BIM (Architecture)

全球製造業正加速邁向智慧化，近年AI技術的突破引發新一波「以資料驅動的製造革新」。從智慧製造、預測維護到能源管理，AI正重塑產線細節，同時也帶來不可忽視的資安風險。
對工具機產業而言，AI導入不只是技術升級，更牽動競爭結構與商業模式轉變。在小量多樣、交期壓力、人才不足與能源成本波動下，AI能把來自機台、工件、刀具與產線的訊號轉化為決策，帶來三項核心價值：效率（提升OEE、縮短試切與換線）、品質（降低變異、穩定良率、強化可追溯）與服務（由賣設備轉為提供「可用度／效能」的MaaS）。更關鍵的是，AI讓工具機從「一次性交付的資產」轉為「可持續進化的數位載體」，透過遠端優化、模型更新與生態合作，擴展出後市場（aftermarket）與資料服務的新價值鏈。
與此同時，智慧化也放大風險。工具機產業導入AI應用，牽涉大量資料流通、模型訓練與「雲—邊—端」串接，包括從CAD/CAM與刀具路徑，到振動、電流、溫度等時序資料，再到雲端API與跨廠協作平台。一旦缺乏治理與保護，這些流動可能成為駭侵、竄改與產業間諜的切入點，並由IT外溢至OT，引發停線與供應鏈連鎖效應。因此，建構可度量、可稽核、可復原的資安防護，已是AI導入的「市場准入門檻」。

全球製造業正加速邁向智慧化生產，近年 AI 技術的躍進更引爆新一波「以資料驅動的製造革新」。對工具機產業而言，這不只是技術升級，而是競爭結構與商業模式的位移：在客製化小量多樣、交期壓力、人才缺口與能源成本波動的多重夾擊下，AI 能把分散在機台、工件、刀具與產線的訊號轉化為決策，帶來三項核心價值：效率（提升 OEE、縮短試切與換線時間）、品質（降低變異、穩定良率、強化可追溯）、與服務（從賣設備轉為提供「可用度／效能」的 Machine-as-a-Service, MaaS）。更重要的是，AI 讓工具機從「一次性交付的資產」變成「持續進化的數位載體」，能透過遠端優化、模型更新與生態合作，延展出「後市場」（aftermarket）與資料服務的新價值鏈。

A verificação automática de conformidade (ACC) no setor AEC enfrenta desafios como fragmentação normativa, baixa interoperabilidade BIM e linguagem ambígua. Neste artigo, como método, utiliza-se a abordagem da Design Science Research (DSR) para desenvolver um artefato que auxilie autores de normas na formulação de regras mais adequadas à ACC. Foram aplicadas duas estratégias de formalização: a metodologia RASE (Requirement, Applicability, Selection, Exception) e a estrutura Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto (SVO), que possibilitam a decomposição semântica das cláusulas normativas. Três requisitos de pé-direito habitacional foram extraídos de diferentes fontes e codificados em um protótipo Information Delivery Specification (IDS), que viabiliza a ACC em modelos Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). Os resultados demonstram que a formalização dos requisitos torna os regulamentos mais claros, reutilizáveis e escaláveis. Contudo, a conversão total ainda depende de intervenção humana para lidar com ambiguidades linguísticas. Conclui-se que a combinação de técnicas semânticas e ferramentas digitais, aliada à padronização normativa, contribuirá para o avanço efetivo da ACC.

Chapel designed by Spanish-born architect Felix Candela, manipulating the complex geometry of a hyperbolic paraboloid and built with in-situ poured concrete in a wooden formwork. On a construction standpoint, the materialization of non-standard geometries in architecture, using traditional construction technology (formwork) can be used to identify traditional shortcomings and point to new possibilities in future developments.

Construction project management requires precise scheduling, efficient resource allocation, and effective risk mitigation to prevent delays and cost overruns. Traditional methods such as Microsoft Project and manual Gantt charts often lack the flexibility needed to adapt to real-time project changes. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Primavera P6 in optimizing project timelines, improving resource utilization, and enhancing risk management. A comparative analysis between Primavera P6 and Microsoft Project revealed that Primavera P6 reduced project duration from 933 days to 739 days, demonstrating its superior scheduling capabilities. Additionally, Primavera P6 optimized resource allocation, minimizing idle time and reducing labor costs by 20%. The software's real-time risk assessment tools further enhanced project efficiency by identifying and mitigating delays proactively. These findings highlight Primavera P6 as a powerful tool for modern construction project management, offering significant advantages in scheduling accuracy, cost control, and decision-making. The study concludes that adopting Primavera P6 can lead to greater efficiency, reduced delays, and improved overall project performance, making it a valuable asset in the construction industry.

This study examines the integration of AutoCAD Civil 3D® software in the teaching of Graphic Expression in Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Seville. The goal is to enhance terrain representation and optimize students' practical training. For ten years now, AutoCAD Civil 3D® has been implemented to complement traditional handdrawing techniques. The methodology combines manual exercises with software-based practices, facilitating the transition from theoretical concepts to digital applications. The integration of the software has improved students' understanding of topographic representation and geometric design in Civil Engineering. It has also increased their interest and proficiency in digital tools applied to real projects. The study focuses on a single software and its application within a specific curriculum, which may limit its generalization to other academic contexts. The use of AutoCAD Civil 3D® has been extended to Degree's and Master's Final Projects, promoting learning aligned with industry needs. This educational innovation enhances the teaching of Graphic Expression by incorporating current tools from the Civil Engineering field, equipping students with essential digital competencies.

The MACE project sets out to transform the ways of e-learning about architecture in Europe. It will integrate vast amounts of content from diverse repositories created in several large previous projects as well as from existing architectural design communities. MACE will provide a framework for community based services such as finding, acquiring, using and discussing about e-learning contents that were previously reachable only to small user groups. The project builds on top of several projects about e-learning and architecture. Content and technology of these projects constitute the base for developing the MACE services. Additional content will be acquired by project partners who have access to a large number of content providers or are themselves universities dealing with architecture and design. Metadata is the key for searching, finding and using all kinds of content. Poor or no metadata hinders the public to find and use content and to benefit from existing knowledge. MACE develops and uses several types of metadata for tagging contents: content metadata, context metadata, competence and learning process metadata, usage related metadata and social metadata. Enriching and processing this new created metadata, MACE will enable the access to various repositories spread all over Europe. The project addresses the multicultural and multilingual issues resulting thereof and creates working solutions for sharing contents across borders.

In continuation of my master, I had to do research and write dissertation to complete my studies. The topic, which I have selected, is to find out the best construction approaches.
Selection of approaches commonly occur at initial stages of construction management processes, to identify most useful and supportive approach of construction for owner, designer and contractor is one of the important tasks of construction management. This research will help in evaluating the processes of different construction approaches, finding the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches with supporting tool of Build Information Modelling (BIM) with every approach. I also try to analyse BIM technology and their value for supporting construction and design process. Now days the construction industry is facing the biggest challenge of project handling process in different stages; this research will also help to understand the time and cost effect from using different approaches in construction management. For better understanding and evaluating the approaches, I have used qualitative research method. I have compared and contrasted gave cross compare the approaches with available textbooks, articles, journals, reports and other literature material.
During my research, I have learnt the approaches criteria, system and their supporting tool such as BIM. The BIM is supported in every stage of project, either it belongs to bidding/tendering phase or it belong to execution phase for saving time, cost and enhance quality, which is also the aim of my research. Following are major key approaches which I have discussed and analyse in my dissertation; 1) Traditional Approach (a) Design Bid Build, (b) Design Build, 2) Turnkey. In addition, I have tried to integrate BIM tool to above approaches for achieving better result.
After the analysis different results are founded from different approaches, some approaches are time saving based, some are cost saving based and one is transferring risk to another. However, after integration of BIM it found Design Build approach is more suitable for saving time, cost and reducing conflict between different stakeholders of project.

This article explores the role of Light Steel Framing (LSF), Building Information Modeling (BIM), and modular construction in developing resilient public infrastructure, particularly schools and hospitals in disaster-prone regions. Drawing from case studies and references from FEMA, WHO, UNESCO, AISI, ASCE, and USGBC, it demonstrates how these technologies can ensure continuity of essential services, reduce construction times, and increase sustainability. The paper highlights international benchmarks and offers recommendations for policy and practice in both the U.S. and Brazil.

The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is known as one of the prominent sectors contributing to economic in Iraq. On the other hand, this sector suffers from poor quality, poor communication, and cost overruns and delay project completion. Time and cost estimation are two major critical processes in construction management, to conduct estimation must plans and specification are completed. Manually estimate is time consuming and error prone because human activities. Building information modelling (BIM) can be used to automate these processes in short time and accurate estimate, BIM is a relative new technology in architect, engineering, and construction industry (AEC), which has a major effect in construction industry practices. The 3D model is the geometry model and when attached time will be 4D and 5D when attached cost. The aim of this study is to provide clear understanding about 5D BIM in Iraqi construction industry by investigating benefits, challenges, and motivation factors that helps in applying it. The results show that the awareness rate of Iraqi engineers about BIM is actually weak with 67.5% of respondents, main advantages of BIM technology are collaboration, digital representation, visualization, effective QTO tool, and reduce change order, respectively, the main challenges that facing BIM are culture resistance, thoughts recent software and traditional approach are enough of 5D BIM tools, respectively; the main motivation factors that help in BIM adoption are adapted in universities and government support. The Iraqi construction industry is remained behind in adopting the BIM capabilities related to time (4D BIM) and cost management (5D BIM). This research helps as a stepping-stone to study further to promoting BIM application in the Iraqi construction industry.

A compatibilização de projetos contribui para evitar inconsistências entre disciplinas, mas nem sempre é bem conduzida quando feita com ferramentas bidimensionais. Neste estudo, analisou-se a aplicação da tecnologia BIM (Building Information Modeling) na detecção de interferências entre os projetos arquitetônico, estrutural e hidrossanitário de uma residência unifamiliar. A metodologia incluiu a modelagem dos projetos no software Revit e a análise de conflitos no Navisworks, com uso do recurso Clash Detective. Foram identificadas 72 interferências: 31 entre os elementos arquitetônicos e estruturais, e 41 entre estrutura e instalações hidrossanitárias. Parte dos conflitos foi resolvida com ajustes simples nos modelos, mas alguns, especialmente os relacionados às tubulações, exigiram alterações no traçado e revisão de elementos estruturais. A experiência mostrou que o uso de modelos 3D favorece a antecipação de problemas ainda na fase de projeto, o que pode reduzir retrabalho e facilitar a tomada de decisão técnica. Apesar da análise estar limitada a um único projeto, os resultados obtidos dialogam com estudos anteriores sobre o uso do BIM na construção civil, indicando benefícios práticos para a coordenação de projetos.

A quantity take-off is one of the most powerful functions of Building Information Modeling (BIM) software applications. This study focuses on a comparison of rebar quantities that are obtained from a traditional method and BIM software. Two case studies of extracting rebar from the footing component of building projects were explored. The traditional method was performed by manually counting and measuring the rebar quantities from the AutoCAD file while the BIM-based method was used Revit 2016 (student version) to model and extract rebar quantities. The result shows that the rebar quantities from the traditional method are 17.76% more than the BIM-based method. Furthermore, the integer programming technique was applied on optimization problems, which were formed from a bar cut list data, to obtain the exact number of the rebar. The finding shows that the exact quantities from the traditional method are 20.29% greater than the exact quantities while the rebar quantities from the BIM-...

In spatial science and urban applications, “space" is presented by multiple disciplines as a notion referencing our living environment. Space is used as a general term to help understand particular characteristics of the environment. However, the definition and perception of space varies and these variations have to be harmonised. For example, space may have diverse definitions and classification, the same environment may be abstracted/modelled by contradicting notions of space, which can lead to inconsistencies and misunderstandings. In this paper, we seek to investigate and document the state-of-the-art in the research of “space” regarding its definition, classification, modelling and utilization (2D/3D) in spatial sciences and urban applications. We focus on positioning, navigation, building micro-climate and thermal comfort, landscape, urban planning and design, urban heat island, interior design and planning, transportation and intelligent space. We review 147 research pap...

Building Information Modeling is a modern technique that has contributed in improvement of construction industries. Early detection of hazards during the life cycle of the project will contribute to protect the working environment from exposure to risks that will affect the time and cost. The changing nature of the sites makes it difficult in identifying the fall risks accurately. Based on BIM 4D simulation, the objective of this study is to create a computer model by using BIM technology to help accurately determine (a) the hazards of falling from the edges (b) the hazards from struck by falling objects, by relying on the opinions of safety experts in identifying potential risks and demonstrating the effectiveness of this technique in facilitating hazards acknowledgment. In this research, Iraqi safety rules and safety rules of OSHA were adopted. The research idea was applied to a school building project under construction as a case study to benefit from the research outputs in improving the safety of school's buildings projects. The results displayed that the model prepared by the researchers helped the safety managers in understanding the details and sequence of work easily, thus contributed to the precise identification of the falling hazards, use suitable safety equipment for each risk, in addition to the possibility of using this model as a training program for workers in the workplace to help give an idea of the nature of risk which they may be exposed it, increase safety communication and generate time schedule empty from risks. Safety managers believe that this model can contribute to improve workplaces safety and prevent time and cost losses due to reliance on inaccurate methods based on static 2D schemes and sense in risk identification.

This paper examines the huge destruction that has taken place in some cities of Iraq due to the terrorist acts in recent years that led to the destruction of many buildings. It examines some of the factors that encourage the use of residues of these buildings in reconstruction processes, especially the sustainability factor, so that some residues of these buildings can be used as substitutes for natural building materials and find a difference in terms of energy consumption in the case of using natural building materials and again in the case of using the proposed alternatives. In this study, three alternatives were used: 10% recycled fine aggregates (RFA), 100% RFA, and crushed clay brick aggregate (CCBA) to produce recycled coarse aggregates. The results obtained through the use of building information modeling (BIM) technology were compared with the actual consumption of the building in the case of reconstruction using natural building materials. The simulation results were comparable to real data. They were analyzed in terms of the energy consumption life cycle and annual carbon emissions for each alternative. The best alternative was selected from the results obtained from BIM. The best alternative was found in the use of CCBA in the production of concrete roofs and floors. His final model is that the energy consumption was five times lower than the original unit, while the results of carbon emissions were equal as for the electricity consumption decreased from 23,500 kW/h to less than 23,000 kW/h.

This article focuses on comparison between Manual/Traditional and Building Information Modelling (BIM) software based approaches for cost comparison. Centre line method for manual and Revit software for BIM based approaches are used in this research. The principal objectives of this research are to calculate quantities by Manual Centre line method, then to make the cost estimation fast, accurate, efficient, and errorless by using BIM software Rivet, and finally the comparison study of manual based and BIM / Software based estimation. For manual approach, quantities are calculated by multiplying the measurements of length, breadth, and height. Then to get the total quantities the deduction is subtracted from the quantities and final BOQ is prepared for which estimated cost of building is calculated. For BIM based approach, 3D model from 2D floor plan of building is prepared in Revit software, then to estimate the cost of building structure elements, sheets of quantities are generated in the schedule option of the view tab in the software. The Percentage difference between Manual and BIM / Revit Software estimation in brick work,

appalti pubblici-fase esecutiva e del contenzioso-PREMESSA Quello degli appalti, tra gli ambiti giuridici, economici e sociali è certamente un di quelli in cui la commistione tra disciplina di settore e discipline tecniche si avverte con maggior forza e presenza. Tanto dal lato pubblico che da quello privato, infatti, nel sistema degli appalti le disposizioni inerenti profili squisitamente tecnici sono un passaggio obbligato che comporta la definizione della prestazione e rappresenta quindi un punto cruciale nell'esecuzione del rapporto sia nella sua fase naturale e, a maggiora ragione, in quella eventuale patologica, quando sorgono contrasti o contenziosi.

Emerging technologies are always treated with caution, and Blockchain is no exception to this rule. The AECO (Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operations) sector is considered conservative when it comes to technology adoption, which is often positive in an industry that deals with a vital commodity that could harm humans or result in catastrophe. However, excessive caution also stifles innovation, as shown in the industry's low R&D expenditure when compared to other industrial activities. In recent years, the AECO sector has benefited from the adoption of new information management tools and systems that allow professionals to develop, share and store construction data more effectively. These tools have successfully tackled many of the traditional interoperability issues that have affected the industry, but several challenges remain unsolved. Indeed, effective real-world communication depends, not only on the compatibility between data formats and systems, but also on issues such as privacy, transparency, and trust. Blockchain has been adopted in different activities as a tool to address these issues, but its impact in the construction industry remains scarce. This paper presents a bibliometric study for the available literature on Blockchain implementation in the AECO sector. In addition to the bibliometric review, content analysis for the literature retrieved is presented to provide a clear vision of the current directions regarding Blockchain technology adoption. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the maturity of Blockchain in Construction literature using statistics based on the available bibliometrics in addition to content analysis. The main results show that although the number of articles about the use of Blockchain in Construction has increased, no studies that present ready to use solutions were found. Instead, the covered studies discuss the technical capabilities of the technology and suggest possible fields of implementation, such as smart contracts and automated payments. Study limitations include the limited amount of literature that can be found on major indexing services, which cover a relatively short reference period.

El objetivo del presente manual es exponer las diferentes situaciones que se presentan al project manager cuando debe desarrollar un proyecto comercial real. Ayudando al project manager a considerar todos los aspectos significativos en todo el proceso del proyecto.
El manual del project manager enumera todos los actores, actividades y requerimientos que intervienen en un proyecto de arquitectura comercial. Es decir, aquellos que intervienen en el desarrollo de una tienda. Los cuales tienen exigencias particulares, a diferencia de proyectos de otra tipología como residenciales, educativos y hospitalarios.
El project manager es la persona encargada de dirigir el proyecto de diseño e implementación de local, considerando la implementación  como la construcción y gestión de todos los componentes de la tienda.
El libro se divide en las principales etapas por las que atraviesa todo proyecto de arquitectura comercial. Puede ser aplicado a un proyecto de menor tamaño como una tienda de accesorios hasta una tienda grande o departamental con muchas exigencias de diseño.
En el transcurso del proceso intervienen otros especialistas, profesionales y maestros de obra que son actores importantes en la implementación de la tienda, se debe conocer tanto los actores como sus actividades en todas las etapas del proceso, las  cuales se enumeran en el presente manual.
De esta manera la labor del project manager es una labor de continua coordinación con otros profesionales para lograr que el proyecto se desarrolle de manera eficiente, logrando solucionar los imprevistos que se puedan presentar.
El presente manual tiene puntos específicos del desarrollo de locales comerciales, sin embargo es posible que pueda ser aplicado a la coordinación de otras tipologías arquitectónicas y así ser útil a  personas que se inician en la dirección de otro tipo de proyectos. De esta manera el manual puede ser útil al project manager y a algún otro integrante del proceso del desarrollo de un determinado proyecto.
Los proyectos de arquitectura comercial, son muy variados, algunos de ellos pueden describirse en algún capítulo del libro y otras pueden estar referenciadas en todas las partes del libro.

Abstract. The construction industry in its heterogeneity has a need for better communication and process coordination among stakeholders. This lack of coordination is due to barriers in interoperability in strategic, conceptual and technological perspectives. Interoperability is the ability for agents to communicate and exchange data, information and knowledge. Around this definition, literature suggests that Building Information Modelling (BIM) will play an important role in the development of interoperability in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. Considering that barriers in interoperability can cause difficulties in the AEC industry (such as design overlapping, coordination issues and many kinds of financial loss), the need for a specific method and tools to assess the level of maturity in this field was perceived. This paper provides an approach to assess interoperability in the AEC domain. It is based on the concerns suggested by the main interoperab...

This paper introduces a modeling level-oriented approach for BIM studies according to the abstraction of generated information structures. Models for different abstraction levels are necessary to define patterns, describe rules, store information and define data exchange needs, as well as to create of basic units that describe the constructive elements and design information. The effectiveness of the approach for BIM integration and cooperation is deeply related with coordination among different modeling levels. The ...

Most governmental projects in Jordan have cost overrun, it rises during the ongoing stage to increase the cost and prolong the time of the project. Unfortunately, until this moment, there is no particular management system in Jordan construction industry to minimize cost overrun and variation order adopted by the government. In contrast, global construction industry has witnessed a huge transformation in terms of the use of digital technologies, particularly Building Information Modeling (BIM) which is a revolutionary digital technology and operation that is reshaping the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. approach and objectives causes before of this paper are firstly to review the factors contributing to variation orders in governmental road projects in Jordan, secondly, to propose a BIM design applications strategy to minimize variation orders, to achieve the objectives a quantitative approach was followed by distributing a questionnaire, then the data was analyzed statistically using relative importance index, the results were as follow. Our findings suggests that the most important factors causing change orders were as follow: Inaccurate quantity takeoff (0.66); Labours or material not meeting the specifications (0.63); Logistic delays (0.60); Internal politics (0.566); and the equipment and tools are not available (0.55). The results also indicate that Contract Parties, Consultant, Contractor and Other Variations had significant positive effects on V. O, whereas the effects of BIM Design Applications, Facility Operations Simulation, Exploration Design Scenarios, BIM Design Detection, (BIM Quantity Takeoff and Cost Estimation) had a passive impact on V.O. Lastly, BIM has obtained a great reputability by enhancing the productivity in construction society, minimizing the total cost of the projects, and many other benefits.

Il contributo analizza alcune soluzioni progettuali in un caso di studio del progetto europeo Pro-GET-onE (Horizon 2020 G.A. n. 723747), il cui obiettivo è quello di individuare un sistema di facciata per il miglioramento energetico, sismico ed architettonico. Tale sistema ambisce a configurarsi come il risultato di una integrazione tra struttura, estensioni spaziali, involucro e tecnologie impiantistiche integrate (GETs), finalizzate a raggiungere prestazioni energetiche eccellenti, fino ad avvicinarsi al consumo quasi zero (nZEB). Tali addizioni volumetriche sono studiate e categorizzate secondo un abaco di soluzioni diverse e personalizzabili (balconi, serre ed extra-room) in ragione delle diverse esigenze dell’utenza. Il sistema di facciata è stato analizzato sotto il profilo energetico attraverso simulazioni implementate con il software EnergyPlus v8.4. I risultati della prestazione energetica, del comfort, della qualità dell'aria, degli aspetti acustici e di illuminazione ...

La automatización y control industrial se han convertido en aliados clave para maximizar la eficiencia operativa en almacenes y centros de distribución. Gracias a la incorporación de sistemas inteligentes, sensores y componentes automatizados, es posible optimizar los puntos críticos de la logística. En este artículo exploramos cómo aplicar estas tecnologías en las distintas etapas del flujo logístico, demostrando el valor de la automatización y control industrial en cada paso.

This study aimed at evaluating the application of LPS in construction projects. The study specifically sought to evaluate the current state of LPS application in construction project delivery and ascertain the extent of LPS implementation processes application in construction project delivery in Imo state, Nigeria. The study was guided by the Management-as-Planning and Management-as-Organizing Theory. The study used a descriptive and survey research design methods of investigation and a purposes sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 193 from a population of 374 respondents using the Slovin's formula for sample size determination from the sampled professionals in Imo state. The data collection and survey instrument included a wellstructured questionnaire from respondents. The data collected was presented using frequency distribution, figures, and charts with aid of statistical tools via IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. While frequency distribution charts, Relative Importance Index (RII) was used to analyse the main objectives of the study. The study's results show that the current state of LPS application in construction project delivery in Imo State is abysmally low. This was buttressed by the fact that (164) 93.18% of the respondents had a working experience of less than 5 years of experience on LPS, while 29.55% of the respondent are aware of the existence of LPS between 6 to 10 years ago. On the projects undertaken using LPS, 164 of the respondents representing 93.18% have had a working experience of 5-10 years. The concludes that the most important LPS implementation processes application in construction project delivery in Imo state is, daily huddle meetings, which is followed by constraints analysis, master schedule, process of phase planning and weekly work plan. This study recommends that the concludes the need for industry players, practitioners and government agencies at all levels to brace up to the paradigm change and embrace the-LPS‖. Fora such as conferences and professional associations meetings should be a breeding ground to help propagate the idea.

The construction sector in Iraq has escalating problems due to excessive waste production, which not only intensifies project inefficiencies but also presents considerable environmental issues. This research examines the dual effects of construction and demolition (C&D) waste on project performance, particularly on time delays and cost overruns, as well as environmental sustainability. A mixed-methods approach was used to gather data via structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 15 industry experts, including project managers, site engineers, and contractors. A thorough study was performed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and component categorization to rank and categorize 40 essential waste-related aspects during various phases of construction. The findings indicate that the primary factors contributing to construction waste are frequent design changes, inadequate material storage and handling, and inefficient on-site waste management techniques. These inefficiencies result in substantial cost increases and timetable delays, while also compromising sustainability objectives. The results highlight the critical need for cohesive waste management strategies and legislative changes that advocate for circular economy concepts, optimize site-level practices, and strengthen stakeholder collaboration. This study offers practical insights and strategic suggestions to enhance waste governance in Iraq's construction industry and facilitate the shift towards more sustainable building practices.

Fire safety in high-rise residential buildings is a complex issue, especially when it comes to electrical shaft fires. These enclosed vertical shafts help the rapid spread of smoke, toxic gases and heat across different floors and pose a high risk to the occupants and affect the evacuation process. However, the actual life fire outbreaks show that the existing measures are still wanting as far as evacuation safety is concerned. These issues are addressed in this research through the use of performance-based fire design (PBFD) to assess fire behaviour and evacuation patterns in high-rise buildings. The study then simulates using PyroSim and Pathfinder simulation software, the visibility of smoke, reduction of visibility, CO and CO2 levels, temperature changes, and congestion of the evacuation corridors. Unlike other studies, this paper combines both fire development and occupants’ response to give a holistic approach to the issue of evacuation challenges. One of the findings of this research is the analysis of the ASET and RSET whereby it was found that the current provisions in fire safety do not ensure a safe exit. It was established that RSET is much higher than ASET, which points to a severe lack in current fire safety solutions. Simulations incorporating NBC-2016 (National Building Code-2016) provisions—such as fire-rated doors, sprinklers, and mechanical ventilation—demonstrate improved outcomes, reducing RSET from 1,272 seconds to 746 seconds. However, persistent challenges such as congestion, bottlenecks, and hazardous gas levels highlight the need for enhanced fire safety strategies. This research offers practical recommendations to improve evacuation effectiveness through better ventilation, compartmentalization, and advanced suppression systems. The findings contribute to risk mitigation strategies, expand the knowledge base for fire safety, and provide a foundation for improving fire safety regulations in high-rise buildings.

Buildings require improvements in their structures to be more energy efficient and sustainable. This study focuses on holistic energy analysis that aids in enhancing energy efficiency and reducing consumption by retrofitting buildings. A quantitative approach is utilized in the study by using a unique methodology that integrated Building Information Modeling (BIM) with the Internet of Things (IoT) to develop a model that supports specialists in making well-informed decisions regarding future refits, and the research is based on a complex building at Jordan University of Science and Technology, located in Irbid, Jordon, as a case study. A comprehensive BIM model was developed specifically for this facility, and several retrofit methods were used in combination with IoT. Some of the IoT applications implemented included plug load efficiency, operation schedules, shading techniques, daylight management, lighting efficiency, HVAC system upgrades, and physical modifications like window glass types. Thereafter, a Building Energy Model (BEM) was established to evaluate energy consumption behavior. The results assessed several retrofitting options for their impact on total energy use (EUI) and identified ways to improve energy efficiency. According to the results, integrating BIM with IoT led to total annual energy savings of $9.19 per square meter.

Historical buildings, as an essential component of cultural heritage, historical traces of the past to the present. However, they are confronted with the need for conservation and reconstruction due to the natural effects and human intervention they are exposed to over time. Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital tools provide significant contributions to the documentation and reconstruction processes of historical buildings. This study utilises digital modeling techniques to document historical structures that are critically endangered cultural heritage, while utilizing artificial intelligence-assisted methods to reconstruct destroyed or damaged sections of the building. The study aims to document damaged or partially destroyed historical buildings with digital tools and to produce AI-assisted reconstruction representations. In this context, historical buildings in Mardin that reflect the rich cultural heritage of Anatolia were discussed. The study consists of 6 stages: data collection, literature review, fieldwork, digital documentation process, AI-assisted image generation and evaluations. During the documentation process, high-accuracy 3D models of the current status of the buildings were produced, while the image generation process was conducted through an artificial intelligence using diffusion-based algorithms. This process offers an effective solution for faster prediction in the reconstruction of destroyed historical buildings. The study concluded that, with technological developments, both effective use of digital tools and AI-assisted research can contributes to the processes of preserving cultural heritage and passing on to future generations.

Bu çal mada, Mimarl k lisans düzeyinde Yap Bilgi Modelleme (BIM) e itiminin etkinli ini art rmaya yönelik bir ara t rma gerçekle tirilmi tir. Ara t rman n temel oda , BIM'in mimarl k e itiminde nas l konumland r ld ve bu yöntemin de i tirdi i süreçler göz önüne al nd nda ö rencilere kazand r lmas gereken bilgi ve becerilerin tan mlanmas olmu tur. Bu ba lamda, Delphi yöntemi kullan larak lisans seviyesinde BIM e itimine dair kritik ba ar faktörleri belirlenmi , bu kapsamda uzmanlar n görü leri detayl bir ekilde temsil edilmi tir. Ara t rman n ilk a amas nda, BIM destekli Mimarl k e itim programlar n n gereksinimleri literatür taramas yla belirlenmi ve Delphi yöntemi ile uzman görü lerine dayal bir faktör listesi olu turulmu tur. Delphi yöntemi sonucunda elde edilen veriler nda, BIM destekli e itim programlar n n geli tirilmesi için kritik faktörler ve uygulama önerileri ortaya konmu tur. Ara t rman n nihai hedefi, BIM uygulamas için gerekli becerilerin mimarl k e itimi programlar na etkili ekilde entegrasyonuna katk sa lamakt r. Bu do rultuda yürütülen literatür analizi, BIM entegrasyonunun yaln zca teknik de il, pedagojik ve yönetsel boyutlar da içeren çok katmanl bir süreç oldu unu göstermi tir. E itimde uygulamal ö renme, disiplinler aras i birli i, ö renci merkezli stüdyo ortamlar ve dijital pedagojik yakla mlar BIM'in ba ar s nda belirleyici unsurlar öne ç kmaktad r. Ara t rman n özgün yönlerinden biri, BIM e itimine dair belirlenen bu faktörlerin, Delphi panelinde üç turlu de erlendirme süreciyle geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik ölçütleri dikkate al narak yap land r lm olmas d r. Uzmanlardan toplanan veriler SPSS arac l yla analiz edilmi ; çe itli ölçütlerle istatistiksel olarak de erlendirilmi tir. Bu sayede, güçlü fikir birli i olu an alanlar ile tart mal kalan noktalar ayr t r larak raporlanm t r. Elde edilen sonuçlar, BIM entegrasyonunun yaln zca yaz l m kullan m ile s n rl kalmamas ; bunun yerine stratejik planlama, e itici yetkinliklerinin güçlendirilmesi ve sektörle kurulacak i birlikleri temelinde yeniden ele al nmas gerekti ini ortaya koymaktad r. Çal ma, mimarl k fakülteleri için kan ta dayal , ba lamsal ve sürdürülebilir öneriler sunarak dijital dönü üm ba lam nda BIM destekli e itimin yeniden yap land r lmas na katk sa lamaktad r. Bu çerçevede elde edilen bulgular, BIM'in mimarl k e itimine entegrasyonunun yaln zca dijital araç ö retimiyle s n rl olmad n ; ayn zamanda yarat c problem çözme, i birli i, karar alma ve proje yönetimi gibi çok yönlü beceriler kazand rmay hedefledi ini göstermektedir. Özellikle uygulamal stüdyo ortamlar nda yürütülen proje temelli BIM uygulamalar , ö rencilerin gerçek dünya senaryolar na haz rlanmas n kolayla t rmakta ve mesleki yeterliliklerini art rmaktad r. Disiplinler aras etkile im imkân sunan bu ortamlar, farkl mühendislik ve tasar m alanlar yla ortak üretimi desteklemekte, ö rencilerin tak m çal mas na dayal süreçlere kat l m n te vik etmektedir. Ayr ca dijital araçlar n entegrasyonu sayesinde soyut kavramlar n daha kolay kavranmas , üç boyutlu dü ünme becerilerinin geli mesi ve yap ili kilerinin görselle tirilmesi mümkün hâle gelmektedir. BIM destekli e itimin ba ar s ; altyap olanaklar , e itmen yeterlili i, ö renci motivasyonu ve sektörle ba lar n güçlendirilmesiyle yak ndan ili kilidir. Dolay s yla çal ma, mimarl k okullar nda dijital dönü üme uygun, pedagojik olarak tutarl ve sektörel beklentilere yan t veren bir BIM entegrasyon modeline katk sunmaktad r.

Il tempio in località Madonna della Cona a Teramo si erge lungo un diverticolo stradale della via Cecilia che serviva il conciliabulum civium romanorum di Interamnia Pretut(t)iorum provenendo dall'attuale Montorio al Vomano. Dell'edificio, datato in letteratura sullo scorcio del II sec. a.C. se non già all'inizio del successivo, si conservano i resti del podio modanato e le strutture pertinenti alla pars postica tripartita, con una cella centrale interposta tra alae laterali. Nonostante il tempio sia da tempo noto all'archeologia teramana, manca ancora oggi uno studio di dettaglio del monumento e della documentazione archeologica e architettonica di riferimento: oltre alle strutture conservate in situ e agli elementi dell'arredo interno ancora ben leggibili (pavimenti in cementizio a base fittile e a mosaico), un cospicuo nucleo di decorazioni architettoniche in terracotta (antefisse, lastre, sime e cornici) recuperate nei primi anni duemila, ma oggetto fino a oggi solo di stringate segnalazioni o brevi note preliminari. Nell'ambito di un accordo fra la Soprintendenza ABAP AQ-TE e la società ANAS S.p.A., teso alla valorizzazione e restauro dell'area archeologica, l'Istituto ministeriale ha affidato a una società esterna la ricostruzione 3D del tempio, come primo step per la fruizione e conoscenza del sito. Questa attività è stata l'occasione per una rilettura complessiva dei dati archeologici a disposizione, fornendo interessanti spunti di riflessione. Con l'occasione del Convegno, si intende tratteggiare un quadro aggiornato -quandanche ancora preliminare -delle conoscenze e dei problemi relativi al monumento, alla sua datazione e ai rapporti con il contesto storicoculturale di riferimento, grazie a dati nuovi desunti da una recente campagna di documentazione diretta delle strutture, al riesame dei parziali dati editi e dei purtroppo pochi dati inediti d'archivio, nonché allo studio dei frammenti architettonici in terracotta -in gran parte non ancora pubblicati -pertinenti al sistema di rivestimento e di decorazione fittile del tetto.

Many real estate owners change the building in terms of the type of usage in response to changes in economic conditions and the requirements of the surrounding environment to get the best potential financial return. To investigate the possibilities of changing the real estate's usage, the owners of these existing structures turned to feasibility study experts for assistance in making the optimum alternatives. So, they need an integrated model between VE and BIM, especially applicable to an existing structure, to determine the optimum usage type for the existing structure. Value Engineering (VE) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) must be connected to profit from both outputs simultaneously. Previous studies only investigated the VE alternatives during the design phase; when they decided to reduce project costs by using construction materials alternatives, they ignored existing structure alternatives significantly when changing the usage type. This study attempts to provide an integrated model between VE and BIM that can be applied to the existing structure to assist in determining the best alternative in terms of the type of usage for such existing structures by conducting BIM methodology such as a feasibility study, including BIM software such as Revit and Primavera. A feasibility study that contains the bank rate of interest. As a result, the maximum financial return is obtained based on predetermined criteria and in compliance with decision-making requirements.

Objective: To express the usage of intelligent concepts in the architectural building construction field that are primarily concerned with reducing building energy use. Improved energy-saving methods and the use of environmentally friendly design principles are essential in this field. This type of managerial decision-making is necessary for the success of these types of projects. Methods: monitoring the performance of intelligent buildings use the cost variance (CV) and schedule variation as standard metrics to track the progress of a project based on the save energy concept. Also, this research conducted a comparative study on Building Information Modelling (BIM) and (MCDM) decision-making limitations as presented in the article. Analysis: the conventional technique, on the other hand, is unable to offer data on variance from typical performance levels. The main point based on Delphi results of construction cost variables has been observed 19 effective factors. Finding and Novelty: The RII observed that the most effective aspects of an intelligent building are the number of floors in the building, the kind of structural design, and the size of the shadow cast on the surface of the building. The Multi-Criteria Decision Maker (MCDM) observed significant differences in planned value (PV) and actual value (AC) results. In addition, as a result of the current approach, it is possible to track project costs and timelines more precisely.

Explore how Tejjy Inc. leveraged BIM to deliver efficient, clash-free, and cost-effective solutions for AWS data centers across the USA. From Quail Ridge in Loudoun County, VA (2.47M sq. ft.) to AWS DCA Virginia, discover how BIM enabled:

✅ Accurate shop drawings
✅ 99% first-time accuracy
✅ 30% rework reduction
✅ Seamless MEP coordination

Learn how BIM has become a cornerstone for hyperscale data center success in the USA, driving speed, accuracy, and innovation .

This paper explores the creation of an optimal learning environment for Building Information Modeling (BIM) education. It evaluates the critical physical, emotional, and social dimensions required for student success. By integrating educational technology and evidence-based strategies, the study provides actionable recommendations to foster an inclusive, collaborative, and adaptive atmosphere that prepares students for the evolving construction industry.

This article explores the fundamental differences between Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Heritage Building Information Modelling (hBIM or HBIM), focusing on their applications, methodologies, and objectives. While BIM is primarily used for digital modelling and management of modern buildings and infrastructure, hBIM is a specialized methodology for the documentation, analysis, and conservation of cultural heritage. Key aspects such as the use of parametric vs. non-parametric models, the integration of historical sources and scanned data, and the role of both approaches in architecture, restoration, and construction are examined.

This paper investigates the ontological characterization of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. Between inflationary and deflationary accounts, we pay special attention to their status as agents. This requires explaining in detail the architecture, processing, and training procedures that enable LLMs to display their capacities, and the extensions used to turn LLMs into agent-like systems. After a systematic analysis we conclude that a LLM fails to meet necessary and sufficient conditions for autonomous agency in the light of embodied theories of mind: the individuality condition (it is not the product of its own activity, it is not even directly affected by it), the normativity condition (it does not generate its own norms or goals), and, partially the interactional asymmetry condition (it is not the origin and sustained source of its interaction with the environment). If not agents, then… What are LLMs? We argue that ChatGPT should be characterized as an interlocutor or linguistic automaton, a library-that-talks, devoid of (autonomous) agency, but capable to engage performatively on non-purposeful yet purpose-structured and purpose-bounded tasks. When interacting with humans, a "ghostly" component of the human-machine interaction makes it possible to enact genuine conversational experiences with LLMs. Despite their lack of sensorimotor and biological embodiment, LLMs textual embodiment (the training corpus), digital extended interface embodiments, and resource-hungry computational embodiment, significantly transform existing forms of machine automatism and human agency. Beyond assisted and extended agency, the LLM-human coupling can produce midtended forms of agency, closer to the production of intentional agency than to the extended instrumentality of any previous technologies.

The delay in the physical progress of construction creates additional costs, missed deadlines, and quality issues. The research aimed to estimate the physical progress of the project by using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and building information modeling (BIM). The methodology comprised capturing 848 high-resolution images of the Civil Engineering Laboratory construction site at the National University of Jaen, Cajamarca, Peru, using the Phantom 4 RTK drone. The photographs were processed using Agisoft 2.0.1 software, resulting in a point cloud. This was then imported into ReCap Pro 2023 software, which was used to assess the quality of the points. The Revit 2023 software was subsequently utilized to establish the phase parameters, linking the BIM model with the point cloud, filtering the model, and eventually exporting it to the Power BI 2023 software. The work's estimated progress utilizing the proposed methodology was 42.82%, which was not statistically significant compared to the Public Works Information System (INFOBRAS) of 43.14%. This allows for the automation of customary processes, the identification of crucial issues, and prompt decision-making. The study's originality lies in the suggestion of integrating aerial imagery with drones and BIM modeling for the real-time and precise estimation of work progression. This method provides a precise and effective substitute for traditional techniques for gauging the tangible advancement of projects.

Construction projects frequently encounter challenges such as stagnant productivity, excessive waste, cost overruns, and delays, contributing to sustainability issues. In response to these issues, Lean Construction (LC) has emerged as a methodology aimed at eradicating inefficiencies and wasteful practices. However, the construction industry has been slow to embrace LC, primarily due to a lack of comprehensive evaluations regarding its real-world effectiveness. This study seeks to thoroughly assess the effectiveness of LC when implemented in construction projects in Pakistan. The research involved conducting a survey among experts in the construction industry, utilizing a comprehensive questionnaire to evaluate the extent of LC adoption and its impact on construction project performance. The collected data underwent rigorous statistical analysis to ascertain the influence of LC practices on project outcomes. To validate the survey results, the study selected five case study projects for in-depth analysis. These case studies assessed how well the projects adhered to LC principles and examined the resulting effects on project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, rework, and healthrelated concerns. The findings consistently confirmed that a higher level of adherence to LC principles led to significant reductions in project delays, cost overruns, quality issues, and health-related problems. This analysis strongly supports the notion that a more extensive adoption of LC practices results in substantial improvements in project performance. By presenting these compelling results, this study offers valuable insights to the construction industry, providing a clearer path for the effective integration of LC practices.

This study delves into the multifaceted landscape of Building Information Modeling (BIM) adoption and implementation across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region's construction industry. Employing an online survey methodology, the research scrutinizes the varied profiles of contractors. Through regression analysis, the study investigates the impact of institutional pressures on the contractors' BIM adoption, implementation, encountered barriers and challenges, expected benefits and outcomes, and related expertise and training. The analysis then extends to evaluate the interrelationships among such BIM variables. The key findings reveal significant influences of institutional pressures on BIM adoption and benefits as well as their expected benefits and outcomes but less impact on overcoming BIM barriers and challenges and enhancing expertise and training. The research highlights the limited role of BIM expertise and training in the adoption, implementation, and realization of its benefits and outcomes within the MENA construction sector. Furthermore, the study concludes that barriers, challenges, benefits, and outcomes don't have a significant effect on BIM's adoption and implementation. The study also evaluates the primary benefits and outcomes of BIM alongside the main barriers and challenges encountered. Crucially, the research identifies and dissects the salient barriers to BIM deployment, such as awareness and expertise deficiency, financial and human resource constraints, training shortages, and resistance to change. This study not only provides a detailed snapshot of the BIM landscape but also lays the groundwork for addressing the persistent challenges and harnessing the full potential of BIM in revolutionizing construction methodologies in the MENA region.

Tangible cultural heritage sites across Nigeria face increasing threats from urbanization, climate change, neglect, and
poor documentation practices. The Benin Moat one of the world's largest ancient earthworks and a UNESCO Tentative
Heritage Site symbolizes a critical component of Nigeria's historical architecture. This study explores how advanced
architectural technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), photogrammetry, 3D modeling, Building
Information Modeling (BIM), and drone-based surveys can serve as innovative tools for documenting, analyzing, and
preserving such endangered cultural assets. A 2D digital map of the Benin Moat was developed from geospatial
datasets, and a conceptual 3D reconstruction of select moat segments and adjacent structures was created using opensource modeling software. Results highlight the effectiveness of integrated digital workflows in revealing hidden
geometries, enabling virtual reconstruction, and enhancing community engagement through visual storytelling. These
digital outputs offer valuable resources for cultural heritage education, site restoration planning, and heritage tourism
development. The study concludes that digital architectural technologies present a transformative approach to heritage
conservation in Nigeria, provided they are supported by strong institutional frameworks, interdisciplinary
collaboration, and inclusive community participation.

approaches. Among emerging solutions, Industry 4.0-or the Fourth Industrial Revolution has played a pivotal role in transforming industries through the integration of technological and scientific advancements. Within this framework, "Construction 4.0" has emerged as an adoption of digitalization by construction companies [6]. This evolution emphasizes the digitalization of construction processes, with tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) gaining prominence, as numerous studies have highlighted its benefits throughout the project lifecycle [7]. BIM facilitates more efficient collaboration between teams by centralizing information in a digital model, reducing errors and rework through early conflict detection, and improving time and cost planning by simulating the construction processes [8, 9]. Another disruptive technology gaining traction is Additive Construction (AC), which is characterized by the automated manufacturing of construction elements based on 3D models by depositing the material layer by layer. AC reduces construction times, labor costs, and waste, while increasing design freedom and enabling the use of sustainable materials, among other benefits [10-12]. The adoption of digital technologies is viewed as an opportunity to enhance the efficiency and quality of construction processes and foster business innovation in the sector [13]. The combination of BIM and AC holds promise for significantly transforming construction productivity [5, 14].