Battery Electrode Materials

As a forefront energy storage technology, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have
garnered immense attention across diverse applications, including electric
vehicles, consumer electronics, and medical devices, owing to their
exceptional energy density, minimal self-discharge rate, high open circuit
voltage, and extended lifespan. However, despite their remarkable
advancements and widespread commercialization, LIBs continue to face
critical challenges, particularly the demand for even higher energy density,
which inhibits their performance in high-power applications such as electric
and hybrid electric vehicles. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of
the fundamental limitations hindering LIBs from achieving superior energy
density and long-term electrochemical stability. The discussion is
systematically structured around four key components: cathode materials,
anode materials, separators, and current collectors, with a particular
emphasis on the challenges, emerging strategies, and future perspectives. By
delving into recent breakthroughs in novel material architecture, electrode
design optimizations, and the selection of advanced separators and current
collectors, this work provides an in-depth examination of innovative
approaches aimed at enhancing battery performance. Furthermore, this
review explores pivotal factors such as interfacial stability, ion transport
kinetics, and degradation mechanisms that significantly impact the longevity,
safety, and efficiency of LIBs. By critically evaluating these aspects, it offers
valuable insights into the trajectory of LIB development, helping to shape the
next generation of high-performance energy storage solutions.

This presentation explores titanium crucibles and their critical role in energy applications, including fuel cells, hydrogen storage, and battery materials. It highlights titanium’s corrosion resistance, high strength, and thermal stability, ensuring safe, efficient, and high-purity processing of advanced energy materials.

Solid-state batteries offer a compelling pathway for safe, high-density energy storage, yet their performance remains contingent on interfacial ion transport and thermal stability. This work presents a thermally-electrochemically coupled framework for understanding and optimizing energy portability in solid-state systems. Using sulfide-based electrolytes and thin-film cathodes, we explore localized thermal gradients and their role in modulating ionic conductivity and charge-transfer kinetics. Infrared thermography and impedance spectroscopy reveal spatial heat concentration near interfaces, enhancing rate retention and mitigating electrochemical impedance. Simulations corroborate transient coupling effects, indicating performance gains exceeding 20% under thermal bias. These insights enable new strategies for integrated thermal regulation, scalable architecture design, and multifunctional energy platforms. The findings advance system-level thinking for deployable solid-state batteries in wearable, autonomous, and aerial formats.

A complete chemical and morphological analysis of the evolution of battery electrode materials can be achieved combining different and complementary techniques. Operando small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) were combined to investigate structural and electrochemical performances of an Na-ion battery, with amorphous red phosphorus in a carbon matrix (a-P/C) as the active anode material in a Swagelok-type cell. The charging process results in the formation of crystalline Na 3 P, while during discharging, the anode material returns to the initial a-P/C. From the analysis of the WAXS curves, the formation of crystalline phases appears only at the end of charging. However, SAXS data show that partial reorganization of the material during charging occurs at length scales nonaccessible with conventional X-ray diffraction, corresponding to a real space ordering distance of 4.6 nm. Furthermore, the analysis of the SAXS data shows that the electrode remains dense during charging, while it develops some porosity during the discharge phase. The presented results indicate that the combination of SAXS/WAXS adopted simultaneously, and nondestructively, on a working electrochemical cell can highlight new mechanisms of reactions otherwise undetected. This method can be applied for the study of any other solid electrode material for batteries.

Degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes and loss of both recyclable lithium ions and electrode material adversely affect the longevity of the lithium ion battery. The anode electrode is very vulnerable to these degradation mechanisms. In this paper, the most common aging mechanisms occurring at the anode during the operation of the lithium battery, as well as some approaches for minimizing the degradation are reviewed.

With the improvement of lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, safety is becoming increasingly urgent topic for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Short circuits, overcharging, high temperatures and overheating can cause thermal runaway reactions and the release of the flammable electrolyte which makes fire suppression very difficult. This study focuses on the mechanism of thermal runaway and fire suppression applications of LIBs. In order to understand this, 10 experiments were carried out. The experiments were divided into as Exp. A and Exp. B. A manual water suppression system was used in Exp. A and an automatic boron-based suppression system (AUT-BOR) was used in Exp. B. LIBs were heated in a controlled manner with a heat source and the effects of thermal runaway and fire suppression were observed. In Exp. A, a large amount of water was required to extinguish the LIB fires. The holes and slits which formed in the LIB after a fire were useful for injecting water. A projectile effec...

The Sn4+ substitution limit in Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54−xSnxO2 is around x = 0.045. For x = 0.027 the honeycomb ordering and O3 structure is preserved. For x = 0 and x = 0.027 similar voltage fade has been obtained in the 3 V–4.55 V vs. Li/Li+ window.

In recent decades, the enhancement of the properties of electrolytes and electrodes resulted
in the development of efficient electrochemical energy storage devices. We herein reported the impact
of the different polymer electrolytes in terms of physicochemical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical
properties of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Since LIBs use many groups of electrolytes, such as liquid
electrolytes, quasi-solid electrolytes, and solid electrolytes, the efficiency of the full device relies on
the type of electrolyte used. A good electrolyte is the one that, when used in Li-ion batteries, exhibits
high Li+ diffusion between electrodes, the lowest resistance during cycling at the interfaces, a high
capacity of retention, a very good cycle-life, high thermal stability, high specific capacitance, and
high energy density. The impact of various polymer electrolytes and their components has been
reported in this work, which helps to understand their effect on battery performance. Although,
single-electrolyte material cannot be sufficient to fulfill the requirements of a good LIB. This review is
aimed to lead toward an appropriate choice of polymer electrolyte for LIBs.

Li-ion batteries (LiBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) finish their life with a significant amount of capacity left in them (about 80% of the nominal capacity), which provides a promising avenue for reusing the spent EV batteries in less demanding second-life applications, such as gridscale energy storage for peak shaving, EV charging, storage for intermittent energy sources (solar or wind power), backup storage for industries and property owners, and less demanding vehicle propulsion (ferries or forklifts) [1, 2]. However, reusing spent EV batteries in second-life applications is not as straightforward as taking a battery pack from an EV and then installing it directly into a second-life application. One must consider the state-of-health (SoH) of the battery packs and hence the modules and cells to avoid any mismatch in terms of capacity, state-of-charge/depth-of-discharge (SoC/DoD). Even within the batteries suitable for reuse, cells must be sorted by similar remaining capacity and identical degradation state, or else the second-life system performance would suffer. The SoH needs careful assessment and ageing conditions evaluated to send heavily degraded batteries to recycling facilities. Whilst assessing the SoH is straightforward [3], identifying the ageing condition is complex, as ageing and degradation of LiBs over time are caused by various factors, including charging/discharging rate (C-rate), operating temperature, lifetime, SoC, and cycling [2]. Moreover, pack design, configuration, cooling methods as well as cell/module orientation in a pack can influence the battery degradation.

Li Nuclear Reaction Analysis (Li-NRA) depth profiles of LIB electrode (SEI þ anode). Studied anodes at various state of charge (SOC) & state of health (SOH) conditions. Quantified Li content in (SEI þ anode) depth using 3 approximate composition models. Theoretical & experimental Li content at various SOC conditions match within 1.5%. 1st demonstration of accurate Li estimation using approximate materials composition.

Compared with lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes, all-solid-state batteries o er an attractive option owing to their potential in improving the safety and achieving both high power and high energy densities. Despite extensive research e orts, the development of all-solid-state batteries still falls short of expectation largely because of the lack of suitable candidate materials for the electrolyte required for practical applications. Here we report lithium superionic conductors with an exceptionally high conductivity (25 mS cm −1 for Li 9.54 Si 1.74 P 1.44 S 11.7 Cl 0.3), as well as high stability (∼0 V versus Li metal for Li 9.6 P 3 S 12). A fabricated all-solid-state cell based on this lithium conductor is found to have very small internal resistance, especially at 100 • C. The cell possesses high specific power that is superior to that of conventional cells with liquid electrolytes. Stable cycling with a high current density of 18 C (charging/discharging in just three minutes; where C is the Crate) is also demonstrated.

As storage technology in electric vehicles, lithium-ion cells are subject to a continuous aging process during their service life that, in the worst case, can lead to a premature system failure. Battery manufacturers thus have an interest in the aging prediction during the early design phase, for which semi-empirical aging models are often used. The progress of aging is dependent on the application-specific load profile, more precisely on the aging-relevant stress factors. Still, a literature review reveals a controversy on the aging-relevant stress factors to use as input parameters for the simulation models. It shows that, at present, a systematic and efficient procedure for stress factor selection is missing, as the aging characteristic is cell-specific. In this study, an accelerated sensitivity analysis as a prior step to aging modeling is proposed, which is transferable and allows to determine the actual aging-relevant stress factors for a specific lithium-ion cell. For the ass...

Conventional ether electrolytes are generally considered unsuitable for use with graphite anodes and high-voltage cathodes due to their co-intercalation with graphite and poor oxidation stability, respectively. In this work, a highly fluorinated ether molecule, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy) methoxy] ethane (TTME), is introduced as a co-solvent into the conventional ether system to construct a fluorinated ether electrolyte, which not only avoids the co-intercalation with graphite but also is compatible with high-voltage cathodes. Li||graphite half-cells using the fluorinated ether electrolyte deliver stable cycling with a capacity retention of 91.7% for 300 cycles. Moreover, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811)||graphite and LiCoO 2 (LCO)||graphite full-cells (cathode loadings are ≈3 mAh/cm 2) with the fluorinated ether electrolyte show capacity retentions of > 90% over 200 cycles with a charge cutoff solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) formed by the fluorinated ether electrolyte on the anode and cathode, respectively, are key to excellent cell performance. These results have significance for the subsequent application of ether electrolytes for high-voltage lithium ion batteries (up to 4.5 V) with graphite anodes.

This paper explores how to understand and use knowledge of cell ageing in automotive conditions. The key problems and considerations of ageing are considered, followed by an explanation of their causes. This is then used to discuss the tools and understanding required for including this in context of electrified vehicles design and control. What is shown is that ageing is complex, and the dominant underlying causes depend on cell design and usage throughout lifetime. To characterize this, testing, simulation and control approaches must combine, with methods for each of these discussed and evaluated. With future industry trends to higher energy density chemistries, longer pack usage and second life applications, sufficient degradation tools will become even more important in future.

Nội dung chính bài học 3.1. Khái niệm chung về dao động 3.2. Điều kiện tạo dao động và đặc điểm của mạch tạo dao động. 3.3. Ổn định biên độ và tần số dao động 3.4. Mạch dao động LC 3.5. Mạch dao động RC 3.6. Mạch dao động thạch anh 3.7. Mạch dao động song sin xấp xỉ tuyến tính

Industry-standard diagnostic methods for rechargeable batteries, such as hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) tests for hybrid electric vehicles, provide some indications of state of health (SoH), but lack a physical basis to guide protocol design and identify degradation mechanisms. We develop a physics-based theoretical framework for HPPC tests, which accurately determines kinetic parameters that capture root causes of battery degradation. We show that voltage pulses are generally preferable to current pulses, since voltage-resolved linearization more rapidly quantifies degradation without sacrificing accuracy or allowing significant state changes during the measurement. In addition, asymmetric amounts of information gain between (dis)charge pulses were found from differences in electrode kinetic scales. We demonstrate our approach of physics-informed HPPC on simulated Li-ion batteries with nickel-rich cathodes and graphite anodes. Multivariable optimization by physics-infor...

Lithium plating on porous graphite electrodes during the fast charging of lithium-ion batteries ac- celerates degradation and raises safety concerns. The onset of lithium plating is obscured by the reaction and transport resistance within the porous graphite electrodes. We extend the classic porous electrode theory by incorporating a Cahn-Hilliard phase-field appraoch to account for the phase-separation of LixC6, and we consider hierarchical pore structures at both electrode and par- ticle scales using the method of volume averaging. Our hierarchical multiphase porous electrode theory is rigorously examined in Li/graphite half-cells with identical graphite materials but different capacities and fast charging condition. By obtaining all parameters through experiments, or ab initio calculations, our model quantitatively agrees with measured cell voltages profiles, and, more impor- tantly, experimentally determined onset of lithium plating across multiple fast charging conditions.

We report a significant capacity recovery effect of more than 10% after continuous shallow cycling of commercial LiFePO4/ Graphite cells. In a previous study on a LiFePO4/Graphite cell, we observed that capacity losses were more severe with shallow cycles than with full cycles. Herein, the effects of shallow cycling on aging are investigated in detail using three different LiFePO4/ Graphite cell models, two 26650-type and one 18650-type. It is shown that a large portion of the capacity losses that occur with shallow cycling can be recovered by holding the cells at 0% or 100% state of charge. Differential voltage analysis and post-mortem experiments suggest that these capacity losses are caused by strongly non-uniform lithium distributions in the electrodes. Hypothetical mechanisms are presented and discussed that could lead to such non-uniform distributions of lithium.

For reliable lifetime predictions of lithium-ion batteries, models for cell degradation are required. A comprehensive semi-empirical model based on a reduced set of internal cell parameters and physically justified degradation functions for the capacity loss is developed and presented for a commercial lithium iron phosphate/graphite cell. One calendar and several cycle aging effects are modeled separately. Emphasis is placed on the varying degradation at different temperatures. Degradation mechanisms for cycle aging at high and low temperatures as well as the increased cycling degradation at high state of charge are calculated separately. For parameterization, a lifetime test study is conducted including storage and cycle tests. Additionally, the model is validated through a dynamic current profile based on real-world application in a stationary energy storage system revealing the accuracy. Tests for validation are continued for up to 114 days after the longest parametrization tests. The model error for the cell capacity loss in the application-based tests is at the end of testing below 1% of the original cell capacity and the maximum relative model error is below 21%.

Innovation in the design of Li-ion rechargeable batteries is necessary to overcome safety concerns and meet energy demands. In this regard, a new generation of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in the form of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) has been developed, attracting a great deal of attention for their high-energy density and excellent mechanical-electrochemical stability. This review describes the current state of research and development on ASSB technology. To this end, study of the literature and patents as well as market analysis over the last two decades were carried out, highlighting how scientific achievements have informed the application of commercially profitable ASSBs. Analyzing the patents registered over the past 20 years revealed that the number of them had increased exponentially-from only few per year in early 2000 to more than 342 in 2020. Published literature and patents on the topic declare a solid-state electrolyte (SSE) to be the main component of ASSBs, and most pa...

Caizhi Zhou for their time and valuable insights to help augment the quality of this work. I would like to thank NASA-EPSCoR for funding this research effort. I'm grateful to everyone in the Materials Science & Engineering department here at Missouri S&T, for the informative seminars every Thursday and social events like ATF parties, Christmas Lunches and "pie-ing", where I got to know many people personally. I was blessed to be a part of a wonderful research group-Mohsen, Mahdi, Jake, Ebrahim, Arezoo, Lieren and Ning-and through discussions with them, I have learnt a great deal about and beyond the scope of my research. I never would have made it this far without the blessings of my parents, Manorama and Gopal, and my grandparents Krishnacharya, Girimajirao, Damayanthi and Shalini, and I am forever indebted to them for supporting all my decisions. The friendships forged here at Missouri S&T will stand for years to come. Lastly, a big thank you to the current squad at Arsenal Football Club, whose performances have been responsible for 75% of my happiness in the past year. v

Hybrid materials play a key role in enhancing the electrochemical properties of electrode materials for lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries. Porous hybrid materials offer high surface area and high conductivity. Moreover, they can store high energy with their large active site. In this chapter, we discussed the highly efficient porous electrode materials (cathode and anode) for the development of the practically used rechargeable lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries. This chapter will open windows for designing next-generation energy storage.

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are used as the main power source in electric vehicles (EVs). Despite their high energy density and commercial availability, LiBs chronically suffer from non-uniform cell ageing, leading to early capacity fade in the battery packs. In this paper, a non-invasive, online characterisation method based on deep learning models is proposed for cell-level SoH estimation. For an accurate measurement of the state of health (SoH), we need to characterize electrochemical capacity fade scenarios carefully. Then, with the help of real-time monitoring, the control systems can reduce the LiB’s degradation. The proposed method, which is based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), characterises the changes in current density distributions originating from the positive electrodes in different SoH states. For training and classification by the deep learning model, current density images (CDIs) were experimentally acquired in different ageing conditions. The results confi...

Thermal runaway is a phenomenon that occurs due to self-sustaining reactions within batteries at elevated temperatures resulting in catastrophic failure. Here, the thermal runaway process is studied for a Li-ion and Na-ion pouch cells of similar energy density (10.5 Wh, 12 Wh, respectively) using accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). Both cells were constructed with a z-fold configuration, with a standard shutdown separator in the Li-ion and a low-cost polypropylene (PP) separator in the Na-ion. Even with the shutdown separator, it is shown that the self-heating rate and rate of thermal runaway in Na-ion cells is significantly slower than that observed in Li-ion systems. The thermal runaway event initiates at a higher temperature in Na-ion cells. The effect of thermal runaway on the architecture of the cells is examined using X-ray microcomputed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the failed electrodes of both cells. Finally, from examination of the ...

Enabling accurate prediction of battery failure will lead to safer battery systems, as well as accelerating cell design and manufacturing processes for increased consistency and reliability. Data-driven prediction methods have shown promise for accurately predicting cell behaviors with low computational cost, but they are expensive to train. Furthermore, given that the risk of battery failure is already very low, gathering enough relevant data to facilitate data-driven predictions is extremely challenging. Here, a perspective for designing experiments to facilitate a relatively low number of tests, handling the data, applying data-driven methods, and improving our understanding of behavior-dictating physics is outlined. This perspective starts with effective strategies for experimentally replicating rare failure scenarios and thus reducing the number of experiments, and proceeds to describe means to acquire high-quality datasets, apply data-driven prediction techniques, and to extract physical insights into the events that lead to failure by incorporating physics into data-driven approaches.

Anode-less batteries are a promising innovation in energy storage technology, eliminating the need for traditional anodes and offering potential improvements in efficiency and capacity. Here, we have fabricated and tested two types of anode-less pouch cells, the first using solely a copper negative current collector and the other the same current collector but coated with a nucleation seed ZnO layer. Both types of cells used the same all-solid-state electrolyte, Li2.99Ba0.005ClO composite, in a cellulose matrix and a LiFePO4 cathode. Direct and indirect methods confirmed Li metal anode plating after charging the cells. The direct methods are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), a technique not divulged in the battery world but friendly to study the surface of the negative current collector, as it detects lithium. The indirect methods used were electrochemical cycling and impedance and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It became ev...

This paper deals with the occurrence of a graphite irreversible degradation mechanism in commercial Graphite (C) / lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC) lithium-ion batteries, challenging metallic lithium deposition as the major aging mechanism at low temperature cycling. In this study, commercial 16 Ah C/NMC Li-ion cells were aged during cycling at 5 • C at a rate of 1C between 2.7 V and 4.2 V (namely between 0 and 100% of state of charge (SOC), respectively), with significant performance fading after 50 cycles only, while up to 4000 cycles can be performed at 45 • C with the same commercial cells. The monitoring of the potential of each electrode during cycling has been performed through the successful introduction of lithium metal as reference electrode into the commercial cell. This technique demonstrated that it was more and more difficult to extract lithium ions from graphite particles to intercalate into the positive electrode as the number of cycles increased. Graphite electrodes remained unexpectedly lithiated after cells were dismantled in discharged state. A part of exchangeable lithium detected being trapped into the negative electrode as graphite intercalation compounds was observed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Lithium-7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (7 Li NMR) performed on graphite electrode led to the distinction between lithium intercalated into graphite, oxidized lithium in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) and metallic lithium present in low amounts. Coupling Focused Ion Beam (FIB) / Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) techniques demonstrated the presence of an untypical layer composed of electrolyte degradation products, hindering graphite electrode pores, particularly concentrated in the regions corresponding to interparticle cavities where lithium was found enriched and trapped.

The Li-ion battery is one of the key components in electric car development due to its performance in terms of energy density, power density and cyclability. However, this technology is likely to present safety problems with the appearance of cell thermal runaway, which can cause a car fire in the case of propagation in the battery pack. Today, standards describing safety compliance tests, which are a prerequisite for marketing Li-ion cells, are carried out on fresh cells only. It is therefore important to carry out research into the impact of cell aging on battery safety behavior in order to ensure security throughout the life of the battery, from manufacturing to recycling. In this article, the impact of Li-ion cell aging on safety is studied. Three commercial 18,650 cells with high-power and high-energy designs were aged using a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) aging profile in accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC 62-660. Several thermal (Accel...

Driven by the rise of the electric automotive industry, the Li-ion battery market is in strong expansion. This technology does not only fulfill the requirements of electric mobility, but is also found in most portable electric devices. Even though Li-ion batteries are known for their numerous advantages, they undergo serious performance degradation during their aging, and more particularly when used in specific conditions such as at low temperature or high charging current rates. Depending on the operational conditions, different aging mechanisms are favored and can induce physical and chemical modifications of the internal components, leading to performance decay. In this article, the identification of the degradation mechanisms was carried out thanks to an in-depth ante- and post mortem study on three high power and high energy commercial 18,650 cells. Li-ion cells were aged using a battery electric vehicle (BEV) aging profile at −20 °C, 0 °C, 25 °C, and 45 °C in accordance with t...

In improving fuel economy and reducing carbon footprint, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and all-electric vehicles are considered as sustainable modes of transportation in the automotive industry. Here, commercial Li-ion cells (26650 and 18650 with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cathodes) were subjected to simulated plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) conditions, using the Federal Urban Driving Schedule (FUDS) under charge-depleting mode at elevated temperature (50 8C and < 10 % RH). The capacity degradation (16 % over 800 cycles) under the PHEV test protocol for Li-ion batteries with 26650 NMC cathodes was twice of that using LFP cathodes (8 % over 800 cycles) under identical conditions. The Li-ion batteries were also subjected to second-life charge-discharge cycling at C/5 rate after evaluating them under the PHEV protocol (800 cycles for 26650 cells and 1200 cycles for 18650 cells). In addition, the high-frequency resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was found to increase significantly with cycling for both the NMC-as well as LFP-based batteries, leading to power fading. XRD analysis of the 18650 LFP-based battery showed change of phase from LiFePO 4 to FePO 4 , indicating Li +-ion loss. However, the cathode active materials of the Li-ion cells (26650 with LFP and NMC cathodes), examined using XRD, showed no significant phase change in the materials after 800 PHEV cycles and around 200 second-life charge-discharge cycles.

For lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP) in aerospace applications, impedance spectroscopy is applicable in the flat region of the voltage-charge curve. The frequency-dependent pseudocapacitance at 0.15 Hz is presented as useful state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) indicator. For the same battery type, the prediction error of pseudocapacitance is better than 1% for a quadratic calibration curve, and less than 36% for a linear model. An approximately linear correlation between pseudocapacitance and Ah battery capacity is observed as long as overcharge and deep discharge are avoided. We verify the impedance method in comparison to the classical constant-current discharge measurements. In the case of five examined lithium-ion chemistries, the linear trend of impedance and SOC is lost if the slope of the discharge voltage curve versus SOC changes. With nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), high impedance modulus correlates with high SOC above 70%.

The article presents and discusses the results of research on hazard, especially temperature, for selected lithium-ion-phosphate cells operated in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations but used under onerous mining conditions. This applies to the performance of cells in battery sets without the application of any management system (BMS). On the basis of the obtained test results, first of all, the influence of the value of the charging current of cells and the ambient temperature for both free and deteriorated heat exchange, appropriate conclusions and practical recommendations were formulated. This applies especially to threats in the case of random, cyclic, minor overloading, and discharging of the cells.

Developing sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with high initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and long-term cycling stability is crucial to meet energy storage device requirements. Designing anode materials that could exhibit high ICE is a promising strategy to realize enhanced energy density in SIBs. A trifunctional network binder substantially improves the electrochemical performance and ICE, providing excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion strength. A rationally designed electrode material and binder can achieve high ICE, long cycling performance, and excellent specific capacity. Here, a NiS/NiS 2 heterostructure as an anode material and a trifunctional network binder (SA-g-PAM) are designed for SIBs. Unprecedently, the anode comprising of an SAg-PAM binder achieved the highest ICE of 90.7% and remarkable cycling stability for 19000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g −1 and maintained the specific capacity of 482.3 mAh g −1 even after 19000 cycles. This exciting work provides an alternate direction to the battery industry for developing high-performance electrode materials and binders with high ICE and excellent cycling stability for energy storage devices.

In this investigation, it was shown that a probability of thermal runaway in commercial lithium-ion cells of the type 18650 grows with number increase of charge/discharge cycles and increase of cells state of charge (SOC). Notably, experiments in an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) showed that with the number growth of cells charge/discharge cycles, it is observed a considerable decline of an initiation temperature of exothermic reactions of thermal runaway and increase of released energy. Additional ARC-experiments with the following analysis of the gas released showed that in a course of cells cycling in anode graphite, hydrogen is accumulated. It was proven in experiments that a recombination of released-from-graphite-anode atomic hydrogen is exactly that powerful exothermic reaction, which increases the released energy in the beginning of the thermal runaway and decreases the temperature of its initiation. Thus, the reason for the initiation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion cells is a powerful exothermic reaction of recombination of atomic hydrogen accumulated in anode graphite in a during of cells cycling. The possible mechanism of initiation thermal runaway has been proposed corresponding to all the experimental results obtained.

In this investigation, it was shown that a probability of thermal runaway in commercial lithium-ion cells of the type 18650 grows with number increase of charge/discharge cycles and increase of cells state of charge (SOC). Notably, experiments in an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) showed that with the number growth of cells charge/discharge cycles, it is observed a considerable decline of an initiation temperature of exothermic reactions of thermal runaway and increase of released energy. Additional ARC-experiments with the following analysis of the gas released showed that in a course of cells cycling in anode graphite, hydrogen is accumulated. It was proven in experiments that a recombination of released-from-graphite-anode atomic hydrogen is exactly that powerful exothermic reaction, which increases the released energy in the beginning of the thermal runaway and decreases the temperature of its initiation. Thus, the reason for the initiation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion cells is a powerful exothermic reaction of recombination of atomic hydrogen accumulated in anode graphite in a during of cells cycling. The possible mechanism of initiation thermal runaway has been proposed corresponding to all the experimental results obtained.

Aqueous batteries are a safe, sustainable and a low cost alternative to store energy. Thus, there is an ongoing search for new battery electrode materials with redox potentials in the voltage range corresponding to the electrochemical stability window of water. Particularly, organic materials are attracting considerable attention due to their environmental friendliness and sustainability. While significant progress has been achieved in developing organic cathode materials, developing anode materials with good electrochemical performance remains a challenge. Here we show that perylene polyimides with oligoether groups are great anode candidates for high-power aqueous

The global population has increased over time, therefore the need for sufficient energy has risen. However, many countries depend on nonrenewable resources for daily usage. Nonrenewable resources take years to produce and sources are limited for generations to come. Apart from that, storing and energy distribution from nonrenewable energy production has caused environmental degradation over the years. Hence, many researchers have been actively participating in the development of energy storage devices for renewable resources using batteries. For this purpose, the lithium-ion battery is one of the best known storage devices due to its properties such as high power and high energy density in comparison with other conventional batteries. In addition, for the fabrication of Li-ion batteries, there are different types of cell designs including cylindrical, prismatic, and pouch cells. The development of Li-ion battery technology, the different widely used cathode and anode materials, and ...

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are employed when high energy and power density are required. However, under electrical, mechanical, or thermal abuse conditions a thermal runaway can occur resulting in an uncontrollable increase in pressure and temperature that can lead to fire and/or explosion, and projection of fragments. In this work, the behavior of LIBs under thermal abuse conditions is analyzed. To this purpose, tests on NCA 18,650 cells are performed in a cone calorimeter by changing the radiative heat flux of the conical heater and the State of Charge (SoC) of the cells from full charge to deep discharge. The dependence of SoC and radiative heat flux on the thermal runaway onset is clearly revealed. In particular, a deep discharge determines an earlier thermal runaway of the cell with respect to those at 50% and 100% of SoC when exposed to high radiative heat flux (50 kW/m2). This is due to a mechanism such as an electrical abuse. Cell components before and after tests are inve...

We present a study of battery ageing, comparing pristine, calendar-aged, and cycle-aged lithium-ion cells. Insight into degradation was obtained via differential voltage analysis and by estimating and tracking changes in a subset of electrochemical model parameters of the single particle model through inverse modelling. We show that both diffusion time and kinetic overpotential increase in cycle-aged cells, while calendar-aged cells experienced no diffusion time changes but some kinetic overpotential increase. The latter is also evident in 50% higher irreversible heat generation in cycle-aged cells. This study highlights the importance of updating battery model parameters during ageing.

Research on lithium metal as a high-capacity anode for future lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is currently at an alltime high. To date, the different influences of a highly pure argon glovebox (GB) and an industry-relevant ambient dry room (DR) atmosphere have received little attention in the scientific community. In this paper, we report on the impact of in coin cell atmosphere (ICCA) on the performance of an LMB as well as its interphase characteristics and properties in combination with three organic carbonate-based electrolytes with and without two well-known interphase-forming additives, namely fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC). The results obtained from this carefully executed systematic study show a substantial impact of the ICCA on solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance (R SEI) and lithium stripping/plating homogeneity. In a transition metal cathode (NMC811) containing LMBs, a DR ICCA results in an up to 50% increase in lifetime due to the improved chemical composition of the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). Furthermore, different impacts on electrode characteristics and cell performance were observed depending on the utilized functional additive. Since this study focuses on a largely overlooked influential factor of LMB performance, it highlights the importance of comparability and transparency in published research and the importance of taking differences between research and industrial environments into consideration in the aim of establishing and commercializing LMB cell components.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) based on inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs) are considered promising candidates for enhancing the energy density and the safety of next-generation rechargeable lithium batteries. However, their practical application is frequently hampered by the high resistance arising at the Li metal anode/ISE interface. Herein, a review of the conventional solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) the recent research on quasi-solid-state battery (QSSB) approaches to overcome the issues of the state-of-the-art SSBs is reported. The feasibility of ionic liquid (IL)-based interlayers to improve ISE/Li metal wetting and enhance charge transfer at solid electrolyte interfaces with both positive and lithium metal electrodes is presented together with a novel generation of IL-containing quasi-solid-state-electrolytes (QSSEs), offering favourable features. The opportunities and challenges of QSSE for the development of high energy and high safety quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries (QSSLMBs) are also discussed.