BIM (Architecture)

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a set of technologies, processes and policies enabling multiple stakeholders to collaboratively design, construct and operate a facility.
There are numerous challenges attributed to BIM adoption by industry and academia. These represent a number of knowledge gaps each warranting a focused investigation by domain researchers. This study does not isolate a single gap to address but espouses a holistic view of the knowledge problem at hand. It contributes to the discussion a set of conceptual constructs that clarify the knowledge structures underlying the BIM domain. It also introduces a number of practicable knowledge tools to facilitate BIM learning, assessment and performance improvement.
This study is delivered through complementary papers and appendices to answer two primary research questions. The first explores the knowledge structures underlying the BIM domain whilst the second probes how these knowledge structures can be used to facilitate the measurement and improvement of BIM performance across the construction industry.
To address the first question, the study identifies conceptual clusters underlying the BIM domain, develops descriptive taxonomies of these clusters, exposes some of their conceptual relationships, and then delivers a representative BIM framework. The BIM framework is composed of three-axes which represent the main knowledge structures underlying the BIM domain and support the development of functional conceptual models.
To address the second question, BIM framework structures are extended through additional concepts and tools to facilitate BIM performance assessment and development of individuals, organizations and teams. These additional concepts include competency sets, assessment workflows and measurement tools which can be used to assess and improve the BIM performance of industry stakeholders.
In addressing these research questions, a pragmatic approach to research design based on available literature and applicable theories has been adopted. By combining several research strategies, paradigms and methods, this study (1) generates several new conceptual structures (e.g. frameworks, models and taxonomies) which collectively clarify the knowledge structures underlying the BIM domain; and (2) develops a set of workflows and tools that facilitate BIM assessment, learning and performance improvement.
This study delivers an extendable knowledge structure upon which to build a host of BIM performance improvement initiatives and tools. As a set of complementary papers and appendices, the study presents a rich, unified yet multi-layered environment of conceptual constructs and practicable tools; supported by a common framework, a domain ontology and simplified visual representations. Individually, each paper introduces a new framework part or solidifies a previous one. Collectively, the papers form a cohesive knowledge engine that generates assessment systems, learning modules and performance improvement tools.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an expansive knowledge domain within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry. To allow a systematic investigation of BIM's divergent fields, its knowledge components must be defined and expanding boundaries delineated. This paper explores some of the publicly available international guidelines and introduces the BIM Framework, a research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. This is a 'scene-setting' paper identifying many conceptual parts (fields, stages, steps and lenses), providing examples of their application and listing some of the Framework's deliverables. This paper also identifies and deploys visual knowledge models and a specialised ontology to represent domain concepts and their relations.

The BIM Handbook, Second Edition provides an in-depth understanding of BIM technologies, the business and organizational issues associated with its implementation, and the profound advantages that effective use of BIM can provide to all members of a project team. Updates to this edition include:

•Completely updated material covering the current practice and technology in this fast-moving field


•Expanded coverage of lean construction and its use of BIM, with special focus on Integrated Project Delivery throughout the book


•New insight on the ways BIM facilitates sustainable building


•New information on interoperability schemas and collaboration tools


•Six new case studies


C Eastman, P Teicholtz, R Sacks and K Liston

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an expansive knowledge domain within the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry. To allow a systematic investigation of BIM'sdivergent fields, its knowledge components must be defined and expanding boundaries delineated. This paper explores some of the publicly available international guidelines and introduces the BIM Framework, aresearch and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. This is a ‘scene-setting’ paper identifying many conceptual parts (fields, stages, steps and lenses), providing examples of their application and listing some of the Framework's deliverables. This paper also identifies and deploys visual knowledge models and a specialised ontology to represent domain concepts and their relations.

Succar, B. (2009). Building information modelling framework: A research and delivery foundation for industry stakeholders. Automation in Construction, 18(3), 357-375.

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Modeling) para gerenciamento de projetos: Gerente BIM. 2013. 118 p. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Engenharia Civil) -Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Londrina. 2013. RESUMO Com uso intensivo de Tecnologias da Informação, o BIM (Building Information Modeling, em português Modelagem da Informação da Construção) busca criar um modelo virtual perfeito da edificação e através da colaboração entre os agentes integrantes do processo, criar projetos com maior qualidade e que sejam capazes de cumprir suas funções de forma mais eficiente. Para que os conceitos que envolvem esse processo sejam aplicados da forma correta é necessária uma profunda reformulação cultural no setor, assim como pesados investimentos em infraestrutura e pesquisas. A necessidade de novos agentes, ou mesmo uma adaptação dos que já fazem parte do processo tradicional, para um novo cenário de desenvolvimento integrado se faz evidente. Entre esses novos agentes uma figura tem ganhado destaque, o Gerente BIM ou BIM Manager, que vem desenvolvendo em diversas empresas o papel de implantar o BIM e coordenar o processo de projeto. Este trabalho busca compreender o processo de desenvolvimento do projeto ao longo do tempo, sua mecânica e os novos conceitos dessa área, através de um extenso levantamento bibliográfico e entrevistas com profissionais, criando embasamento para, então, se discutir as características do Gerente BIM, seu papel no processo e conjeturar o futuro desse profissional. Palavras-chave: Gerenciamento de projetos. BIM. Building Information Modeling. Modelagem da Informação da Construção. Gerente BIM. DURANTE, Fábio Kischel. The use of the BIM methodology (Building Information Modeling) for project management: BIM Manager. 2013. 118 p. Completion of course work (Graduation in Civil Engineering) -Londrina State University. Londrina. 2013.

The term Building Information Modelling (BIM) refers to an expansive knowledge domain within the design, construction and operation (DCO) industry. The voluminous possibilities attributed to BIM represent an array of challenges that can be met through a systematic research and delivery framework spawning a set of performance assessment and improvement metrics. This article identifies five complementary components specifically developed to enable such assessment: (i) BIM capability stages representing transformational milestones along the implementation continuum; (ii) BIM maturity levels representing the quality, predictability and variability within BIM stages; (iii) BIM competencies representing incremental progressions towards and improvements within BIM stages; (iv) Organizational Scales representing the diversity of markets, disciplines and company sizes; and (v) Granularity Levels enabling highly targeted yet flexible performance analyses ranging from informal self-assessment to high-detail, formal organizational audits. This article explores these complementary components and positions them as a systematic method to understand BIM performance and to enable its assessment and improvement. A flowchart of the contents of this article is provided.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) concepts and workflows continue to proliferate within organisations, through project teams, and across the whole construction industry. However, both BIM implementation and BIM diffusion are yet to be reliably assessed at market scale. Insufficient research has been conducted to date towards identifying the conceptual structures that would explain and encourage large-scale BIM adoption. This paper introduces a number of macro-adoption models, matrices and charts (Fig. 1). These models can be used to systematically assess BIM adoption across markets, and inform the structured development of country-specific BIM adoption policies.

This research is published in two complementary papers combining conceptual structures with data collected from experts across a number of countries. The first paper “Macro-BIM adoption: conceptual structures” delimits the terms used, reviews applicable diffusion models, and clarifies the research methodology. It then introduces five new conceptual constructs for assessing macro-BIM adoption and informing the development of market-scale BIM diffusion policies. The second paper “Macro-BIM adoption: comparative market analysis” employs these concepts and tools to evaluate BIM adoption and analyse BIM diffusion policies across a number of countries. Using online questionnaires and structured interviews, it applies the models, refines the conceptual tools and develops additional assessment metrics. The two papers are complementary and primarily intended to assist policy makers and domain researchers to analyse, develop and improve BIM diffusion policies.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an expansive knowledge domain within the Design, Construction and Operation (DCO) industry . The voluminous possibilities attributed to BIM represent an array of challenges that can be met through a systematic research and delivery framework spawning a set of performance assessment and improvement metrics. This paper identifies five complementary components specifically developed to enable such assessment: [1] BIM Capability Stages representing transformational milestones along the implementation continuum [2] BIM Maturity Levels representing the quality, predictability and variability within BIM Stages, [3] BIM Competencies representing incremental progressions towards and improvements within BIM Stages, [4] Organisational Scales representing the diversity of markets, disciplines and company sizes and [5] Granularity Levels enabling highly-targeted yet flexible performance analyses ranging from informal self-assessment to high-detail, formal organisational audits. This paper explores these complementary components and positions them as a systematic method to understand BIM performance and to enable its assessment and improvement.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

In the past several years, Building Information Modeling (BIM) adoption has grown significantly in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. In response to this trend, the industry and academia realized that BIM education in university curricula is an important requirement for satisfying educational demands of the industry, and a notable body of research has reported strategies AEC programs implemented to incorporate BIM in their curricula. However, no study has comprehensively reviewed and synthesized the research on strategies adopted by educators. To bridge this gap in the literature, this paper presents a systematic review of research on BIM curriculum design in AEC education. The authors report on the trends of research on BIM curriculum design (e.g. methods, timelines, and contexts) as well as a synthesis of implemented pedagogical strategies with detailed discussions on their implications and effectiveness across different studies and contexts. These strategies address a variety of important pedagogical issues such as enrolment of students, optional or required BIM use, important competencies and skills, tutoring methods, industry engagement, designing assignments, and assessment methods and criteria. This synthesis shows that designing pedagogical strategies for BIM education is complex and challenging, and AEC programs need to make trade-offs between advantages and disadvantages associated with these strategies. The results also highlight the need for more diverse research designs and settings to bridge the gaps identified in BIM curriculum research to date. Finally, the authors present a literature-based framework of BIM curriculum design strategies as well as a set of recommendations that can be used BIM educators and researchers as a guide for designing or assessing their BIM curricula in future research.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an innovative technology that attempts to improve the construction industry by changing the current method of working. The key focus of BIM is to get all various professions involved in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry to collaborate with each other. As one of the aforementioned professions, quantity surveying has to acknowledge and implement it into the profession in order for the whole construction industry to produce a collaborative environment. How is BIM going to influence the profession? In response to this, a hypothetical case study was conducted for both a manual and automatic process of cost estimating. A number of variables (process, time taken, accuracy, item description and knowledge required) were compared and analysed, thus identifying the type of changes the quantity surveying profession will face.
The case study established that although automated cost estimate tools provide ample measurements for the quantity take-off process, they are still not capable of replacing the cost estimate process. However, by using these tools the quantity surveyors are able to skip a number of laborious tasks the process is faced with. The case study also demonstrated that in order for the profession to truly benefit, it is recommended that they have knowledge and experience of using correlated BIM applications. BIM will open new doors for the quantity surveying profession. For further study, it is recommended that research be based on the use of BIM throughout the whole construction period of a actual project. Lastly, it is recommended that a number of cost estimating BIM tools are used, in order for a greater understanding.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is studied within the public construction procurement scenario, analysing the current situation and further development possibilities, especially how to adopt Model Checking in Tendering. Results can help both public clients and bidders to find out new strategies to improve efficiency. In the future the BIM-based approach needs to be integrated in e-Procurement process to fully take advantage of its potentialities.

BIM concepts and tools have now proliferated across the construction industry. This is evidenced by the comparative results of BIM adoption rates reported through a number of industry surveys. However these surveys typically cover a small number of industry stakeholders; are intended to establish adoption rates by organizations rather than markets; and are unsupported by theoretical frameworks to guide data collection and analysis. Based on a published theoretical framework, this paper proposes three metrics to augment survey data and help establish the overall BIM maturity of countries. These metrics apply to noteworthy BIM publications (NBP)s and assess their BIM knowledge content (BKC). NBPs are publically-available industry documents intended to facilitate BIM adoption; while BKCs are specialized labels (e.g. report, manual, and contract) used to describe NBP contents. The three metrics – NBP availability, NBP content distribution, and NBP relevance - are applied in assessing the knowledge deliverables of three countries –  United States, United Kingdom and Australia - chosen for their similar construction culture and active BIM scene. The paper then discusses how these complementary metrics can inform policy development and identify market-wide knowledge gaps.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools and workflows have the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of design, construction and operation activities. Numerous BIM deliverables and their respective requirements have been widely discussed by industry stakeholders. This is evidenced by the intensity of online communications surrounding BIM topics and the accelerating availability of noteworthy BIM publications (NBP)s. NBPs are publically-available industry documents incorporating guidelines, protocols and requirements focusing on BIM deliverables and workflows. These publications are the product of various governmental bodies, industry associations, communities of practice and research institutions, intended to facilitate BIM adoption, and realize BIM’s value-adding potential.
A specialized taxonomy is employed to analyze 57 noteworthy BIM publications from across eight countries selected for their active BIM scene. The BIM knowledge content (BKC) taxonomy includes three knowledge content clusters (guides, protocols and mandates) subdivided into 18 knowledge content labels (e.g. report, manual, and contract). Ten of these content labels are used to analyze and compare publications from Australia, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Preliminary content analysis is then performed which provides insight into the availability and distribution of BIM knowledge within noteworthy BIM publications. The analysis identifies knowledge gaps within publications and highlights opportunities for future research and complementary publication efforts.
This chapter contributes to organizing BIM knowledge as contained within numerous noteworthy BIM publications and – by that - facilitates targeted access to their content. It provides a knowledge repository for construction industry stakeholder’s to utilize during BIM implementation and a research base for investigators seeking to identify and address knowledge gaps across the BIM domain.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools and workflows can increase design productivity, reduce construction waste, and improve connectivity of facility operations. To achieve such benefits, model-based deliverables (e.g. model-based cost estimation, construction planning, or asset tracking) first need to be clearly specified by owners/clients and, second, be delivered by supply chain players according to these specifications. While there are many guides, protocols, and standards for defining information content within models, there is little guidance for specifying the uses to be derived from this modelled information. To bridge the gap between what is expected from BIM, and what will actually be delivered, there is a need for a clear and modular 'requirements clarification' language. Based on published research – including a framework, conceptual ontology, and competency model – as well as ongoing practical applications, this paper introduces the Model Uses concept, comprising a Model Uses Taxonomy and a Model Uses List. Model Uses are the intended, planned, or expected project deliverables resulting from generating, collaborating, or linking models to external databases. This paper explores the conceptual foundations of Model Uses and then provides practical examples – an implementation task list and an assessment module-of how this modular language assists in identifying BIM project requirements and facilitating project delivery.

Erratum: Model Use number 4250 must be 'Life Cycle Assessment'

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the current expression of construction industry innovation generating a wide range of augmented market deliverables, new requirements and emergent roles. For organizations to cross the innovation chasm, they need to progressively implement complementary tools, workflows and protocols. Such multifaceted implementation is not instantaneous but passes through recursive periods of implementation readiness, capability acquisition, and performance maturity. Similarly, BIM diffusion within organizations is not a frictionless derivative of BIM implementation, but a function of competition dynamics and institutional isomorphic pressures. While there are a number of academic studies and industry surveys covering organisational readiness, software implementation or innovation diffusion, there is no single conceptual model to describe, explain and test BIM adoption as a single construct connecting all these concepts. Based on published research and experiential knowledge, this paper introduces the Point of Adoption (PoA) model which integrates these concepts into a single visual model. The PoA model – not only clarifies the connection between these concepts but – facilitates the assessment of current organisational abilities, and clarifies a step-wise approach to BIM adoption and continuous performance improvement.

Building information modeling (BIM) is one of the most significant developments in the construction industry, as it introduces new technologies, processes, and interactions into practice. Prior research shows that there is an increasing interest among practitioners and academics to assess maturity, productivity, and performance of BIM implementation. This suggests that as BIM adoption grows, the need for BIM implementation assessment arises to facilitate monitoring, measuring, and improving BIM practices. However, so far, no single study has comprehensively reviewed and reported the existing approaches, metrics, and criteria used for assessing BIM practices. This study aims to review and analyze the literature and synthesize existing knowledge relevant to the topic. The author develops a thematic framework of BIM aspects, BIM goals, and performance evaluation trends to define grounds for assessing BIM implementation. Based on the framework, this research analyzed a total number of 97 references (selected out of 322 studies) to identify, extract, and classify metrics/criteria used for assessing BIM implementation. This study has practical implications for developing future BIM maturity models and BIM assessment tools as it synthesizes the existing developments on this topic, highlights gaps and limitations in metric-based BIM assessment, and provides recommendations for further research and developments.

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools and workflows continue to proliferate within the Design, Construction and Operation (DCO) industry. To equip current and future industry professionals with the necessary knowledge and skills to engage in collaborative workflows and integrated project deliverables, it is important to identify the competencies that need to be taught at educational institutions or trained on the job. Expanding upon a collaborative BIM education framework pertaining to a national BIM initiative in Australia, this paper introduces a conceptual workflow to identify, classify, and aggregate BIM competency items. Acting as a knowledge-base for BIM learners and learning providers, the aggregated competency items can be used to develop BIM learning modules to satisfy the learning requirements of varied audiences - be they students, practitioners, tradespeople or managers. This competency knowledge-base will facilitate a common understanding of BIM deliverables and their requirements, and support the national efforts to promote BIM learning.

Procedural, parametric and generative computer-supported techniques in combination with mass customization and automated fabrication enable holistic manipulation in silico and the subsequent production of increasingly complex architectural arrangements. By automating parts of the design process, computers make it easier to develop designs through versioning and gradual adjustment. In recent architectural discourse, these approaches to designing have been described as morphogenesis.This paper invites further reflection on the possible meanings of this imported concept in the field of architectural designing. It contributes by comparing computational modelling of morphogenesis in plant science with techniques in architectural designing. Deriving examples from case-studies, the paper suggests potentials for collaboration and opportunities for bi-directional knowledge transfers.

Durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica abordando conceitos de orçamento na construção civil e Modelagem de Informação da Construção (BIM), e como essa tecnologia pode ser utilizada na etapa de levantamento de quantitativos. Posteriormente, foi realizado um estudo de caso voltado para a etapa de levantamento de quantitativos de estrutura, comparando-se as diferenças entre o método convencional e o método assistido por software BIM. Observa-se que por meio da tecnologia BIM pode-se obter uma nova maneira de levantar quantitativos de obras, tendo como principais vantagens sobre o método tradicional a precisão e a rapidez dos levantamentos.
_____________
During the development work, a literature review was conducted, addressing concepts of budget in construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM), and how this technology can be used in the quantitative survey stage. Subsequently, it was conducted a case study focused on the quantitative survey stage, comparing the differences between the conventional method and the method assisted by the BIM software. It is observed that through the use of BIM it is possible to approach a new way of raising quantitative work, the main advantages over the traditional method being accuracy and well-timed surveys.

The adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) across markets is a pertinent topic for academic discourse and industry attention. This is evidenced by the unrelenting release of national BIM initiatives; new BIM protocols; and candidate international standards. This paper is the second part of an ongoing Macro BIM Adoption study: the first paper " Macro BIM Adoption: Conceptual Structures " (Succar and Kassem, 2015) introduced five conceptual models for assessing macro BIM adoption across markets and informing the development of BIM adoption policies. This second paper clarifies how these models are validated through capturing the input of 99 experts from 21 countries using a survey tool; highlights the commonalities and differences between sample countries with respect to BIM adoption; and introduces sample tools and templates for either developing or calibrating BIM adoption policies. Survey data collected indicate that all five conceptual models demonstrate high levels of 'clarity', 'accuracy' and 'usefulness', the three metrics measured. They also indicate (1) varying rates of BIM diffusion across countries with BIM capability near the lower-end of the spectrum; (2) varying levels of BIM maturity with-the mean of-most macro BIM components falling below the medium level; (3) varying diffusion dynamics across countries with the prevalence of the middle-out diffusion dynamic; (4) varying policy actions across countries with a predominance of the passive policy approach; and (5) varying distribution of diffusion responsibilities among player groups with no detectable dominant pattern across countries. The two papers provide an opportunity to improve our understanding of BIM adoption dynamics across countries. Future research can build upon the models and tools introduced to enable (a) an expansion of benchmarking data through surveying additional countries; (b) identifying BIM adoption changes in surveyed countries over time; (c) correlating changes in adoption rates/patterns with policy interventions; (d) identifying BIM policy variations within the same country; (e) establishing statistical correlations between the conceptual models; and (f) developing new tools to facilitate BIM policy development and encouraging BIM adoption.

Since
the
publication
of
Sir
John
Egan’s
report
on
the
state
of
the
UK
construction
industry
15
years
ago
(Egan,
1998),
there
have
been
remarkable
improvements.
The
UK’s
newest
2012
HM
Government
Report
challenges
the
industry
to
step
forward
and
embrace
technological
change.
Though,
as
with
every
industry,
sector,
or
organisation,
the
need
for
continuous
and
sustainable
improvement
continues
to
push
the
boundaries
and
is
slow
in
acceptance.
The
construction
industry
is
no
exception
to
this
phenomenon.
As
cost
is
a
major
factor
in
any
construction
project,
there
is
an
ever
growing
need
to
keep
it
at
manageable
levels,
while
still
seeking
to
achieve
the
desired
budget,
quality
and
delivering
on
time.
Innovation
in
information,
communication,
technology
and
process
management
has
contributed
to
making
this
achievable.
The
industry
has
witnessed
a
radical
change
in
the
form
of
Building
Information
Modelling
(BIM).
This
has
revolutionised
the
delivery
approach
to
construction
projects.
Evidence
of
a
quantum
leap
into
the
realm
of
BIM
has
been
reported
in
various
forms
such
as
journal
articles,
industry
reports,
magazines
and
case
studies.
New
project
delivery
processes
and
approaches
to
delivering
construction
projects,
such
as
Integrated
Project
Delivery
(IPD),
have
been
developed
as
well
as
Lean
Construction,
which
have
been
pioneered
in
the
USA
and
the
UK.
Better
efficiency
and
collaboration
between
project
stakeholders
on
a
global
scale
have
been
engendered
on
complex
projects
in
France,
China
the
UK
and
USA.
Overall,
BIM
has
witnessed
positive
adoption
in
China,
the
USA,
Europe
and
Australia.
This
tends
to
portray
an
overwhelming
support
and
benefit
of
BIM
in
the
construction
industry.
On
the
other
hand,
little
has
been
done
to
determine
the
economics
and
the
added
value
of
BIM
to
the
construction
sector
and
society
holistically.
This
presents
a
major
challenge
for
investors
in
determining
what
the
real
value
of
adopting
this
approach
to
current
and
future
projects
will
be.
If
BIM
is
to
take-­‐off
and
adopted
holistically
by
all
stakeholders
in
the
AEC
industry,
then
a
better
understanding
of
its
economic
value
must
be
rectified.
Currently,
there
is
no
standardised
methodology
or
approach
in
determining
its
economic
value,
which
has
been
highlighted
in
this
report.
Current
efforts
have
been
made
by
way
of
investment
appraisals
such
as
Net
Present
Value
(NPV),
Discounted
Cash
Flow
(DCF),
and
Cost
Benefit
Analysis
(CBA),
yet
this
has been
engaged
at
the
micro-­‐level
of
organizations.
Hence,
its
application
at
a
macro
global
level
is
not
robust
enough
as
other
factors
that
affect
world
economies
are
not
considered.
This
report
draws
attention
to
the
above
issues
and
proffers
an
approach
to
overcoming
this
challenge.
Within
the
report,
benefits
of
BIM
have
been
highlighted.
Moreover
the
challenges
experienced
by
industry
experts
have
been
elucidated.
Finally
an
approach
to
determining
the
economic
benefit
of
BIM
has
been
offered.
This
uses
the
economic
concept
of
Total
Factor
Productivity
(TFP).
Consequently,
in
order
for
BIM
to
be
successful
there
has
to
be
a
paradigm
shift
from
traditional
silo
disciplines
of
architecture,
engineering
and
construction
to
a
more
collaborative
management
practice,
which
stipulates
a
process
management,
operations
management
and
lean
management
approach
that
will
create
an
overall
workforce
with
enhanced
skills,
supported
by
information
and
knowledge
technologies.

Building Information Modelling is known as a revolution in the industry and it is changing the design process and the way designers create the buildings. Among the stages of design, conceptualization is being affected by BIM adoption as well. BIM has brought a lot of benefits to design but still designers are struggling to implement BIM at the very early stage of the design process. Thus, this study has been conducted to investigate how BIM is transforming concept design process and what could be the possible answer to overcome the barriers of BIM adoption at conceptualization.

Traditional construction scheduling approaches have proved not to have the capacity to produce and make it easily and timely available the information needed for a latter effective and efficient construction control and execution reflected in a high Percentage of Planned Activities Completed. nD poses barriers and opportunities associated to big transformations which for example could lead to relegate traditional construction scheduling approaches like the CPM in which the critical path has become a bottleneck, a constraint of a project. The big change of working with a nD construction schedule can lead to lose less time on the critical path itself but exploiting this constraint and subordinating everything else to it. Most problems that impact the critical path do not occur on the critical path itself, then subordination is not a nicety, it is a must (Goldratt, 1997). Another big change is that using nD Modeling it is possible to alter the order in which the different level of detail schedules are developed for a construction project. Using nD and CAVT it is possible to develop first the more detailed schedule and then obtaining the master schedule grouping activities in this more detailed schedule. The master schedule can then be adjusted to project requirements and the detailed schedule reviewed in an iteratively process. This opposes to the way scheduling is carried out today in which the detailed schedule follows the master schedule development effort and rarely one goes back to review the master schedule deeply, but makes the maximum effort to adjust the detailed schedule to the master schedule. And finally a very important change is that Visualization, Planning, Analysis and Communication capabilities embedded in a new nD construction scheduling development process can improve the traditional scheduling process to the extent that this schedule could finally be used as a real production control mechanism that could lead to tackle problems proactively and re-schedule the project as necessary.

Substantial impacts through BIM implementation may be achieved throughout all stages of the construction process. The paper measures BIM use throughout the project lifecycle, confirming BIM is most often used in the early stages with progressively less use in the latter stages. This research demonstrates via 92 responses from a sample of BIM users that collaboration aspects produce the highest positive impact. The process aspects are more important than the software technology. BIM necessitates investment in software and training however, smaller practices can afford it. Stakeholder financial benefits are ranked concluding that clients benefit most financially from BIM followed by Facilities Managers. Despite this, over 70% do not provide a 3D model and Cobie dataset at the conclusion of a project. Identification of Key Performance Indicators currently being used for BIM is provided and findings indicate a lack of industry expertise and training providing an opportunity for education providers.

The Supplementary Green Book Guidance on Optimism Bias (HM Treasury 2003) with reference to the Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK (Mott MacDonald 2002) notes that there is a demonstrated, systematic, tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic and that to redress this tendency appraisers should make explicit, empirically based adjustments to the estimates of a project’s costs, benefits, and duration. HM Treasury recommends that these adjustments be based on data from past projects or similar projects elsewhere, and adjusted for the unique characteristics of the project in hand. In the absence of a more specific evidence base, HM Treasury has encouraged departments to collect data to inform future estimates of optimism, and in the meantime use the best available data. In response to this, the Department for Transport (henceforth DfT), has contracted Bent Flyvbjerg in association with COWI to undertake the consultancy assignment "Procedures for dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning". The present Guidance Document is the result of this assignment.

Recent advances in building information modelling (BIM) have disseminated the utilization of multidimensional (nD) CAD information in the construction industry. Nevertheless, the overall and practical effectiveness of BIM utilization is difficult to justify at this stage. The purpose of this paper is to propose a BIM framework focusing on the issues of practicability for real-world projects. Even though previous efforts in the BIM framework have properly addressed the BIM variables, comprehensive issues in terms of BIM effectiveness need to be further developed. A thorough literature review of computer-integrated construction (CIC) and BIM was performed first in order to interpret the BIM from a global perspective. A comprehensive BIM framework consisting of three dimensions and six categories was then developed to address the variables for theory and implementation. This framework can provide a basis for evaluating promising areas and identifying driving factors for practical BIM effectiveness.

Blockchain provides a secure decentralized information management system that can solve many common problems facing the construction industry. The loose structure of the construction industry, the way that public and private projects are tendered, and the supply chain system it uses for material and service delivery provide unique challenges and problems. New information technology management systems such as BIM and RFID are used to address some of these issues, though not completely. Blockchain technology can be used to further improve the information management systems in construction, provide more automation and mitigate many possible legal conflicts by default. Implementation of blockchain technology in the construction industry can also result in the use of smart contracts with fewer administrative struggles, improve the flow of the project, material, and service delivery, and increase the security and currentness of BIM or project documents. This study aims to explore the applications of blockchain technology in improving the construction industry's information management systems. It is concluded that not only the blockchain technology has potential in addressing some of the common problems in the construction industry but also it is adaptable to the construction industry structure and the way it is practiced. Thus, blockchain technology is a viable option for adaptation in the construction industry.

:Numerous frameworks and protocols are being developed to facilitate BIM understanding and implementation. A BIM framework is a structured theoretical construct that can assist in organizing BIM domains of knowledge and facilitate the creation of new knowledge. BIM Protocols explain or simplify aspects of the BIM implementation by providing detailed steps or conditions (e.g. workflows, plans, manuals, etc.) to reach a measurable outcome. Currently available BIM protocols lack the level of details and the inclusion of implementation variables and complexities present at project levels. This research aims to propose protocols for BIM collaborative design that can be utilized at project level by an entire supply chain to increase the efficiency and consistency of information flow and BIM deliverables. A grounded theory approach was adopted due to its particular emphasis on providing explicit strategies for defining and studying processes. The proposed protocols consist of flowcharts, diagrams and matrices that guide the processes of BIM implementation for collaborative design among lead architects, engineering consultants, clients and contractors. A top-level model of the protocols, representing the main elements of the protocols, the relations between elements, the underpinning methodology and a gate decision for technology, process and policy approval, is presented as an abstraction of the content of the protocols. The testing of the protocols in two international design competitions, using a mixed quantitative-qualitative, demonstrated their potential in improving the quality and quantity of information delivered to stakeholders involved in the design process. There are primary and secondary contributions that stemmed from this research. The primary contribution is represented by both the methodology for development and testing and the proposed protocols for BIM collaborative design. The secondary contribution derives from the classification and review of BIM frameworks and the demonstration of the influence of the BIM project physical environment on the performance of teams.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of the most significant current discussions in AEC industry. Number of research on different aspects of BIM has been increased to show how this groundbreaking approach has impacted the industry. One widely used method to research on BIM is developing and measuring metrics to assess BIM implementation. This research investigates metrics developed in peer-reviewed papers to find trends of BIM assessment, and find gaps within the research. By reviewing ASCE database, this paper demonstrates that most research has focused on BIM outcomes, and research on BIM inputs and BIM processing is underrated. As a result, there is an extensive gap in research on BIM Input and BIM Process Assessment (e.g. evaluating human-technology interactions, collaboration, modeling performance, etc.). This paper also presents a method for developing a comprehensive framework of metrics to be used throughout the industry and academia to measure BIM implementation aspects and goals. A Part of the literature-based framework is also developed and presented in this paper.

The Shard is currently the second tallest freestanding structure in the UK standing tall at 309.6 meters. Construction started in March 2009 and completed July 2012 (Practical completion was achieved in November 2012). The designer Renzo Piano’s vision was to create a vertical city and not the tallest building. It comprises of floors of mixed use ranging from Offices; Restaurants; Hotel and Residential. The construction of the Shard also expands to the re-development and modernization of the surrounding transportation links (London Bridge station).
Described as a “vertical city”, no one in the UK had ever worked at that height before. Add to this a tight timescale of 38 months and this meant the team was forced to re-think the basic principles of construction and use innovative techniques. This included the first ever use of top down construction for a core, the UK’s largest ever concrete pour, the UK’s first use of jump-lift construction, the first inclined hoist in the world, and the first crane to ever be supported on top of a slipform. To make the delivery truly innovative, the vision was to maximize prefabrication and offsite assembly, this included 80% of the mechanical and electrical services and notably, the 800-piece glass and steel, 500-tonne, 66-metre high steel spire.
To motivate the construction team, incentives was introduced. Money is the primary incentive, since without it few if any employees would come to work. Other incentives, such as participation in decision making, job enrichment, behaviour modification, and organisational development, have been tried with varying degrees of success. (Latham, G. P. and Locke, E. A.1979)
This Case study concentrates on the timeframe aspects of construction and keeping within the deadline. This requires everyone involved in the project to work as a team and some innovative thinking.

Esta comunicación pretende mostrar algunas aplicaciones y ejemplos realizados mediante
herramientas y aplicaciones de fotogrametría aplicadas a edificios existentes, con el
objetivo de obtener nubes de puntos mediante una técnica alternativa a la del scanner láser
3D. Para ello se analizan diferentes aplicaciones informáticas que mediante la realización de
una serie de fotografías desde diferentes puntos de vista, permiten obtener de forma
relativamente económica y fiable, conjuntos de datos que pueden ser importados y utilizados
en aplicaciones BIM. Concretamente se utiliza el programa Agisoft PhotoScan para la
reconstrucción del modelo y la generación de nubes de puntos, que posteriormente se
insertan en Revit para la elaboración de modelos tridimensionales con los que poder
documentar un proyecto arquitectónico. Se analizan a su vez otras aplicaciones o
complementos, como Autodesk ReCap, que facilitan el proceso de análisis y revisión de la
geometría del modelo, agilizando el procedimiento y reduciendo el tiempo necesario para
obtener la planimetría del elemento de estudio.

The applications of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in building design and construction planning are growing rapidly. BIM-based modeling and 4D simulation (3D and schedule) has brought many benefits to safety and logistics applications as well. However, only limited automation in modeling and planning safety processes has been exploited so far. The objective of this study is to investigate how potential fall hazards that are unknowingly built into the construction schedule can be identified and eliminated early in the planning phase of a construction project. A survey of research on construction safety and BIM is presented first. Then, a framework was developed that includes automated safety rule-checking algorithms for BIM. The developed prototype was tested using models including an office and a residential building project in Finland. The first case study highlights the comparison of manual vs. automated safety modeling of fall protective systems. It also describes the details to multiple design and as-built scenarios where protective safety equipment is modeled. The second case study presents results of applying the framework to the project schedule. It specifically simulates fall hazard detection and prevention. The contribution of this work is an automated rule-checking framework that integrates safety into BIM effectively and provides practitioners with a method for detecting and preventing fall-related hazards. Presented are also discussions of open issues regarding commercialization of the developed prototype and considerations which explore what impact it might have on resolving safety issues in the field by extending traditional safety management practices.

Based in recent PhD’s research results carried out at Catholic University of Chile this paper discusses how the impact of Information Technology (IT) Computer Advanced Visualization Tools (CAVT) to the design and construction processes can be studied using Lean Principles as a theoretical framework.
To understand and describe the design and construction processes, the theoretical foundation of the research considered construction as a special kind of production, and explored the relationship between design and production theory principles, and the prevalent (transformation) and new production models (flow and value) were combined in a simplified generic model of the design process. This provided important basis to understand the forces of change that IT offers to the construction industry, describing the impact of CAVT and attaining a synergistic effect between IT and Lean Principles in which this approaches do not deal separately with variability, uncertainty and complexity anymore, but converge in a new approach that shall provide important benefits to the construction industry. The research combined empirical evidence with lean theoretical background and developed a quantitative framework based in Freire and Alarcon (2000) and a qualitative framework adapted from Koskela (2000) to analyze the impact of IT CAVT, both frameworks are presented in this paper.

The increasingly widespread use of BIM technology shows that a new paradigm for design collaborative work needs to be created. In different countries and settings, many barriers to be transposed are perceived to fully exploit the benefits of BIM. There is a lack of knowledge about the integration of new technology to improve the design process. Also lacking are comprehensive understanding and an overview of non-technological factors, besides the relationships and interdependencies in the intersection between design management and BIM design process. In this context, the small number of theories that seek integration between the design management process and BIM motivated the development of this work.
The overall objective of this thesis is to develop a conceptual framework for managing the design process by using BIM.
The literature review shows a diffusion of fragmented concepts and trends in the production of applications for the implementation of BIM; however, they are not sufficiently supported by conceptual reflections.
As the main contribution, the conceptual framework developed seeks to support the set of methodologies applicable to new technologies and shows how to relate the fields of design management process and information technology. Key performance indicators to both measure the project development level and monitor the quality of the model are also proposed.
Another important contribution of the thesis was the reformulation of the LOD (level of detail or development) concept to Maturity Level, comprising the management requirements of the program requirements, managing the model development level, level measurement physical interference and proposed a system of planning and control of the design process suitable for BIM.
Finally, tests were conducted on two practical BIM models of buildings, which enabled the demonstration of performance indicators and their applicability.
With the proposed conceptual framework, we believe to have contributed to a new perspective on how to evolve the management of the design process in the BIM contex

BIM technologies, which are rapidly spreading in the construction sector, are able to support all the phases of implementation of the construction process – from conception to demolition – regulating the entire life cycle of the building; however, the use of these, in most cases, is limited to the design phase only. The case described – studied in a degree thesis developed within the framework of the international cooperation agreement for research between the Faculties of Engineering and Architecture of the Universities of Pisa and Seville – explores the use of BIM as a useful technology for programming and managing the safety during the restoration of the façade of an important historic building located in Seville: the “Royal Tobacco Factory”. The building, built between 1728 and 1771, served as a factory for the production of tobacco and cigars from its construction until 1950, when it was used as the seat of the Rectorate and some faculties of the University of Seville. Thanks to the use of Autodesk, Revit and STR vision CPM software, a simulation of all the phases of the work was carried out in order to understand how to reduce the levels of risk. The work process was broken down through the use of the “Work Breakdown Structure”, a conceptual hierarchical structure branched on three levels. This operation has made it possible to obtain a general index of the works that contains the codes used by the software as a basis for the organization of work. On the STR
Vision CMP BIM platform, it was possible to perform metric computation directly from the Revit model through the “Quantity Take Off” operation. The measures were thus linked through WBS codes with the estimation calculation and the Gantt diagram. Thanks to this type of approach, a 3D model was obtained that contains information not only on the geometry of the building but also on the spatial and temporal organization of the site and on costs. Further research includes the use of Autodesk Navisworks to run 4D simulations to refine the risk assessment and reveal many real issues in advance.

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs in buildings represent a significant part of the total building life cycle cost. However, project delivery methods in the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry are often focused on the capital delivery stage and associated costs ranging from planning, through design, to construction and handover. Open data standards such as the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and specifications such as the Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie) provide the capability to capture Facilities Management (FM) data requirements in a structured manner from the early stages of project development. We aim to investigate how and whether IFC and COBie can deliver the data and information about assets required by facility managers within a whole life cycle perspective. We focus on specific use cases including the creation of asset registers and service life planning. However, the methodology adopted can be generalised and applied to any other FM use case. The results show that IFC, COBie and the tested supporting tools exhibited some shortcomings in delivering some of the data entities, types and parameters required for the selected FM use cases. We discuss these shortcomings and propose them as areas for improvement to domain researchers, standardisation bodies and technology providers. Finally, we instigate domain researchers to adopt the proposed methodology and conduct further FM use cases.

This paper focuses on problems and their causes and cures in policy and planning for large infrastructure projects. First, it identifies as the main problem in major infrastructure development pervasive misinformation about the costs, benefits, and risks involved. A consequence of misinformation is massive cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and waste. Second, the paper explores the causes of misinformation and finds that political-economic explanations best account for the available evidence: planners and promoters deliberately misrepresent costs, benefits, and risks in order to increase the likelihood that it is their projects, and not the competition's, that gain approval and funding. This results in the "survival of the unfittest," where often it is not the best projects that are built, but the most misrepresented ones. Finally, the paper presents measures for reforming policy and planning for large infrastructure projects, with a focus on better planning methods and changed governance structures, the latter being more important.

This Specimen Employer’s Information Requirements (EIR) document is designed to be included in the tender documents for the procurement of both a Design Team and the Constructor. The content can be incorporated into other tender documents. The EIR will require editing to confirm project-specific
requirements for each of the sections. Standard responses have been included and in many cases these can be adopted without amendment. However, all
EIR content will require review and confirmation before issue to ensure that there are no project specific issues which need to be taken into account.

In the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry model-based data exchange methods are mainly based on manual file transfer, data conversion, and data-merge. File-based Building Information Model (BIM) data exchange is either in vendor specific file formats or neutral format using Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). IFC Model View Definitions (MVDs) proposed by the US National BIM Standard can assist cross-platform BIM data exchange. Since BIM applications are steadily moving to the Cloud, the study of Cloud-based BIM data transmission techniques become significant. The main objective of this paper is to investigate how building data transmission can be managed in current Cloud-BIM applications and what challenges exist in the current systems. Therefore, in this study, methodologies for Cloud-BIM data integration are investigated. Features of each technique is specified. The strengths and weaknesses of current systems are indicated with regard to data transmission requirements for Cloud-based BIM applications. In addition, the study investigates the challenges to cross-platform BIM data transfer in making multiple Cloud-BIM applications interoperate. The challenges in current data transmission approaches highlight the need for an effective network-based BIM data exchange to address a collaborative BIM work flow in the Cloud.

Actual technologies are changing Cultural Heritage research, analysis, conservation and development ways, allowing new innovative approaches. The possibility of integrating Cultural Heritage data, like archaeological information, inside a three-dimensional environment system (like a Building Information Modelling) involve huge benefits for its management, monitoring and valorisation. Nowadays there are many commercial BIM solutions. However, these tools are thought and developed mostly for architecture design or technical installations. An example of better solution could be a dynamic and open platform that might consider Cultural Heritage needs as priority. Suitable solution for better and complete data usability and accessibility could be guaranteed by open source protocols. This choice would allow adapting software to Cultural Heritage needs and not the opposite, thus avoiding methodological stretches. This work will focus exactly on analysis and experimentations about specific characteristics of these kind of open source software (DBMS, CAD, Servers) applied to a Cultural Heritage example, in order to verifying their flexibility, reliability and then creating a dynamic HBIM open source prototype. Indeed, it might be a starting point for a future creation of a complete HBIM open source solution that we could adapt to others Cultural Heritage researches and analysis.