a stabilizer (1.5%), demonstrating its applicability for industrial and household use. The findings highlight Bacillus subtilis as a promising candidate for eco-friendly oil spill remediation and biosurfactant-based product development.
Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 2025
The current study was aimed to examine the phytoactive substances found in the leaves, bark and f... more The current study was aimed to examine the phytoactive substances found in the leaves, bark and flowers of Plumeria bicolor. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was the method used to identify the fractions. Column chromatography was used to isolate the Phytoactive chemicals. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was tested for antibacterial activity in vitro using the Well diffusion method. The inhibitory zone was noted. The plant extracts of Plumeria bicolor that were to be examined came in different concentrations: 15 μl, 30 μl, 45 μl, and 100 μl. All of the extracts were proven to be effective against MRSA in this experiment. The extract from the leaves of Plumeria bicolor had the strongest antibacterial activity against MRSA, followed by the extract from the flowers and bark.
Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2025
Background: The rise of antibiotic resistance has necessitated the exploration of alternative tre... more Background: The rise of antibiotic resistance has necessitated the exploration of alternative treatments, including plant-based remedies.
Moringa oleifera, known for its medicinal properties, exhibits antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Salmonella typhimurium in a rat model. Aims and Objectives: (i) To evaluate the
antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Salmonella typhimurium in vivo; (ii) To assess survival rates and histopathological
changes in treated and untreated rats and (iii) To compare the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract with the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin.
Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: untreated control, positive control (ciprofloxacin-treated), and
experimental (Moringa oleifera leaf extract-treated). Rats were orally inoculated with S. typhimurium (10⁸ CFU/mL) and monitored for 14
days. Bacterial load, survival rates, and histopathological changes in liver, spleen, and intestines were analyzed. Results: The Moringa oleifera
extract significantly reduced bacterial load (from 10⁸ CFU/g to 10³ CFU/g by day 14), comparable to ciprofloxacin. Survival rates in the
experimental group (85%) were higher than the untreated control (30 %) and similar to the positive control (90 %). Histopathological analysis
revealed mild inflammation and moderate tissue damage in the treated group, contrasting with severe damage in untreated rats. Conclusion:
Moringa oleifera leaf extract demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, improving survival rates and reducing tissue
damage. Its efficacy was comparable to ciprofloxacin, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative for treating Salmonella infections.
International Journal of Microbiological Research, 2025
The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for natural antimicrobial al... more The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for natural antimicrobial alternatives, with honey emerging as a promising candidate due to its well-documented antibacterial properties. This present study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of honey against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, two clinically and environmentally significant bacteria. Bacterial strains were isolated from soil and clinical samples, identified through Gram staining, biochemical tests and cultured on selective media. The agar well diffusion method was employed to evaluate honey's inhibitory effects at concentrations of 10 %, 30 % and 50 % (w/v). Results demonstrated a concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with higher honey concentrations yielding larger inhibition zones. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited greater sensitivity, showing a maximum inhibition zone of 32 mm at 50 % concentration, while Bacillus cereus displayed lower susceptibility (25 mm at 50 %), attributed to its spore-forming nature. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus was 15 %, compared to 20 % for Bacillus cereus. Honey's antimicrobial mechanisms include high osmotic pressure, low pH, hydrogen peroxide production and bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These findings underscore honey's potential as a natural antibacterial agent, particularly against non-spore-forming pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus. The study highlights the need for further research to optimize honey's therapeutic applications and explore its efficacy against diverse bacterial strains. This work contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting natural remedies in combating antibiotic resistance, offering insights for future developments in infection control and food preservation.
International Journal of Microbiological Research, 2025
The release of synthetic azo dyes from textile industries into aquatic ecosystems poses significa... more The release of synthetic azo dyes from textile industries into aquatic ecosystems poses significant environmental and health challenges due to their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. Conventional physico-chemical treatment methods are often costly and inefficient in completely removing such dyes. In this context, microbial decolourization has emerged as a promising eco-friendly alternative. This present study
investigates the decolourization potential of two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, against selected textile azo dyes under controlled laboratory conditions. The bacterial strains were isolated from dye-contaminated sites and screened for their dye-degrading efficiency in nutrient-rich and minimal salt media. Various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, dye concentration, and
incubation time were optimized to enhance dye removal efficiency. Results indicated that both strains exhibited significant decolourization, with Pseudomonas fluorescens showing superior efficiency at higher dye
concentrations, while Bacillus subtilis performed effectively under slightly acidic to neutral pH conditions. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed more than 80 % decolourization of Reactive Orange - 16 and Congo Red
within 48 hours. The present research highlights the synergistic potential of combining bacterial species for enhanced dye degradation and supports the application of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens in sustainable bioremediation strategies for dye-contaminated wastewater. These findings contribute to the growing field of microbial biotechnologies aimed at mitigating industrial pollution while promoting
environmental sustainability.
Global Journal of Environmental Research, 2025
The significant global demand for dyes has led to an increase in their production. However, the w... more The significant global demand for dyes has led to an increase in their production. However, the widespread uses of dyes and in efficient dyeing processes have heightened the risk of environmental pollution. Azo dyes, widely used in textile and industrial sectors, pose significant environmental threats due to their toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable nature. This study explores the eco-friendly approach of
Phycoremediation using algae for dye decolourization. Both microalgae and macroalgae exhibit potential in removing synthetic dyes from wastewater. The efficiency of algal decolourization is influenced by several
factors, including pH, temperature, incubation time, dye concentration, agitation, and biomass dosage. Understanding these parameters is crucial to optimize dye abatement. This review highlights the sustainable role of algae in bioremediation, offering a green solution for mitigating azo dye pollution in aquatic environments. Effluents from dyeing industries often contain toxic substances that pose severe threats to both ecosystems and human health. Traditional methods for treating these effluents have proven inadequate in effectively removing dyes. A more sustainable and efficient approach is necessary to address this issue. After a comprehensive review of existing literature, we propose that Cyanophyceae and algae could be effective biodecolorizing agents, potentially replacing many conventional bio-sorbents used in biological effluent treatment technologies. Our study compiles data on various algal species, including both microalgae and macro algae that have demonstrated the ability to decolorize dye-laden effluents. Additionally, this paper provides detailed insights into the mechanisms underlying decolorization, necessary pretreatment processes, factors influencing efficacy, and the toxicity of treated products.
American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 2025
The primary emphasis of the life sciences is to explore the most prominent, increasing and promis... more The primary emphasis of the life sciences is to explore the most prominent, increasing and promising discipline of science and technology, such as nanotechnology, as well as its diverse applications in the life sciences, including tissue engineering, drug delivery and diagnostics-medicine, Gene therapy, Imaging, protein delivery, Nano materials and Nano particles, etc. Nanotechnology is a new science and technology which can revolutionize the economy as well as enhance people's quality of life. Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medication delivery, gene therapy, diagnostics, medical devices and tissue engineering are all examples of
nanotechnology uses in the life sciences.
European Journal of Applied Sciences, 2025
Ethnobotanical studies play a crucial role in documenting traditional medicinal knowledge and pre... more Ethnobotanical studies play a crucial role in documenting traditional medicinal knowledge and preserving biodiversity. This study presents an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Tirupathur District, Tamil Nadu, India, focusing on their therapeutic applications. A total of 111 plant species from 36 families were documented, including Amaranthaceae, Zingiberaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae, among others. The plants were systematically categorized by scientific name, common name (Tamil), family, plant parts used and therapeutic uses. Traditional healers, tribal communities and local elders provided insights into the medicinal applications of these plants for treating ailments such as asthma, diabetes, skin diseases, digestive disorders and respiratory infections. Notable species included Curcuma longa (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial), Ocimum sanctum (cold and cough relief), Azadirachta indica (skin diseases) and Phyllanthus amarus (jaundice and diabetes). The study highlights the cultural significance of these plants in primary
healthcare and underscores the need to preserve indigenous knowledge amid declining interest in herbal medicine among younger generations. The findings emphasize the potential of ethnomedicine as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to modern pharmaceuticals. However, further scientific validation is required to confirm the efficacy and safety of these traditional remedies. This documentation is a valuable resource for future research, conservation efforts, and community-based healthcare initiatives. By integrating traditional knowledge with scientific approaches, this study contributes to the global understanding of ethnobotany and promotes the sustainable use of medicinal plants.
FAR Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (FARJMS), 2025
Background: Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) pose significant clinical challenges, part... more Background: Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs) pose significant clinical challenges, particularly with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel antibiotic-resistant bacteria from clinical samples of patients with rUTIs.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study involved 150 patients with clinically diagnosed rUTIs. Urine samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial isolation was performed using selective media, followed by identification through biochemical tests using API identification systems. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method and E-test strips according to CLSI guidelines. Resistance mechanisms were detected using standard phenotypic methods, including combination disk tests for ESBL detection and modified Hodge test for carbapenemase screening. Results: A total of 187 bacterial isolates were obtained from 150 samples, with 89.3% showing multidrug resistance patterns. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate (42.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (15.5%). Novel resistance patterns were identified in 23.5% of isolates, including Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in 67.4% of Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenem resistance was detected in 12.3% of isolates, primarily in K. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Conclusions: This study reveals alarming rates of multidrug resistance among bacterial isolates from rUTI patients, with emerging novel resistance patterns threatening current therapeutic options. These findings underscore the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship programs and the development of alternative treatment strategies.
Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Biology, 2025
The release of textile dye effluents into water bodies poses significant environmental concerns d... more The release of textile dye effluents into water bodies poses significant environmental concerns due to their toxicity and resistance to degradation. This study investigates the bioremediation potential of
bacterial isolates for the decolourization of reactive azo dyes from textile
effluent. The dye-contaminated wastewater was collected from a dyeing
unit in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India, and bacterial strains were isolated
and identified using morphological and biochemical characterization.
The identified bacterial species included Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Bacillus subtilis, Azospirillum brasilense, Rhizobium japonicum, and
Azotobacter chroococcum. The bacterial isolates were screened for dye
decolourization efficiency using a plate assay. The bacterial consortium
demonstrated enhanced decolourization efficiency compared to
individual isolates, suggesting synergistic interactions. The findings
indicate that bacterial isolates, particularly Pseudomonas fluorescens,
offer an effective, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient alternative for textile
wastewater treatment. Compared to conventional chemical treatments,
microbial bioremediation presents a sustainable approach to reducing
environmental pollution caused by textile dye effluents. Further research
on optimizing bacterial consortia and process parameters can enhance
the scalability and efficiency of biological dye degradation.
Indian Journal of Applied and Pure Biology, 2025
The paddy rhizosphere soil sample was collected from ten different locations in Tirupattur distri... more The paddy rhizosphere soil sample was collected from ten different locations in Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu. The Pseudomonas
fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolates were characterized by Gram
staining, motility test, plating on selective medium and performing
biochemical tests. The Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were
designated as PF -1 to PF – 10. The Bacillus subtilis population was
designated as BS - 1 to BS - 10. The maximum phosphate solubilization
was recorded by the isolate BS - 8 (+++). The minimum phosphate
solubilization was found in BS - 1, BS - 4, BS - 5 and BS - 6 (+) isolates.
The phosphate solubilization by Pseudomonas fluorescens was very
low. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas have drawn broad attention and interest due to their agricultural benefits.
International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2025
The ethanolic extract of white oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms was examined their macro-ag... more The ethanolic extract of white oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms was examined their macro-agronomic features, chemical compound properties and antioxidant activities. Additionally, P. ostreatus was found to be an excellent decomposer of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) because it was able to tear down an LDPE film, which was a surprise. The mushroom exhibited a considerable 23% reduction in the weight of the film after 30 days of its growth on LDPE, showing its good biodegradation ability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the chemical bonding as O-H, C-H, C=C, C-N, etc., and functional groups as alkane, aklene, amine etc., of P. ostreatus. X-ray diffraction of the treated LDPE films showed a clear crystalline structure, which showed that the mushroom changed the structure of the plastic. This study aimed to explore the biodegradation potential of P. ostreatus, highlighting its promising application in environmental plastic waste management. The findings suggest further research is necessary to understand the specific enzymes or processes involved in LDPE degradation, potentially leading to the development of novel eco-friendly technologies.
Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 2025
Solanum trilobatum, a widely used medicinal herb, is known for its antibacterial properties again... more Solanum trilobatum, a widely used medicinal herb, is known for its antibacterial properties against various bacterial pathogens. This present study investigates the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of solvent extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) from the leaves, roots, and fruits of Solanum trilobatum. The bioactive compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The plant materials of Solanum trilobatum were air-dried and subjected to Cold percolation extraction for 48 hours with intermittent shaking. The Solanum trilobatum extracts were filtered using Whatman No. 1 paper. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the Disc diffusion method against four pathogenic bacteria: Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The results revealed that methanol extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity among the solvents tested, with significant inhibition zones against all bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the least susceptibility. GC-MS analysis identified 21 bioactive compounds in the methanol extract of the leaves, indicating its rich phytochemical profile. In conclusion, Solanum trilobatum extracts, particularly methanol, demonstrated potent antibacterial properties, suggesting its potential for developing novel antimicrobial agents. This study highlights the therapeutic promise of Solanum trilobatum in combating bacterial infections and provides a foundation for further pharmacological exploration.
Indian Journal of Applied and Pure Biology, 2025
Enzymes are biocatalysts for most chemical reactions that occur
inside living cells and are neces... more Enzymes are biocatalysts for most chemical reactions that occur
inside living cells and are necessary for life. In the present research, the
Bacillus subtilis in Tomato rhizosphere soil samples was isolated by
Spread plate method and identified by Microscopic examination, Plating
on Culture medium and Biochemical tests. Efficient Bacillus subtilis
isolates was screened for its Proteolytic activity on Skimmed milk agar
plates and the Bacillus subtilis isolate with the Highest clear zone was
selected for the further studies. The effect of pH on the growth of Bacillus
subtilis was studied at pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, pH 9 and pH 10. The growth of
the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at pH 7. The effect of Substrate
concentration (Banana peel waste) on the growth of Bacillus subtilis
was studied at 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 %. The growth of the Bacillus
subtilis was maximum at 3 %. The effect of Incubation period on the
growth of Bacillus subtilis was determined at 1st Day, 2nd Day, 3rd Day,
4th Day and 5th Day. The growth of the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at
Day 3. The effect of Carbon sources on the growth of the Bacillus
subtilis was studied with Glucose, Mannose, Lactose, Fructose and
Sucrose. The growth of the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at Fructose.
The effect of Nitrogen sources on the growth of the Bacillus subtilis
was tested with Ammonium chloride, Tryptone, Beef extract, Yeast extract and Peptone. The growth of the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at Yeast
extract. The Pectinase activity of Bacillus subtilis was determined by
Spectrophotometer method and Bacillus subtilis exhibited the greater
Protease activity (75 IU/ml).
Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Biology, 2025
The present research was aimed to formulate the Novel culture medium for the Biosurfactant produc... more The present research was aimed to formulate the Novel culture medium for the Biosurfactant producing microorganisms like Bacillus subtilis (Surfactin, Subtisin, Iturnin and Fengycin), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Rhamnolipids, Viscosin and Arthrofactin), Achromobacter sp. (Iturin) and Rhodococcus sp. (Rhamnolipids). The Biosurfactant producing bacteria in Soil samples was isolated in the Nutrient agar plates by Serial Dilution Method (Pour plate method) and, identified by Microscopic examination (Gram staining, Endospore staining and Motility test), Platting in Selective medium and Biochemical tests. The isolated bacterial strains were screened for its ability to produce Biosurfactants, all the isolated bacterial strains have an efficiency to produce Biosurfactants. The Biosurfactant producers were cultivated in Agrowastes (Orange peel, Lemon peel, Banana peel, Sweet lime peel, Sugarcane bagasse, Cassava peel and Potato peel) and Crop residues (Rice bran) for lowering the cost of cultivation medium. In Solid medium, all the Biosurfactants producing bacteria showed good and luxuriant growth. In Liquid medium, Biosurfactants producing bacteria showed good growth in the form of Turbidity in the Liquid medium. In conclusion, utilization of Agrowastes and Crop residues for the Biosurfactant production reduces the waste accumulation in the environment and increases the Biosurfactant yield.
Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Biology, 2025
All people need access to safe and clean drinking water, which
is a huge global challenge. Drinki... more All people need access to safe and clean drinking water, which
is a huge global challenge. Drinking water is an essential resource for all
living things. Surface water or ground water must typically undergo one
or more treatment procedures to remove impurities before being
converted into drinkable water. The elimination of turbidity is frequently
a crucial step in the treatment process when surface water is utilized as
the raw water. Cheap, simple, reliable, and effective process methods are
required to provide clean water as a resource to as many people as
feasible. Living things have a finite number of resources at their disposal
in this planet. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the
drinkability of water during the rainy season in five distinct locations in
the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu, India. Drinking water samples that
were obtained from various places in the Tirupattur district were examined
for their physico-chemical properties. Except for the fluoride
concentration, the water’s physico-chemical properties are within the
TNPCB-provided permitted limit of Standard. The water samples were
free of hazardous bacteria including enteric coliform, which is extremely
risky to human health and a major factor in many water-borne illnesses.
However, the water gathered from these five sites reveals the presence
of a small number of bacterial communities that are not toxic and may
even be advantageous to living things.
Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2024
This study was planned for molecular detection of Feline panleukopenia virus from the clinical ca... more This study was planned for molecular detection of Feline panleukopenia virus from the clinical cases in India. A total of 90 faecal samples from the cats at different ages, breed and sex which showed clinical features such as diarrhea, persistent vomiting and hemorrhagic enteritis in clinics, Tamil Nadu, India in 2020 to 2023 were collected. The faecal samples were processed and the filtered samples were used for DNA extraction and PCR. The molecular study done by detection FM gene. After PCR assay, the results showed that out of 90 samples, 62 samples were positive for FM at 695 bp. The current study showed that the prevalence of infection in females was higher than those of males at age less than 1 year. The cats at local breed showed a percentage of 48.4 which exhibit no differences from foreign breed 51.6 %. In conclusion, the prevalence of FPL infection was high at all breeds and female cats at age less than 1 year.
International Journal of Entomology Research , 2024
Antimicrobial resistance was an important issue that needed to be addressed due to the indiscrimi... more Antimicrobial resistance was an important issue that needed to be addressed due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in humans and animals. This investigation seeks to explore the antimicrobial and larvicidal properties of Elytraria acaulis herb extracts. The methanol extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity, with the highest zone of inhibition recorded at 20.0±0.3 mm against Escherichia coli and 12.0±0.5 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae. In antifungal assays, the methanol
extract showed strong effects against C.albicans (16±0.4 mm) and other species, while acetone and chloroform extracts displayed moderate activity. The larvicidal effectiveness of the methanol extract was notable, achieving the highest mortality rates at 150 ppm after 48 hours across mosquito larvae. LC50 values ranged from 9-125 ppm for Culex quinquefasciatus and 33-120 ppm for Aedes aegypti. These findings align with previous research highlighting the antibacterial and antifungal potential of plant extracts, emphasizing the role of phytochemicals such as phenolics and flavonoids. Overall, Elytraria acaulis demonstrates promise as a natural source for developing antimicrobial and larvicidal agents.
International Journal of Entomology Research, 2024
Nanotechnology has enhanced the management in controlling pest, due to its ability to produce nan... more Nanotechnology has enhanced the management in controlling pest, due to its ability to produce nanoparticles with its unique physio-chemical properties. The zinc oxide nanoparticles show high efficacy in larvicidal activity against various mosquito vector. The species Aedes aegypti transmits various important diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and zika. The species Aedes aegypti is also known as cosmopolitan. The present review summarizes about the nanoparticles based insecticides against the mosquito larvae. By the vast usage of chemical insecticides increases the resistances in insects. So, the alternative to chemical insecticides is botanical based nanoparticles helps to reduces or prevent the mosquito Aedes aegypti has increased its attention in previous years. This present review is about the traditional methods to control mosquitoes and disadvantages of conventional mosquito control, the effectives of ZnO nanoparticles against the larvicidal mosquito, involvement of various other metallic nanoparticles against larvicidal, the effect of plant based nanoparticles is used against the species against Aedes aegypti and its mechanism of nanoparticles used to control the species. Additionally, the carboxypeptidase enzyme is inhibited by the zinc ions, preventing mosquito proliferation and development.
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International Papers by Dr. P. Saranraj
Moringa oleifera, known for its medicinal properties, exhibits antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Salmonella typhimurium in a rat model. Aims and Objectives: (i) To evaluate the
antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against Salmonella typhimurium in vivo; (ii) To assess survival rates and histopathological
changes in treated and untreated rats and (iii) To compare the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract with the standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin.
Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: untreated control, positive control (ciprofloxacin-treated), and
experimental (Moringa oleifera leaf extract-treated). Rats were orally inoculated with S. typhimurium (10⁸ CFU/mL) and monitored for 14
days. Bacterial load, survival rates, and histopathological changes in liver, spleen, and intestines were analyzed. Results: The Moringa oleifera
extract significantly reduced bacterial load (from 10⁸ CFU/g to 10³ CFU/g by day 14), comparable to ciprofloxacin. Survival rates in the
experimental group (85%) were higher than the untreated control (30 %) and similar to the positive control (90 %). Histopathological analysis
revealed mild inflammation and moderate tissue damage in the treated group, contrasting with severe damage in untreated rats. Conclusion:
Moringa oleifera leaf extract demonstrated potent antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, improving survival rates and reducing tissue
damage. Its efficacy was comparable to ciprofloxacin, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative for treating Salmonella infections.
investigates the decolourization potential of two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens, against selected textile azo dyes under controlled laboratory conditions. The bacterial strains were isolated from dye-contaminated sites and screened for their dye-degrading efficiency in nutrient-rich and minimal salt media. Various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, dye concentration, and
incubation time were optimized to enhance dye removal efficiency. Results indicated that both strains exhibited significant decolourization, with Pseudomonas fluorescens showing superior efficiency at higher dye
concentrations, while Bacillus subtilis performed effectively under slightly acidic to neutral pH conditions. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed more than 80 % decolourization of Reactive Orange - 16 and Congo Red
within 48 hours. The present research highlights the synergistic potential of combining bacterial species for enhanced dye degradation and supports the application of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens in sustainable bioremediation strategies for dye-contaminated wastewater. These findings contribute to the growing field of microbial biotechnologies aimed at mitigating industrial pollution while promoting
environmental sustainability.
Phycoremediation using algae for dye decolourization. Both microalgae and macroalgae exhibit potential in removing synthetic dyes from wastewater. The efficiency of algal decolourization is influenced by several
factors, including pH, temperature, incubation time, dye concentration, agitation, and biomass dosage. Understanding these parameters is crucial to optimize dye abatement. This review highlights the sustainable role of algae in bioremediation, offering a green solution for mitigating azo dye pollution in aquatic environments. Effluents from dyeing industries often contain toxic substances that pose severe threats to both ecosystems and human health. Traditional methods for treating these effluents have proven inadequate in effectively removing dyes. A more sustainable and efficient approach is necessary to address this issue. After a comprehensive review of existing literature, we propose that Cyanophyceae and algae could be effective biodecolorizing agents, potentially replacing many conventional bio-sorbents used in biological effluent treatment technologies. Our study compiles data on various algal species, including both microalgae and macro algae that have demonstrated the ability to decolorize dye-laden effluents. Additionally, this paper provides detailed insights into the mechanisms underlying decolorization, necessary pretreatment processes, factors influencing efficacy, and the toxicity of treated products.
nanotechnology uses in the life sciences.
healthcare and underscores the need to preserve indigenous knowledge amid declining interest in herbal medicine among younger generations. The findings emphasize the potential of ethnomedicine as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to modern pharmaceuticals. However, further scientific validation is required to confirm the efficacy and safety of these traditional remedies. This documentation is a valuable resource for future research, conservation efforts, and community-based healthcare initiatives. By integrating traditional knowledge with scientific approaches, this study contributes to the global understanding of ethnobotany and promotes the sustainable use of medicinal plants.
Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study involved 150 patients with clinically diagnosed rUTIs. Urine samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological techniques. Bacterial isolation was performed using selective media, followed by identification through biochemical tests using API identification systems. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method and E-test strips according to CLSI guidelines. Resistance mechanisms were detected using standard phenotypic methods, including combination disk tests for ESBL detection and modified Hodge test for carbapenemase screening. Results: A total of 187 bacterial isolates were obtained from 150 samples, with 89.3% showing multidrug resistance patterns. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate (42.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (15.5%). Novel resistance patterns were identified in 23.5% of isolates, including Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production in 67.4% of Enterobacteriaceae. Carbapenem resistance was detected in 12.3% of isolates, primarily in K. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Conclusions: This study reveals alarming rates of multidrug resistance among bacterial isolates from rUTI patients, with emerging novel resistance patterns threatening current therapeutic options. These findings underscore the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship programs and the development of alternative treatment strategies.
bacterial isolates for the decolourization of reactive azo dyes from textile
effluent. The dye-contaminated wastewater was collected from a dyeing
unit in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India, and bacterial strains were isolated
and identified using morphological and biochemical characterization.
The identified bacterial species included Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Bacillus subtilis, Azospirillum brasilense, Rhizobium japonicum, and
Azotobacter chroococcum. The bacterial isolates were screened for dye
decolourization efficiency using a plate assay. The bacterial consortium
demonstrated enhanced decolourization efficiency compared to
individual isolates, suggesting synergistic interactions. The findings
indicate that bacterial isolates, particularly Pseudomonas fluorescens,
offer an effective, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient alternative for textile
wastewater treatment. Compared to conventional chemical treatments,
microbial bioremediation presents a sustainable approach to reducing
environmental pollution caused by textile dye effluents. Further research
on optimizing bacterial consortia and process parameters can enhance
the scalability and efficiency of biological dye degradation.
fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolates were characterized by Gram
staining, motility test, plating on selective medium and performing
biochemical tests. The Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were
designated as PF -1 to PF – 10. The Bacillus subtilis population was
designated as BS - 1 to BS - 10. The maximum phosphate solubilization
was recorded by the isolate BS - 8 (+++). The minimum phosphate
solubilization was found in BS - 1, BS - 4, BS - 5 and BS - 6 (+) isolates.
The phosphate solubilization by Pseudomonas fluorescens was very
low. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas have drawn broad attention and interest due to their agricultural benefits.
inside living cells and are necessary for life. In the present research, the
Bacillus subtilis in Tomato rhizosphere soil samples was isolated by
Spread plate method and identified by Microscopic examination, Plating
on Culture medium and Biochemical tests. Efficient Bacillus subtilis
isolates was screened for its Proteolytic activity on Skimmed milk agar
plates and the Bacillus subtilis isolate with the Highest clear zone was
selected for the further studies. The effect of pH on the growth of Bacillus
subtilis was studied at pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, pH 9 and pH 10. The growth of
the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at pH 7. The effect of Substrate
concentration (Banana peel waste) on the growth of Bacillus subtilis
was studied at 1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 % and 5 %. The growth of the Bacillus
subtilis was maximum at 3 %. The effect of Incubation period on the
growth of Bacillus subtilis was determined at 1st Day, 2nd Day, 3rd Day,
4th Day and 5th Day. The growth of the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at
Day 3. The effect of Carbon sources on the growth of the Bacillus
subtilis was studied with Glucose, Mannose, Lactose, Fructose and
Sucrose. The growth of the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at Fructose.
The effect of Nitrogen sources on the growth of the Bacillus subtilis
was tested with Ammonium chloride, Tryptone, Beef extract, Yeast extract and Peptone. The growth of the Bacillus subtilis was maximum at Yeast
extract. The Pectinase activity of Bacillus subtilis was determined by
Spectrophotometer method and Bacillus subtilis exhibited the greater
Protease activity (75 IU/ml).
is a huge global challenge. Drinking water is an essential resource for all
living things. Surface water or ground water must typically undergo one
or more treatment procedures to remove impurities before being
converted into drinkable water. The elimination of turbidity is frequently
a crucial step in the treatment process when surface water is utilized as
the raw water. Cheap, simple, reliable, and effective process methods are
required to provide clean water as a resource to as many people as
feasible. Living things have a finite number of resources at their disposal
in this planet. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the
drinkability of water during the rainy season in five distinct locations in
the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu, India. Drinking water samples that
were obtained from various places in the Tirupattur district were examined
for their physico-chemical properties. Except for the fluoride
concentration, the water’s physico-chemical properties are within the
TNPCB-provided permitted limit of Standard. The water samples were
free of hazardous bacteria including enteric coliform, which is extremely
risky to human health and a major factor in many water-borne illnesses.
However, the water gathered from these five sites reveals the presence
of a small number of bacterial communities that are not toxic and may
even be advantageous to living things.
extract showed strong effects against C.albicans (16±0.4 mm) and other species, while acetone and chloroform extracts displayed moderate activity. The larvicidal effectiveness of the methanol extract was notable, achieving the highest mortality rates at 150 ppm after 48 hours across mosquito larvae. LC50 values ranged from 9-125 ppm for Culex quinquefasciatus and 33-120 ppm for Aedes aegypti. These findings align with previous research highlighting the antibacterial and antifungal potential of plant extracts, emphasizing the role of phytochemicals such as phenolics and flavonoids. Overall, Elytraria acaulis demonstrates promise as a natural source for developing antimicrobial and larvicidal agents.