Architecture History

Industrial heritage sites stand out with their distinctive spatial practices, shaping the culture of production and paving the way for the transformation of everyday life on a societal scale. These sites differ from other types of heritage due to their scale, their relationship with the environment, their complex structures, and their multilayered values, which pose serious obstacles to the conservation and reuse processes. Furthermore, the differing values and expectations of heritage authorities and communities regarding these sites often lead to conflicts. The paper aims to evaluate the challenges and opportunities for all stakeholders' participation in conservation processes, while also addressing the conflicts and negotiations that influence decision-making. Although heritage authorities largely control the process, numerous diverse stakeholders are involved. This diversity, along with varying expectations regarding the site and the absence of a consensus-building mechanism, results in a deadlock. In this paper, the Cürek Mining Site within the Divriği, Sivas was selected as a case study. This region, which contains the richest iron deposits in the history of the Republic of Türkiye, is also of great importance in terms of economy and industrialization history. Considering that stakeholder-related issues are largely shaped by context-specific conditions, a mixed method was designed in the study, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. In the first phase, all stakeholder groups involved in the conservation process of Cürek Mining Settlement and their roles and expectations in the conservation and reuse process were examined. Stakeholders were categorized by considering their structural characteristics and operational mechanisms. The discussion was structured to reveal disagreements, negotiations, and potential collaboration mechanisms among stakeholders. In conclusion, it is recommended that a roadmap be drawn by adopting rights-based approaches. The study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to community engagement in promoting effective partnerships between government, heritage organizations, heritage experts, and communities.

Edztorzal Bom d A. Avram (Romama/Francc), Sir John Boardman (UK), 0. Doonan (USA),J.F. Hargrave (UK),]. Hind (UK), M. Kazanski (France), A.V Podm~inov (Russia) Aduzrn1y Board B. cl' Agostino (Italy), P. Alcxandrcscu (Romama), S. Atasoy (Turkey), J. G. de Boer (The Ncthc1lanch), J. Bouzek (Czech Rep), S. Burstein (USA), J. Carter (USA), A. Dominguez (Spam), C. Doumas (Greece), A. Fol (Buk:ana),

This paper aims to accentuate an interesting aspect within the Seljukid architecture: Individuality. In different regions, buildings and scales seem to give each architectural element an own identity and hence becoming an artistic principle. Due to the scarce scientific research about the Seljukid period, especially the lack of interdisciplinary analysis, and the Seljuk’s experience of a rapid development in political and cultural sense, it is difficult to clarify the reasons of the mentioned principle. In this essay some examples will be displayed of the mentioned phenomenon and possible explanations of some scholars. The research question of the author is: Is the principle of individuality in architectural elements in Seljukid architecture based on the weltanschuung and philosophy of Sufism?

In 2016 the author undertook an in-depth survey and analysis of the medieval manor house of Donington le Heath in Leicestershire. During the investigation, a large number of markings and graffiti were recorded across the structure. Further analysis of the markings, their form, and their distribution led to the conclusion that most were ritual in nature and were created to add a significant layer of spiritual protection to vulnerable areas of the structure.

Оригинални сликарски израз и богат опус у црквеном сликарству града Ниша и његове околине оставили су иконописци и живописци Влатко Бјелица и Славица Секулић. Њихов стил, за разлику од критеријума савремене уметности, треба анализирати на основама старог српског и византијског сликарства, где се аутори сарадници међусобно скоро и не разликују, док се у њиховом раду стил школе -радионице препознаје у свим ликовним елементима и разликује од других. Академски сликар Влатко Бјелица рођен је 1955. године у Великој Плани, а Ликовну академију завршио је у Сарајеву. Свој радни век провео је у Нишу, где се и упокојио 2019. године, у врхунцу своје каријере, и усред недовршених уметничких планова. Осликао је иконостас Цркве Светог Николе у Нишу, иконостасе у Цркви Светог Николе и Цркви Светог Пантелејмона у Вукањи, иконостас Цркве Свете Петке у Доњем Матејевцу, иконостас и живопис Цркве Успења Пресвете Богородице у Доњој Врежини (Ниш) и иконе, иконостас и живопис Цркве Светог апостола Луке на Винику. Славица Секулић је рођена у Приштини 1962. године, а по струци је дипломирани правник. У Солуну је завршила школу и к о н о п и с а Георгијадис.

Mosques as a religious building for the Moslem Community have two orientations and they include the qibla as the main and direction of the sky as the secondary. Praying is the main element of worship for Moslems and is recommended to be led towards the Qibla or upward direction. The mosque has been discovered not to have a sacred space but qibla, mihrab, and qibla marker walls are considered sacred. These sacred orientation signs and markers have been used and developed since the beginning but their existence and understanding have been eroded due to the influence of locals as well as development. Currently, the majority of the mosques in Indonesia have a centralized and strong orientation towards the upper direction when they are expected to have the main orientation in the form of qibla direction. This study was, therefore, conducted to examine the anatomy of these mosques using semiotic theory by comparing the two mosques with several signs and markers of sacred orientation in the country. The results showed there are new signs and markers but the old ones are still significant in the mosques in the present time.

Although intangible heritage is fundamental to a nation's cultural identity, it is often overshadowed by material legacy. Ensuring a balance between these two forms of heritage is vital for the holistic preservation of cultural identity and historical context. In Serbia, however, there is a clear disparity in the level of protection afforded to each. To highlight this issue, the paper first analyzes the legal regulations pertaining to the Republic of Serbia, noting that intangible heritage has only been recognized as part of the national identity in the last 15 years, with traditional building techniques and vernacular knowledge only mentioned sporadically. Among the entries in Serbia's National Registry, only one building technique-stone carving, used predominantly in ecclesiastical architecture-is listed. Given the rich and diverse heritage of folk architecture in Serbia, there is a pressing need to enhance research and awareness in this cultural area. This paper begins by examining the most common building techniques in Serbia, emphasizing their complexity and cultural significance. It then evaluates the existing tools and approaches for the valorization and preservation of both folk architecture and the intangible heritage tied to traditional construction methods. The activities of the Center for Intangible Cultural Heritage of Serbia, the leading institution in this field, are reviewed to provide insight into its contributions. The analysis extends to the role of formal education, exploring the presence of courses on traditional building techniques in secondary schools and higher education institutions. It also considers the contributions of informal education initiatives, led by associations and community groups, to the theoretical and practical understanding of these techniques. Finally, the importance of preserving traditional building methods is underscored, and potential strategies for enhancing their protection in the Republic of Serbia are proposed.

Questo libro raccoglie alcuni scritti elaborati in occasioni e tempi diversi. I contributi affrontati e proposti rientrano all’interno di una stessa cornice teorica e pratica che riguarda il rapporto architettura-città. Gli autori hanno inteso interrogarsi attorno ad una precisa questione che riguarda i modi di costruire la città del proprio tempo.
Questo moto verso i modi del progetto si misura con il tema della rigenerazione urbana, termine che appare tuttavia inadeguato per rispondere alle necessità di forma dell’architettura. Si potrebbe così accostare l’espressione rigenerazione urbana alla parola ricostruzione che sembra meglio incontrare le aspettative di forma dell’architettura.
Questa prospettiva considera importante ritrovare un rapporto di continuità con le forme della città storica. In questo senso la relazione architettura-città guarda al progetto come diretta conseguenza di una consapevole e critica relazione tra nuovo e vecchio, intendendo nella parola ricostruzione l’arte di ricostruire i caratteri propri della città storica.

The key element to good space management is awareness of its historical development throughout history in particular that of his physical structure. Contemporary issues of less energy and economy expenses but greater ecology benefits, lead to greater involvement of the existing historic and abandoned structures in the process of city structure planning.The buildings were examined showing methods for achieving sustainability of the built environment by their re-use in the future. The paper analyses the historic, functional, structural and other aspects within revitalization of existing buildings for the purpose of student housing. The case study indicates potential for adaptation and strongly examines the idea of refurbishment rather then re-development of the existing buildings on the site and in its surroundings.The results indicate the re-use of existing building fund to accomplish various reimbursements, which promote cultural and historic sustainability and help in promoting arc...

Mannerism was the bridge between late Renaissance and the Baroque between 1520 and the 1600s. This movement was characterized by the destabilization of compositional elements through repetition and expressiveness, regardless of their function. This phase in history echoes a trend in contemporary architecture based on the repetition of functionless elements that constitute a ‘green aesthetic’ in detriment of sustainable systems. Ecomannerism is a conceptual vehicle to identify and evaluate iconic contemporary projects that are positioned between ecologies of practice and ecologies of symbols, which are directly related to the sustainable performance of the built environment.

The research question in this paper concerns elements of nature, such as earth, water, fire, and air, as they have a dual meaning, indicating both hazard and heritage. The relationship of cities with blue-green infrastructure is an example of this. Cities might be surrounded by either water or forest, though the latter has been less investigated as a nature-based solution for climate change adaptation. The connection between water and architecture can also be seen in the seafront type of architectural design, in the architecture of harbours, port facilities, aquariums or thermal baths. This paper aims to present a comprehensive analysis of all of these various architecture programs that were carried out during the first half of the twentieth century. Although the styles of Art Nouveau and Interwar were widely spread, otherness in regional geographical locations drew lessons from the vernacular architecture. Inspiration was drawn mainly from southern Europe in the Cycladic islands for the interwar/international style and towards the east and centre of the continent in Romania and Hungary and up to the north in the Baltic states for the national romantic art nouveau style. A local seismic culture is prevalent in areas that are affected by earthquakes. In the context of the geological conditions related to water and earthquake hazard, the anthropic reshaping of rivers and canals (and alluvial soil deposits) generates liquefaction vulnerability. Significant also is the way in which the urban wildland interface shapes the relationship between wild green space and cities. Urban protected nature parks and urban forests contribute to wellbeing but are also vulnerable to wildfire. This research attempts to find equivalents to the local seismic culture in cases of climate change-induced hazards, such as floods and wildfires, in Romania, Italy and Portugal. As part of the project presented for the case study featured in this paper, significant documentation was achieved through literature reviews and field trips. For the latter, walkscape methodology was used, which was also useful for the first round of results and the mapping required to indicate earthquake hazards near water locations in Bucharest, Romania.

The paper will focus on the topic of adapting digital humanities methods from architectural history to technical history, considering mapping and image analysis for increasing disaster resilience in Art Nouveau and Modernist buildings in different geographical areas-including lessons from Europe to the USA. The project proposes the transformation of the collection of photographs of early 20th-century architecture gathered by the applicant over about 30 years of travel into a database by answering the research question on how threats from the hazards of earthquakes, floods, and fires can be answered by taking into account the local culture in the European countries covered, for buildings from a period when the architecture styles were already global at that time. For this purpose, digital humanities methods of image annotation (including architectural volumetric analysis) and mapping are employed. From the knowledge gathered and the resulting database, a prototyping ontology and taxonomy is derived. This outcome can be further developed into a set of evaluation criteria, considering the decisions that can be taken to prioritize the retrofit interventions depending on the geographic positions of the buildings.

This report, its content, format and techniques incorporated herein, are the copyright of Lino Bianco. No part may be copied, emulated, used or reproduced except with the written permission of the above. The only exception is the limited rights to use certain methodologies.

The paper concerns methodologies and technologies applied to the reconstructive study of the urban layout and landscape of Hierapolis in Phrygia (south-western Turkey), a Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine city in the valley of Çürüksu River (ancient Lykos River). The history of the city, founded in the 3 rd century BC, was marked by destructive earthquakes, which have also determined the main phases of its urban development during the Roman and Early Byzantine periods, until the decline and the abandonment in the Middle Byzantine and Seljuk periods. Moreover, the western sector of the urban area is covered by white and thick calcareous formations, produced by the springs whose waters emerge from the central area of the city. During the last eight years, a research project of CNR-IBAM, in collaboration with the Italian Archaeological Mission, was aimed at the reconstruction of urban layout and its transformation during centuries, by means integration of archaeological excavations and surveys, satellite and aerial remote sensed data, topographical surveys using differential GPS, Total Station, and Laser Scanner, and geophysical prospecting (GPR, Magnetometry, Electrical Tomography) of the areas covered by thick colluvial and alluvial deposits and by the calcareous formations that have incorporated ancient remains. The result was a digital archaeological map integrated in a GIS, in which all ancient monuments and remains are placed on a large-scale cartography and on DEMs with different geometric resolution. These map and DEMs constitute the base for the 3D reconstruction of some monuments and archaeological areas (such as the Frontinus Road, the North Agorà, the Nymphaeum of Tritons, the Theatre, the Martyrion of St. Philip, etc.), in a still in progress project aimed at the virtual reconstruction and restoration of Hierapolis, through integration of the 3D photomodelling and laser scanning techniques and the archaeological and topographical data.

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal.

A common feature of turn-of-the-century architecture in Hungary was the innovation in the façades, but there was innovation in the use of construction materials as well. István Medgyaszay promoted the introduction of a special form language to do justice to the employment of reinforced concrete. The architect not only conducted theoretical discourse, but also put into practice these thoughts in buildings like the theatre in Veszprém, Hungary. Other buildings use a form language adequate for reinforced concrete, such as the multi-story block of flats on Népszinház Street, Budapest, Hungary, by the architect Béla Lajta. Such uses of different materials for a form language which would have required reinforced concrete are not singular in the architecture of the time, as other considerations such as material costs or the development of the technique played a role. Numerous architects who studied or worked in Budapest built in Transylvania, now Romania, at the turn-of-the-century. The city most marked by such buildings is Oradea. In Oradea the Moskovits Palace uses for the first time the Hennebique technique with floors out of plates with reinforced concrete nervures. Also, in other cities of Transylvania there are buildings of Hungarian architects, such as Cluj-Napoca or Târgu Mureş. In Cluj-Napoca we remark on the architecture of Károly Kós, whose original architecture involves folk elements and has inspired one of the best known architects of today: Imre Makovecz. Imre Makovecz, in his church from Százhalombatta, found an architectural language between reinforced concrete and timber as it was theoretically described by Medgyaszay.

Nowadays the use of computational design processes in architecture is a common practice which is currently recovering a set of theories connected to computer science that were developed in the 60s and 70s. Such pioneering explorations were marked by an interest in employing scientific principles and methodologies many developed in Research Centres located in the US and the UK. Looking into this period, this paper investigates the relevance of the German design school of the Hochschule für Gestaltung (HfG) Ulm to the birth of computation in architecture. Even thought there were no computers in the school. It is argued that the innovative pedagogies and some distinct professors have launched clear foundations that can be understood as being at the basis of further computational approaches in architecture. By describing and relating the singular work by Tomas Maldonado (educational project), Max Bense (information aesthetics) and Horst Rittel (scientific methods), this paper describes the emergence of analogical ways of computational design thinking. This analysis ultimately wishes to contribute for inscribing the HfG Ulm at the cultural and technological mapping of computation in architecture.

Ruins are a statement on the building materials used and the construction method employed. Casa Ippolito, now in ruins, is typical of 17th-century Maltese aristocratic country residences. It represents an illustration of secondary or anthropogenic geodiversity. This paper scrutinises these ruins as a primary source in reconstructing the building’s architecture. The methodology involved on-site geographical surveying, including visual inspection and non-invasive tests, a geological survey of the local lithostratigraphy, and examination of notarial deeds and secondary sources to support findings about the building’s history as read from its ruins. An unmanned aerial vehicle was used to digitally record the parlous state of the architectural structure and karsten tubes were used to quantify the surface porosity of the limestone. The results are expressed from four perspectives. The anatomy of Casa Ippolito, as revealed in its ruins, provides a cross-section of its building history and ...

As praças fazem parte da identidade urbana que tem como função a interação da sociedade com seus elementos constituintes sendo uma fonte de interação e identificação social, desempenham diferentes funções dentro de uma comunidade como área de lazer, ponto de encontro, local para confraternização, manifestações religiosas, festas, entre outros. Atendendo toda a população sem distinção. Para o presente trabalho não foram encontrados documentos oficiais da história e do paisagismo da praça Padre Fialho. Por isso o objetivo desse trabalho é resgatar a memória da Praça Padre Fialho, baseado nos relatos de parte da população. Para esses estudos foi feito uma pesquisa com questionário semi estruturado com questões abertas e fechadas, no qual foi submetido a população com idade acima de 50 anos por acessibilidade, foi feito um levantamento de arquivos bibliográficos e fotográficos com a população. Concluímos ao final das entrevistas que os moradores são muitos saudosos dos momentos de confraternização vividos na praça e relataram que devido a alteração do paisagismo original, o local perdeu sua identidade. Os entrevistados relataram ainda que não se usa a praça atualmente com eram usados na sua juventude, sendo atualmente apenas um local de passagem.

Sveuèilište u Zagrebu Arhitektonski fakultet HR-10000 Zagreb, Kaèiaeeva 26 Hrvatski restauratorski zavod HR-10000 Zagreb, Ilica 44 Izvorni znanstveni èlanak UDK 725:72.025(497.5 Vukovar)"19/00" Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.04-Povijest i teorija arhitekture i zaštita graditeljskog naslijeða Èlanak primljen / prihvaaeen: 4. 9. 2007. / 26. 11. 2007.

The purpose of the present study was to compare Serbian and Japanese participants in their subjective experience of Serbian and Japanese architectural objects. Subjective experience was operationalized through the ratings on the bipolar scales (e.g. pleasant-unpleasant). In the Preliminary study 1, a set of twelve rating scales was generated. In the Preliminary study 2 twelve Serbian and twelve Japanese architectural objects were specified. In the main experiment two groups of participants, twenty-one Serbian and twenty Japanese, rated twelve Serbian and twelve Japanese objects. A factor analysis extracted three dimensions of subjective experience: Beauty, Firmness and Fullness. Analysis of variance have shown that both Serbian and Japanese participants agreed that Japanese architectural objects looked more beautiful and firmer than Serbian objects. These finding is generally in line with perceptualist hypothesis that stimulus constraints are more effective than culture. However, in...

oversee the transformation of western civilisation under Fascist leadership in much the same way as imperial and papal Rome had done. To begin with, Kallis argues, Rome was seen by the regime as a means of confirming Fascism's political leadership of the international fascist movement. The rise of Nazi Germany, however, soon put paid to such political ambitions, forcing the regime to change tack; Rome now became the basis of its claim to the spiritual leadership of a universal fascism. Third Rome was intended as a eutopia, 'a place of realised perfection' (p. 45). In fact, as the 1930s progressed, Fascism's major ex nihilo projects such as the monumental 'cities' of the Foro Mussolini and E42, and the new peripheral suburbs and new towns of the Agro Pontino, represented heterotopias, 'other spaces' that 'captured and simulated a Fascist alternative future order in fundamental difference to their surrounding space and time' (p. 163). Nowhere was the gap between idealised space and reality more pronounced that at E42. Intended as the last word in Fascist Rome's claim to universalism, E42 became 'a space of pure desire … an unreal and alien simulacrum of an "imagined" Rome, contrived to entertain the supposed international triumph of Fascism that was quickly slipping away' (p. 244). One might quibble with the balance of the book (do we need such a lengthy discussion of the debates on urban planning and architecture?), and the pedant in me cannot resist pointing out that it was Renato, not Corrado, Ricci (p. 165), who was the driving force behind the Foro Mussolini. Such minor criticisms, however, should not detract from what is a very fine book.

Arsitektur pada dasarnya merupakan wujud kreativitas manusia dalam kehidupan baik sebagai makhluk individu maupun makhluk sosial yang berbudaya sekaligus bentuk adaptasi terhadap kondisi alam. Kota Krian merupakan kota tua dan mengalami perkembangan pesat pada jaman kolonial Belanda. Gaya arsitektur kolonial kemudian berkembang dan menjadi tren bagi masyarakat lokal yang didominasi oleh suku jawa.Uniknya bangunan-bangunan gayakolonial tersebut dibangun dan dimiliki oleh warga lokal. Wajah bangunan sebagai ekspresi pemiliki rumah menjadi komponen utama dalam membentuk citra kawasan, tetapi saat ini akibat perkembangan kota banyak terjadi perubahan wajah bangunan dan fungsi bangunan yang mengdegradasi hal tersebut. Tujuan studi adalah untuk mengetahui makna bentuk elemen wajah bangunan bergaya kolonial di Kota Krian. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif deskriptif dengan pengamatan pada elemen-elemen wajah bangunan sehingga dapat dianalisis tipologi yang bermuara pada makna wajah ...

The need to construct intelligent buildings is due to the inhabitants’ need to live in a building that is capable of fulfilling their needs, a building that is confortable, convenient and offers the necessary elements for productiveness; all these are possible due to the unprecedented evolvement of technology. The need to construct sustainable buildings was motivated by the decrease of resources caused by the increase of the globe’s population. Producing resources from alternative sources, reusing and recycling materials and overall protection of the environment is possible only by constructing these sustainable buildings. The current trend in succeeding all of the above is possible only by constructing sustainable intelligent buildings. Therefore, a state of the art of the link between the intelligent and sustainable buildings is presented in the following article, the way in which they aggregate, their commonalities and the way their relate and their intercooperation.

India is famous for its Movies. Movies and Indians have a relationship like a mother and child. Everyone has seen movies some or other time and by watching movies we all have grown. Our Lifestyle somewhat depends on Movies and its cast. This paper relates Movies and Architecture as a Tool for architecture learning. Art can be studied by Visualization or Imagination. Every student who is enrolled in architecture must have creative, imaginative and visualization skills. Many times, it is the behavior of a student who gets tired by reading books and lectures conducted (Online/Offline). The curriculum of architecture is not studied in previous years from Std 1 st to Std 12 th , and it is difficult for academicians to teach by just showing a PPT presentation or Drawings on Blackboard. Students find it difficult to relate the space and scale of Building by just reading books, seeing the ppt presentation or by drawings. Most of the time it's difficult for teachers to arrange site visits or case studies for better explanation of subjects. To get a better Understanding of Basics of Scale, Space and Proportion Movies can be the best tool to study a building and its parameters. Movies play a vital role in everyone's life, from birth till growing age. Many movies have scenic, architectural, Historical, famous monuments etc. which can help both students and teachers to teach and learn in a more effective way. In this paper we will be discussing the ways which relate to BASIC DESIGN and how movies can make the teaching learning process simplified for better understanding and learning for every student.

The degradation of land due to conversion is a global process with a significant effect on land use. The intensification of land use in Makassar City is observed to have dramatically affected water retention hydrology, thereby, leading to an increase in volume, runoff rate, and filtration loss. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize infiltration by mapping the classification of infiltration capability based on the land-use changes observed between 2005 and 2020 as well as the inundation occurring due to surface runoff. This research uses a quantitative method by calculating the run-off spatial data and statistics to determine the area with low infiltration capability in the built-up environment. The results showed a decrease in infiltration capability of 3.6% which represents 617.72 ha at critical levels in the built-up area in the last 15 years. This means it is possible for decision-makers to implement infiltration optimization steps as the alternative solution by focusing only on...

This paper aims to accentuate an interesting aspect within the Seljukid architecture: Individuality. In different regions, buildings and scales seem to give each architectural element an own identity and hence becoming an artistic principle. Due to the scarce scientific research about the Seljukid period, especially the lack of interdisciplinary analysis, and the Seljuk’s experience of a rapid development in political and cultural sense, it is difficult to clarify the reasons of the mentioned principle. In this essay some examples will be displayed of the mentioned phenomenon and possible explanations of some scholars. The research question of the author is: Is the principle of individuality in architectural elements in Seljukid architecture based on the weltanschuung and philosophy of Sufism?

The degradation of land due to conversion is a global process with a significant effect on land use. The intensification of land use in Makassar City is observed to have dramatically affected water retention hydrology, thereby, leading to an increase in volume, runoff rate, and filtration loss. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize infiltration by mapping the classification of infiltration capability based on the land-use changes observed between 2005 and 2020 as well as the inundation occurring due to surface runoff. This research uses a quantitative method by calculating the run-off spatial data and statistics to determine the area with low infiltration capability in the built-up environment. The results showed a decrease in infiltration capability of 3.6% which represents 617.72 ha at critical levels in the built-up area in the last 15 years. This means it is possible for decision-makers to implement infiltration optimization steps as the alternative solution by focusing only on...

Stasiun Kereta Api Sidoarjo, Malang Kota Lama, Bangil, Pasuruan, dan Probolinggo merupakan stasiun tertua di Jawa Timur yang dibangun sebelum tahun 1900. Elemen interior yang terdapat pada stasiun kereta api menggambarkan gaya arsitektur dan periodisasi dibangunnya sebuah stasiun. Stasiun kereta api Sidoarjo, Malang Kota Lama, Bangil, Pasuruan, dan Probolinggo yang dibangun sebelum tahun 1900 tersebut dipengaruhi oleh gaya Indische Empire. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, terjadi peningkatan aktivitas di dalam stasiun kereta api yang perlahan mengakibatkan kerusakan pada beberapa elemen penyusun interiornya. Akibat lain adalah timbulnya kebutuhan akan perubahan ruang untuk menunjang aktivitas di dalam di era modern. Munculnya kerusakan dan adanya perubahan ruang inilah yang menuntut dilakukannya perbaikan bahkan penggantian elemen interior stasiun kereta api tersebut. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis elemen interior stasiun Kereta Api Sidoarjo, ...

This research concentrates on the architectural process of Dutch architects in the Dutch East Indies, specifically Maclaine Pont, Thomas Karsten, and Wolff Schoemaker. The issue addressed by these three people is how they learned, particularly their reaction to the conditions and wealth of buildings in the Dutch East Indies, and what drove each of their architectures. This study employs a synchronic-diachronic analytic strategy as well as a historical interpretation strategy based on contextual evidence categories. It runs from 1900 to 1940. According to the study's findings, all three encounters through the same learning process, which includes the introduction phase, the exploration phase, and the architectural attitude phase. The architectural perspective was expressed at Maclaine Pont through the design of a tent structure system based on studies of Javanese pavilion roofs, whereas Karsten and Schoemaker referenced modern architecture. Karsten was fascinated by people's ...

Gothique : le qualificatif utilisé pour désigner l'art qui s'étendit en Europe du XII e au début du XVI e siècle a longtemps cristallisé bien des enjeux nationaux. Mais pour la seconde moitié du XX e siècle, s'interroger sur cet aspect de l'historiographie ne revient pas à chercher les facteurs de permanence signalant une certaine forme de continuité avec le demi-siècle précédent marqué par les crispations nationalistes. C'est plutôt envisager de manière dépassionnée certaines spécificités des approches de la question suivant les différents pays, pour mieux cerner comment elles peuvent servir l'ensemble de la communauté des chercheurs, lesquels nouent individuellement des contacts au-delà des limites de leur pays d'origine. Les réponses apportées par les six collègues européens contactés mettent en évidence bien des spécificités qui montrent que la dimension nationale ou régionale de la recherche dans ce secteur reste vivace. Au-delà d'une improbable homogénéité, elles signalent également certaines convergences et le fort potentiel que recèle l'architecture gothique qui peut à bon droit, au propre comme au figuré, être présentée comme un élément-clef de la construction européenne. Comment, sinon à l'échelle du continent, comprendre un art qui s'y est déployé largement à partir du XII e siècle jusqu'à une date avancée du XVI e siècle quand ce n'est pas plus tard, sans parler de la vitalité du néogothique qui par certains côtés ramène au cadre national ? C'est celui-ci qui a fixé les limites des vastes opérations d'inventaires sur lesquels les recherches se fondent depuis le XIX e siècle et qui se poursuivent encore actuellement selon des modalités variées. Toutefois, les vicissitudes politiques, l'évolution de la législation ont dans certains pays mis au premier plan des entités territoriales plus L'architecture gothique et ses enjeux nationaux en Europe après la Seconde Gu...

In the Roman architecture field, my MA thesis focused on the system of substructures that either wholly or partially supported the auditorium of Roman theatres in central and northern Italy. It has been evident the use of embankment in the hallow rooms of substructures, which is in the typology of ‘hybrid cavea’ and the ‘cavea on free substructures’. Its primary function was improving the stability of the building itself. Taking this observation as a departure point for this article, I have extended the research to all theatres in the Italian peninsula.
While the previous scholarship of the study of theatres ascribed the use of embankment to an Italic tradition, this article arrives at a different conclusion. Indeed, the practice of aggestus originates in the Hellenistic world, and its first application in the Italian peninsula was in the Sicilian and Magno-Greek areas. Two different types of use of embankment have been identified in the system of substructures: embankment inside the interadial rooms when it is in the space between two radial walls and it is length developed; embankment inside the radial rooms when it has an areal extension.
The previous concept of an ‘evolutionary path’ that elaborates the system of substructures for theatres will be opposed by the concept of ‘necessity’ here introduced. 'Necessity' determined by natura loci, economic resources, and building materials on disposal.