Argument Structure

This paper reports research developed in the scope of building a wordnet for Portuguese (WordNet.PT), particularly focusing on the impact the results obtained have in the density of the network of relations and, thus, on its usability for NLP tasks. Following from basic research on different linguistic phenomena and on strategies for modeling them in relational models of the lex-icon, the implementation of these results amounts to a richer resource, with new cross-PoS relations and information on event and argument structures, thus cru-cially contributing to accurately modeling all the main PoS in the database. We also define a way to integrate prepositions in wordnets and discuss the motiva-tions and modeling strategies used to do so. Based on this work, we show how our contributions augment the coverage and the accuracy of WordNet.PT, by increasing the density of the network of relations, thus making it more usable for NLP applications.

This paper argues that wordnets, being concept-based computational lexica, should include information on event and argument structures. This general approach is relevant both for allowing computational grammars to cope with a number of different lexical semantics phenomena, as well as for enabling inference applications to obtain finergrained results. We also propose new relations in order to adequately model non explicit information and cross-part-of-speech relations.

WordNets mostly deal with lexicalized expressions and lexical-semantic relations among them. Concepts are represented by sets of synonyms (synsets), which constitute the edges of the network. Each synset includes the lexicalized expressions that correspond to ...

Abstract-This paper has a twofold aim:(i) to point out that telicity is both a lexical and a compositional semantic feature;(ii) to propose a straightforward solution to represent lexical telicity in wordnets-like computational lexica. The approach presented here subsumes the ...

This paper reports the results of the WordNet.PT global project, an extension of WordNet.PT to all Portuguese varieties. Profiting from a theoretical model of high level explanatory adequacy and from a convenient and flexible development tool, WordNet.PT global achieves a rich and multipurpose lexical resource, suitable for contrastive studies and for a vast range of language-based applications covering all Portuguese varieties.

In this paper we propose a small set of lexical conceptual relations which allow to encode adjectives in computational relational lexica in a principled and integrated way. Our main motivation comes from the fact that adjectives and certain classes of verbs, related in a way or another with adjectives, do not have a satisfactory representation in this kind of lexica. This is due to a great extent to the heterogeneity of their semantic and syntactic properties. We sustain that such properties are mostly derived from the relations holding between adjectives and other POS. Accordingly, our proposal is mainly concerned with the specification of appropriate cross-POS relations to encode adjectives in lexica of the type considered here.

This paper reports the current Portuguese WordNet (Word-Net.PT) research and development directions, which mainly regard the enrichment of the WordNet model with event and argument structures (section 1), the codification of crosspart-of speech relations (section 2) and the exploitation of WordNet.PT in concrete applications (section 3).

In relatively free word order languages, grammatical functions are intricately related to case marking. Assuming an ordered representation of the predicate-argument structure, this work proposes a Combinatory Categorial Grammar formulation of relating surface case cues to categories and types for correctly placing the arguments in the predicateargument structure. This is achieved by assigning case markers GF-encoding categories. Unlike other CG formulations, type shifting does not proliferate or cause spurious ambiguity. Categories of all argument-encoding grammatical functions follow from the same principle of category assignment. Normal order evaluation of the combinatory form reveals the predicate-argument structure. The application of the method to Turkish is shown.

Andrew D. Magnusson's monograph offers a fascinating exploration of an edge case of dhimmiya (protected minority status) in early Islamic legal discussions and practices, and provides an admirable methodological intervention into the study of agenda-driven historical sources. Magnusson illustrates how "Zoroastrians"-whether referred to as Persian maghān, Arabic majūs, ʿabadat al-awthān (idol worshippers), or mushrikūn (polytheists)served a paradigmatic function in Islamic discussions of non-Muslims and the indeterminate boundaries between People of the Book and other religious minorities, from the early centuries of the Islamic era through to the present day. He demonstrates how Zoroastrians' formerly elite status in the Sasanian ancien régime, along with their continued presence in the Islamic East, bolstered their salience as lieux de mémoire ("sites of memory," per Pierre Nora) and as subjects of legal, political, and social contestation. Although his review of relevant sources and their problems is itself illuminating, Magnusson is at his most compelling when examining how these sources have been used in historical and contemporary polemic. He details how ambiguous interpretive traditions and reports about the status of Zoroastrians, often mobilized for specific local or personal agendas, subsequently take on far more generalized import in Islamic thought and practice. Likewise, agenda-driven narratives of early Muslim-Zoroastrian conflict or coexistence, which often diverge from actual historical dynamics, eventually play important roles in retrospective accounts. His efforts to "chart a course between myth and countermyth" (p. 27)-applying methodological insights from scholars such as Georges Duby, David Nirenberg, and Michael Stausberg, alongside overall lessons from the study of Jewish and Christian Islamicate history-are commendable, yielding fruitful results. In his introduction, Magnusson surveys relevant late antique Zoroastrian concepts and terminology. He explains the cataclysmic nature of Islamic conquest from that perspective. But this is rather pro forma, as his study is decidedly focused on Islamic sources and perspectives, dealing primarily with "rhetorical Zoroastrians" within Muslim discourse. His defense of "accommodation" as the organizing concept for his study of the premodern Islamic world is well articulated, and his examples for each chapter are well chosen. Chapter 1 is a brief extension of the introduction that highlights the significance of historiography for contemporary Zoroastrians and Muslims; noting that scholars have both perpetuated and questioned overarching tropes. Chapter 2 presents the first thorough case study, correctly identifying Zoroastrians' eligibility to pay the jizya tax (and therefore their status as dhimmis, or protected non-Muslims) as the key issue around which subsequent questions revolve. Magnusson demonstrates that neither Quranic exegeses nor prophetic

This paper examines the theoretical foundations, empirical contributions, and contemporary developments of cognitive and usage-based approaches to language, which emerged as alternatives to generative grammar in the late 20th century. These approaches, exemplified by Construction Grammar (Goldberg), Usage-Based Theory (Bybee), Radical Construction Grammar (Croft), and Social-Pragmatic Acquisition Theory (Tomasello), share a commitment to understanding grammar as emergent from meaning, frequency, and social interaction rather than as an autonomous syntactic system. Through detailed analysis of each framework's theoretical contributions and empirical applications, this paper demonstrates how these approaches have reconceptualized fundamental questions in linguistics, from the nature of grammatical knowledge to mechanisms of language acquisition and change. The comparative evaluation reveals both convergences in their usage-centrality and construction-based organization, and divergences in their treatment of universals, abstraction, and developmental mechanisms. Contemporary developments in corpus linguistics, computational modeling, and neurocognitive research continue to expand the empirical foundation and theoretical sophistication of these approaches, establishing them as a major paradigm in modern linguistics that bridges cognitive science, social interaction, and linguistic structure.

Fogelin (Informal Logic 7:1-8, 1985) puts forth the notion of "deep disagreements" in the context of the discussion on informal logic and the scope and functions of argumentation. My aim is to contrast some of the assumptions that led Fogelin to a restrictive model about the uses of argumentation and deep disagreements, resolution model based on some of Fogelin's ideas: those in disagreement are interested in grammatical model the idea of open disagreements. The model also points out the diverse purposes as rational seeing and understanding the moral issue under discussion.

En este artículo presentamos la construcción de un clasificador con el objetivo final de asignar automáticamente patrones de subcategorización a piezas verbales no conocidas previamente, partiendo de una generalización de patrones anotados manualmente. A partir del banco de datos SENSEM (Fernández et al 2004) se han adquirido los esquemas de subcategorización de 1161 sentidos verbales. Estos esquemas se han agrupado en clases de equivalencia mediante técnicas de clustering. Cada clase representa una generalización sobre el comportamiento sintáctico-semántico de los verbos que contiene. Nuestro objetivo final es enriquecer un lexicón verbal con esquemas de subcategorización, asignando automáticamente cada pieza verbal a una de estas clases, a partir de ejemplos de corpus anotados automáticamente. Presentamos una evaluación preliminar de un clasificador que lleva a cabo esta tarea. In this paper we present the construction of a classifier with the final objective of automatically assi...

This paper examines how speakers of Saptariya Tharu, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal's Terai region, convey causation in everyday speech. Based on data gathered from native speakers in Sitapur and Terhauta villages of Saptari district, the study shows that Tharu employs both morphological and syntactic strategies to form causatives. Morphological causatives are especially productive, created by attaching the suffix-ai, modifying the verb root internally, or combining both processes, often transforming intransitive verbs into transitives. In contrast, syntactic causatives rely on the vector verb lgai 'cause', which introduces a new subject as the causer and shifts the original subject into object position. These constructions highlight the close interaction between morphology and syntax in the language. By documenting and analyzing these patterns, the study not only describes a key feature of Tharu grammar but also adds to our understanding of causation in Indo-Aryan and in linguistic typology more broadly.

This paper shows that that differential object marking (DOM) is not a unitary phenomenon, and observes that its two subtypes, differential object flagging (DOF) and differential object indexing (DOI), probably have rather different explanations. The cross-linguistic patterns found with both subtypes of DOM can be described by the scales of referential prominence (animacy, specificity, and so on), but DOI is like differential subject indexing (DSI) in that it conforms to the prominent indexing universal, while differential subject flagging (DSF) shows the mirror-image pattern of DOF: Flagging is preferred when the subject is not prominent on one of the prominence scales. The paper provides examples from a wide variety of languages showing that indexing behaves rather differently from flagging. Thus, DOM is not a unified phenomenon, as was already noted by Siewierska (2004) and some earlier authors.

The present paper investigates a constructional alternation currently under development in Mozambican Portuguese, arising from the constructionalization of a new passive construction (Recipient passives) alongside its standard counterpart (Theme passives). We argue that beyond the influence of the Bantu substrate that led to the emergence of the innovative variant, variation is conceptually and pragmatically motivated and involves restructuring in accordance with the structural constraints of Portuguese. We show how the alternation proves sensitive to a set of linguistic factors, the most prominent of which are related to information structure and differences in perspectivization, or construal. By adopting a sociocognitive view of language and a network view of grammar, we aim to illustrate the multidimensionality of restructuration and indigenization processes taking place in postcolonial varieties of pluricentric languages in the sequence of their nativization.

knowledge of word order in early sentence comprehension. Psychological Science, 17(8), 684–691. Goldin-Meadow, Susan, Wing Chee So, Aslı Özyürek, & Carolyn Mylander. (2008). The natural order of events: How speakers of different languages represent events nonverbally. In Rochel Gelman (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(27), 9163–9168. 603

Linguistic research into aphasia, like other areas of language research, has mainly been approached from the perspective of rule-based, generative theory (Chomsky, 1957 onwards). In turn, this has impacted on clinical practice, underpinning both aphasia assessment and therapy. However, this theory is now being widely questioned (e.g. , and other approaches are emerging, such as the constructivist, usage-based perspective, influenced by cognitive and construction grammars (e.g. . This approach has yielded important results in, for example, child language (e.g. Ambridge, Noble, & Lieven, 2014), but it remains largely unapplied to language in aphasia. This thesis begins to address this by conducting an exploratory examination of spoken language in aphasia from a constructivist, usage-based perspective. Two central features of usage-based theory, the nature of constructions and the role of frequency, form the basis of the studies reported in the thesis. Reliable methods of transcription and speech segmentation appropriate for an analysis that employs this approach are developed and then applied to the examination of spoken narratives of the Cinderella story by twelve people with a range of aphasia types and severities. Beginning at the single word level, the effects of general versus 'context-specific' frequencies on participants' nouns are examined, demonstrating that most participants' noun production appears to be more influenced by context-specific frequency, that is, the frequency of nouns in the context of the Cinderella story. This is followed by an analysis of errors in marking these nouns for grammatical number. A main finding here was that error production seems to be affected by general frequency: the noun form used erroneously was always more frequent than that expected.

This paper examines the properties of existential constructions in Serbian and Lithuanian. Existential constructions share some interpretive properties with locative constructions, in that both express a proposition about the existence or the presence of someone or something in a context. However, Serbian and Lithuanian existentials display a cluster of properties that set them apart from locatives: unmarked verb-subject order (with pivot following copula), lack of agreement between copula and post-copular pivot, genitive case on the pivot and a dedicated form of the copula. The case properties of the pivot in existentials depend on specific interpretive properties related to agentivity, volitionality and definiteness and there are structural distinctions between existential and locatives, which are captured in syntax with parallel Agree operations: in locatives, the copula agrees with the pivot; in existentials, it agrees with an expletive pro.

The paper considers possessives in two ezafe-constructions in Tatar, a language without articles. More specifically, possessives in the so-called ezafe-2 and ezafe-3 constructions are distinguished formally by the presence of the genitive case on the possessive and the agreeing form of the possessive marker on the head in ezafe-3, but not in ezafe-2. The two types of possessors appear in distinct structural positions in the elaborate structure of a noun phrase, though neither of them remains inside NP. The two types of possessives themselves are of different size: the possessive in ezafe-3 is a full-fledged DP, but the possessive in ezafe-2 is a Small Nominal (Pereltsvaig 2006).

Argumentation courses in Latin America, influenced by the doctrinal traditions of continental Europe, tend to reproduce examples designed a hundred or even two  hundred years ago, without subjecting them to critical review or assessing their practical impact when used as models in real contexts. Rarely is it questioned whether there are  more relevant alternatives or ones better adapted to our realities.
The reception of these examples and their practices in our continent has generally been  uncritical and lacking in reflection. As I have argued in To Argue Is to Compare, it is urgent  to carry out an audit of error in these doctrines1, as they present significant structural flaws. One of the most notorious problems is the selection of examples: those of a  condemnatory nature are privileged, fostering a passive and even collaborative reading  with the implicit condemnation. This trend not only limits analytical capacity, but also  hinders the questioning of the beliefs that underlie such examples, thus promoting  erroneous practices in decision-making within forensic debate.
Therefore, I suggest that professors and researchers in our region examine more  thoroughly the examples they employ before replicating them. Below, I will offer a brief  sample of how this phenomenon manifests itself, drawing both on experiences that  readers can replicate and on contributions from cognitive psychology regarding error in decision-making.

Departing from the concept of lexicon as a system and based on the Government and Binding Theory , the idiosyncratic pieces of information of nominal lexical structures aimed to be projected syntactically are identified. It is assumed the existence of a determining sintagma in which operations of quantification, of number attribution and, eventually, of genre take place. This is shaped in the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to be exploited in systems of automatic treatment.

Björn Wiemer, Peter Arkadiev, Rogier Blokland & Petar Kehayov (eds.), Convergence and divergence in the eastern Circum-Baltic Area. Vol. 1: The Northern Part. A synthetic view, especially on Finnic, and case studies. (Studia Typologica Vol. 33.1) Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2025. — VIII, 625 p.

El liberalismo clásico exige un espacio ciudadano de libertades civiles protegido frente al poder político. Su recuperación hoy implica rescatar su fundamento universalista y cosmopolita, superando el enfoque identitario que fragmenta la ciudadanía en grupos particulares. Esa versión identitaria, limitada y excluyente, erosiona la visión pública compartida. Volver a pensar en términos de ciudadanía amplia y derechos universales permitiría reconstruir la comunidad democrática más allá de divisiones fragmentarias.

La reflexión se inicia con una premisa sencilla pero profunda: ante un conflicto de creencias, solo existen tres modos de actuación —la violencia explícita, la imposición de una autoridad externa o la argumentación— siendo esta última la opción menos violenta. El autor plantea que no todos los conflictos merecen o deben afrontarse y cita a Aristóteles: “no hay que discutir con todo el mundo” (Top. 164b), destacando que la argumentación surge cuando deseamos resolver un desacuerdo mediante el intercambio de razones, no mediante imposición o fuerza. También alerta sobre la potencial violencia interna en los debates: distorsionar argumentos, simplificar excesivamente, buscar victoria sin diálogo o impedir que el desacuerdo conduzca a mejores entendimientos. Finalmente, propone que las metas argumentativas no son uniformes: pueden perseguir la verdad, un acuerdo convivible o resolver un conflicto práctico, según el contexto.

The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of German particle verbs with the particle weg- ‘away’ as in Tattoos weglasern (lit. ‘to laser tattoos away’ within the framework of Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 1995, 2006; Ziem & Lasch, 2013). The meaning of German weg-verbs often being non-compositional, morpho-lexical approaches turn out to be unable to properly account for the meaning of weg-constructions. The constructionist approach allows us to shed light on the relationship between morphology and syntax within weg-constructions and to account for both lexicalised and non-lexicalised instances of verbs with weg-. The analysis is based on the distinction between transitive and reflexive weg-constructions, which can occur as caused-motion and resultative constructions. The discussion of various variants of the German weg-construction suggests that the weg-constructions under investigation are linked to each other in a family of constructions.

This paper reports the results of an experimental study that investigated how young English-speaking children acquire questions with wh-possessive phrases such as 'whose hat'. It has been noted since Ross (1967) that adult English patterns with other Germanic languages in enforcing obligatory piedpiping of whose-phrases, as shown in (1): (1) a. Whose hat did he take? b. *Whose did he take hat? c. *Who did he take 's hat? The examples in (1) show that neither extraction of the genitive whpossessor 'whose', nor extraction of the bare wh-possessor 'who' is allowed. 1 By contrast, in languages like Hungarian, Tzotzil, and Russian, whpossessors are free to optionally extract out of NP. Consider a representative example from Hungarian that illustrates optional extraction of the whpossessor NP in dative case (the data are from Szabolcsi 1994): (2) Ki-nek k ismer-té-tek [ DP t k a vendég-é-ø-t]]]? Who-Dat know-past.2pl the guest -poss.3sg.Acc 'Whose guest did you know?' The work of Chung (1991) on Chamorro appears to suggest that there is a third alternative to pied-piping, namely, obligatory extraction of whpossessors, as illustrated in (3): (3) Hayi k un-yuland [ DP munika-ña t k ]? Who Infl(2c)-break doll-Agr(3sg) 'Whose doll did you break?' 1 Ross (1967) labeled the ungrammatical examples in 1(b,c) as 'left-branch violations'. In this paper, we will use the term 'possessor extraction' to avoid a language-specific bias in terminology, since crosslinguistically wh-possessors may occupy a left or a right branch of the Spec of NP.

One of the current focuses of research within natural language processing is the partial and robust parsing of sentences written in natural language. Partial parsing could be used in diverse applications as data extraction, machine translation, dialogue systems, etc. His main attractiveness is that is able to handle unrestricted sentences, that contain lexical errors or that present constructions not accepted by the defined grammar. Partial parsing is an alternative to the definition of wide coverage grammars whose definition is an expensive and complex task and that present well-known problems such as overgeneration, undergeneration and ambiguity. In this paper, we present a partial parser of unrestricted natural language sentences APOLN (Analizador Parcial de Oraciones en Lenguaje Natural) which is based on finite-state machines. APOLN is an incremental parser that permits the compiling and inheritance of feature structures between levels of processing. We present the results of applying APOLN on an unrestricted Spanish corpus and we will use it in a speech dialogue system.

Romance clitic constructions with anaphoric interpretation have been approached in a variety of ways in the literature. Yet considerable evidence points toward an unaccusative analysis. One argument that has been invoked against this view concerns focus alternatives. This paper shows that their diagnostic role is methodologically problematic, since it fails to serve the purpose ascribed to it. There is therefore no compelling reason to reject an unaccusative analysis of reflexive and reciprocal se/si-constructions on the basis of this test. At the same time, focus alternatives remain a valuable tool for detecting the presence of implicit arguments, with important implications for their controversial analysis. In this respect, a comparative perspective on Romance anaphoric clitic vs. passive constructions suggests that implicit thematic arguments are syntactically projected in the latter, but not in the former.

This paper examines the formal structure of the grammatical tense/aspect/mood system in Chontal, a Mayan language from Mexico. The verbal grammar is analyzed as a continuum of semantically and morphosyntactically interrelated phenomena of different sorts, from fully grammaticalized (grammatical core) to those lexical items that may possibly be grammaticalized in the future (grammatical periphery). The distinction between grammatical core and periphery is not only important in order to represent in an appropriate way the internal architecture of a grammatical system, but can also help to better understand semantic properties of its structural components. The core elements are usually ambiguous and express very general meanings; the peripheral elements may optionally make them more precise, thereby disambiguating the utterance.

La reflexión destaca que las paradojas poseen un atractivo singular: son fascinantes y provocadoras. Señala cómo la filosofía, al diseñar argumentos para resolverlas, puede despojarles de su poder magnético, comparándolo con explicar un chiste hasta destruir su gracia.En contraste, Edilberto Aldán explota las paradojas narrativamente en Pequeñas y fugaces memorias, convirtiéndolas en detonantes de intriga y asombro, donde el lector se deja llevar por insinuaciones poderosas más que por explicaciones lógicas.

La reflexión aborda cómo nuestras aspiraciones políticas —como enfrentar el cambio climático o reducir la desigualdad— dependen de lo que creemos saber. Se explora la complejidad del conocimiento y la creencia, observando que poseemos innumerables convicciones, verbalizables o no, que influyen en nuestras acciones, aunque no siempre las determinan. Esta primera entrega inicia una serie con el objetivo de clarificar conceptos como creer, saber y creer que sabemos, para fortalecer nuestras decisiones colectivas informadas.

It is well known that Latin coepi and incipio are used to refer to the beginning of a situation, but what other verbs can describe the rest of the phases of an event, such as its end? To what extent are these verbs frequent? Are there other ways to convey these notions? Which is the most common? Taking the semantic field of warfare as a reference, this paper analyses the strategies used in Latin texts to focalise the phases of actions related to war, with close attention to differences between them both in frequency and in meaning. The analysis brought forward here shows, on the one hand, that the most frequent mechanism for this purpose is of lexical nature and consists of the combination of a verb that has lost part of its original meaning and an event-designating noun, and, on the other hand, that these constructions are not arbitrary but are due to underlying metaphorical patterns.

En este artículo, sostengo que el poder de las razones es acumulativo: aunque los conflictos rara vez se resuelven únicamente mediante argumentación, las razones siempre prevalecen a largo plazo. Argumentar no se limita a resolver desacuerdos, sino que busca justificar nuestras creencias y acciones, evitando que estas se basen en la arbitrariedad. A pesar de que las decisiones políticas suelen estar influenciadas por intereses y poder, la argumentación sigue siendo esencial para la deliberación democrática.

Nativist Accounts of Verb Argument Acquisition Reevaluated ... Sigal Uziel-Karl Kibbutzim College of Education sigal@alum.mit.edu ... Various proposals have been made to account for the acquisition of Verb Argument Structure (VAS). These include Input-based accounts of various ...

Este ensayo plantea que el pensamiento humano va de la mano del lenguaje: solo a través de él podemos compartir nuestras reflexiones. Mientras emociones como el dolor o el placer son intransferibles, las ideas sí pueden comunicarse con claridad. Citando a Wittgenstein, se sostiene que lo que puede pensarse con claridad puede expresarse con precisión. Además, se advierte que el lenguaje no es rígido, sino lleno de matices que pueden volver ambiguas nuestras expresiones. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre si los animales piensan, reconociendo evidencias de estados mentales como emociones o razonamientos básicos, aunque sin acceso lingüístico comparable al humano.

Las discusiones públicas suelen verse empañadas por un sectarismo arraigado, en el que defendemos creencias y afiliaciones como si fueran equipos deportivos. Este ensayo defiende que nuestra identidad no puede reducirse a pertenecer a un solo grupo. Inspirado en Amartya Sen, el autor propone que somos, simultáneamente, ciudadanos, profesionistas, activistas, amantes del arte, entre otros roles. Tomar en serio una sola lealtad identitaria fomenta divisiones y violencia. Reconocer nuestra identidad plural permite debates públicos más enriquecedores y fructíferos.

Este ensayo aborda cómo la pluralidad cultural es un hecho valioso que no debe conducir a la fragmentación social. A través de referencias como el relato bíblico de Babel y sus redenciones en perspectivas como la de Octavio Paz, se reflexiona sobre la posibilidad de una unidad que no anule la diversidad. Se retoman ideas de John Rawls sobre el pluralismo razonable, según el cual distintas convicciones deben convivir sin imponer poder coercitivo. Frente al colectivismo comunitarista que fragmenta, el cosmopolitismo emerge como una virtud ética que celebra la diversidad, impulsa la curiosidad moral y fomenta la unidad sin uniformidad.

The goal of this chapter is to provide a nanosyntactic hierarchy of features for imperfective categories in natural language. Building on Starke’s (2021) proposal to derive progressives from habituals, we propose that habituals are not uniform but come in two shapes. Reporting data from languages that provide two formally distinct categories of habituals, we identify their semantic correlates. In particular, we argue that the habitual category that expresses incidental generalizations are structurally more complex, containing the habitual category that expresses rule-like generalizations that project into the future. Hence, the paper provides an empirically well-grounded enrichment on the fseq, making predictions about possible types of syncretisms in the domain of imperfectives.

The way in which discourse features express connections back to the previous discourse has been described in the literature in terms of adjoining at the right frontier of discourse structure. But this does not allow for discourse features that express expectations about what is to come in the subsequent discourse. After characterizing these expectations and their distribution in text, we show how an approach that makes use of substitution as well as adjoining on a suitably defined right frontier, can be used to both process expectations and constrain discouse processing in general.

Este trabajo presenta una descripción semántica y contrastiva del sujeto léxico explícito y del sujeto implícito de tercera persona en latín, según sus rasgos de definitud, animacidad y agentividad. El objetivo es mostrar que la semántica es medular para explicar la presencia explícita o la implícita de esta función sintáctica. Exponemos que ambos tipos de sujeto tienen dinámicas semánticas distintas, además de que planteamos una jerarquización de rasgos para la categoría, según la información que arroja nuestro corpus. Con esto, aportamos la descripción de un aspecto central de la lengua latina, que, a la fecha, persiste como pendiente en los estudios gramaticales. Analizamos cuantitativa y cualitativamente un corpus de textos del s. I a. C. como evidencia.

Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author's version for posting to your own website or your institution's repository. You may further deposit the accepted author's version on a funder's repository at a funder's request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.

The twentieth meeting of CLIN (Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands) took place in Utrecht, The Netherlands, on Friday 5 February 2010. There were 73 abstracts which were accepted for presentation at the conference (55 oral and 18 poster presentations). CLIN 20 attracted an audience of 141 participants. Most of the attendees came from The Netherlands and Belgium, with lower numbers of people from other European countries ( ) and the rest of the world (3). This year we had a special occasion to celebrate: the first CLIN meeting was organized by UiL-OTS 20 years ago and it is becoming a tradition to host it in Utrecht every 10 years. The Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union, DLU) celebrates its 30th anniversary this year. Linde van den Bosch presented on behalf of the DLU a speech entitled '30 years of the Dutch Language Union', which is included in these proceedings. We were happy to have Bernardo Huberman from the Social Computing Lab at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories as our invited speaker. An abstract of his talk 'Social attention in the age of the web' can be found in these proceedings. The authors presenting at CLIN have been invited to submit a paper for the proceedings. After a reviewing process, eleven of these papers have been accepted for inclusion in the proceedings. We would like to thank all people contributing to a successful CLIN meeting: the sponsors, the co-organizers, the organizers of the previous meeting in Groningen, the speakers, the invited speaker, the authors of all submitted papers, the reviewers and everyone that attended CLIN 20. See you all in Ghent in 2011! Utrecht,

Анализируются синтаксические структуры с предикативами, которые присоединяют пропозициональный актант, выраженный инфинитивной конструкцией либо зависимой клаузой, а также высказывания с сентенциальными наречиями, определяющими не конкретный аспект глагольного действия, а всю ситуацию. Предикативы и сентенциальные наречия, ввиду их способности модифицировать пропозицию, рассматриваются как средства формирования семантически эквивалентных структур. Выделяются следующие типы соотношения предикативов и пропозиций в зависимых клаузах: предикатив определяет контролируемое действие лица, представленное в пропозиции; предикатив квалифицирует возможность или целесообразность осуществления ситуации безотносительно к чьим-либо поступкам, выраженную в пропозиции; предикатив характеризует пропозицию с неодушевленным участником или личным субъектом и связанной с ним стихийной ситуацией; предикатив оценивает две взаимосвязанные пропозиции, заключенные в клаузах-конъюнктах. Устанавливается возможность предикатива, сочетающегося с инфинитивом, и сентенциального наречия формировать синонимичные высказывания в рамках данных типов корреляции.
Syntactic structures with predicatives that attach a propositional argument expressed by an infinitive construction or a dependent clause and utterances with sentential adverbs that define the whole situation rather than a specific aspect of the verb action are analysed. Predicatives and sentential adverbs due their ability to modify the proposition are considered as means capable of forming semantically equivalent structures. The types of correlation between predicatives and propositions in dependent clauses (the predicative evaluates the controlled action of the person represented in the proposition; the predicative qualifies the possibility or expediency of the situation without regard to one’s actions, expressed in the proposition; the predicative characterises the proposition with an inanimate participant or a personal subject and a spontaneous situation connected with it; the predicative evaluates two interrelated propositions represented in conjunct clauses) are distinguished. The possibility of the predicate combined with the infinitive and the sentential adverb to form synonymous utterances within these types of correlation are revealed.