Arctic Climate

“The Evolution of Canadian Arctic Strategies” analyzes the Canadian Arctic from a geopolitical perspective, examining the positions taken by Canadian governments from 2006 to the present: from viewing the Arctic solely as a place to exercise sovereignty, to recognizing it as an opportunity for social and economic development, furthering the path of reconciliation with Indigenous populations, and ultimately returning to seeing it as a site for asserting national identity—a strategic northern stronghold not only for Canada but also for its NATO allies.

The article outlines structural changes in the current environmental management and availability of biological resources for three Arctic indigenous communities are located in Yamal-Nenets Autonomous district (YaNAO), Nenets Autonomous district (NAO), and Canadian ethnic province Nunavut in conditions of extractive industry development and climate change. Special attention is given to factors leading transformations of quality of life of Nenets and Inuit are based on natural resources, playing a vital role for human habitats and supporting ecosystem services. Indigenous carry out a community-based natural resource management relating to their traditional way of life. This management is viewed as an effective tool supporting the Arctic biodiversity. Also it provides access to natural resources for present and growing generations both. Based on field research, statistical information, materials on environment transformation during ongoing development of mineral and fuel deposits, reports on changing natural and climatic features, and on interview of a wide range of members of indigenous communities author indicates a modern picture of availability of biological resources for native peoples, reveals sustainability of the Arctic environment to technogenic impact and changing climate, proposes measures aimed at Nenets and Inuit livelihood protection, and at transfer of traditional land-based skills to future Northern generations.

A previously reported analysis of rehabilitated monthly temperature and precipitation time series for several hundred stations across Canada showed generally spatially coherent patterns of variation between two decades (1976–85 and 1986–95). The present work expands that analysis to finer time scales and a greater number of stations. We demonstrate how the finer temporal resolution, at 5 day or 11 day intervals, increases the separation between clusters of recent variations in seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation. We also expand the analysis by increasing the number of stations from only rehabilitated monthly data sets to rehabilitated daily sets, then to approximately 1500 daily observation stations. This increases the spatial density of data and allows a finer spatial resolution of patterns between the two decades. We also examine the success of clustering partial records, i.e. sites where the data record is incomplete. The intent of this study was to be consistent w...

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to participate in today's Full Committee hearing on Climate Change Impacts. I am honored to testify before you today on behalf of an international team of 300 scientists, other experts, and elders and other insightful indigenous residents of the Arctic region who are preparing a comprehensive analysis of the impacts and consequences of climate variability and changes across the Arctic region, including the impacts induced by increases in UV radiation arising from depletion of stratospheric ozone in the region. I am Dr. Robert W. Corell, Chair of the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), which was established and charged to conduct the assessment by the Arctic Council 1 and the International Arctic Sciences Committee 2 . The Arctic Council is composed of senior officials from the eight Arctic countries (U.S. is represented by senior officials of the Department of State) and the leadership from six international indigenous peoples organizations of the Arctic region. The International Arctic Sciences Committee (IASC) was founded to encourage and facilitate cooperation in all aspects of Arctic research; the US is represented by an appointment made by the National Academy of Science. 1 The Arctic Council was established on September 19th, 1996 in Ottawa, Canada. A high level intergovernmental forum, the Council provides a mechanism to address the common concerns and challenges faced by the Arctic governments and the people of the Arctic.

The ability of modern climate models to simulate ice season length in the Arctic, its recent changes and navigation season on Arctic marine routes along the Eurasian and the North American coastlines is evaluated using satellite ice cover observations for 1979-2007. Simulated mean sea ice season duration fits remarkably well to satellite observations and so do the simulated 20th century changes using historical forcing.

The Economy of the North -ECONOR 2025 is the result of contributions from the ECONOR network of experts and researchers from national statistical offices, academic institutions, and Indigenous Peoples' organizations located across the Arctic, and data have been compiled from many sources. Without the expertise and contributions from the ECONOR network, and their access to data sources, this report could not have been produced. While the report is the result of contributions from the entire ECONOR network, the individual chapters bear the names of the authors. Statistics Norway has hosted the editorial group that compiled and edited the contributions from the project network.

The Arctic is not well understood by the rest of the world. This is one of the great dangers threatening all living beings in the world. The increase in the arctic melting and the complete destruction of the ecosystem that maintains the ecosystem of the world has been changing very fast. Similarly, the ecosystem of the Antarctic also has been changing. The earth is caught in-

This paper provides an assessment of long-term trends in total cloud cover in the Arctic for the period 1985-2020 based on surface observations. Analysis shows that total cloud cover exhibits a substantial variation both between seasons and from year to year. Two areas of positive trends were found in the total cloud cover from October to April over the Arctic: one in the North Atlantic from 20° W up to 90° E and another from 150° E up to 150° W, which may be a result of atmospheric heat and moisture transport through the Atlantic and Pacific gates. Throughout the year, positive trends dominate over the Arctic Ocean and its seas (except for the Laptev Sea). Negative trends prevail over the continental parts of the Arctic.

This paper provides an assessment of long-term trends in total cloud cover in the Arctic for the period 1985–2020 based on surface observations. Analysis shows that total cloud cover exhibits a substantial variation both between seasons and from year to year. Two areas of positive trends were found in the total cloud cover from October to April over the Arctic: one in the North Atlantic from 20° W up to 90° E and another from 150° E up to 150° W, which may be a result of atmospheric heat and moisture transport through the Atlantic and Pacific gates. Throughout the year, positive trends dominate over the Arctic Ocean and its seas (except for the Laptev Sea). Negative trends prevail over the continental parts of the Arctic

In theory, the same sea-ice models could be used for both research and operations, but in practice, differences in scientific and software requirements and computational and human resources complicate the matter. Although sea-ice modeling tools developed for climate studies and other research applications produce output of interest to operational forecast users, such as ice motion, convergence, and internal ice pressure, the relevant spatial and temporal scales may not be sufficiently resolved. For instance, sea-ice research codes are typically run with horizontal resolution of more than 3 km, while mariners need information on scales less than 300 m. Certain sea-ice processes and coupled feedbacks that are critical to simulating the Earth system may not be relevant on these scales; and therefore, the most important model upgrades for improving sea-ice predictions might be made in the atmosphere and ocean components of coupled models or in their coupling mechanisms, rather than in t...

Ayşe Gülsüm Çalık doktora tezi olarak yazdığı bu çalışmasında Arktika bölgesini uluslararası ilişkiler disiplini açısından inceliyor. Son derece önemli bir çalışma. Önemli çünkü Türkçe’de bir ilk. Hiç kuşkusuz yazılan makaleler var, ama bu kapsamda bir çalışma yok. Öncelikle bölgeyi tanıtıyor bizlere. Bölgedeki deniz yollarını, yeraltı kaynaklarını tanıttıktan sonra uluslararası hukukta daha önce yapılan düzenlemeleri inceliyor. İklim değişikliğinin de etkisiyle bölgenin nasıl küresel çıkar Sayfa | i alanı olmaktan çıkıp, bölgesel/ortak çıkar alanı olduğunu ve ardından ulusal çıkarların nasıl öne çıktığını anlatıyor. Bunu yaparken son derece yetkin biçimde Rusya Federasyonu’nun dış politikası örneğini ele alıyor. Bu bölge “Rus kimliği”ne damgasını vuranlardan biri. Bölgedeki keşiflerin çoğunun Ruslar tarafından yapılmış olması ve yer adlarının çoğunun Rusça olması bunun kanıtlarından biri. İki kutuplu sistemin yıkılmasının ardından Rusya’nın “süper güç” yeteneğini yitirmesi bu devletin uluslararası sistemdeki önemini eksiltmedi. Dünyanın en büyük ülkesine sahip bu devlet pek çok bölgede etkisini sürdürüyor. Bunlardan biri de Arktika. Fakat bölgede çıkarları olan başka devletler de var. Başta bölge devletleri olmak üzere ABD ve Çin de farklı çıkarların peşinde. Çoğunca da devletlerin çıkarları çatışıyor. Bölgede Rusya Federasyonu’nun izlediği politikaları saptamak, ekonomik ve askeri gelişmeleri incelemek bu açıdan önemli. Son derece zengin bir kaynakçaya dayanan bu çalışma daha sonra yapılacakların önünü açacak bir referans kaynağı olacak niteliktedir. Prof. Dr. Erel Tellal Şubat 2025 / Ankara

This paper examines the question whether ICT, and their carrying knowledge, pose a challenge to autonomy on the ways of living, and knowledge held by “Northeners” in more general terms. For this reason first it is examined what knowledge is in more general terms.
Partially thereby a epistemological comparison between TEK and “western-rationalistic” knowledge is conducted. In a second step knowledge expectations embodied in ICT are examined. Special consideration is given to assumptions held in ICT. Furthermore, it is examined how realistic this threat from ICT to Northern autonomy is by taking a brief look into the infrastructural situation of ICT in the North. In a last step it is examined what from a political perspective autonomy can be and how ICT relate to this autonomy. The paper is summarised by a perspective that examines the character of ICT under conditions of the circumpolar knowledge and varying of forms of culture. It closes with an argument that suggests that the autonomy constraining character of ICT is not a necessary consequence.
To avoid the negative consequences, however, dialogue and communication between “North” and “South” that appreciates the differences and likeness of both extremes is presented as a solution that can overcome the opaque character of ICT.

UNEP is the principal UN body in the field of the environment and assists governments to address global, regional and national environmental challenges. UNEP keeps the environment under review, provides scientific information to stakeholders and governments and promotes regional and global collaboration to address these challenges. UNEP is celebrating its 40 th anniversary in 2012 and plays a key role in the Rio + 20 preparatory process, focusing in particular on Green Economy in the Context of Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development. This year's report to the UNPFII provides an overview of UNEP's most relevant projects and programmes in relation to Indigenous Peoples and Indigenous Peoples' issues. Issues and themes which were addressed in previous reports are not addressed, as requested by the Secretariat. However, updates are being provided when relevant. A strong focus on Indigenous Peoples can be found in the work of UNEP/GRID Arendal through its Polar Center, addressing in particular" Nomadic Herders: Enhancing the Resilience of Pastoral Ecosystems and Livelihoods." UNEP also continues to provide support to UN Joint Programme initiatives in the Latin-American and Caribbean region. UNEP recognizes that there is an important role for Major Groups and Stakeholders to participate in policy formulation, advocacy and lobbying, as well as in the development and the implementation of UNEP's Programme of Work and relevant assessment platforms such as the production of the Global Environment Outlook(GEO 5) and the Inter-governmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)that have successfully provided for Indigenous Peoples an opportunity to be included in the processes. UNEP aims at enhancing its engagement with Indigenous Peoples and is currently finalising an Indigenous Peoples Policy Guidance document.

Two historical voyages were completed in December 2021 and January 2022 over the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in a westerly direction. A lack of accurate real time data regarding ice conditions and the influence of changing meteorological conditions severely complicated voyage planning. Normal voyage planning for the Northern Sea Route is based on historical satellite data. The objective is to extrapolate possible ice conditions throughout the planned route. This historical data has not been taken into account changes in wind, current and relative ice pressure. In addition, the effect of wind drag on the "sail area" of modules being transported has a significant influence on the application of the power necessary to penetrate ice at the speed and fuel consumption calculations stipulated by the Vessels' design. The safe transit of the Northern Sea Route from the beginning of December to the end of March cannot be accurately predicted by using the historical data available today. This significantly increases the risk factors considered not only in pre-voyage planning but throughout the voyage itself. The application of the current regulatory regime requirements to navigate via the Northern Sea Route during the December-March period by no means eliminates the possibility of vessels becoming beset by ice. Close communication with Rosatomflot prior to entering the Northern Sea Route is a necessity in order to appraise the ice conditions in higher risk areas as well as to optimized route planning. Furthermore, operational experience during periods of nuclear icebreaker support is critical to maintain safe progress on the Northern Sea Route. This Paper will address these challenges, as well as attempt to quantify: 1. The effect on wind pressure and wind direction on icebreaking capabilities 2. The effects of wind speed and direction on ice pressure relative to coastal geography. 3. The effects of changing ice conditions on fuel consumption with-and without icebreaker support.

One of the goals of the ESA project GlobSnow is to develop a global product and a near-real-time service for Snow Extent (SE) and carry out snow mapping of the whole seasonally snow-covered Earth for the years 1995-2010 based on the optical sensors ERS-2 ATSR-2 and Envisat AATSR data. A laboratory processing chain has been developed for testing and improving SE products in an iterative process based on a dialogue with a user group. The final version of the laboratory processing chain will function as a reference system for the implementation of an operational system for production of the full time series of products as well as near-real-time products produced on a daily basis. The first version of the global SE product set spanning 15 years is expected to be ready by the end of 2010 and will be made freely available.

Permafrost thaw poses diverse risks to Arctic environments and livelihoods. Understanding the effects of permafrost thaw is vital for informed policymaking and adaptation efforts. Here, we present the consolidated findings of a risk analysis spanning four study regions: Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norway), the Avannaata municipality (Greenland), the Beaufort Sea region and the Mackenzie River Delta (Canada), and the Bulunskiy District of the Sakha Republic (Russia). Local stakeholders’ and scientists’ perceptions shaped our understanding of the risks as dynamic, socionatural phenomena involving physical processes, key hazards, and societal consequences. Through an inter- and transdisciplinary risk analysis based on multidirectional knowledge exchanges and thematic network analysis, we identified five key hazards of permafrost thaw. These include infrastructure failure, disruption of mobility and supplies, decreased water quality, challenges for food security, and exposure to diseases and contaminants. The study’s novelty resides in the comparative approach spanning different disciplines, environmental and societal contexts, and the transdisciplinary synthesis considering various risk perceptions.

, to the ocean-atmosphere reservoirs. This injection is thought to have promoted, through enhanced greenhouse conditions, a rise in seawater temperatures larger than 6°C, widespread oxygen depletion and severe biotic extinctions among marine

Ulusal veya uluslararası bilimsel organizasyonlar sayesinde birçok projenin üretilmesi,çalışmanın paylaşılması ve böylelikle alanında çalışan kişilerin bir araya gelmesi sağlanmaktadır. Türkiye'de bu amaçla birçok organizasyon bulunmaktadır. "Arama motorlarından yapılan sektörel bazlı arama sonuçlarında "KONGREUZMANI.COM" birinci sırada yer almaktadır" sloganıyla hizmet veren "kongreuzmani.com" adlı internet sitesi üzerinde,Türkiye'de gerçekleştirilen ulusal ve uluslararası kongreler gösterilmektedir. Kongre Uzmanı internet sitesi içerisinde bulanan detaylı aramalar kısmına anahtar kelime olarak "Sosyal Bilimler" yazılmıştır. Yapılan arama sonucunda çıkan kongrelerden basit tesadüfi örneklem yoluyla, İktisadi Kalkınma ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü (İKSAD) seçilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında seçilen İKSAD'ınsosyal medya hesapları incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda İKSAD'ınsosyal medyada genişçe yer aldığı, aktif olarak hesaplarının kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Bilginin en hızlı şekilde paylaşıldığı günümüz ortamında, bu gibi organizasyonların sosyal medya kullanımının giderek artacağı ve bu yolla daha fazla kişiye ulaşılacağı gerçeği yinelenmiştir.

This paper estimates global changes in ultraviolet radiation since preindustrial times, resulting from anthropogenic stratospheric and tropospheric ozone changes. A sophisticated radiative transfer scheme is employed to calculate changes in the diurnally integrated UVB (defined here as 280–320 nm) and erythemally weighted (EER) irradiance reaching the Earth's surface. Stratospheric ozone changes are obtained from combining total ozone mapping spectrometer satellite data with Dobson ground‐based instrument data. Tropospheric ozone changes are estimated from the University of Oslo three‐dimensional chemical transport model. These ozone trend data are combined in three ways to calculate the associated ultraviolet trend and estimate its uncertainty. We show that in low latitudes a significant (up to 5% for UVB and 9% for EER) decrease in surface UV may have occurred, due to tropospheric ozone increases. Large UV increases are found at high latitudes, with up to 60% increases in Octo...

The Arctic region is increasingly recognized for its environmental changes and geopolitical importance caused by climate change. The Arctic has become a symbol of climate change in recent years, as rising temperatures worldwide have caused significant ice melt. The melting of Arctic glaciers presents opportunities and challenges for many countries in international politics. The environmental transformation experienced in the Arctic region is opening up new trade routes. It is also revealing previously inaccessible natural resources such as oil, gas, and minerals. Melting glaciers may increase global trade, but they also raise concerns about environmental degradation and geopolitical tensions. While melting glaciers create new avenues for trade and resource extraction, they are also causing geopolitical tensions between major powers. As polar ice caps melt and new sea routes emerge, the Arctic has become a focal point for global competition between major powers, particularly the United States, Russia, and China. This study presents the effects of the global melting in the Arctic region on maritime trade routes and the current and future economic and commercial competition between states in this area.

In 2013, the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) and the biodiversity working group of the Arctic Council released the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA), a report containing the best available science informed by traditional ecological knowledge on the status and trends of Arctic biodiversity and accompanying policy recommendations (ABA 2013a) for biodiversity conservation. This text provides a summary of the ABA recommendations and a discussion on their path from key scientific findings to policy and subsequent actions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been first and foremost a health crisis, but it has also had severe negative impacts on the global economy. It has shaken regional economies, especially labour markets, over the last two years. Arctic regions are no exception. The aim of this article is to analyse the regional economic impacts, as well as the recovery processes, of the COVID-19 pandemic in Arctic 5 cities in Northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway (Oulu and Rovaniemi in Finland, Luleå and Umeå in Sweden and Tromsø in Norway). In many countries, including Finland, Sweden and Norway, governments decreed various types of lockdown policies to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to such policies, the pandemic has had an asymmetrical impact not only on individuals but also on communities and regions. This has given new urgency to a place-based approach to regional development, mitigating territorial inequalities. Our goal is to study how hard the Arctic 5 cities have been hit by the COVID-19 shock and how well they have been able to absorb, adapt to and recover from the crisis. The research question thus focuses on the resilience of the regions. In this study, we focus on the analysis of public statistics concerning the development of labour markets. We also analyse changes

The COVID-19 pandemic has been first and foremost a health crisis, but it has also had severe negative impacts on the
global economy. It has shaken regional economies, especially labour markets, over the last two years. Arctic regions are no
exception. The aim of this article is to analyse the regional economic impacts, as well as the recovery processes, of the COVID-
19 pandemic in Arctic 5 cities in Northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway (Oulu and Rovaniemi in Finland, Luleå and
Umeå in Sweden and Tromsø in Norway).
In many countries, including Finland, Sweden and Norway, governments decreed various types of lockdown policies to prevent
the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to such policies, the pandemic has had an asymmetrical impact not only on
individuals but also on communities and regions. This has given new urgency to a place-based approach to regional development,
mitigating territorial inequalities. Our goal is to study how hard the Arctic 5 cities have been hit by the COVID-19 shock
and how well they have been able to absorb, adapt to and recover from the crisis. The research question thus focuses on the
resilience of the regions.
In this study, we focus on the analysis of public statistics concerning the development of labour markets. We also analyse changes in human behaviour during the pandemic using the information provided by Google Mobility data. These mobility data and
labour market indicators are used to measure regional economic and social resilience. Our research shows that, for example,
regional socioeconomic structures have played an important role in how well the regions have been able to withstand the pandemic
and recover from it. Differences in national containment regulations have also affected this development. These cross-border
comparisons provide information on how well different measures in different regions across national borders have functioned and
what impacts they have had on regional economies, especially on labour markets and people’s mobility.

Authors Hans Meltofte, Tom Barry, Dominique Berteaux, Helga Bültmann, Jørgen S. Christiansen, Joseph A. Cook, Anders Dahlberg, Fred J.A. Daniëls, Dorothee Ehrich, Finnur Friðriksson, Barbara Ganter, Anthony J. Gaston, Lynn Gillespie, Lenore Grenoble, Eric P. Hoberg, Ian D. Hodkinson, Henry P. Huntington, Rolf A. Ims, Alf B. Josefson, Susan J. Kutz, Sergius L. Kuzmin, Kristin L. Laidre, Dennis R. Lassuy, Patrick N. Lewis, Connie Lovejoy, Christine Michel, Vadim Mokievsky, Tero Mustonen, David C. Payer, Michel Poulin, Donald Reid, James D. Reist, David F. Tessler and Frederick J. Wrona

There has been global interest in the exploitation of rich hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic for decades. However, recent low oil prices, a low carbon economy climate agenda, and technical challenges of Arctic oil extraction have curbed interest in these Arctic resources. Despite a recent reluctance to explore and develop an offshore Arctic drilling industry, a resurgence in oil and gas prices could spark renewed interests that could pose unacceptable risks of pollution from oil spills. These risks are further compounded by complex governance and sovereignty issues between circumpolar nations. This paper (i) compares cycles of Arctic hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation activity with global energy prices; (ii) outlines current pollution abatement techniques under pan-Arctic national regulations to identify potential gaps; (iii) describes current international frameworks for Arctic governance to highlight how problems could arise if offshore oil drilling returns to the Arctic and associated spills migrate to international waters; and (iv) provides policy recommendations to aid both national and international policy-makers regarding pollution abatement methods for future Arctic drilling.

The Arctic land and resource rush has not been in the limelight of global research on new land grabbing (Kröger 2019), which focused first especially on the rising long-term leasing of plantation land in Africa, especially by Gulf and East Asian rising states, following the 2008 financial market crisis (Edelman et al. 2013). Since then, research on this new land rush has also looked at other contexts and states, and a variety of actors pushing for land grabs, such as different corporations, funds and other actors, especially in the Global South, but also in the Global North. The attention has expanded from farmland to mining, hydrocarbons, forestry, tourism, and other forms of land grabbing (see Chapter 1 in this volume; Neef 2021; Kröger 2013; 2020). The essential role of the establishment of extractive infrastructures and logistics has also been studied (Mezzadra & Neilson 2019; Tsing 2018); for example, the role of states and corporations that establish large pipelines and port complexes which allow for push and are essential for broader land grabs at the points of extraction (Pedlowski 2013). Also, the diversity of actors and processes which explain new land rushes has expanded, including the role of financialization and other actors than states and corporations that operate at global scales (see Chapter 1 in this volume; Cotula 2012; Sosa Varrotti & Gras 2021). However, even within this broader view of land grabbing as a global phenomenon, the Arctic has been mostly sidelined, although Arctic specialists, located in the Global North and having their own established research traditions, including natural resource management and extraction, have provided some new analyses (see Kröger 2019 for a review). Having said that, the situation of the Arctic still demands much more attention, and global land grabbing scholarship can help to provide an even more critical and global understanding of land rush dynamics. This chapter merges specific Arctic studies and concepts with global land grabbing theories and knowledge, aiming to provide a contribution to both by emphasizing that the ongoing climate and ecological crises need to be incorporated fully into explanatory models. This is a pioneering proposition. In The New North: The World in 2050, Smith (2011) argues that the areas North of latitude 45 will in the future have much more strategic importance and an increased global role due to several trends. However, this book, like the bulk of

The Ob is the third largest Eurasian river supplying heat and freshwater to the Arctic Ocean. These inputs influence water salinity, ice coverage, ocean temperatures and ocean circulation, and ultimately the global climate system. Variability of Ob River flow on long time scales is poorly understood, however, because gaged flow records are short. Eleven tree-ring width chronologies of Pinus sibirica and Larix sibirica are developed from the floodplain of the Lower Ob River, analyzed for hydroclimatic signal and applied as predictors in a regression model to reconstruct 8month average (December-July) discharge of the Ob River at Salekhard over the interval 1705-2012 (308 yrs). Correlation analysis suggests the signal for discharge comes through air temperature: high discharge and floodplain water levels favor cool growing-season air temperature, which limits tree growth for the sampled species at these high latitudes. The Highlights • Tree-ring data from the Lower Ob River Basin has a signal for river discharge • Low growth reflects cool air temperatures, driven partly by high water levels • December-July discharge was reconstructed from tree rings back to 1705 • Extremes in discharge on the Ob occurred prior to the start of the gaged record • Reconstructed Ob River discharge is characterized by large multi-decadal swings

We present new sedimentological and environmental magnetic records spanning 18~3.2-2.2 Ma, during the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation, from North Atlantic Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1307 on Eirik Drift. Our new datasets and their high-fidelity age control demonstrate that while inland glaciers-and potentially also at times restricted marine-terminating ice-caps-have likely existed on southern Greenland since at least ~3.2 Ma, persistent and extensive marine-terminating glacial margins were only established in this region at 2.72 Ma, ~300 kyr later than in northeastern and eastern Greenland. Despite a dramatic increase in Greenland-sourced ice-rafted debris deposition on Eirik Drift at this time, contemporaneous changes in the bulk magnetic properties of Site U1307 sediments, and a reduction in sediment accumulation rates, suggest a decrease in the delivery of 2 Greenland-sourced glaciofluvial silt, which we attribute to a shift in depositional regime from bottom-current-dominated to glacial-IRD-dominated between ~2.9-2.7 Ma in response to a change in the depth of the flow path of the Western Boundary Undercurrent relative to our study site.

Science, engineering, and society increasingly require integrative thinking about emerging problems in complex systems, a notion referred to as convergence science. Due to the concurrent pressures of two main stressors-rapid climate change and industrialization, Arctic research demands such a paradigm of scientific inquiry. This perspective represents a synthesis of a vision for its application in Arctic system studies, developed by a group of disciplinary experts consisting of social and earth system scientists, ecologists, and engineers. Our objective is to demonstrate how convergence research questions can be developed via a holistic view of system interactions that are then parsed into material links and concrete inquiries of disciplinary and interdisciplinary nature. We illustrate the application of the convergence science paradigm to several forms of Arctic stressors using the Yamal Peninsula of the Russian Arctic as a representative natural laboratory with a biogeographic gradient from the forest-tundra ecotone to the high Arctic.

Ultraviolet index, ultraviolet B insolation, and sunshine duration in 2017 have been analyzed at Bandung, Indonesia (106.6 W and 6.9 S). The daily maximum ultraviolet B insolations have been grouped in ten-daily sequence following BMKG’s method in determining of dry/rainy season. Ultraviolet index classified following small modification WHO’s classification. Sunshine durations are clustered in 3 levels of exposure. It is found the average of sunshine duration in range 4.1-8 hours/day has 50% occurrence in 2017, meanwhile ultraviolet index more than 10 have been recorded in 46% occurrence in 2017, even of average of maximum ultraviolet B insolation is about 1.22 W/m2, and maximum intensity on 2017 is 2.17 W/m2. Both of ultraviolet index and maximum ultraviolet B insolation have a similar pattern on 2017 and the minimum value is on aphelion.

The importance of power structure analysis in tourism studies is appreciated by academic scholars based on the fact that the tourism industry is a capitalist activity concerned with wealth production, accumulation and distribution. This is the power structure that serves to reproduce and condition different modes of tourism industry development and, as a consequence, diverse outcomes for the local economy in general and its players specifically. However, under the influence of Karl Marx, theorists using critical approaches to research power have tended to focus on issues around the equality of power relationships between actors or stakeholders. In doing so, it may be argued that what is missing are the diverse geographies of power and, in particular, the inherently spatial nature of power, including the involvement of social relations in both space and power (Lefebvre, 1976; 1991). In order to address this, the present study focuses on the exploration of the spatiality of power that surrounds tourism industry development. A conceptual framework, based on the application of Lefebvre's (1991) concepts supplemented by Gaventa's (2004) 'power cube', placed in the broader context of Marx' political economy and 'Historical Materialism', has been developed. The case study locality is in a country with a non-colonial past, being in transition from socialism to capitalism, with the tourism industry at an early stage of its development. Of core interest to the study is the spatiality of power which frames local tourism industry development, the relationships between the indigenous reindeer herders, "the Nenets", local non-indigenous tour operators, indigenous travel agencies and the government in Yamal in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO) of the Russian Federation. Based on the aim to access the respondents' subjective comprehension and evaluation of spatiality of power, the research is positioned in neo-empiricism and uses qualitative methods of data collection and analysis.

The importance of power structure analysis in tourism studies is appreciated by academic scholars based on the fact that the tourism industry is a capitalist activity concerned with wealth production, accumulation and distribution. This is the power structure that serves to reproduce and condition different modes of tourism industry development and, as a consequence, diverse outcomes for the local economy in general and its players specifically. However, under the influence of Karl Marx, theorists using critical approaches to research power have tended to focus on issues around the equality of power relationships between actors or stakeholders. In doing so, it may be argued that what is missing are the diverse geographies of power and, in particular, the inherently spatial nature of power, including the involvement of social relations in both space and power (Lefebvre, 1976; 1991). In order to address this, the present study focuses on the exploration of the spatiality of power that...