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Figure 2. Calculation of individual data points of an ENPOLITE plot from the energy and power density. The blue area shows the calculation of the lifetime coefficient represented by the bubble area; the green area shows the calculation of the X-axis values; the red area shows the calculation for the Y-axis values. A higher lifetime coefficient and higher normalized energy throughput increase the bubble area.

Figure 2 Calculation of individual data points of an ENPOLITE plot from the energy and power density. The blue area shows the calculation of the lifetime coefficient represented by the bubble area; the green area shows the calculation of the X-axis values; the red area shows the calculation for the Y-axis values. A higher lifetime coefficient and higher normalized energy throughput increase the bubble area.

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Figure 1. ENPOLITE plots illustrate energy, power, lifetime, and temperature characteristics of lithium-ion cells.
Figure 1. ENPOLITE plots illustrate energy, power, lifetime, and temperature characteristics of lithium-ion cells.
Figure 5 shows an ENFOLI1LE piot for the cyclic aging tests of 783 different cells from 19 datasets shown in Table 1. A more detailed version of this table, an interactive version of the plot, and a detailed description can be found in the Supporting Information and on the Web site enpolite.org. Figure 3 displays eight critical parameters determining the lifetime behavior of lithium-ion battery cells: (i) energy density, (ii) power density, and (iii) energy throughput per percentage point, as well as the metadata on the aging test including (iv) cycle temperature, (v) cycle duration, (vi) cell chemistry, (vii) cell format, and (viii) nominal capacity. The plot reflects the general trend that lifetimes tend to decrease with higher energy densities and power densities. The dark-yellow-colored dataset with cells from Devie et al.'* (NMC15I2.8AhI186501~670d) shows the highest specific energy of the test conditions, up to 230 Wh/kg. The high-energy cells from LG Chem were cycled at 100% DOD. Only a few cells achieved above-average lifetimes at either high energy or high power densities, such as the dark-blue-colored dataset (NMC1010.24AhIpouch|~860d) from Harlow et al.'° High power densities were only achieved in conjunction with lower energy densities. In most datasets, higher cycling temperatures resulted in a reduced lifetime, corroborating the well-known behavior of lithium-ion battery cells. Both NMC1O0 cells at 165 Wh/kg and 50 W/kg'> had significantly decreased bubble areas at higher temperatures. The smallest bubbles represent cells quickly destroyed during the aging test due to, e.g., lithium plating at low temperatures. The exceptionally high lifetimes of cells with lithium titanate (LTO) anodes are also well represented; the peach-colored We derived the lifetime coefficient of the actual test conditions from a linear aging model, expressed in energy throughput per percentage point of cell capacity lost, normalized to the respective cell weight. While the linear model may oversimplify non-linear aging patterns, it allows Figure 3. Cyclic ENPOLITE lifetime plot representing 783 battery cells. An interactive version can be found online at enpolite.org
Figure 5 shows an ENFOLI1LE piot for the cyclic aging tests of 783 different cells from 19 datasets shown in Table 1. A more detailed version of this table, an interactive version of the plot, and a detailed description can be found in the Supporting Information and on the Web site enpolite.org. Figure 3 displays eight critical parameters determining the lifetime behavior of lithium-ion battery cells: (i) energy density, (ii) power density, and (iii) energy throughput per percentage point, as well as the metadata on the aging test including (iv) cycle temperature, (v) cycle duration, (vi) cell chemistry, (vii) cell format, and (viii) nominal capacity. The plot reflects the general trend that lifetimes tend to decrease with higher energy densities and power densities. The dark-yellow-colored dataset with cells from Devie et al.'* (NMC15I2.8AhI186501~670d) shows the highest specific energy of the test conditions, up to 230 Wh/kg. The high-energy cells from LG Chem were cycled at 100% DOD. Only a few cells achieved above-average lifetimes at either high energy or high power densities, such as the dark-blue-colored dataset (NMC1010.24AhIpouch|~860d) from Harlow et al.'° High power densities were only achieved in conjunction with lower energy densities. In most datasets, higher cycling temperatures resulted in a reduced lifetime, corroborating the well-known behavior of lithium-ion battery cells. Both NMC1O0 cells at 165 Wh/kg and 50 W/kg'> had significantly decreased bubble areas at higher temperatures. The smallest bubbles represent cells quickly destroyed during the aging test due to, e.g., lithium plating at low temperatures. The exceptionally high lifetimes of cells with lithium titanate (LTO) anodes are also well represented; the peach-colored We derived the lifetime coefficient of the actual test conditions from a linear aging model, expressed in energy throughput per percentage point of cell capacity lost, normalized to the respective cell weight. While the linear model may oversimplify non-linear aging patterns, it allows Figure 3. Cyclic ENPOLITE lifetime plot representing 783 battery cells. An interactive version can be found online at enpolite.org
Figure 4. Calendar ENPOLITE lifetime plot representing 307 battery cells. An interactive version of the plot can be found online at enpolite. org.
Figure 4. Calendar ENPOLITE lifetime plot representing 307 battery cells. An interactive version of the plot can be found online at enpolite. org.
Table 1. Summary of All Datasets Used in This Work
Table 1. Summary of All Datasets Used in This Work
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