Automation & COntrol

Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem is one of the important optimization problems concerning power system issues. The objective is to determine and provide an economic condition for generation units, subject to minimize the total fuel cost and environmental pollution caused by fossil based thermal generating units, founded on the generation and transmission constraints. In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed for solving the CEED problem under some equality and inequality constraints. The effect of four Price Penalty Factors (PPF)such as Min-Max, Max-Max, Min-Min and Max-Min price penalty factors are included in order to convert the biobjective problem into a single objective function. The validity of the proposed PSO based algorithm is demonstrated for three power system test cases: the IEEE 30-bus system with 6 generators, the 11 generation units system and the Real West Algeria power network consisting of 22 buses with 7 generators. The results are compared to data from SONELGAZ reported in a recent literature and it proves the feasibility of PSO based algorithm for the CEED problem.

This paper describes a joint approach for control and communication network design for the application of bilateral teleoperation system (BTS). By ensuring a QoS oriented network architecture, a better quality of control (QoC) can be guaranteed despite the presence of time delays and packet losses. In this work, a joint approach is presented for the co-design problem to observe the improvements in QoC by network QoS for the bilateral teleoperation application.

IEEE 802.15.4 standard has a limited capacity to ensure low latency for time-critical industrial applications. The IEEE 802.15.4e LLDN mode has been specifically designed for industrial applications requiring low latency and round trip time. One of the main characteristics of LLDN regards the support of device mobility. The mobile devices aiming at association with the PAN coordinator are discovered and configured during discovery and configuration states. These states are isolated from the online state during which transmission of regular readings occurs. As discovery state, configuration state and online state utilize a shared single channel, a long association time at discovery and configuration states leads to a long delay for data transmission in online state, and vice versa. In this paper, we propose a modified superframe structure for fast discovery of mobile devices. Our goal is to minimize association latency for new devices by reducing the latency to enter into the online state. We show the efficiency of our proposed superframe structure compared with the default LLDN via our analysis.

to the actual environment through cameras, making it possible to convey information and conduct tasks more effectively. This paper proposes multi-device based augmented reality visualization & interaction system to effectively provide M&S' analysis results. It is particularly useful to utilize AR-based M&S' analysis results in various environments (offices and conference rooms) without geographical restrictions. Also, the user can perform the task via increasingly visualizing & Interacting the M&S model and the analysis result in RP(Rapid Prototype) as well as the image based marker on the Augmented Reality

Context. The article discusses approaches to anticipation identification being an essential part of the decision-making process done by the operator by using the example of a sea captain in ergatic systems of critical infrastructures in the sea transport management. The mentioned above aspect of anticipation of operators can be regarded as being a complex form of human-machine interaction and, certainly, claims for further elaboration of information and tools to be used. Objective. The way to approach development is taken as being based on an information analysis of the full range of trajectories of decision-making by operators at the time of performing complex multi-stage actions. These items are rooting out of their adopted strategy of human-machine interaction. Besides, it leads to the formation of a metric being able to algorithmically represent the enormous number of variants. It can be done taking into account conditions of combinatorial representation in terms of the geometric theory of groups on the Cayley graph. Method. Being a part of the approach elaboration the having been obtained during the analysis of the database of navigation simulators mathematical model of experimental data collecting and processing succeeded to be constructed. To confirm the formalalgorithmic approach a simulation was challenged to be carried out helping to form the trajectory of the operator's decision making in critical situations. It was felicitously performed basing on the three-factor ERO-AEA-EAPI model. Thus, the algebraic and software representation of the metric decision space is noticed to uncover approximate complex human-machine interactions in uncertain environments. As a result, the converting process of data of the main subject of critical infrastructure (i.e. the operator) into knowledge is able to be coped with. In addition, factors possible to be gauged in the proposed metric are able to be uncovered. Results. In order to carry out the feasibility assessment of the developed approach as well as formal-algorithmic ones, an experiment was performed by using the Navi Trainer 5000 navigation simulator (NTPRO 5000). During having one of the most troublesome operations i.e. mooring we wanted the server data to be analyzed. As a result, data about anticipation being shaped as triangular constructs in the quasi-isometric space of Cayley graph is reported to have been obtained. The automated neural networks being used for result obtaining led to delivering of the possibility to get multiple data regression and to analyze the relationships of many independent variables. It is considered to be clear evidence due to having found out results of scattering and reliability diagrams. Conclusions. The having been presented in the investigations formal-algorithmic approach together with the developed software tools and the approaches of converting data into knowledge about operator anticipation are said to embrace the possibility to classify and to identify individual decision-making strategies when managing a vessel and to predict the likelihood of poor consequences. With regarding to the cogency of the proposed approach and models these issues happen to have been successfully justified by means of the automated processing of experimental data.

force with the potential to revolutionize dental public health. AI encompasses a range of machine learning techniques that enable computers to learn from data, identify patterns, and make predictions. In the context of dental health, AI can analyze vast datasets, including patient demographics, medical history, dental records, and even social determinants of health, to uncover hidden patterns and insights. This information can then be leveraged to improve access to care, refine prevention strategies, and optimize resource allocation for dental public health programs.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Virtual Machine is a combined form of operating system and application. Virtualization provides the facility to run multiple operating systems on a single physical machine. These multiple operating systems are called guest operating systems. In server Virtualization many virtual machines (VMs) can run on one server including its own server. These VMs can be migrated from one server to another. As VM image will be downloaded to create a new virtual machine on the guest operating system it has some security problems. Unauthorized access can create the security issues like Malware injection. Due to which there is a need of scheme capable of providing encryption, malware detection, automatic patching to restore the image. In this paper an algorithm is proposed which is capable of providing solution to the above issues.

The food manufacturing industry is one of the key manufacturing sectors across the world and is a vital strategic element in all national economies. Currently, it's fifth most automated industry in the organised sector, but it has one of the lowest levels of robotization i.e. 3%. Previously, Industrial robots were only used for packaging and palletizing, now numerous types of industrial robots are currently being utilized in food processing industries (FPI), generally they are focused on the handling high-volume but single-product lines. The availability of highly effective robots, such as the Delta class of robot swiftly perform pick-and-place operations with food products on the production lines and, Articulated robots carrying out specific tasks that demands high level of dexterity and strength. The major advancement in the use of industrial robots is the ability to handle products that are not wrapped, it includes stacking pancakes, waffles, bread, and pizza dough before loading them onto a conveyor or feeding into a wrappers machine. Modern manufacturing techniques like three-dimensional (3-D) printing has simplified the designing and manufacturing of complex grippers used for precise and soft handling of delicate food products. The lighter, compact, and smaller gripper reduces the mass of the tool, allowing for better product handling with less wear and tear. These robots also comply with IP67 rating that makes them more hygienic with no ingress of dust and water in it. The application of industrial robots does not only increase the productivity, but also ensures the food safety and security. Cobots are becoming an essential component of the FPI, particularly in the service sector. With the inclusion of cyberphysical systems (CPS), human operators could instruct robots to carry out activities, ensuring the significant role of industrial robots in the Industry 4.0 revolution.

In this paper, two metaheuristics are presented for exploration and mine disarming tasks performed by a swarm of robots. The objective is to explore autonomously an unknown area in order to discover the mines, disseminated in the area, and disarm them in cooperative manner since a mine needs multiple robots to disarm. The problem is bi-objective: distributing in different regions the robots in order to explore the area in a minimum amount of time and recruiting the robots in the same location to disarm the mines. While autonomous exploration has been investigated in the past, we specifically focus on the issue of how the swarm can inform its members about the detected mines, and guide robots to the locations. We propose two bioinspired strategies to coordinate the swarm: the first is based on the Ant Colony Optimization (ATS-RR) and the other is based on the Firefly Algorithm (FTS-RR). Our experiments were conducted by simulations evaluating the performance in terms of exploring and disarming time and the number of accesses in the operative grid area applying both strategies in comparison with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results show that FTS-RR strategy performs better especially when the complexity of the tasks increases.

The evolution of advanced nuclear power plants (NPPs) necessitates the integration of robust and reliable automation systems to ensure safe, efficient, and continuous operation. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), as critical components of nuclear instrumentation and control (I&C) systems, play a vital role in automating complex processes, managing reactor systems, and executing safety-critical functions. This review examines the application of PLC-based architectures in advanced nuclear plant automation, with emphasis on their adaptability, real-time processing capabilities, and fault-tolerant designs. Recent studies highlight PLCs' integration with digital instrumentation, supervisory control systems, and distributed control systems (DCS) to enhance plant-wide monitoring and control. The paper explores advancements in redundancy techniques, cybersecurity measures, and compliance with international nuclear safety standards, including IEC 61513 and IEEE 7-4.3.2. However, challenges persist, including aging legacy PLC systems, limitations in handling complex algorithms for predictive diagnostics, and vulnerabilities to cyber threats in increasingly networked environments. Additionally, the evolving regulatory landscape demands rigorous verification and validation (V&V) of PLC software and hardware to ensure compliance and operational safety. Future prospects involve transitioning towards more intelligent, AI-enhanced PLCs, incorporating model-based control strategies, and leveraging digital twin frameworks for predictive maintenance and operational optimization. This review synthesizes current research from reputable journals and technical reports to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of PLCs in nuclear plant automation, identifying key challenges and charting future directions for next-generation nuclear energy systems.

Mining least association rules has received a great attention from the past decades. However, no current research has been specifically performed for visualizing these types of rules. In this paper, a model for visualizing critical least association rules is presented. The proposed model contains five main steps, including scanning dataset, constructing Least Pattern Tree (LP-Tree), applying Critical Relative Support (CRS), capturing Critical Least Association Rules and finally visualizing the respective rules.

In this paper, l.controller based on a structured singular value is used to reduce the vibration of the flexible structures having the transverse and torsion vibrations. Meanwhile, in designing conffol system using p-controller yields a confoller with the order at least equal to the plant order. Such controller often can not be used in practical applicatiorl thus the order of confioller is reduced by using the weighting balanced realization.

This paper considers the robust fault detection and isolation (FDI) problem for linear time-invariant dynamic systems subject to faults, disturbances and polytopic uncertainties. We employ an observer-based FDI filter to generate a residual signal. We propose a cost function that penalizes a weighted combination of the deviation of the fault to residual dynamics from a given fault isolation reference model, as well as the effects of disturbances and uncertainties on the residual, using the H∞ norm as a measure. The proposed cost function thus captures the requirements of fault detection and isolation and disturbance rejection in the presence of polytopic uncertainties. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an FDI filter that achieves the design specifications. This condition takes the form of easily implementable linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problem.

The easy bike (EB) is an electric vehicle that has quickly gained popularity in India's public transit system. EBs are batteryoperated, limited-range vehicles. Long-distance trips on simple bikes frequently need stopping at charging facilities to top out the bikes' batteries. Our administration has significant hurdles in the areas of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and renewable energy. Using a photovoltaic (PV) power generating system and an energy storage system, it presents a cutting-edge commercial charging station for EBs that draws practically all of its electricity from renewable energy sources. In case of grid failure, an emergency back-up mechanism is put in place. Solar energy is converted into electricity and stored in a battery bank using this technique. The batteries are protected from overcharging by a microprocessor, which also disables the device when power is needed to recharge the batteries. Energy that is replenished over time is called "renewable energy," and it may come from a variety of sources. It offers ecofriendly power that is derived from renewable resources. Increasing renewable energy use will reduce the need for, and the cost of, fossil fuels. Heating, cooking, and electricity generating are just few of the many common uses for solar photovoltaic energy. Electricity costs and losses from charging and discharging will go down if this system is put into place. By charging electric car batteries using solar energy, we lessen the strain on the grid and cut down on emissions. Combining low-carbon PV power production with emission-free EVs may help mitigate the greenhouse gas issue caused by internal combustion (IC) engines. This new solar charging station's output will create renewable energy to charge EV batteries, lowering pollution levels and improving environmental sustainability.

Background: Electrospinning is a technique for producing nanofibers, useful in many fields of nanotechnology. The size and morphology of the nanofibers obtained depends on the polymer solution properties, the parameters of the equipment and the conditions of the surrounding. In almost all reported electrospinning set ups, a pump ,which regulates the flow of the polymer solution, has been included as one of the requirements. In this study, the effects of solution concentration, viscosity, voltage and the distance from the tip of the syringe to the aluminum collector on the morphology and diameters of poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) fibers were investigated, using a pump-free electrospinning set up. Methods: Varied PMMA concentration (50 -120 mg/mL), voltage (10-18 kV) and distance (5 – 18 cm) of electrospinning were studied and the optimum electrospinning conditions identified.  PMMA/ titanium isopropoxide solution of ratio 1:2 was prepared, electrospun at optimized conditions (15 kV...

This paper deals with the stability analysis of interval Takagi-Sugeno. Based on a quadratic Lyapunov function, new asymptotic stability conditions for continuous case are presented without any assumption on the norm of matrices uncertainties. This result is obtained directly according to the bounds (minimal and maximum) of the intervals of each element of matrices representing the system. These stability conditions, extended to the design of controller, are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). Example is given to illustrate the proposed method.

This special section comprises five papers dealing with marine systems control, resulting from the IFAC MCMC'03 Conference. The papers cover a range of interesting subjects. They all contribute novel ideas and results are supported by extensive experimentation or highfidelity simulations. The topics include control of a deepsea robot, thrust allocation for surface vessels, a novel scheme for propeller control in extreme seas, lifting surface control to prevent dynamic stall, and control of interconnected ocean structures. The paper ''On the descending motion of a deep-sea robot'', by Michio Ueno, Tadashi Nimura, Hirotomo Ando, Katsuya Maeda, and Kenkichi Tamura, deals with research being conducted on developing a compact, deepsea monitoring robot system. In the first stage of its mission, a launcher, containing a vehicle inside, descends from the surface to the seafloor by its own gravity. During the descending motion, the launcher must approach a target point on the seafloor. In order to clarify the best configuration for effective horizontal movement during this descending motion, two types of configurations are considered: a fuselage with fins and rudders and a fuselage with rudders but no fins. Experiments conducted at a deepsea model basin were used to confirm the results. The paper ''Optimal constrained control allocation in marine surface vessels with rudders'', by Tor A. Johansen, Thomas P. Fuglseth, Petter Tøndel, and Thor I. Fossen, considers thrust vector generation. A propeller with a rudder can produce a thrust vector within a range of directions and magnitudes in the horizontal plane for lowspeed maneuvering and dynamic positioning. The set of attainable thrust vectors is shown to be nonconvex as significant lift can be produced by the rudder only with forward thrust. The attainable thrust region is decomposed into a finite union of convex polyhedral sets and a mixedinteger-like convex quadratic programming formulation of the optimal control allocation problem is derived. The method can handle a number of rudders, thrusters, and other propulsion devices. Actuator rate and position constraints are explicitly taken into account. Precomputing a least squares optimal control allocation, the method can be implemented with low computational complexity. The method is illustrated using a scale model ship in a basin.

Purpose. To achieve a decrease in energy and resource costs in the multi-stage production of rolled products within a given plan through the development of appropriate mathware. Methodology. The multi-stage problem mathware for producing rolling steel products is developed on the basis of system approach applying fundamental principles of the optimization and operation research theory. Realization of the developed mathematical model allows discovering such a strategy of using steel during the whole manufacturing process, which minimizes not only the steel waste at the moment of its casting in a mold, but also the offcuts in the process of cutting the obtained ingots into the billets. Findings. A mathematical task model is built to minimize the amount of steel for producing a certain order of size of one cast volume only. The developed model specifies the possibility to pre-evaluate the billet optimal size, based on the necessary cutting along the final product length, appropriate fo...

This paper presents a model for wind speed in a wind farm. The basic purpose of the paper is to calculate approximately the wind speed in the vicinity of each wind turbine in a farm. In this regard the governing equations of flow will be solved for the whole wind farm. In ideal circumstances, the dynamic model for wind flow will be established. The state space variables are determined based on a fine mesh defined for the farm. The end goal of this method is to assist the development of a dynamical model of a wind farm that can be engaged for better wind farm control strategies.

This paper presents a model for wind speed in a wind farm. The basic purpose of the paper is to calculate approximately the wind speed in the vicinity of each wind turbine in a farm. In this regard the governing equations of flow will be solved for the whole wind farm. In ideal circumstances, the dynamic model for wind flow will be established. The state space variables are determined based on a fine mesh defined for the farm. The end goal of this method is to assist the development of a dynamical model of a wind farm that can be engaged for better wind farm control strategies.

The need for a realistic adaptive controller system to operate a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle in potentially constrained environments has raised many interesting research questions. Flying a quadrotor UAV over a certain area requires a controller system that has the ability to adjust its parameters based on the online measurements. Under this condition, this paper proposes a new adaptive control system to stabilize a quadrotor that is designed to perform a variety of specific applications. The kinematics and dynamics of the quadrotor are derived, and then the baseline controller is redesigned in the case where there is an uncertainty in finding targets in search and rescue missions. Moreover, the control parameters are determined based on the desired performance set by the designer. To accommodate any uncertainties during the task phases, a new term is added to the feedback linearization controller in order to guarantee that the vehicle will not miss the target location.  The L...

This project will enable a person to write on white board from distance by using portable wireless device. The Hand Held device consists of a touchpad, microcontroller, wireless transmitter and battery. The touch pad is interfaced with the microcontroller with the help of touch screen controller. The co-ordinates are sent to the receiver side end by wireless transmitter. At the white board side wireless receiver will receive data. Microcontroller will act as interface between wireless receiver and PC.PC being connected to Projector, will project this writing on the white board.

We consider a combined power and rate adaptation scheme in direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) communications over Nakagami fading channels, where the transmission power and the data rate are jointly adapted relative to channel variations. The transmission power proportional to G p i is allocated to the data transmission of user i, where Gi is the channel power gain for user i, and p is a real number, and the data rate is simultaneously adapted so that a desired transmission quality is maintained. We analyze the effect of imperfect channel estimation on the average data rate of the joint adaptation scheme.

A is an arbitrary square matrix whose singular values exceed one. The significance of the absolute value equation arises from the fact that linear programs, quadratic programs, bimatrix games and other problems can all be reduced to the linear complementarity problem that in turn is equivalent to the absolute value equation. This paper present a new smoothing function to the AVE. Based on this function, a smoothing Newton method is proposed for solving the AVE under the less stringent condition that the singular values of A exceed 1. The global convergence of the method is established under appropriate conditions. Preliminary numerical results indicate that this method is promising.

This paper gives an overview on the use of thermoelectric materials to generate electricity through the waste heat of the exhaust gases of a vehicle. Various thermoelectric modules will be attached to the end of the exhaust of the vehicle. The exhaust pipe will act as the hot end. Fins will be used to provide a cold end for the module. By using Seebeck effect of thermoelectricity, a voltage difference will be generated which will be used to charge batteries. The batteries will be automatically charged when the vehicle runs and then, that power, generated free of cost, can be utilized further.

As GPS technology has been developed with other mobile communications, GPS function is essentially loaded on mobile devices including smartphone and tablet PC. Thus, users can exchange information based on the current location of the GPS through the application service such as path-finding and current velocity. However, since it is difficult to identify accurate means of transportation of a user, there is limitation on providing high-quality service and information. For instance, it causes unnecessary data consumption that providing unnecessary traffic information to a user walking or riding city rails.

As GPS technology has been developed with other mobile communications, GPS function is essentially loaded on mobile devices including smartphone and tablet PC. Thus, users can exchange information based on the current location of the GPS through the application service such as path-finding and current velocity. However, since it is difficult to identify accurate means of transportation of a user, there is limitation on providing high-quality service and information. For instance, it causes unnecessary data consumption that providing unnecessary traffic information to a user walking or riding city rails.

The paper considers the integration of cloud technologies into modern SCADA systems, which is an important step in the digital transformation of industry. The main advantages of such systems are analyzed, including flexibility, scalability, centralized monitoring, and the ability to integrate with IoT and artificial intelligence. Cloud-based SCADA systems allow enterprises to optimize costs, increase the efficiency of production process management, and provide access to data from anywhere in the world. Special attention is paid to the challenges associated with the implementation of cloud solutions. Examples of successful application of cloud-based SCADA systems are provided. The paper emphasizes that the further development of such systems requires the development of innovative approaches to data protection, improvement of information processing algorithms and integration with other digital technologies. This will allow to maximize the potential of cloud SCADA systems and ensure their effective use in the context of modern challenges of Industry 4.0.

Recently, Compressive Sensing (CS) has been applied to array signal processing. In theory, Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) estimation based on CS recovery can work well in correlated environments. However, a large number of sensors (i.e., linear measurements) are still needed for CS recovery. To improve on this, we propose a new CS-based DOA estimation method with a recently designed antenna structure called the Asymmetric Antenna without Phase Center (Asym-AWPC). The best reconstruction is achieved by solving the l 1 -norm optimization problem, which is cast as an l 1 -regularized least-squares program. Simulated results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed CS-based Asym-AWPC DOA estimator in a multipath environment over a recent Asym-AWPC DOA estimator but using the Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) rather than CS. Further improvement on the resolution can be achieved by tuning the degree of asymmetry in designing the Asym-AWPC.

Two series of amphiphilic, organic-inorganic graft copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PMMA-graft-PDMS), as well as poly(acrylonitrile) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PAN-graft-PDMS), were synthesized via conventional free radical copolymerization using the ―grafting through‖ technique. In both series the PDMS macromonomer content varied from 5 wt.% - 25 wt.% and different graft lengths of 1000 g/mol and 5000 g/mol were used. A gradient elution profile was developed to monitor the removal of the unreacted PDMS macromonomer using hexane extraction. In the case of the PAN copolymer series, the gradient profile showed that as the PDMS content in the feed increased, more PAN-graft-PDMS molecules formed relative to homopolymer PAN. In the case of the PMMA copolymer series, mostly PMMA-graft-PDMS molecules were formed as the PDMS content in the feed increased. In the case of the PAN-graft-PDMS series, the PDMS content affected the crystallization behaviour of ...

Ce document comprend : • Première partie : la liste des missions à réaliser • Deuxième partie : les fiches des missions à imprimer Propositions d’organisation de séances (entre 30 min et 75 min, selon le public) : Des groupes de 3 personnes avec un robot par groupe fonctionnent bien. • Pour 6 à 10 séances de 30 à 75 min chacune : o Séance 1 : Missions 1 et 2 o Séance 2 : Missions 3 et 4 o Séance 3 : Missions 5 et 6 o Séance 4 : Missions 7, 8 et 9 o Séance 5 : Missions 10, 11 et 12 o Séance 6 : Missions 13 et 14 • Pour une séance unique de 2h30 à 3h : Missions 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

The biomass supply chain constitutes a system that is highly dynamic and stochastic. The developed and proposed systems architectures for the management of the supply chains of typical industrial products do not directly apply to the case of the biomass supply chain. Nevertheless, it is imperative that a dedicated framework is needed according to the industrial standards. In this paper, a framework for the biomass Supply Chain Event Management (SCEM) supporting the efficient management of inter-organizational events within the examined supply chain is proposed and analyzed. The conceptual model includes the identification and specification of events and the preparation of necessary notification based on information needs.

In this paper, a proportional integral (PI) and a proportional multiple integral observer (PMI) are proposed in order to estimate the state and the unknown inputs of nonlinear systems described by a Takagi-Sugeno model with unmeasurable premise variables. This work is an extension to nonlinear systems of the PI and PMI observers developed for linear systems. The state estimation error is written as a perturbed system. First, the convergence conditions of the state estimation errors between the system and each observer are given in LMI (Linear Matrix Inequality) formulation. Secondly, a comparison between the two observers is made through an academic example.

In the 1960's voice communication was carried to end subscribers almost exclusively on copper wires running from central office switches to homes and businesses, and television was broadcast to homes almost exclusively through the air modulated on electromagnetic ...

This paper presents a Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) extension, called Bilateral GPC (BGPC), for teleoperation systems in the presence of both communication delays and slave force feedback. The originality of the proposed approach is to take into account the case where the reference trajectory is not a priori known. This difficulty is due to the bilateral problem where the force feedback alters the reference trajectory. Some robustness properties are examined in the frequency domain showing the influence of a new prefilter in the BGPC structure. The proposed BGPC ensures robust stability of the closed-loop teleoperation system in the presence of environment and transmission time-delays uncertainties. Experimental results through a LAN (Local Area Network) are illustrated in this paper.

Testing is a basic period of programming advancement life cycle. This work goes for investigating the part that the length of test successions plays in testing programming. Specifically, we focus on the branch scope paradigm. Code scope is a measure used to depict how much the source code of a program is executed when a specific test suite runs. To acquire high scope a typical practice is to apply a first period of arbitrary testing, trailed by more modern methods went for covering the rest of the branches. we dissect just this second stage. For each troublesome branch we examine the errand of finding a solitary and insignificant succession to cover it. Indeed, to cover a specific branch of the code, an arrangement of past capacity calls may be required to put the inward state in the suitable design. Here we have taken one illustration program and composed diverse length test arrangements for that. We tended to the distinction in scope when diverse length test arrangements are utilized. To test the program, we have utilized mechanized devices JUnit for segment testing. When it is over, utilizing EclEmma the scope of experiments is assessed and demonstrated enhanced arrangements are ideal.

Class 4 (2 W @900 MHz) -Class 1 (1 W @ 1800 MHz) * Dimensions: 24mm x 24mm x 3mm * Weight: 3.4g * Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07 ,07.05 and SIMCOM enhanced AT Commands) * SIM application toolkit * Supply voltage range: 3.1 to 4.8V * Low power consumption: 1.5mA (sleep mode) * Operation temperature: -40°C to +85 °C Specifications for Data * GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 kbps (downlink) * PBCCH support * Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4 * CSD up to 14.4 kbps * USSD * Non transparent mode * PPP-stack

The liquid level automatic control system of a single-capacity water tank is a common industrial process control system, which is widely used in industrial production. Through simulation research, it can effectively ensure the stability of the liquid level of the water tank and meet the requirements of liquid level control in the production process. In this paper, the automatic control system model of a single-volume water tank level is established by MATLAB/Simulink, and its control system is studied and compared. Firstly, the physical modeling of the control system is carried out to obtain its transfer function, which is the basis for subsequent simulation. Then, the influence of Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) control parameters on the dynamic characteristic curve of the system is understood, and then the characteristics and application occasions of fuzzy PID control and Particle-Swarm-Optimization (PSO) control are deduced. Finally, the system dynamic characteristic curves of PID control, fuzzy PID control, and PSO control are compared and analyzed. The simulation results show that PID control, fuzzy PID control, and PSO control are suitable for different occasions, and appropriate control strategies can be adopted according to different control system conditions.

Several recent techniques from hybrid and optimal control are evaluated on a power electronics benchmark problem. The benchmark involves a number of practically interesting operating scenarios for a fixed-frequency synchronous step-down dc-dc converter. The specifications are defined such that good performance only can be obtained if the switched and nonlinear nature of the problem is respected during the design phase.

The modulation and control strategies plays vital role to minimize THD in Multilevel inverter .The modulation technique includes Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM), Selective harmonic Elimination and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM).Multilevel inverters has tremendous application in the area of high-power and medium-voltage energy control. In this paper simulation of SVPWM is performed for cascaded H bridge inverter . Simulation of three level, five level and seven level cascaded H bridge inverter with Space vector PWM has been carried out. Implementation and simulation of SVPWM inverter are presented to realize the validity of the SVPWM technique.

Artículo de acceso abierto bajo licencia Creative Commons Atribución NoComercial CompartirIgual (CC-BY-NC-SA) 4.0. Resumen: Se presenta una propuesta técnica de un sistema de seguridad de enfriamiento mecánico para cuatro balas de gas licuado de petróleo, destinadas a su almacenamiento. Para evaluar la fiabilidad del sistema se utilizó el método Analysis of Effects and Modes of Failures expanded (FMEAe). Dicho método expande las potencialidades del FMEAe tradicional, permitiendo realizar análisis y evaluaciones detalladas de sistemas industriales de cualquier complejidad y tipo. Se obtuvo como resultados que el Índice de Riesgo del Sistema (IRS) está dentro de la zona tolerable según la escala ponderada por el método de FMEAe.

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, machine learning (ML), and other advanced technologies into pharmacy practice is catalyzing a paradigm shift in both pharmaceutical operations and patient care. Human-Machine Collaboration (HMC) has the potential to revolutionize pharmacy practices, enhancing operational efficiency, medication safety, clinical decision-making, and overall patient care. This article explores the transformative impact of HMC in pharmacy, outlining its applications, benefits, challenges, and real-world examples to provide evidence of its successful integration in various pharmacy settings. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of a balanced, well-regulated approach to leveraging technology in pharmacy practice, ensuring that technology supports, rather than replaces, human expertise.