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Based on the boundary value of 0.2 for deciding the validity of the variables, all the variables have an effect size greater than 0.2 which qualifies them as components of ISE among the BIM-SCM. Among these variables, selection of information sharing channels has the minimum effect size (d=0.20); while inter-organizational sharing and exchange o information and creation of single project information database have the maximum effec size (d=1.55). These variables (inter-organizational sharing and exchange of information and creation of single project information database) have the highest number of studies mentioning them. Out of the 41 studies used for the meta-analysis, 25 mentioned inter-organizational sharing and exchange of information and creation of single projec information database. The evidence from the results suggests that information quality and information structure are essential to ISE among the BIM-SCM.

Figure 57 Based on the boundary value of 0.2 for deciding the validity of the variables, all the variables have an effect size greater than 0.2 which qualifies them as components of ISE among the BIM-SCM. Among these variables, selection of information sharing channels has the minimum effect size (d=0.20); while inter-organizational sharing and exchange o information and creation of single project information database have the maximum effec size (d=1.55). These variables (inter-organizational sharing and exchange of information and creation of single project information database) have the highest number of studies mentioning them. Out of the 41 studies used for the meta-analysis, 25 mentioned inter-organizational sharing and exchange of information and creation of single projec information database. The evidence from the results suggests that information quality and information structure are essential to ISE among the BIM-SCM.

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Figure 1: Flow diagram showing the research process. In a third stage, searches for relevant articles focused on BIM and Lean construction synergies to include in the paper sampling were performed using selected databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Accurate keywords choice is relevant to ensure a precise search. Keywords used for searching the articles included BIM, building information modelling, Lean Construction and Last planner system.
Figure 1: Flow diagram showing the research process. In a third stage, searches for relevant articles focused on BIM and Lean construction synergies to include in the paper sampling were performed using selected databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Accurate keywords choice is relevant to ensure a precise search. Keywords used for searching the articles included BIM, building information modelling, Lean Construction and Last planner system.
Figure 2: BIM and Lean construction synergies according to content analysis. POSES Fie a I Ro km SS a ST a RE ae ice soe Also it was 1s stablished a matrix (Table 1) that shows the correlation of these benefits with the problems regarding delays and cost overruns in construction works managed in a traditional way previously detected.
Figure 2: BIM and Lean construction synergies according to content analysis. POSES Fie a I Ro km SS a ST a RE ae ice soe Also it was 1s stablished a matrix (Table 1) that shows the correlation of these benefits with the problems regarding delays and cost overruns in construction works managed in a traditional way previously detected.
Figure 3: Quantitative research results. Second, a sample’s quantitative analysis was developed and provided an overview about: the lifecycle stage where the researches of the paper sampling are focus on, the main discipline of the research, the research dissemination vehicle and the profile of research according to if it is a theoretical work or a case study. The findings of the quantitative analysis are shown in Fig. 3, where is highlighted that most of the research on BIM and Lean construction synergies published indexed journals or papers in highly relevant conferences on the subject are focused on the design phase, compared to the rest of the life cycle phases. Furthermore, results showed that most of them are focused on the architecture discipline versus MEP discipline. In addition, it was detected that despite the fact that most of them use journals as the research dissemination vehicle, contributions to specific international relevant conferences on the subject also represent a high percentage. Finally, it was detected that there is a balance between the percentage of theoretical research and case studies in this field.
Figure 3: Quantitative research results. Second, a sample’s quantitative analysis was developed and provided an overview about: the lifecycle stage where the researches of the paper sampling are focus on, the main discipline of the research, the research dissemination vehicle and the profile of research according to if it is a theoretical work or a case study. The findings of the quantitative analysis are shown in Fig. 3, where is highlighted that most of the research on BIM and Lean construction synergies published indexed journals or papers in highly relevant conferences on the subject are focused on the design phase, compared to the rest of the life cycle phases. Furthermore, results showed that most of them are focused on the architecture discipline versus MEP discipline. In addition, it was detected that despite the fact that most of them use journals as the research dissemination vehicle, contributions to specific international relevant conferences on the subject also represent a high percentage. Finally, it was detected that there is a balance between the percentage of theoretical research and case studies in this field.
Table 1: Unit information for progress tracking.
Table 1: Unit information for progress tracking.
Figure 1: The research procedure of the construction inspection system development.
Figure 1: The research procedure of the construction inspection system development.
Table 2: Information required for inspection. In addition, the regular form for inspection is designed for hand writing or typing. However, with the help of using MR device, several types of data input can be automatically recorded to simplify the process of inspection. Table 2 is a typical inspection information required for the rebar of the column. The material property and the tying situation of the rebar can be recorded by applying toggle box to indicate if the job is completed or not. To inspect the correct number of main rebars installed, the count capability of the MR device can be employed. As for obtaining the length of inspection items, such as section size and spacing of the stirrups can be determined by using the measuring tools of the MR device. The drop- Jown list can show the type list, such as rebar size, arrangement type. Through classifying different types of information required, the inspection form can be recorded more efficient.
Table 2: Information required for inspection. In addition, the regular form for inspection is designed for hand writing or typing. However, with the help of using MR device, several types of data input can be automatically recorded to simplify the process of inspection. Table 2 is a typical inspection information required for the rebar of the column. The material property and the tying situation of the rebar can be recorded by applying toggle box to indicate if the job is completed or not. To inspect the correct number of main rebars installed, the count capability of the MR device can be employed. As for obtaining the length of inspection items, such as section size and spacing of the stirrups can be determined by using the measuring tools of the MR device. The drop- Jown list can show the type list, such as rebar size, arrangement type. Through classifying different types of information required, the inspection form can be recorded more efficient.
Figure 2: Traditionally inspection flow. 3.2 Information and function identification
Figure 2: Traditionally inspection flow. 3.2 Information and function identification
Figure 3: The information of BIM elements.
Figure 3: The information of BIM elements.
the work items. For example, the geometry properties of the BIM element have length, width, height, thickness, area, volume, and etc. These properties can be used to calculate the quantitative information needed for the work items. In addition, structural properties such as covering thickness, coating, interlayer and core layer thickness can be added to the structural elements.
the work items. For example, the geometry properties of the BIM element have length, width, height, thickness, area, volume, and etc. These properties can be used to calculate the quantitative information needed for the work items. In addition, structural properties such as covering thickness, coating, interlayer and core layer thickness can be added to the structural elements.
Figure 5: The functions of MR system.
Figure 5: The functions of MR system.
MR functions. (a) Length ruler; (b) Counter; (c) Level measuring; and (d) Spatial mapping.
MR functions. (a) Length ruler; (b) Counter; (c) Level measuring; and (d) Spatial mapping.
Figure 8: (a) Inspection list; and (b) Work item list. ——————— eee The proposed construction inspection system allows the construction engineer to the perform the efficient progress tracking operation. When construction engineers arrive at the location they are going to track the progress of work items, the associated work items according to the location can be displayed with the virtual model linked to the information for identifying progress. As shown in the Fig. 8(a), the associated inspection forms pump up once the construction engineer clicks on the virtual model. Different work items require different measurements to determine the completion percentage. Construction engineers can employ the functions provided by the proposed construction inspection system to measure
Figure 8: (a) Inspection list; and (b) Work item list. ——————— eee The proposed construction inspection system allows the construction engineer to the perform the efficient progress tracking operation. When construction engineers arrive at the location they are going to track the progress of work items, the associated work items according to the location can be displayed with the virtual model linked to the information for identifying progress. As shown in the Fig. 8(a), the associated inspection forms pump up once the construction engineer clicks on the virtual model. Different work items require different measurements to determine the completion percentage. Construction engineers can employ the functions provided by the proposed construction inspection system to measure
Figure 9: On-site MR construction inspection. Applying BIM and MR to the on-site construction inspection also changes the process of inspection. Nowadays, most of the projects employ BIM to many stages of the project life.
Figure 9: On-site MR construction inspection. Applying BIM and MR to the on-site construction inspection also changes the process of inspection. Nowadays, most of the projects employ BIM to many stages of the project life.
BIM is no longer unique but becomes popular and serves as the requirement of the project deliveries. Fig. 11 shows the new process of the construction inspection and progress tracking. BIM linked with the information work items should be accomplished before inspection. The data observed and measured at the construction job site can be performed by using MR device. A paradigm shift of the construction inspection and progress tracking from the traditional approach.
BIM is no longer unique but becomes popular and serves as the requirement of the project deliveries. Fig. 11 shows the new process of the construction inspection and progress tracking. BIM linked with the information work items should be accomplished before inspection. The data observed and measured at the construction job site can be performed by using MR device. A paradigm shift of the construction inspection and progress tracking from the traditional approach.
In this study, a conceptual framework (Fig. 1) of a computational BIM-based method for building envelope retrofitting was developed through four consecutive stages.
In this study, a conceptual framework (Fig. 1) of a computational BIM-based method for building envelope retrofitting was developed through four consecutive stages.
Figure 3: Case study of an existing building. (a) Photo; (b) BIM model. Every leve building has south-east and IE II EES of the building has air-conditioned spaces and naturally ventilated spaces. The four different facade orientations, which are facing north-west, north-east, south-west. Each facade consists of opaque brick walls with plaster finish and windows with single glazing. There was no existing BIM model available, thus the case study building was modelled in Revit based on 2D computer aided drawing (CAD). The building does not con modelled wit ain any external shading devices and most of the building elements were h level of development (LOD) 300, including thermal properties that are required for OTTV calculation.
Figure 3: Case study of an existing building. (a) Photo; (b) BIM model. Every leve building has south-east and IE II EES of the building has air-conditioned spaces and naturally ventilated spaces. The four different facade orientations, which are facing north-west, north-east, south-west. Each facade consists of opaque brick walls with plaster finish and windows with single glazing. There was no existing BIM model available, thus the case study building was modelled in Revit based on 2D computer aided drawing (CAD). The building does not con modelled wit ain any external shading devices and most of the building elements were h level of development (LOD) 300, including thermal properties that are required for OTTV calculation.
4.1 Evaluation and optimisation Table 1: Current OTTV and cost for the case study building.
4.1 Evaluation and optimisation Table 1: Current OTTV and cost for the case study building.
Table 2: OTTV reduction and investment cost for all tests. Scenario 2 was a more open test where it involved changes of both wall and window, thus it was expected to produce a wider range of optimised OTTV than Scenario |. As presented in Table 2, the OTTV produced by Scenario 2 was lower than both the existing condition and Scenario 1. Scenario 2 OTTV is 44.78% lower than the original OTTV, which was almost twice reduction than Scenario 1. “igure 4: Original and optimised design of north-west facade (Scenario 2).
Table 2: OTTV reduction and investment cost for all tests. Scenario 2 was a more open test where it involved changes of both wall and window, thus it was expected to produce a wider range of optimised OTTV than Scenario |. As presented in Table 2, the OTTV produced by Scenario 2 was lower than both the existing condition and Scenario 1. Scenario 2 OTTV is 44.78% lower than the original OTTV, which was almost twice reduction than Scenario 1. “igure 4: Original and optimised design of north-west facade (Scenario 2).
OTTV = 48.83 Wim?; Material cost RM 108,522
OTTV = 48.83 Wim?; Material cost RM 108,522
Table 3: Manual validation for the original design. Table 4: Manual validation for the optimised design.
Table 3: Manual validation for the original design. Table 4: Manual validation for the optimised design.
1 and Scenario 2 can both be considered as a good solution if the priority for the retrofit project was investment cost and OTTV, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the data push-back to the Revit model took around 3 minutes, nevertheless, the time may vary depending on the BIM model size and its design complexity.
1 and Scenario 2 can both be considered as a good solution if the priority for the retrofit project was investment cost and OTTV, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the data push-back to the Revit model took around 3 minutes, nevertheless, the time may vary depending on the BIM model size and its design complexity.
am t t t [he most commonly used environmental impact assessment is conceptually summarised as he conventional LCA methodology, which is presented in Fig. 1. For every project, there is a source data, which can be an advanced BIM model, a 3D model or a 2D drawing. In any case, there is the need for material take-off from the project primary source data, which in he best case, is a BIM model. The take-off can be automatically generated from the primary source data if it is hosted in a parametric software like Revit or ArchiCAD [6]. However, if he project is based on 2D drawings, this material take-off has to be done through a manual calculation, which can be challenging. After the material take-off list is generated, there is a need to get the relevant LCA information from a material LCA database to be able to calculate the environmental impact of each component. This calculation can be done in a developed LCA software where the data entry has to be done manually. Usually, licensed software tools already have a link to LCA databases. However, if the LCA calculation has to be done in a spreadsheet-based tool, it might be that both material input and environmental impact information have to be typed in directly into the spreadsheet.
am t t t [he most commonly used environmental impact assessment is conceptually summarised as he conventional LCA methodology, which is presented in Fig. 1. For every project, there is a source data, which can be an advanced BIM model, a 3D model or a 2D drawing. In any case, there is the need for material take-off from the project primary source data, which in he best case, is a BIM model. The take-off can be automatically generated from the primary source data if it is hosted in a parametric software like Revit or ArchiCAD [6]. However, if he project is based on 2D drawings, this material take-off has to be done through a manual calculation, which can be challenging. After the material take-off list is generated, there is a need to get the relevant LCA information from a material LCA database to be able to calculate the environmental impact of each component. This calculation can be done in a developed LCA software where the data entry has to be done manually. Usually, licensed software tools already have a link to LCA databases. However, if the LCA calculation has to be done in a spreadsheet-based tool, it might be that both material input and environmental impact information have to be typed in directly into the spreadsheet.
TH MAL See MT 8 Direct access to the information in the BIM model in order to calculate the LCA by using an interoperable IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) format and inserting it in LCA software can be defined as “Static Approach”. Static approaches evaluate the entire life cycle of the building, thus achieve a more accurate approach to LCA evaluation compare to conventional methods. As the whole building information is extracted in one format like IFC or gbXML (Green Building XML-Schema), there is no need to enter the building information in the LCA tool again, and this will avoid any manual re-entry. As every extracted data will represent one state of the project, different alternatives can be compared and documented. The results can highlight the hotspots where intervention is required and thus enhance environmental performance. (Fig. 2) On the other hand, a static approach has some drawbacks. As t he performance of the LCA is not developed in the BIM software itself, any changes in the BIM model can only be made by going back to the BIM software and re-importing the model in tools has not been fully developed yet. The transmission LCA platform is done via IFC format into a common database, can be very time-consuming [4]. Also, the interoperability between BIM models and from a BIM platform to where it can be combined with the LCA inventory database. The accuracy of the extracted B challenge is not to lose information during this method. o the LCA platform, which LCA M model in a standardised data format is limited and has a narrower range of environmental information, which makes he importing of the file into the LCA software and the calculation less accurate. The
TH MAL See MT 8 Direct access to the information in the BIM model in order to calculate the LCA by using an interoperable IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) format and inserting it in LCA software can be defined as “Static Approach”. Static approaches evaluate the entire life cycle of the building, thus achieve a more accurate approach to LCA evaluation compare to conventional methods. As the whole building information is extracted in one format like IFC or gbXML (Green Building XML-Schema), there is no need to enter the building information in the LCA tool again, and this will avoid any manual re-entry. As every extracted data will represent one state of the project, different alternatives can be compared and documented. The results can highlight the hotspots where intervention is required and thus enhance environmental performance. (Fig. 2) On the other hand, a static approach has some drawbacks. As t he performance of the LCA is not developed in the BIM software itself, any changes in the BIM model can only be made by going back to the BIM software and re-importing the model in tools has not been fully developed yet. The transmission LCA platform is done via IFC format into a common database, can be very time-consuming [4]. Also, the interoperability between BIM models and from a BIM platform to where it can be combined with the LCA inventory database. The accuracy of the extracted B challenge is not to lose information during this method. o the LCA platform, which LCA M model in a standardised data format is limited and has a narrower range of environmental information, which makes he importing of the file into the LCA software and the calculation less accurate. The
The dynamic approach seeks to find an automatic and efficient link between BIM models and environmental information included in the LCA databases. Therefore, there is a need for an LCA tracking number in the native material library of the design software. Once this material mapping is done, all the material used in the BIM model will be matched with its corresponding real material recognised in the national LCA database. Once the geometry and material information are extracted, with the help of a parametric tool and LCA information coming from LCA database, the environmental impact of each element used in the BIM model can be calculated. This LCA results can be forwarded back to the BIM model in order to create a feedback loop to the designer (Fig. 3). This feedback can allow real-time LCA monitoring, which can be followed by an LCA optimisation directly in the designer’s software. As the parametric tool is continuously analysing the LCA results, they can be extracted at any moment as a report for further uses.
The dynamic approach seeks to find an automatic and efficient link between BIM models and environmental information included in the LCA databases. Therefore, there is a need for an LCA tracking number in the native material library of the design software. Once this material mapping is done, all the material used in the BIM model will be matched with its corresponding real material recognised in the national LCA database. Once the geometry and material information are extracted, with the help of a parametric tool and LCA information coming from LCA database, the environmental impact of each element used in the BIM model can be calculated. This LCA results can be forwarded back to the BIM model in order to create a feedback loop to the designer (Fig. 3). This feedback can allow real-time LCA monitoring, which can be followed by an LCA optimisation directly in the designer’s software. As the parametric tool is continuously analysing the LCA results, they can be extracted at any moment as a report for further uses.
Table 3: Dynamo script concept for technical elements. Technical elements are slightly different from other building elements in the model. Technical elements can be grouped into two subgroups, which are technical routing and technical devices. Technical routing elements are the pipes, ducts, cable trays and their fittings, i.e. elements that are generated by extruding a cross-section through a line path.
Table 3: Dynamo script concept for technical elements. Technical elements are slightly different from other building elements in the model. Technical elements can be grouped into two subgroups, which are technical routing and technical devices. Technical routing elements are the pipes, ducts, cable trays and their fittings, i.e. elements that are generated by extruding a cross-section through a line path.
Figure 5: LCA development through the design process. Another advantage of gathering all the LCA data from each element in a BIM model allows focusing on specific categories. Fig. 6 represents the environmental impact development through design processes for all structural, interior and envelope element categories.
Figure 5: LCA development through the design process. Another advantage of gathering all the LCA data from each element in a BIM model allows focusing on specific categories. Fig. 6 represents the environmental impact development through design processes for all structural, interior and envelope element categories.
Table 1: Overview of a range of currently available checking software and their functions
Table 1: Overview of a range of currently available checking software and their functions
Figure 1: Logic flowchart showing nested rules. 3.1.1 Example of logic complexity Rules can be nested allowing tests to be passed from parent rule to sub-rules to form complex ogic checks. As an example of nested logic consider corridor widths specified in Approved Document M, 2015, Provision 3.14, other than dwellings [28]. This provision requires that a corridor has a preferred width of 1.8 m but maybe a minimum of 1.2 m if unobstructed passing spaces 1.8 x 1.8 m square are present. This constraint can be interpreted in one of wo ways. The first (a) is to test the width of the corridor is less than 1.8 m wide and greater han 1.2 m wide and has 1.8 m square passing, the second (b) is to test the width is at least .2 m and has passing spaces 1.8 m square and is less than 1.8 m wide. Both interpretations are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1. The equivalent logic yields different results in SMC, see Fig. 2, because the last condition passed is the only one reported. This example is easily corrected within SMC by diligent testing of the nested rule but demonstrates the warnings given by Eastman et al. [2] and Bell et al. [19].
Figure 1: Logic flowchart showing nested rules. 3.1.1 Example of logic complexity Rules can be nested allowing tests to be passed from parent rule to sub-rules to form complex ogic checks. As an example of nested logic consider corridor widths specified in Approved Document M, 2015, Provision 3.14, other than dwellings [28]. This provision requires that a corridor has a preferred width of 1.8 m but maybe a minimum of 1.2 m if unobstructed passing spaces 1.8 x 1.8 m square are present. This constraint can be interpreted in one of wo ways. The first (a) is to test the width of the corridor is less than 1.8 m wide and greater han 1.2 m wide and has 1.8 m square passing, the second (b) is to test the width is at least .2 m and has passing spaces 1.8 m square and is less than 1.8 m wide. Both interpretations are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1. The equivalent logic yields different results in SMC, see Fig. 2, because the last condition passed is the only one reported. This example is easily corrected within SMC by diligent testing of the nested rule but demonstrates the warnings given by Eastman et al. [2] and Bell et al. [19].
Figure 3: Diagrammatic of quality control framework. iain. “Siieneieiceemmieeeiendanenaaaanaiaaunaedeninndaaions Formal guidance for a Quality Control Framework is embodied within given PAS1192 [29], BS EN ISO 19650 [30], BS EN ISO 9001 [31] and BS EN ISO 29481 [32]. Where quality control is an activity intended to demonstrate compliance with quality requirements [33], and quality assurance is to demonstrate compliance. The quality framework shown in Fig. 3 is an assemblage of the above, showing the aspects that are currently manual and semi-automatic checks. Semi-automatic checking is provided by discrete operations or executable programmes such as Navisworks, SMC, CobieQCReporter and ifcDoc. The technical content checks are the focus of this paper and whilst there is no formal guidance on authoring rules, guidance is provided by Hjelseth et al. [17], Bell et al. [19] and supported by industry such as Bond Bryan [34].
Figure 3: Diagrammatic of quality control framework. iain. “Siieneieiceemmieeeiendanenaaaanaiaaunaedeninndaaions Formal guidance for a Quality Control Framework is embodied within given PAS1192 [29], BS EN ISO 19650 [30], BS EN ISO 9001 [31] and BS EN ISO 29481 [32]. Where quality control is an activity intended to demonstrate compliance with quality requirements [33], and quality assurance is to demonstrate compliance. The quality framework shown in Fig. 3 is an assemblage of the above, showing the aspects that are currently manual and semi-automatic checks. Semi-automatic checking is provided by discrete operations or executable programmes such as Navisworks, SMC, CobieQCReporter and ifcDoc. The technical content checks are the focus of this paper and whilst there is no formal guidance on authoring rules, guidance is provided by Hjelseth et al. [17], Bell et al. [19] and supported by industry such as Bond Bryan [34].
Figure 4: Existing quality results. The questionnaire asked for an estimation of the amount of time spent on manual checking as opposed to automatic checking. If this might change in the future? And if they have confidence in the existing rules or is there room for improvement? 59% of respondents 5.2 Balance between manual and automatic checking and confidence (Fig. 5)
Figure 4: Existing quality results. The questionnaire asked for an estimation of the amount of time spent on manual checking as opposed to automatic checking. If this might change in the future? And if they have confidence in the existing rules or is there room for improvement? 59% of respondents 5.2 Balance between manual and automatic checking and confidence (Fig. 5)
indicate a balance of checking is 80/20 (manual/automatic), and a majority expect more automatic checking in the future. Results were filtered in accordance with experience, sector, location and role, each indicating that a majority have a checking balance of approximately 80/20 (manual/automatic) so this appears to be common. The majority of respondents to indicate that the rules could be much improved, implying a lack of confidence in the existing provision. 8% said they only use the out-of-the-box rules, 36% amended existing rules, 39% write their own rules and 16% employ a specialist. indicate a balance of checking is 80/20 (manual/automatic), and a majority expect more
indicate a balance of checking is 80/20 (manual/automatic), and a majority expect more automatic checking in the future. Results were filtered in accordance with experience, sector, location and role, each indicating that a majority have a checking balance of approximately 80/20 (manual/automatic) so this appears to be common. The majority of respondents to indicate that the rules could be much improved, implying a lack of confidence in the existing provision. 8% said they only use the out-of-the-box rules, 36% amended existing rules, 39% write their own rules and 16% employ a specialist. indicate a balance of checking is 80/20 (manual/automatic), and a majority expect more
5.4 Details of respondents and software
5.4 Details of respondents and software
Figure 8: Respondent details.
Figure 8: Respondent details.
Figure 1: Second level spatial adjacency derivation. 3.3 SAAM Implementation structure
Figure 1: Second level spatial adjacency derivation. 3.3 SAAM Implementation structure
Figure 3: Adjacent space derivation. 3.6.2 Route Estimation Module (REM) The points constructed by the VREM during the PIP test, are interpreted as connecting point: for the ventilation system; they are used as targets to estimate the routing system. The estimation of the routing involves also the extraction of the geometric properties of the space
Figure 3: Adjacent space derivation. 3.6.2 Route Estimation Module (REM) The points constructed by the VREM during the PIP test, are interpreted as connecting point: for the ventilation system; they are used as targets to estimate the routing system. The estimation of the routing involves also the extraction of the geometric properties of the space
Figure 4: Routing derivation on concave spaces.
Figure 4: Routing derivation on concave spaces.
Figure 1: Phases of information automation for decision making. with asset lifecycle which go beyond BIM mod el geometrical content from design to demolish, BIM Information is related to engineering analysis, design and construction progress, project schedule, stakeholders contacts list, design and construction budget, collaboration and communication protocol, in formation exchange matrix, hardware and software specifications, fabrication and manufacture details, disaster planning and management, space management, asset management, maintenance schedule and others. This information has to be managed on different levels by various support systems and software [3], which can be classified as follows: BIM modelling and data entry systems, BIM management Systems, BIM decision support systems and BIM executive systems (Fig. 2). Each system has many supporting software which help to get BIM use.
Figure 1: Phases of information automation for decision making. with asset lifecycle which go beyond BIM mod el geometrical content from design to demolish, BIM Information is related to engineering analysis, design and construction progress, project schedule, stakeholders contacts list, design and construction budget, collaboration and communication protocol, in formation exchange matrix, hardware and software specifications, fabrication and manufacture details, disaster planning and management, space management, asset management, maintenance schedule and others. This information has to be managed on different levels by various support systems and software [3], which can be classified as follows: BIM modelling and data entry systems, BIM management Systems, BIM decision support systems and BIM executive systems (Fig. 2). Each system has many supporting software which help to get BIM use.
Figure 3: An overall diagram for ECG CDE and EDMS. IIE EEE The shared environment is the only source of valid design information shared between design team. Changes or modifications of files are not permitted for users on share folder, only updating files by sharing newer version is allowed only if the WIP files along with its meta data (size, date modified, sharing status which used for log usages and registers) are synchronized on peer server [6] across different countries using EDMS application (Fig. 4). File watcher a pplication is used for this purpose to keep an eye on the files meta-data anc guarantee identicality of files. Sharing process is accompanied by auto email notification including comments and attachments which are used to inform all concerned users about all changes have been made to the files also fixed list of emails can be set by the manager tc keep all team leaders and management automatically informed about the sharing and submission process.
Figure 3: An overall diagram for ECG CDE and EDMS. IIE EEE The shared environment is the only source of valid design information shared between design team. Changes or modifications of files are not permitted for users on share folder, only updating files by sharing newer version is allowed only if the WIP files along with its meta data (size, date modified, sharing status which used for log usages and registers) are synchronized on peer server [6] across different countries using EDMS application (Fig. 4). File watcher a pplication is used for this purpose to keep an eye on the files meta-data anc guarantee identicality of files. Sharing process is accompanied by auto email notification including comments and attachments which are used to inform all concerned users about all changes have been made to the files also fixed list of emails can be set by the manager tc keep all team leaders and management automatically informed about the sharing and submission process.
Figure 11: Diagram for the overall data extraction and communication. \\ the code shows the sequence of adding project (get request data [name, modules, colour, status], insert the data into the database, create project directory, create modules directories, return respons: to the frontend)
Figure 11: Diagram for the overall data extraction and communication. \\ the code shows the sequence of adding project (get request data [name, modules, colour, status], insert the data into the database, create project directory, create modules directories, return respons: to the frontend)
When the latest version of architectural model is analysed, more than 76% of the model content was related to 7 categories of 69 used categories. These 7 categories are related to graphical representation of drawing such as annotation and drafting (wall tags, door tags, room tags, spot elevations, lines and dimensions) (Figs 14 and 15).
When the latest version of architectural model is analysed, more than 76% of the model content was related to 7 categories of 69 used categories. These 7 categories are related to graphical representation of drawing such as annotation and drafting (wall tags, door tags, room tags, spot elevations, lines and dimensions) (Figs 14 and 15).
Figure 15: Chart showing the percentage of model elements at the last version of Architectural BIM model.
Figure 15: Chart showing the percentage of model elements at the last version of Architectural BIM model.
rn > le rtrd <= bias aid Deine wt <= ne sae On the same submission when the fire and life safety latest model is analysed, more than 89% of model content was related to 4 categories. These categories are related to model elements such as pipes, pipe fittings, sprinklers and mechanical equipment (Fig. 17). At an intermediate progress share the file size suddenly increase from 150 mb to 233 mb with no justification. When progress graphs reviewed, text notes and detail items were having the same change. After analysing the case graphs deeply, the results were related to exploding CAD details inside Revit, which is not the best practice, corrective action is taken by purging and removing unwanted details components which lead to decrease the file size again to 169 mb (Fig. 18).
rn > le rtrd <= bias aid Deine wt <= ne sae On the same submission when the fire and life safety latest model is analysed, more than 89% of model content was related to 4 categories. These categories are related to model elements such as pipes, pipe fittings, sprinklers and mechanical equipment (Fig. 17). At an intermediate progress share the file size suddenly increase from 150 mb to 233 mb with no justification. When progress graphs reviewed, text notes and detail items were having the same change. After analysing the case graphs deeply, the results were related to exploding CAD details inside Revit, which is not the best practice, corrective action is taken by purging and removing unwanted details components which lead to decrease the file size again to 169 mb (Fig. 18).
Time restrictions meant that we were unable to recreate the final envelope geometry by drafting in 2D. Figure 1: Graphical scripting. For example, the computational design was able to reduce the perimeter within a range of 1 mto 15 m. This is turn reduced the facade and roof area. As designers, we ultimately chose 10 m, being cognisant of future collaboration with other disciplines and being at the time unaware of their specific space requirements and constraints.
Time restrictions meant that we were unable to recreate the final envelope geometry by drafting in 2D. Figure 1: Graphical scripting. For example, the computational design was able to reduce the perimeter within a range of 1 mto 15 m. This is turn reduced the facade and roof area. As designers, we ultimately chose 10 m, being cognisant of future collaboration with other disciplines and being at the time unaware of their specific space requirements and constraints.
The roof followed the same strategy as the facade but following an intersection of plane
The roof followed the same strategy as the facade but following an intersection of plane
Figure 4: C-value, sightline quality representation. At this stage everything is about geometry and information that can be analysed. This workflow allows the client to know the exact quality of view per each spectator according to multiple constraints such as: seat type, thread, riser height, vertical height to the point of focus, etc.
Figure 4: C-value, sightline quality representation. At this stage everything is about geometry and information that can be analysed. This workflow allows the client to know the exact quality of view per each spectator according to multiple constraints such as: seat type, thread, riser height, vertical height to the point of focus, etc.
Figure 5: Obstruction types.
Figure 5: Obstruction types.
The database work is a symbiosis of two concepts: data and geometry. Manual errors happened on a daily basis, so this process allowed auditing the quality of the data as well as combining the information from 389 models into one, allowing any facility manager, client, contractor, mechanical engineer, structure engineer, to audit the information and get an easy understanding in a few pages of what the whole project offers.
The database work is a symbiosis of two concepts: data and geometry. Manual errors happened on a daily basis, so this process allowed auditing the quality of the data as well as combining the information from 389 models into one, allowing any facility manager, client, contractor, mechanical engineer, structure engineer, to audit the information and get an easy understanding in a few pages of what the whole project offers.
Figure 8: Working collaborative in the cloud. Another key subject was the coordination of a live design day by day. How to manage clashes and coordinate the experience design. To understand what is happening in a project of this size considering all disciplines is extremely difficult, and there is a high risk that disciplines are not well coordinated. A weekly review/walkthrough of the model was essential with all parties present.
Figure 8: Working collaborative in the cloud. Another key subject was the coordination of a live design day by day. How to manage clashes and coordinate the experience design. To understand what is happening in a project of this size considering all disciplines is extremely difficult, and there is a high risk that disciplines are not well coordinated. A weekly review/walkthrough of the model was essential with all parties present.
Figure 9: Coordination with all disciplines.
Figure 9: Coordination with all disciplines.
Table 1: Technologies in construction [14]. Fourth industrial revolution is supposed to guide all the countries to a new era of modern construction. Engagement of construction with digitalization brings new term such as Construction 4.0 [3], Construction automation [13], and Digital Construction [15] are among the term used to refer to current construction revolution.
Table 1: Technologies in construction [14]. Fourth industrial revolution is supposed to guide all the countries to a new era of modern construction. Engagement of construction with digitalization brings new term such as Construction 4.0 [3], Construction automation [13], and Digital Construction [15] are among the term used to refer to current construction revolution.
Table 3: Crosstabulation management level and number of employees. Table 2: Crosstabulation management level and working experience.
Table 3: Crosstabulation management level and number of employees. Table 2: Crosstabulation management level and working experience.
problems experienced at the companies based on Likert scale. The survey was distributed by an online link. an online lnk. Based on the data obtained, an analysis was conducted by using SPSS to analyse the demographic information with Frequency Analysis and using SPSS in conducting Reliability Analysis and Factor Analysis for Likert scale questions. By using an online platform, we received 32 answers that we could analyse. Most responding respondents are from professional and from large firms (Tables 2 and 3), with the proportion of 16—20 working experience years (37.5%) and more than 50 workers in each organisation (48.4%).
problems experienced at the companies based on Likert scale. The survey was distributed by an online link. an online lnk. Based on the data obtained, an analysis was conducted by using SPSS to analyse the demographic information with Frequency Analysis and using SPSS in conducting Reliability Analysis and Factor Analysis for Likert scale questions. By using an online platform, we received 32 answers that we could analyse. Most responding respondents are from professional and from large firms (Tables 2 and 3), with the proportion of 16—20 working experience years (37.5%) and more than 50 workers in each organisation (48.4%).
Table 5: Economic issues.
Table 5: Economic issues.
Table 6: Social issues.
Table 6: Social issues.
Table 7: Technological issues.
Table 7: Technological issues.
Table 8: Environment issues.
Table 8: Environment issues.
A theoretical framework for understanding information sharing and exchange among the BIM supply chain members. together, serve as the guidelines for the exchange process, and form the basis of the exchange rule or principle that participants must abide by. Exchange rationale represents the requirements for smooth flow of exchange. The theoretical framework shows that exchange rationale enables the exchange, facilitates open information workflow, supports decision-making process, speed up workflow, and enables the creation of databases.
A theoretical framework for understanding information sharing and exchange among the BIM supply chain members. together, serve as the guidelines for the exchange process, and form the basis of the exchange rule or principle that participants must abide by. Exchange rationale represents the requirements for smooth flow of exchange. The theoretical framework shows that exchange rationale enables the exchange, facilitates open information workflow, supports decision-making process, speed up workflow, and enables the creation of databases.
nine attributes of information structure that define the aggregation and evaluation of the usefulness of an information according to studies such as Solihin et al. [38] and Nepal et al. [39].
nine attributes of information structure that define the aggregation and evaluation of the usefulness of an information according to studies such as Solihin et al. [38] and Nepal et al. [39].
Table 1: Meta-analysis estimates of the dimensions and components of ISE. the BIM-SCM through the perspectives of SET modified with theory of BIM-enabled collaborative behaviours (see Figs 1 and 2). A meta-analysis of the validity of the twenty variables identified as the components of ISE among the BIM-SCM revealed information quality and information structure as the constituents of ISE. The identification of information quality and information structure as the dimensions of ISE among the BIM-SCM by this study is in agreement with Hooper and Ekholm [7] which maintained that an efficient and smooth flow of ISE will be achieved when information is developed and delivered in the expected quality and form. The expected form stands for information structure and he expected quality represents information quality. Fig. | explains that BIM process and collaborative behaviours determine the nature of ISE (information demand and supply) among the BIM-SCM (that is, the dimensions of ISE among the BIM-SCM). The findings of his study reveal information quality and information structure as the dimensions of ISE among the BIM-SCM. This means that the smooth flow of information demand and supply in BIM process depends on the quality and structure of the information.
Table 1: Meta-analysis estimates of the dimensions and components of ISE. the BIM-SCM through the perspectives of SET modified with theory of BIM-enabled collaborative behaviours (see Figs 1 and 2). A meta-analysis of the validity of the twenty variables identified as the components of ISE among the BIM-SCM revealed information quality and information structure as the constituents of ISE. The identification of information quality and information structure as the dimensions of ISE among the BIM-SCM by this study is in agreement with Hooper and Ekholm [7] which maintained that an efficient and smooth flow of ISE will be achieved when information is developed and delivered in the expected quality and form. The expected form stands for information structure and he expected quality represents information quality. Fig. | explains that BIM process and collaborative behaviours determine the nature of ISE (information demand and supply) among the BIM-SCM (that is, the dimensions of ISE among the BIM-SCM). The findings of his study reveal information quality and information structure as the dimensions of ISE among the BIM-SCM. This means that the smooth flow of information demand and supply in BIM process depends on the quality and structure of the information.
These maturity levels are subject to evaluation within companies and to do so, maturity models are mainly used. They allow companies to position themselves in relation to a level, according to their practices and resources. They are divided into several types.
These maturity levels are subject to evaluation within companies and to do so, maturity models are mainly used. They allow companies to position themselves in relation to a level, according to their practices and resources. They are divided into several types.
Figure 2: Level mapping. The general path of the study can then be mapped and read as follow: assessment of maturity within the company, examination of the link between the CMM criteria and CSF, then find the links between the factors and the associated actions that will have to be carried out in order to reach the desired level of maturity. The general path can also be mapped as presented in Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Level mapping. The general path of the study can then be mapped and read as follow: assessment of maturity within the company, examination of the link between the CMM criteria and CSF, then find the links between the factors and the associated actions that will have to be carried out in order to reach the desired level of maturity. The general path can also be mapped as presented in Fig. 2.
For 1,150 requests sent, 104 responses were collected and analyzed, representing approximately 10% of the survey response rate. All respondents are employed in the construction industry.
For 1,150 requests sent, 104 responses were collected and analyzed, representing approximately 10% of the survey response rate. All respondents are employed in the construction industry.
As shown in Fig. 3, one third of the companies are ranked in the design office category (TDO), which reinforces the idea that most of the practices and expectations of companies are focused on technical issues (modelling, standardization, etc.) change and information management. In addition, the choice of tools for the operation of the BIM process is at the heart of considerations, in particular throughout the choice of exchange format and the company’s needs.
As shown in Fig. 3, one third of the companies are ranked in the design office category (TDO), which reinforces the idea that most of the practices and expectations of companies are focused on technical issues (modelling, standardization, etc.) change and information management. In addition, the choice of tools for the operation of the BIM process is at the heart of considerations, in particular throughout the choice of exchange format and the company’s needs.
The results that came out from this question were predictable. Indeed, maturity level 2 is now the most widespread within AIC companies (even if it is often poorly exploited). It is not surprising that this response represents the largest percentage. The very low percentage for level 3 is not surprising either due to the fact that level 3 is still very difficult to access for small and medium-sized structures in the construction industry. The percentage of companies with maturity level 1 can dramatically change in different surveys. It just enables to get the maturity level of a company at a certain moment.
The results that came out from this question were predictable. Indeed, maturity level 2 is now the most widespread within AIC companies (even if it is often poorly exploited). It is not surprising that this response represents the largest percentage. The very low percentage for level 3 is not surprising either due to the fact that level 3 is still very difficult to access for small and medium-sized structures in the construction industry. The percentage of companies with maturity level 1 can dramatically change in different surveys. It just enables to get the maturity level of a company at a certain moment.
For three quarters of the companies surveyed, the use of BIM remains recent (less than four years). For a percentage of projects carried out in BIM of less than 50%. These results, presented in Fig. 6, are in line with the various figures produced by the CSTB (Survey for the CSTB barometer, 2018) [22] within the framework of the PTNB. More than 68% of the companies asked use BIM as part of a strategic approach (focused on internal company skills) coupled with a contractual approach (in response to requirements defined in a BIM agreement or charter).
For three quarters of the companies surveyed, the use of BIM remains recent (less than four years). For a percentage of projects carried out in BIM of less than 50%. These results, presented in Fig. 6, are in line with the various figures produced by the CSTB (Survey for the CSTB barometer, 2018) [22] within the framework of the PTNB. More than 68% of the companies asked use BIM as part of a strategic approach (focused on internal company skills) coupled with a contractual approach (in response to requirements defined in a BIM agreement or charter).
Figure 8: Will of using BIM. The second section of the survey focused exclusively on the questions related to potential technical and information management training and maturity audits. The first asking question was about their will of using BIM. The results are grouped in Fig. 8 below.
Figure 8: Will of using BIM. The second section of the survey focused exclusively on the questions related to potential technical and information management training and maturity audits. The first asking question was about their will of using BIM. The results are grouped in Fig. 8 below.
3.3 Projection after analysis The share of undecided and negative responses is exactly equal as the number of people who have never heard of BIM. It is therefore legitimate to ask whether this reluctance to introduce BIM is not due to some form of fear of change, even if it is also very likely to result from a financial constraint or simply from a lack of time. The development is reaching the objective set at the beginning of the study, namely, the development of a structured methodology to support construction professionals in the implementation and evolution of BIM through the concept of maturity. The result presented throughout the study is based on numerous hypotheses and deductions that can be considered subjective or even arbitrary for some. This is what makes possible to highlight the limits of this model, limits that can be studied in order to overcome them and thus reinforce the current model, which will be more relevant.
3.3 Projection after analysis The share of undecided and negative responses is exactly equal as the number of people who have never heard of BIM. It is therefore legitimate to ask whether this reluctance to introduce BIM is not due to some form of fear of change, even if it is also very likely to result from a financial constraint or simply from a lack of time. The development is reaching the objective set at the beginning of the study, namely, the development of a structured methodology to support construction professionals in the implementation and evolution of BIM through the concept of maturity. The result presented throughout the study is based on numerous hypotheses and deductions that can be considered subjective or even arbitrary for some. This is what makes possible to highlight the limits of this model, limits that can be studied in order to overcome them and thus reinforce the current model, which will be more relevant.
Table 2: Coding of the main obstacles in the BIM-based factory planning process. Table 1: Assignment of in-depth expert knowledge regarding the main obstacles.
Table 2: Coding of the main obstacles in the BIM-based factory planning process. Table 1: Assignment of in-depth expert knowledge regarding the main obstacles.
The possibility of not completely automating the photogrammetric modelling process but being able to enter the camera mechanism allows a much more pragmatic and experimental approach to technological innovation; setting such as focal distances, overlapping, white balance and subsequent settings during image processing can be adjusted. The architect is thus trying to merge his traditional and photographic-perspective skills with new technological evolutions such as Agisoft Photoscan (Fig. 1) or Autodesk Recap platforms. A sort of journey into the past, material and physical, studied through a look to the future.
The possibility of not completely automating the photogrammetric modelling process but being able to enter the camera mechanism allows a much more pragmatic and experimental approach to technological innovation; setting such as focal distances, overlapping, white balance and subsequent settings during image processing can be adjusted. The architect is thus trying to merge his traditional and photographic-perspective skills with new technological evolutions such as Agisoft Photoscan (Fig. 1) or Autodesk Recap platforms. A sort of journey into the past, material and physical, studied through a look to the future.
Figure 2: Tetuan, Morocco, case study: Axonometry, parametric model. Software: Revit.
Figure 2: Tetuan, Morocco, case study: Axonometry, parametric model. Software: Revit.
Figure 3: Case study: Phase management, parametric model. Software: Revit. i Therefore, by comparing different phases (see Fig. 3) and different eras, the constant updating of the virtual BIM prototype allows us to add or delete information, thus updating the content of the model both from a geometric and an informative point of view. The thin line, therefore, between an “as-built” model, an “as is” model and an “as damaged” model turns out to be of fundamental importance in a restoration project, hence also permitting to study the evolution of the pathologies encountered overtime or the different deterioration phases that the case study has undergone. It’s so possible to understand the building with different point of view and different details carrying out a pathological study both graphic (see Fig. 4) and data-driven (see Fig. 5).
Figure 3: Case study: Phase management, parametric model. Software: Revit. i Therefore, by comparing different phases (see Fig. 3) and different eras, the constant updating of the virtual BIM prototype allows us to add or delete information, thus updating the content of the model both from a geometric and an informative point of view. The thin line, therefore, between an “as-built” model, an “as is” model and an “as damaged” model turns out to be of fundamental importance in a restoration project, hence also permitting to study the evolution of the pathologies encountered overtime or the different deterioration phases that the case study has undergone. It’s so possible to understand the building with different point of view and different details carrying out a pathological study both graphic (see Fig. 4) and data-driven (see Fig. 5).
Figure 4: Case study: diagnostic-pathological study, parametric model. Software: Revit.
Figure 4: Case study: diagnostic-pathological study, parametric model. Software: Revit.
This extraction of databases is crucial. Because of its complexity, the database must be clear and legible for everyone including less specialized. in the fact that the architect needs to interact with anyone in the case study.
This extraction of databases is crucial. Because of its complexity, the database must be clear and legible for everyone including less specialized. in the fact that the architect needs to interact with anyone in the case study.
Figure 6: Case study: Virtual reality, parametric model. Software: Revit Live. Moreover, in a final way of visualization and 360° total experience, should be used and developed a full immersion model as virtual reality (see Fig. 6) or augmented reality to guarantee a wider experience to the client or everyone who wants to know more about the case study.
Figure 6: Case study: Virtual reality, parametric model. Software: Revit Live. Moreover, in a final way of visualization and 360° total experience, should be used and developed a full immersion model as virtual reality (see Fig. 6) or augmented reality to guarantee a wider experience to the client or everyone who wants to know more about the case study.
Table 1: Plant maintenance/management work and participating personnel. control, bracket support, and tree trimming. The attribu e data required according to each of these items are classified into four groups including plant growth factors, types of machinery, personnel requirements, and waste disposal. Then, each work content will be related to different attributes. For example, the attribute informa trees are plant growth factors, types of machinery, and ion related to the watering of arbor personnel requirements. Following this approach, we can analyze each planting object with its attribute content and obtain the corresponding attribute information. The attribu maintenance work of other plants are summarized following the same procedure. e information associated with the
Table 1: Plant maintenance/management work and participating personnel. control, bracket support, and tree trimming. The attribu e data required according to each of these items are classified into four groups including plant growth factors, types of machinery, personnel requirements, and waste disposal. Then, each work content will be related to different attributes. For example, the attribute informa trees are plant growth factors, types of machinery, and ion related to the watering of arbor personnel requirements. Following this approach, we can analyze each planting object with its attribute content and obtain the corresponding attribute information. The attribu maintenance work of other plants are summarized following the same procedure. e information associated with the
Table 2: Hierarchical classification of OmniClass.
Table 2: Hierarchical classification of OmniClass.
Figure 2: Work architecture of routine maintenance of plants.
Figure 2: Work architecture of routine maintenance of plants.
Table 3: COBie information architecture for plant maintenance. The first layer is equipment and furniture (i.e., the product category), the second layer is plants and planting products, the third layer is outdoor planting, and the fourth layer is the planting sequence. Such a sequence follows the order of ground cover, bulbous plants, shrubs, conifers, and deciduous trees. Therefore, the planting code of the planting components is determined using this classification, as shown in Table 2. The rest of the information is included and compiled in the form of component field expansion to make it consistent with the additional information in the specification. Based on the analysis results
Table 3: COBie information architecture for plant maintenance. The first layer is equipment and furniture (i.e., the product category), the second layer is plants and planting products, the third layer is outdoor planting, and the fourth layer is the planting sequence. Such a sequence follows the order of ground cover, bulbous plants, shrubs, conifers, and deciduous trees. Therefore, the planting code of the planting components is determined using this classification, as shown in Table 2. The rest of the information is included and compiled in the form of component field expansion to make it consistent with the additional information in the specification. Based on the analysis results
Table 4: Maintenance information requirements and comparison of specifications.
Table 4: Maintenance information requirements and comparison of specifications.
In this study, Autodesk Revit is used to develop the landscape components and establish the associated model. Based on previous results on the information requirement of BIM components, content must be written in the specifications after confirming the information of BIM components. The writing of information can be achieved in three ways: (1) information is generated automatically by the drawing components in Revit (e.g., length, pipe diameter); (2) COBie parameters are directly written in the Revit file; and (3) MS Excel forms are exported through the COBie Toolkit. Therefore, it is important to first inspect the method used for writing the information in order to mitigate any duplicate or missing information. Next, a case study is performed using the planting component as an example. The information content required for connecting the type is constructed using the “type nature” in Revit. The components are used to connect different content in the case study. Therefore, when constructing the data form, it is necessary to establish the information required by the specification in each mode. Certain information such as name, producer, and location can be established by the COBie Toolkit, while documents such as the maintenance manual are constructed in Excel and are exported using the COBie Toolkit. After confirming the completion of the required components and information modes, we then proceed to establish a building information model according to each mode and further complete the COBie information content. In addition, there is a significant lack of landscape components in current BIM software. The incompatibility of several planting components in the local environment also makes them not applicable to the planning of domestic landscape plants. Therefore, in this study, we constructed relevant BIM components based on common plants used in domestic landscape projects. Furthermore, self-developed BIM components were defined in terms of attribute expansion, as shown in Fig. 4. Schematic of attribute field expansion for BIM components of plants developed in this study.
In this study, Autodesk Revit is used to develop the landscape components and establish the associated model. Based on previous results on the information requirement of BIM components, content must be written in the specifications after confirming the information of BIM components. The writing of information can be achieved in three ways: (1) information is generated automatically by the drawing components in Revit (e.g., length, pipe diameter); (2) COBie parameters are directly written in the Revit file; and (3) MS Excel forms are exported through the COBie Toolkit. Therefore, it is important to first inspect the method used for writing the information in order to mitigate any duplicate or missing information. Next, a case study is performed using the planting component as an example. The information content required for connecting the type is constructed using the “type nature” in Revit. The components are used to connect different content in the case study. Therefore, when constructing the data form, it is necessary to establish the information required by the specification in each mode. Certain information such as name, producer, and location can be established by the COBie Toolkit, while documents such as the maintenance manual are constructed in Excel and are exported using the COBie Toolkit. After confirming the completion of the required components and information modes, we then proceed to establish a building information model according to each mode and further complete the COBie information content. In addition, there is a significant lack of landscape components in current BIM software. The incompatibility of several planting components in the local environment also makes them not applicable to the planning of domestic landscape plants. Therefore, in this study, we constructed relevant BIM components based on common plants used in domestic landscape projects. Furthermore, self-developed BIM components were defined in terms of attribute expansion, as shown in Fig. 4. Schematic of attribute field expansion for BIM components of plants developed in this study.
> 5: BIM space defined based on the maintenance and management requirement of landscape plants.
> 5: BIM space defined based on the maintenance and management requirement of landscape plants.
Table 5: List of the plants used in the case study.
Table 5: List of the plants used in the case study.
Figure 6: Building information model of the case study.
Figure 6: Building information model of the case study.
COBie attribute tab exported from the landscape maintenance and management building information model.
COBie attribute tab exported from the landscape maintenance and management building information model.
Figure 8: Architecture of BIM-based AR landscape maintenance and management system.
Figure 8: Architecture of BIM-based AR landscape maintenance and management system.
In fact, modelling represents the starting tool for planning and designing the working phases, it allows to quantify in a unique way the project elements, simulating their installation, managing the construction phases and monitoring the aspects related to the technical, economic and temporal feasibility of the intervention.
In fact, modelling represents the starting tool for planning and designing the working phases, it allows to quantify in a unique way the project elements, simulating their installation, managing the construction phases and monitoring the aspects related to the technical, economic and temporal feasibility of the intervention.
Moreover, the risk factor and its management represent an essential component in the planning and scheduling approach, since its unpredictability can affect the operational choices made in project management and therefore influence the main factors of attention (time, costs and resources).
Moreover, the risk factor and its management represent an essential component in the planning and scheduling approach, since its unpredictability can affect the operational choices made in project management and therefore influence the main factors of attention (time, costs and resources).
Figure 4: Project plan and render view. Perit ste, Mat See eA hinseny one eae ea aaa Si a The health centre, since it is located close to the beach, will be equipped with a sea barrier along the coast line for a total of 320 m. Outside areas will be designed as well as parks and roof gardens.
Figure 4: Project plan and render view. Perit ste, Mat See eA hinseny one eae ea aaa Si a The health centre, since it is located close to the beach, will be equipped with a sea barrier along the coast line for a total of 320 m. Outside areas will be designed as well as parks and roof gardens.
Using a 4D BIM approach, it is possible to manage the fourth dimension parametrically, equipping the single objects of the model with a specific temporal dimension, always taking into account the different variables involved, thanks to the continuous synchronization of the inputs inserted in the BIM model with the respective 4D structure, providing a clear visibility of the project data, facilitating and speeding up communication, and the analysis of the impact of any variants with respect to the entire realization [10]. Figure 6: Task Synchro parameter use.
Using a 4D BIM approach, it is possible to manage the fourth dimension parametrically, equipping the single objects of the model with a specific temporal dimension, always taking into account the different variables involved, thanks to the continuous synchronization of the inputs inserted in the BIM model with the respective 4D structure, providing a clear visibility of the project data, facilitating and speeding up communication, and the analysis of the impact of any variants with respect to the entire realization [10]. Figure 6: Task Synchro parameter use.
the site evolution, simulating the expected construction sequence, allowing the project team to assess any construction interference and any other problem related to site management and construction [15].
the site evolution, simulating the expected construction sequence, allowing the project team to assess any construction interference and any other problem related to site management and construction [15].
Figure 1: Information Uses: BIMe. First, Model Uses are defined as a type of Information Uses that also includes aspect: related to the use of data and documents.
Figure 1: Information Uses: BIMe. First, Model Uses are defined as a type of Information Uses that also includes aspect: related to the use of data and documents.
The quantity take-off schedules exportable by the model and containing the most varied quantitative information is therefore necessary but not sufficient for the estimation process. This in fact evolves in a subsequent phase, within an environment in which the parametric object (architectural, structural, plant engineering, etc.) are linked to a work activity (deriving from the price list, or cost analysis), allowing the time and cost planning to be managed during the execution phase. ew i a * pn © awe OS er « wa BF
The quantity take-off schedules exportable by the model and containing the most varied quantitative information is therefore necessary but not sufficient for the estimation process. This in fact evolves in a subsequent phase, within an environment in which the parametric object (architectural, structural, plant engineering, etc.) are linked to a work activity (deriving from the price list, or cost analysis), allowing the time and cost planning to be managed during the execution phase. ew i a * pn © awe OS er « wa BF
This scenario can be realized with a BIM approach by assigning a code to each element referred to the WBS, defining a tree structure within the parametric computing environment that can be easily managed and interrogated (integrated with the cost values related to the individual work packages) that returns the quantitative data required for each activity package. The information model reflects a unique relationship between the object, the price list item (and therefore the calculation), and the activities of the work programme.
This scenario can be realized with a BIM approach by assigning a code to each element referred to the WBS, defining a tree structure within the parametric computing environment that can be easily managed and interrogated (integrated with the cost values related to the individual work packages) that returns the quantitative data required for each activity package. The information model reflects a unique relationship between the object, the price list item (and therefore the calculation), and the activities of the work programme.
Figure 4: Overview of the execution phase in the proposed methodology. Therefore, during the construction phase, quality and quantity controls are carried out on site on pre-established and periodic dates, and the data obtained are reported in the information model for each element subjected to control. Surveys then enrich and update the model with respect to the progress of works, defining a first Object POW (progress of
Figure 4: Overview of the execution phase in the proposed methodology. Therefore, during the construction phase, quality and quantity controls are carried out on site on pre-established and periodic dates, and the data obtained are reported in the information model for each element subjected to control. Surveys then enrich and update the model with respect to the progress of works, defining a first Object POW (progress of
Figure 5: Overview of the construction phase in the proposed methodology. work), which refers to the booklet of computations, which is updated following the initially chosen price list, filling in the accounting register. From here it is possible to draw up the “Progress of Work” (POW n.), relative to the works that have been concluded and for which the company is going to be remunerated.
Figure 5: Overview of the construction phase in the proposed methodology. work), which refers to the booklet of computations, which is updated following the initially chosen price list, filling in the accounting register. From here it is possible to draw up the “Progress of Work” (POW n.), relative to the works that have been concluded and for which the company is going to be remunerated.
Figure 7: Example of a calculation rule filter-based.
Figure 7: Example of a calculation rule filter-based.
Therefore, it was carried out an analysis based on the individual experiences of the students during their internship. Through this analysis it was possible to classify the activities carried out and based on the general model uses (GMU) and domain model uses (DMU) (codified by the BIMe initiative) [16], [17] respectively represented by categories of general model uses applicable across industries, information systems and knowledge domains (e.g. architectural modeling, conservation modelling, etc.) and those industry-specific (e.g. capturing and representing, planning and designing, etc.). Each experience was assigned a sample of three GMU and DMU, so that it was possible to summarize their distribution and identify the most frequents.
Therefore, it was carried out an analysis based on the individual experiences of the students during their internship. Through this analysis it was possible to classify the activities carried out and based on the general model uses (GMU) and domain model uses (DMU) (codified by the BIMe initiative) [16], [17] respectively represented by categories of general model uses applicable across industries, information systems and knowledge domains (e.g. architectural modeling, conservation modelling, etc.) and those industry-specific (e.g. capturing and representing, planning and designing, etc.). Each experience was assigned a sample of three GMU and DMU, so that it was possible to summarize their distribution and identify the most frequents.
Key: Capturing and Representing: 2010 2D Documentation; 2030 As-constructed Representation; 2080 Surveying; 2090 Visual Communication. Planning and Designing: 3020 Construction Planning; 3030 Demolition Planning; 3040 Design Authoring; 3080 Operations Planning; 3100 Space Programming; 3110 Urban Planning; 3120 Value Analysis Simulating and Quantifying: 4010 Accessibility Analysis; 4040 Clash Detection; 4060 Constructability Analysis; 4065 Construction Operation Analysis; 4070 Cost Estimation; 4090 Energy Utilisation; 4120 Lighting Analysis; 4130 Quantity Take-off; 4180 Site Analysis; 4190 Solar Analysis; 4230 Thermal Analysis; Constructing and Fabricating: 5010 3D Printing; 5020 Architectural Modules Prefabrication; 5030 Casework Prefabrication; Operating and Maintaining: 6010 Asset Maintenance; 6030 Asset Tracking [8]. (b)
Key: Capturing and Representing: 2010 2D Documentation; 2030 As-constructed Representation; 2080 Surveying; 2090 Visual Communication. Planning and Designing: 3020 Construction Planning; 3030 Demolition Planning; 3040 Design Authoring; 3080 Operations Planning; 3100 Space Programming; 3110 Urban Planning; 3120 Value Analysis Simulating and Quantifying: 4010 Accessibility Analysis; 4040 Clash Detection; 4060 Constructability Analysis; 4065 Construction Operation Analysis; 4070 Cost Estimation; 4090 Energy Utilisation; 4120 Lighting Analysis; 4130 Quantity Take-off; 4180 Site Analysis; 4190 Solar Analysis; 4230 Thermal Analysis; Constructing and Fabricating: 5010 3D Printing; 5020 Architectural Modules Prefabrication; 5030 Casework Prefabrication; Operating and Maintaining: 6010 Asset Maintenance; 6030 Asset Tracking [8]. (b)
Figure 2: Results for overall load bearing system.
Figure 2: Results for overall load bearing system.
Figure 3: From LOD 300 model and detailing
Figure 3: From LOD 300 model and detailing
Figure 4: Screenshot of physical properties settings.
Figure 4: Screenshot of physical properties settings.
Table 1: Displayed formula for an embodied CO) calculation. Table 2: CO footprint schedule generated in Revit Structure.
Table 1: Displayed formula for an embodied CO) calculation. Table 2: CO footprint schedule generated in Revit Structure.
Table 3: Template for structural and sustainability comparative analysis.
Table 3: Template for structural and sustainability comparative analysis.
Figure 1: Structural elements of a tenant-based building description ordered in layers.
Figure 1: Structural elements of a tenant-based building description ordered in layers.
Table 1: Software overview based on Eilif [3]. function and the associated space-forming components. This creates a relationship between space and component, which is a cornerstone of model-based work. This scheme is also used in the IFC. The order system of the information provided by the IFC is subdivided from the building to a floor to a room. By these aggregation relations the data model of the IFC reflects the space program of the building description one by one [5], [6]. Therefore the IFC describes the contents of the tenant building description sufficiently exactly. In addition, the application of a neutral data format makes it possible to use BIM across different data interfaces, in the sense of OpenBIM, and to apply the checking procedures to all projects.
Table 1: Software overview based on Eilif [3]. function and the associated space-forming components. This creates a relationship between space and component, which is a cornerstone of model-based work. This scheme is also used in the IFC. The order system of the information provided by the IFC is subdivided from the building to a floor to a room. By these aggregation relations the data model of the IFC reflects the space program of the building description one by one [5], [6]. Therefore the IFC describes the contents of the tenant building description sufficiently exactly. In addition, the application of a neutral data format makes it possible to use BIM across different data interfaces, in the sense of OpenBIM, and to apply the checking procedures to all projects.
LL *L:? . .e-”” hUmme Um ee eee ee ee ee ele ee ee ee The first attempts to test the LOD were made with BIMQ and SMC. In BIMQ, the LOD requirements to comply with were defined and imported into the predefined rule by SMC. The result was that the implementation for checking of geometric properties and relations was difficult and the previously defined checking contents could not be completely covered. Since the model check with BIMQ and Solibri Model Checker proved to be insufficient, the check was implemented in DesiteMD. The access to the API in DesiteMD made it possible to compensate for missing functions of the program as well as to exceed them by SMC. Thus, a collision or contact check could be done to establish a link between wall and fall or offset brick. The quality properties to be checked can be performed on the example model (Fig. 2) and stored in a table (Fig. 3). For test purposes, the sample model consists of four walls, each with different levels of detail. On the basis of this examination it could be shown that a quality examination with reference to the LOD is possible.
LL *L:? . .e-”” hUmme Um ee eee ee ee ee ele ee ee ee The first attempts to test the LOD were made with BIMQ and SMC. In BIMQ, the LOD requirements to comply with were defined and imported into the predefined rule by SMC. The result was that the implementation for checking of geometric properties and relations was difficult and the previously defined checking contents could not be completely covered. Since the model check with BIMQ and Solibri Model Checker proved to be insufficient, the check was implemented in DesiteMD. The access to the API in DesiteMD made it possible to compensate for missing functions of the program as well as to exceed them by SMC. Thus, a collision or contact check could be done to establish a link between wall and fall or offset brick. The quality properties to be checked can be performed on the example model (Fig. 2) and stored in a table (Fig. 3). For test purposes, the sample model consists of four walls, each with different levels of detail. On the basis of this examination it could be shown that a quality examination with reference to the LOD is possible.
In the implementation of the content checking procedure, it became clear that checking parts can be done by existing software solutions, but a continuous checking in one software solution is not possible. For this reason, a consistent solution for checking the tenant building description in DesiteMD was developed. In a first step, checking rules were created for the test procedure shown in Fig. 4. The focus of this development is based on the checking of component space relationships. For this kind of checking it was essential to create relations of objects by geometric operations, like clash detection. Because relations in the IFC can be
In the implementation of the content checking procedure, it became clear that checking parts can be done by existing software solutions, but a continuous checking in one software solution is not possible. For this reason, a consistent solution for checking the tenant building description in DesiteMD was developed. In a first step, checking rules were created for the test procedure shown in Fig. 4. The focus of this development is based on the checking of component space relationships. For this kind of checking it was essential to create relations of objects by geometric operations, like clash detection. Because relations in the IFC can be
Figure 5: Extract of the data model to describe the relation of the room and wall.
Figure 5: Extract of the data model to describe the relation of the room and wall.
SE Ee SE A Pe Le PT ee ae Ra Te Pee: koe: CY wee a Me EO ee ee ee eee, The requirements stored in the database can be exported at any time as checking parameters and loaded into the prepared rules. In addition to the checking rules and parameters, the user must be provided with an intuitive user interface and the option of plausibility checking. For this purpose, the option for creating own forms provided by DesiteMD was used (Fig. 6). It is not enough to find planning errors within the inspection process; planning errors must also be communicated. The BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) could be used for this purpose. BCF makes it possible, to link faulty objects with an image and a comment to communicate the mistakes with planners. The software provides natively a formula for BCF communication as shown in Fig. 7.
SE Ee SE A Pe Le PT ee ae Ra Te Pee: koe: CY wee a Me EO ee ee ee eee, The requirements stored in the database can be exported at any time as checking parameters and loaded into the prepared rules. In addition to the checking rules and parameters, the user must be provided with an intuitive user interface and the option of plausibility checking. For this purpose, the option for creating own forms provided by DesiteMD was used (Fig. 6). It is not enough to find planning errors within the inspection process; planning errors must also be communicated. The BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) could be used for this purpose. BCF makes it possible, to link faulty objects with an image and a comment to communicate the mistakes with planners. The software provides natively a formula for BCF communication as shown in Fig. 7.
As shown in Fig. 3 left corner, Revit displays a Sigma Estimate plugin, a link that allows connection of Revit quantities with Sigma. The level of cost estimate always aligns with the Level of Development (LOD) in the model. If the model is at LOD 100, the cost estimate will be gross floor area based. Later, at LOD 300, Revit links element quantities from the model with element cost in Sigma, providing an Elemental Cost Plan for design information and regulatory check purposes.
As shown in Fig. 3 left corner, Revit displays a Sigma Estimate plugin, a link that allows connection of Revit quantities with Sigma. The level of cost estimate always aligns with the Level of Development (LOD) in the model. If the model is at LOD 100, the cost estimate will be gross floor area based. Later, at LOD 300, Revit links element quantities from the model with element cost in Sigma, providing an Elemental Cost Plan for design information and regulatory check purposes.
Figure 5: QTO linked with price data.
Figure 5: QTO linked with price data.
Se eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee ann ee NI I IE NIE ED The cost library in Sigma (Fig. 7) also contains data for construction time per Unit | Measurement (UoM) in hours, for each element, and construction time total in hours for tl whole QTO of each element type. Time data represents construction duration used by o1 construction worker for a task. For scheduling purposes, the total hours for each element exported from Sigma to MS Project. During the computing process of time data between tl two software, the latter will divide total hours to standard working hours per day, in Denma: 7.4 hours, and create the exact breakdown structure of works in MS Project as prepared Sigma, displaying Gant bars with a duration total of one-man days for each activity. The: steps are not illustrated in the paper due to paper size limitation. The remaining tasks f scheduling is manual. Each activity will be analysed with regard to the crew sizes necessa to perform the job, contingencies and relationships are determined, and the curing time for concreting works. After this, activiti MS project layout finalised as displayed in Fig. 8. Figure 6: Revit QTO export to Sigma.
Se eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee ann ee NI I IE NIE ED The cost library in Sigma (Fig. 7) also contains data for construction time per Unit | Measurement (UoM) in hours, for each element, and construction time total in hours for tl whole QTO of each element type. Time data represents construction duration used by o1 construction worker for a task. For scheduling purposes, the total hours for each element exported from Sigma to MS Project. During the computing process of time data between tl two software, the latter will divide total hours to standard working hours per day, in Denma: 7.4 hours, and create the exact breakdown structure of works in MS Project as prepared Sigma, displaying Gant bars with a duration total of one-man days for each activity. The: steps are not illustrated in the paper due to paper size limitation. The remaining tasks f scheduling is manual. Each activity will be analysed with regard to the crew sizes necessa to perform the job, contingencies and relationships are determined, and the curing time for concreting works. After this, activiti MS project layout finalised as displayed in Fig. 8. Figure 6: Revit QTO export to Sigma.
Figure 8: Duration data exported from Sigma to MSP, Crews and relations determined.
Figure 8: Duration data exported from Sigma to MSP, Crews and relations determined.
Figure 9: iTWO baseline — Core structure. (Source: Courtesy of RIB A/S.) Incorporation of iTWO teaching in the study plan started in spring, 2018 in the 4th semester Construction Management elective. After lecturing sessions in the VDC lab, students worked with iTWO both within the formally scheduled sessions and outside the study work plan. They used the 3D project models developed by themselves in the Core Program of the 4th semester. After importing the model from Revit into iTWO, students have reproduced a real-life scenario of a digital tender situation. The BIM Qualifier function seemed to interest them a lot, as it cheeked the quality of their 3D model. Moreover, the check of the “Client BoQ with QTO” released in the “tender material” against the Actual QTO (AQ) measured by them in iTWO as “contractors” (Fig. 11), provided valuable group reflections. For this exercise, students used the BoQ with quantities created by themselves in
Figure 9: iTWO baseline — Core structure. (Source: Courtesy of RIB A/S.) Incorporation of iTWO teaching in the study plan started in spring, 2018 in the 4th semester Construction Management elective. After lecturing sessions in the VDC lab, students worked with iTWO both within the formally scheduled sessions and outside the study work plan. They used the 3D project models developed by themselves in the Core Program of the 4th semester. After importing the model from Revit into iTWO, students have reproduced a real-life scenario of a digital tender situation. The BIM Qualifier function seemed to interest them a lot, as it cheeked the quality of their 3D model. Moreover, the check of the “Client BoQ with QTO” released in the “tender material” against the Actual QTO (AQ) measured by them in iTWO as “contractors” (Fig. 11), provided valuable group reflections. For this exercise, students used the BoQ with quantities created by themselves in
Figure 10: iT WO Baseline course content for teaching. (Source: Courtesy of RIB A/S.)
Figure 10: iT WO Baseline course content for teaching. (Source: Courtesy of RIB A/S.)
Figure 11: Client QTO and Actual QTO.
Figure 11: Client QTO and Actual QTO.
Figure 12: QTO prepared by the contractor.
Figure 12: QTO prepared by the contractor.
Figure 13: Elements cost estimate.
Figure 13: Elements cost estimate.
development diagram shows the progress of construction costs, revenue, quantity, and construction budget total. These simulations are core elements in iTWO, where any alteration of design or construction sequence automatically changes the course of the cost.
development diagram shows the progress of construction costs, revenue, quantity, and construction budget total. These simulations are core elements in iTWO, where any alteration of design or construction sequence automatically changes the course of the cost.
Figure 1: Components of the corporate design.
Figure 1: Components of the corporate design.
Example of an excel spreadsheet with the list of information required by the public organization.
Example of an excel spreadsheet with the list of information required by the public organization.
To develop the library in proprietary format we used the release 2018 of the software Autodesk Revit®. The adopted process is illustrated in Figure 3: and can be described as follows: we modelled each component of the Corporate Design within the category “Generic Model” as single Revit® Family. Then we nested the components in a main Revit Family, wherein all the information associated to each component have been modelled.
To develop the library in proprietary format we used the release 2018 of the software Autodesk Revit®. The adopted process is illustrated in Figure 3: and can be described as follows: we modelled each component of the Corporate Design within the category “Generic Model” as single Revit® Family. Then we nested the components in a main Revit Family, wherein all the information associated to each component have been modelled.
i, Se, OO ts Through the TFC 1 viewer BIMvision, each IFC file ‘has been checked in order to test missing geometries and/or information. Moreover, the IFC files have also been opened in the three BIM software Revit®, Allplan® and Archicad® to evaluate the effective possibility to exchange information between different BIM software using IFC format. Figure 4: Research method, step 3: diagram of the workflow.
i, Se, OO ts Through the TFC 1 viewer BIMvision, each IFC file ‘has been checked in order to test missing geometries and/or information. Moreover, the IFC files have also been opened in the three BIM software Revit®, Allplan® and Archicad® to evaluate the effective possibility to exchange information between different BIM software using IFC format. Figure 4: Research method, step 3: diagram of the workflow.
T.4.4 Quanuty and Costs CalCulavion A schedule has the main purpose of displaying costs and quantity, in order to develop a cos and a quantity estimation. When using the proprietary format library, Revit® generate schedules only with Revit® Built-in Parameters. To schedule personalized parameters into project environment, it is necessary to re-create each parameter as Shared or Projec parameter. With both the open format libraries, it is possible to generate schedules with al the personalized parameters already collected into the BIM objects. As illustrated in Fig. | Example of duplicated parameters when uploading each BIM objects as a single file into the project environment in Autodesk Revit®.
T.4.4 Quanuty and Costs CalCulavion A schedule has the main purpose of displaying costs and quantity, in order to develop a cos and a quantity estimation. When using the proprietary format library, Revit® generate schedules only with Revit® Built-in Parameters. To schedule personalized parameters into project environment, it is necessary to re-create each parameter as Shared or Projec parameter. With both the open format libraries, it is possible to generate schedules with al the personalized parameters already collected into the BIM objects. As illustrated in Fig. | Example of duplicated parameters when uploading each BIM objects as a single file into the project environment in Autodesk Revit®.
The results show that it is possible to set IFC files in the project environment using Revit®, Allplan® and Archicad ®. In addition to that, users may export another IFC file, after having modified alphanumeric information.
The results show that it is possible to set IFC files in the project environment using Revit®, Allplan® and Archicad ®. In addition to that, users may export another IFC file, after having modified alphanumeric information.
Table 1: Potential application of AR-BIM in the construction industry.
Table 1: Potential application of AR-BIM in the construction industry.
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Table 2: Cross-tabulation of respondent backgrounds.
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Table 2: Cross-tabulation of respondent backgrounds.
Table 3: Potential application of AR during construction. Table 4: Challenges of AR-BIM adoption.
Table 3: Potential application of AR during construction. Table 4: Challenges of AR-BIM adoption.
While looking at the challenges for AR-BIM adoption as shown in Table 4, the industry seems to disagree that lack of external incentives and training issues had hurdled them for the adoption for Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Their main concern is on financial issues. While Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) might have limited turnover for software and hardware improvement, those from well-established company might also feel challenging to request additional budget from financial department, who had limited knowledge and awareness on BIM. Meanwhile four countries respondents agreed on the challenges of staff buy-in, high software cost and additional cost for hardware upgrade. a a a see ee: ee a ee ee ee
While looking at the challenges for AR-BIM adoption as shown in Table 4, the industry seems to disagree that lack of external incentives and training issues had hurdled them for the adoption for Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Their main concern is on financial issues. While Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) might have limited turnover for software and hardware improvement, those from well-established company might also feel challenging to request additional budget from financial department, who had limited knowledge and awareness on BIM. Meanwhile four countries respondents agreed on the challenges of staff buy-in, high software cost and additional cost for hardware upgrade. a a a see ee: ee a ee ee ee
technologies and these generations are given more opportunities in developing technologies knowledge. Besides, the respondents from the four countries agreed that AR-BIM is able to improve their job quality, productivity, effectiveness, decision making and communication. This is mostly due to the ability of AR and BIM that integrated the project information into one model, presented through a single virtual model. However, Turkey professionals disagreed that the AR-BIM given opportunity for the user to access more information. This can be seen that the factor is eliminated during PCA analysis. In Turkish opinion, AR-BIM might able to integrate the information into one single model, presented through AR form in handheld devices to enhance the efficiency of project execution. But there are information that could not be integrated in AR model at the current stage for example the costing and scheduling information. Eventually the current AR-BIM in the market is able to present the virtual model only without integrating the 4D, 5D and 6D information. Table 5: Elements defining AR-BIM acceptance.
technologies and these generations are given more opportunities in developing technologies knowledge. Besides, the respondents from the four countries agreed that AR-BIM is able to improve their job quality, productivity, effectiveness, decision making and communication. This is mostly due to the ability of AR and BIM that integrated the project information into one model, presented through a single virtual model. However, Turkey professionals disagreed that the AR-BIM given opportunity for the user to access more information. This can be seen that the factor is eliminated during PCA analysis. In Turkish opinion, AR-BIM might able to integrate the information into one single model, presented through AR form in handheld devices to enhance the efficiency of project execution. But there are information that could not be integrated in AR model at the current stage for example the costing and scheduling information. Eventually the current AR-BIM in the market is able to present the virtual model only without integrating the 4D, 5D and 6D information. Table 5: Elements defining AR-BIM acceptance.
Figure 1: Software architecture for AR-BIM.
Figure 1: Software architecture for AR-BIM.
Figure 3: BIM model for selected building.
Figure 3: BIM model for selected building.
The virtua of AR-BIM. 3D model shown in the tablet (in Fig. 4) indicated the walkthrough experience The entire AR-BIM platform is done by using Unity, Vuforia and C# programming knowledge. However, the limitation of the above preliminary integration is the positioning o f reality experience in the virtual model. The ideal AR-BIM model should be able to integrate both virtual model and reality in a same platform, but the Fig. 4 tablet shows platform. Alt model in the but it can be he virtual model only. This is mainly due to the incomplete C# programming in the Unity hough the AR-BIM model is not perfect but it proven the digital construction concept that AR integration in BIM is workable. From the study, the AR-BIM is most useful for the facility management team in handling operation and maintenance activities. The 3D ablet gives clear indication of underlying service inside the wall or beneath the floor. Besides, the contribution of the AR-BIM can be seen from the education aspects. The industry training for the young engineers no longer needed to be present at construction site, conducted in office using the AR-BIM model. This significantly reduces the accident risk for the young engineers.
The virtua of AR-BIM. 3D model shown in the tablet (in Fig. 4) indicated the walkthrough experience The entire AR-BIM platform is done by using Unity, Vuforia and C# programming knowledge. However, the limitation of the above preliminary integration is the positioning o f reality experience in the virtual model. The ideal AR-BIM model should be able to integrate both virtual model and reality in a same platform, but the Fig. 4 tablet shows platform. Alt model in the but it can be he virtual model only. This is mainly due to the incomplete C# programming in the Unity hough the AR-BIM model is not perfect but it proven the digital construction concept that AR integration in BIM is workable. From the study, the AR-BIM is most useful for the facility management team in handling operation and maintenance activities. The 3D ablet gives clear indication of underlying service inside the wall or beneath the floor. Besides, the contribution of the AR-BIM can be seen from the education aspects. The industry training for the young engineers no longer needed to be present at construction site, conducted in office using the AR-BIM model. This significantly reduces the accident risk for the young engineers.
Figure 1: Location of the “Royal Tobacco Factory” in Seville. (Source: Authors.)
Figure 1: Location of the “Royal Tobacco Factory” in Seville. (Source: Authors.)
Main facade of the “Royal Tobacco Factory” on Calle San Fernando. (Source: Authors.)
Main facade of the “Royal Tobacco Factory” on Calle San Fernando. (Source: Authors.)
Since 1954, the building has therefore been the seat of the Rectorate of the University and of the faculties of law, literature and science. Today, the tobacco factory is one of the oldest preserved industrial buildings in Europe [14].
Since 1954, the building has therefore been the seat of the Rectorate of the University and of the faculties of law, literature and science. Today, the tobacco factory is one of the oldest preserved industrial buildings in Europe [14].
The WBS is usually represented in graphical (tree structure) or descriptive (index structure) form. With regard to worksite activities, the use of WBS makes it possible to improve communication between the different actors and to better understand everything that happens during the work execution process. Each activity is unambiguous, since it is
The WBS is usually represented in graphical (tree structure) or descriptive (index structure) form. With regard to worksite activities, the use of WBS makes it possible to improve communication between the different actors and to better understand everything that happens during the work execution process. Each activity is unambiguous, since it is
Workspace in STR Vision CPM and in Autodesk Navisworks Simulate. (Source: Authors.) TE See BE US EEE ee A. Ree ee ee ee Le | Rae ee STR Vision CPM is an Italian software of quantity surveying that contains a BIM platform for the IFC model vision. It allows linking the model, the measurements and the GANTT diagram to directly execute the simulation. There are two possibilities to do the 3D linked quantity survey: one is to manually execute the quantity take off from each model family and for each WBS work package. This option is relatively simple although quite cumbersome. The alternative is to create a parametric calculation of the quantity survey that contains the detection rules set for each item, repeatable for all the different levels of WBS. Once this procedure has been performed, by updating the model the measurements and the calculations are automatically updated at the same time. Each work package can be associated with one or more elements in the model. In this way, it is possible to create visualization styles to represent temporal phases and the works progress. The elements can
Workspace in STR Vision CPM and in Autodesk Navisworks Simulate. (Source: Authors.) TE See BE US EEE ee A. Ree ee ee ee Le | Rae ee STR Vision CPM is an Italian software of quantity surveying that contains a BIM platform for the IFC model vision. It allows linking the model, the measurements and the GANTT diagram to directly execute the simulation. There are two possibilities to do the 3D linked quantity survey: one is to manually execute the quantity take off from each model family and for each WBS work package. This option is relatively simple although quite cumbersome. The alternative is to create a parametric calculation of the quantity survey that contains the detection rules set for each item, repeatable for all the different levels of WBS. Once this procedure has been performed, by updating the model the measurements and the calculations are automatically updated at the same time. Each work package can be associated with one or more elements in the model. In this way, it is possible to create visualization styles to represent temporal phases and the works progress. The elements can
The choice was to find an existing catalogue and remodel from scratch all the objects needed for the model, creating families that directly contain all the information provided by the manufacturer. For this purpose, the catalogue of PERI, a German company, was chosen, 3D model of the scaffolding and the portal on Autodesk Revit. (Source: Authors.)
The choice was to find an existing catalogue and remodel from scratch all the objects needed for the model, creating families that directly contain all the information provided by the manufacturer. For this purpose, the catalogue of PERI, a German company, was chosen, 3D model of the scaffolding and the portal on Autodesk Revit. (Source: Authors.)
Figure 7: Scaffolding safety analysis. Individuation of a empty space. (Source: Authors.)
Figure 7: Scaffolding safety analysis. Individuation of a empty space. (Source: Authors.)
Figure 9: 3D model of the scaffolding. (Source: Authors.)
Figure 9: 3D model of the scaffolding. (Source: Authors.)
Several methods for real estate valuation exist in the literature. These methods can be grouped into traditional and advanced ones. Some examples of the traditional methods are: Regression models, Comparable method, Cost method, Income method, profit and contractor’s method. Some of the advanced methods are Artificial neural networks, hedonic pricing method, spatial analysis methods, fuzzy logic [4].
Several methods for real estate valuation exist in the literature. These methods can be grouped into traditional and advanced ones. Some examples of the traditional methods are: Regression models, Comparable method, Cost method, Income method, profit and contractor’s method. Some of the advanced methods are Artificial neural networks, hedonic pricing method, spatial analysis methods, fuzzy logic [4].
Table 1: Indoors impact factors.
Table 1: Indoors impact factors.
BIM noise propagation analysis determines the decibel value by professional analysis model. BIM indoor daylight analysis is based on the detailed 3D building model by considering the different construction materials to calculate the daylight factor under different sunlight conditions [3 6]. oa a ee . aq: ce pnw4fsfe . 7 ie ~ ~ se KS
BIM noise propagation analysis determines the decibel value by professional analysis model. BIM indoor daylight analysis is based on the detailed 3D building model by considering the different construction materials to calculate the daylight factor under different sunlight conditions [3 6]. oa a ee . aq: ce pnw4fsfe . 7 ie ~ ~ se KS
These factors are analyzed, and the property value is estimated by weighting each factor. The weighting valuation can be conducted based on national/international performance standards. An example of this valuation according to standards for the daylight factor is presented in Table 2. However, first housing valuation determination is intended to be adjusted in case of any changes that could affect the BIM model (i.e. change of materials due to the budget’s limits). Therefore, the weight of some factors can be impacted, which makes the final value estimated through an iterative process.
These factors are analyzed, and the property value is estimated by weighting each factor. The weighting valuation can be conducted based on national/international performance standards. An example of this valuation according to standards for the daylight factor is presented in Table 2. However, first housing valuation determination is intended to be adjusted in case of any changes that could affect the BIM model (i.e. change of materials due to the budget’s limits). Therefore, the weight of some factors can be impacted, which makes the final value estimated through an iterative process.
2 USE OF BIM As A LOOL FOR sIRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The structural engineer is usually provided with a proposed building design that must be analysed and designed to withstand external loads/actions. If this proposal is delivered as a conceptual BIM model, the work begins with converting the conceptual model into a structural BIM model. Columns, beams, walls and doors must be assigned attributes that define their structural properties. This is a process that can involve cooperation with the architect from the beginning of the conceptual design, especially if the structure is likely to require advanced structural design. When the structural BIM model has been assembled, the structure can be analysed in FEA (Finite Element Analysis)/FEM software. The engineer may choose to define the analytical model within the BIM model or to allow the FEA/FEM software to define it outside the BIM model. Whether it is chosen to define the AM within the BIM model or not, there are a few options for transferring the structure to the FEA/FEM tools, as shown in Fig. 1. Norwegian AEC industries widely use software, Focus Konstruksjon, SOFiSTiK and Robot Structural Analysis (RSA), in structural analysis and design. Before starting the analysis of structures, it is vital to transfer the AM to the aforementioned software. It is vital to follow the workflow of each type of software. For example, Focus Konstruksjon can accomplish direct transfer of data, as shown in Fig. 2. However, significant differences
2 USE OF BIM As A LOOL FOR sIRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The structural engineer is usually provided with a proposed building design that must be analysed and designed to withstand external loads/actions. If this proposal is delivered as a conceptual BIM model, the work begins with converting the conceptual model into a structural BIM model. Columns, beams, walls and doors must be assigned attributes that define their structural properties. This is a process that can involve cooperation with the architect from the beginning of the conceptual design, especially if the structure is likely to require advanced structural design. When the structural BIM model has been assembled, the structure can be analysed in FEA (Finite Element Analysis)/FEM software. The engineer may choose to define the analytical model within the BIM model or to allow the FEA/FEM software to define it outside the BIM model. Whether it is chosen to define the AM within the BIM model or not, there are a few options for transferring the structure to the FEA/FEM tools, as shown in Fig. 1. Norwegian AEC industries widely use software, Focus Konstruksjon, SOFiSTiK and Robot Structural Analysis (RSA), in structural analysis and design. Before starting the analysis of structures, it is vital to transfer the AM to the aforementioned software. It is vital to follow the workflow of each type of software. For example, Focus Konstruksjon can accomplish direct transfer of data, as shown in Fig. 2. However, significant differences
can occur between the AM in Revit and in Focus. Also, the work is somewhat detached from Revit, in the sense that once the data is transferred, the Revit model is “forgotten” until the analysis is done (one-way communication). However, RSA allows for the direct transfer of data. The Revit link option generates a close relationship between the Revit model and the analysis RSA (two-way communication). The workflow of such a level of integration is shown in Fig. 3. SOFiSTiK allows for direct transfer of data. It is even possible to analyse forces and design members from within Revit and; such a level of integration is shown in Fig. 4 (two-way communication). 2.1 Industrial challenges One challenge that structural engineers face while working with BIM models is achieving integrity in the analytical model (AM), which represents the structural system derived from the BIM model. If the modelling work is done without proper attention to the AM, the analysed BIM model might contain analytical discontinuities in the connections between the structural elements. Overcoming these discontinuities can be a time-consuming task, forcing many projects to remake the entire structure within the FEA software. These: moacn ofavAaiacn thee chines here Tew Ged fog leer ceendnc her Albom Pee hehe At
can occur between the AM in Revit and in Focus. Also, the work is somewhat detached from Revit, in the sense that once the data is transferred, the Revit model is “forgotten” until the analysis is done (one-way communication). However, RSA allows for the direct transfer of data. The Revit link option generates a close relationship between the Revit model and the analysis RSA (two-way communication). The workflow of such a level of integration is shown in Fig. 3. SOFiSTiK allows for direct transfer of data. It is even possible to analyse forces and design members from within Revit and; such a level of integration is shown in Fig. 4 (two-way communication). 2.1 Industrial challenges One challenge that structural engineers face while working with BIM models is achieving integrity in the analytical model (AM), which represents the structural system derived from the BIM model. If the modelling work is done without proper attention to the AM, the analysed BIM model might contain analytical discontinuities in the connections between the structural elements. Overcoming these discontinuities can be a time-consuming task, forcing many projects to remake the entire structure within the FEA software. These: moacn ofavAaiacn thee chines here Tew Ged fog leer ceendnc her Albom Pee hehe At
building; it has around 10,700 m/ of floor space, approximately 6,200 m? of which is storage space for the Norwegian National Archives. It was completed in 2017, and the structural design of the building was conducted by one of the consultant companies, Niras Norge AS, Stavanger, Norway, along with some subcontractors. The floors below ground are built up of prefabricated concrete floor slabs, resting on prefabricated concrete beams and concrete columns. The floors above ground are modelled as cast in situ concrete on steel beams and columns. In this case study, Revit software has been transferred to FEM tools, Focus Konstruksjon, Robot Structural Analysis and SOFiSTiK. The initial model in Revit is improved until signs of reasonable behaviour can be shown in the analytical model. Table | gives a summary of findings after applying the workflows of different software (i.e. Figs 2, 3 and 4) for the Arkivenes Hus building. According to the results, it can be seen that, if the Revit model does not model considering proper workflow, it results in a lot of errors after transferring to FEM tools. Furthermore, it is quite time-consuming to adjust errors in FEM tools. The success and accuracy of any analysis relies on the AM being consistent and correctly assembled. On inspection, the model of Arkivenes Hus had a variety of problems, such as discontinuity in connection points (e.g. slab to column), overlap of line segments (e.g. prefab slabs overlapping) and continuous columns going through several floors. These are all errors that will either prevent the analysis from starting or severely skew the results to a point where they no longer represent the stresses that would occur in the building.
building; it has around 10,700 m/ of floor space, approximately 6,200 m? of which is storage space for the Norwegian National Archives. It was completed in 2017, and the structural design of the building was conducted by one of the consultant companies, Niras Norge AS, Stavanger, Norway, along with some subcontractors. The floors below ground are built up of prefabricated concrete floor slabs, resting on prefabricated concrete beams and concrete columns. The floors above ground are modelled as cast in situ concrete on steel beams and columns. In this case study, Revit software has been transferred to FEM tools, Focus Konstruksjon, Robot Structural Analysis and SOFiSTiK. The initial model in Revit is improved until signs of reasonable behaviour can be shown in the analytical model. Table | gives a summary of findings after applying the workflows of different software (i.e. Figs 2, 3 and 4) for the Arkivenes Hus building. According to the results, it can be seen that, if the Revit model does not model considering proper workflow, it results in a lot of errors after transferring to FEM tools. Furthermore, it is quite time-consuming to adjust errors in FEM tools. The success and accuracy of any analysis relies on the AM being consistent and correctly assembled. On inspection, the model of Arkivenes Hus had a variety of problems, such as discontinuity in connection points (e.g. slab to column), overlap of line segments (e.g. prefab slabs overlapping) and continuous columns going through several floors. These are all errors that will either prevent the analysis from starting or severely skew the results to a point where they no longer represent the stresses that would occur in the building.
Table 1: Summary of challenges and solution.
Table 1: Summary of challenges and solution.
walls. However, these guidelines are also applicable for elements such as diagonal bracings and prefabricated slabs, as placement of these elements will follow many of the same conditions as for beams. The common goal for all elements is to force between the analytical representations (line/shell) together in a desirable way to enable AM to be exported and analysed without compromises. This is achieved by co to already predefined grid and level lines. By doing this, the AM is no volumetric representations have to be offset to correctly mimic the real-wor altered, if collision checks), and misalignments are avoided. Another problem to overcome is t common nodes are not always generated at element intersections; one way 0 sectioning the structural elements as follows: columns are sectioned at beam and s intersections, beams are sectioned at column and beam intersections, slabs are sectioned beam and wall intersections, and walls are sectioned at beam and slab intersections. following these suggestions, proper connection between all analytical elements is achieved, as nodes are automatically generated at both ends for line segments and at all corners for shell segments. A graphical representation of these guidelines is shown as a flowchart in Fig. 6. he connections he nstraining them he d structure (for hat f solving this is ab at By
walls. However, these guidelines are also applicable for elements such as diagonal bracings and prefabricated slabs, as placement of these elements will follow many of the same conditions as for beams. The common goal for all elements is to force between the analytical representations (line/shell) together in a desirable way to enable AM to be exported and analysed without compromises. This is achieved by co to already predefined grid and level lines. By doing this, the AM is no volumetric representations have to be offset to correctly mimic the real-wor altered, if collision checks), and misalignments are avoided. Another problem to overcome is t common nodes are not always generated at element intersections; one way 0 sectioning the structural elements as follows: columns are sectioned at beam and s intersections, beams are sectioned at column and beam intersections, slabs are sectioned beam and wall intersections, and walls are sectioned at beam and slab intersections. following these suggestions, proper connection between all analytical elements is achieved, as nodes are automatically generated at both ends for line segments and at all corners for shell segments. A graphical representation of these guidelines is shown as a flowchart in Fig. 6. he connections he nstraining them he d structure (for hat f solving this is ab at By
Placement of a column. (a) Grid intersection in Revit; (b) Volumetric model of columns; (c) Analytical model of columns. eR ——————— The building consists of columns that span over several floors but intersect beams and slabs, as shown in Fig. 7(b). According to the workflow for modelling columns, each column was placed one by one in the floor plan view at the relevant grid intersections. This was done for all the floors in the building (Fig. 7(a) and (b)). The bases and tops of the columns were constrained to the current level and the level above, respectively (Fig. 7(a)) (base and top constraints). This was repeated for every floor of the building.
Placement of a column. (a) Grid intersection in Revit; (b) Volumetric model of columns; (c) Analytical model of columns. eR ——————— The building consists of columns that span over several floors but intersect beams and slabs, as shown in Fig. 7(b). According to the workflow for modelling columns, each column was placed one by one in the floor plan view at the relevant grid intersections. This was done for all the floors in the building (Fig. 7(a) and (b)). The bases and tops of the columns were constrained to the current level and the level above, respectively (Fig. 7(a)) (base and top constraints). This was repeated for every floor of the building.
Figure 9: Slabs in Revit. (a) Placement of slabs; (b) Volumetric model; (c) Analytical model.
Figure 9: Slabs in Revit. (a) Placement of slabs; (b) Volumetric model; (c) Analytical model.
TEcitgtion ee AS cee ERT ee aaa aes Rea a i ee A community can be a group of individuals and/or firms based on voluntary participation [23]. Communities play an important role in innovation by developing technical standards, organising interactions among members and encouraging members to create their own start-ups to commercialise newly developed technologies [24]. These interactions form the basis of a community. Through interactions, members can share their knowledge, form collective solutions and create joint artefacts [24]. The joint production is an important indication of a successful community [24].
TEcitgtion ee AS cee ERT ee aaa aes Rea a i ee A community can be a group of individuals and/or firms based on voluntary participation [23]. Communities play an important role in innovation by developing technical standards, organising interactions among members and encouraging members to create their own start-ups to commercialise newly developed technologies [24]. These interactions form the basis of a community. Through interactions, members can share their knowledge, form collective solutions and create joint artefacts [24]. The joint production is an important indication of a successful community [24].
Table 2: The list of interviewees.
Table 2: The list of interviewees.
Related topics:
BIM (Architecture)Heritage ConservationBIM-technology
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