Ancient Athens

Athenian honorific decrees were resolved by the Assembly and/or the Council, inscribed on stelai, and eventually erected in different locations of the city across time. This article focuses on a specific category of decrees, that is, those conferring public honours for the city's benefactors to be announced in the theatre. The article's core question is: what purpose did the erection of a stele in a specific civic space serve, particularly when public praise had already been delivered elsewhere, i.e. in the Theatre of Dionysus? Through the consideration of the contents and spaces of the four earliest preserved Athenian inscribed public honours, the present analysis will unveil an ideological map of Athens whose connected spots were socially useful to the Athenian civic discourse and cognitively important to the readers' memory.

The Olympic Games were also very important in ancient Athens. The classical Athenians swelled with pride when one of their sportsmen won there. They gave Olympic victors their highest public honours. But sport in ancient Athens was also much more than the Olympics. Athletics was actually a traditional part of male education. It was thus in school classes that a young Athenian got the required training for athletic competition. The Athenian state never subsidised this physical education. Consequently, it was only elite Athenians who were trained in athletics and went on to compete in games. In spite of never being sportsmen, nonelite Athenians still saw sport as unambiguously good. Classical Athens was a participatory democracy, in which such poor citizens set the state's priorities. This made it possible for nonelite Athenians to translate their high regard of athletics into pro-sport policies. They thus created ancient Greece's largest program of local games, spending on it annually a staggering 2.6 tons of silver. The main reason for their pro-sport stance was the close association of sport and war. The classical Athenians in general considered war to be a glorious activity that brought huge public benefits. Athletics being associated with war thus raised the general standing of sport. Nonelite Athens also thought that athletic competitors were as courageous as they were when fighting wars. The result was that they felt a strong personal connection with what athletes endured at the Olympics or other games.

The contemporary model of the liberal democratic state as it exists today, warrants criticism due to its inherent weaknesses and unstable nature. It is important to evaluate the stability of the liberal democratic state because this specific model is overwhelmingly represented internationally by nationstates today. Before the primary criticism of liberal democracy, the nature of the state will be discussed through looking at John Locke's and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's interpretation of the Social Contract. The definition of democracy and its emergence as a mode of political participation will be investigated as well as the influence of liberalism as a political philosophy, on contemporary democratic states. The critique of liberal democracy rests on two perspectives of criticism. On the one hand, the criticism rests on the historically Marxist distinction between economic power and political power in citizenship and the fact that the liberal democratic state is fundamentally dependent on the economic system of capitalism and the specific representative type of democracy. This is synthesized with theories of elite rule such as the circulation of elites by Vilfredo Pareto and the idea of the Power Elite by C. Wright Mills. One the other hand, through the discussion of Enlightenment era classical liberalism and definitions of democracy, it will also be made apparent that according to the resulting definition of a liberal democratic state that is constructed in this essay, contemporary "liberal democracies" cannot clearly be considered as such. An alternative form of democracy is proposed through the concept of direct democracy. These are the points to be discussed.

This paper reports the progress made in the computerization of the Athenian study, which compiles and studies data about the persons in ancient Athens. We first summarize the issues and solutions on data storage since relational databases were applied in the study in the 1970s. We then detail the recent progress on the computerization of the project, which includes a method to digitize squeezes and an approach to develop an interactive map to facilitate the study of ancient Athens. The squeezes are paper impressions of ancient inscriptions. There is a high demand to digitize squeezes and make them freely available to humanities scholars worldwide. The proposed method generates bright digital images from low-relief ancient Greek characters on paper by convoluting 4 images of the same squeeze taken from different angles via the "Lazy Susan" platform. An interactive digital map of ancient Athens is highly helpful for the study, which visualizes the geographic information of ancient Athens and relates Athenians with their locations. The interactive map is developed based on the Leaflet, which is free and open source. The progress reported in the paper will greatly promote the computerization of the Athenian study.

https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691262550/retrospective-columns?srsltid=AfmBOopv_gutJ0lrUJuRpL7d1-gssvTaxHxRwGCG32zjNk3i3eyd32gL

The Ionic order of ancient Greek architecture gradually evolved over the course of the sixth century BCE. In Retrospective Columns, Samuel Holzman examines an overlooked group of nine Ionic monuments that are varied in design but have capitals that combine the pillowy, convex volutes of sixth-century Ionia on one side and the crisp concave volutes of more contemporary styles on the other. Such hybrid capitals had a surprising longevity and range, spanning Greece, Italy, and Turkey between 550 and 250 BCE.

Why did ancient Greek builders sometimes revert to older carving styles and combine them with newer ones? One old theory is that outdated styles were a labor-saving shortcut—a notion Holzman puts to rest with a marble carving experiment that recreated the volutes of one capital. Rather, he argues that hybrid capitals represented an important parallel to other trends in Greek art, notably “bilingual” Attic vases, which combined older and newer painting techniques for sheer visual delight. By studying the chiaroscuro carving effects and painted polychrome decoration of Ionic architecture, Holzman shows that ancient viewers were primed to look for differences in such details, which the book illustrates with many original drawings and diagrams.

Exploring works of Ionic architecture from different periods in Ionia, the Cyclades, Athens, and the Northern Aegean, Retrospective Columns demonstrates that their builders ultimately returned to outmoded elements to establish continuity with the past, reinforcing community identities and architectural tradition.

This chapter explores the political significance of Euripides' dialogue in Erechtheus with three major Athenian temples, namely the West Pediment of the Parthenon, the temple of Athena Nike, and the Erechtheion. In Section 7.1, I discuss my take on 'intervisuality' (a) by offering an outline of my basic premises in studying Euripides' dialogue with Athenian monumental architecture and iconography and (b) by drawing illustrative examples from Ion, which features unambiguous visual references, the widest range of viewing patterns, and, unlike Erechtheus, is preserved in its entirety. In Section 7.2, I turn to Erechtheus and focus on its points of contact with the West Pediment of the Parthenon, the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike. In Section 7.3, I explore the politics of intervisuality: taking my lead from Athena's cultic instructions to Praxithea in Erechtheus, I correlate the goddess' conciliatory plan with historical events, cultic initiatives, and artistic developments on the Acropolis in the second half of the Archidamian war. I argue that Euripides gives pride of place to the Erechtheion because, unlike the West Pediment of the Parthenon and the temple of Athena Nike that foreground competition and strife, the Erechtheion conveys a different message, the need for reconciliation and peaceful coexistence on the divine and human level, to which Erechtheus gives verbal expression and reinforcement.

Αμφίπολις και Αρχαία Μακεδονία (437 π.Χ.-1ος μ.Χ. αιώνας). Η Ιστορία, η αρχαιολογία και ο πολιτισμός μιας Πόλεως στην Αρχαία Μακεδονία. Εκτός από την αφήγηση της βιογραφίας της Πόλεως, προσπαθούμε να δώσουμε απαντήσεις σε σειρά ερωτημάτων που έχουν σχέση με την αρχαιολογία της, με την Μάχη της Αμφιπόλεως το 422 π.Χ., και τις πολιτειακές μεταβολές στην Πόλη από την εποχή που ιδρύθηκε ως αθηναϊκή αποικία, όταν έγινε ανεξάρτητη Πόλη, όταν ενσωματώθηκε στο μακεδονικό κράτος αλλά και όταν έγινε μια πόλη της ρωμαϊκής επαρχίας της Μακεδονίας. Μελετώνται, επίσης, η πολιτισμική κληρονομιά της Πόλεως αλλά και η καθημερινή ζωή κατά την ελληνιστική της περίοδο. Εξετάζονται και συζητούνται, ακόμη, απόψεις αρχαιολόγων και ιστορικών που έγραψαν για την Αμφίπολη τα τελευταία σαράντα χρόνια. Η Αμφίπολις ξαναζεί!

[Amphipolis and Ancient Macedonia (437 B.C.-AD 1st century). This monograph in modern Greek examines most aspects of the archaeology, and the History of the Greek city of Amphipolis in Ancient Macedonia from the 5th c. B.C. to the 1st c. AD. The author tries to provide possible answers to archaeological matters, to a number of issues concerning the battle pf Amphipolis in 422 B.C., to the changing polity of the city from its foundation as an Athenian colony to an independent city-sate to a Macedonian city and to a Roman provincial town of the Roman Province of Macedonia. The cultural heritage of Amphipolis is also discussed as well as everyday life in the Hellenistic times. In a number of instances the matters in the bibliography on Amphipolis of the last forty years is examined and discussed. In this study Amphipolis comes alive again!]

The site of Çuka e Ajtoit is strategically located on an imposing hill overlooking the Pavla and Kalamas valleys a few kilometers from the present Greek-Albanian border. It is the main site of ancient Cestrine, the coastal region of ancient Epirus between Chaonia and Thesprotia. The site, noted since the beginning of the last century, is mainly known as a fortified center of the Hellenistic period, characterized by an imposing wall circuit
reinforcing the natural defenses of the impervious hillside. Since 2021, a new joint project between Sapienza University of Rome and the Albanian Institute of Archaeology has been active at Çuka e Ajtoit, aiming to shed
new light on the history and reconstruction of the site from a diachronic perspective. After systematic surveys during the first campaigns, excavation trenches in significant sectors of the site have been opened since 2022. Prominent among these is the so-called Palace, an imposing extra-urban complex along
the western slopes of the hill. This structure, consisting of multiple rooms and large open courtyards and already investigated by previous excavations, has traditionally been interpreted as a public building, a prytaneion, or a place related to the management of food commodities. Ongoing researches — both the updated survey of the site’s structures and excavations — increasingly delineate instead the complexity of its nature. In particular, 2023 excavations uncovered some stratigraphic contexts related to the abandonment of a Hellenistic nearby place of worship (3rd-mid-2nd century BCE). Based on the material it contained, its amount and characteristics, this deposit seems to be related to a public sacred space, rather than to domestic worship. The corpus of material is notable for the abundant presence of fragments of terracotta figurines, some even intentionally deposited in a cavity in the wall of the investigated structure. They are associated mainly with black-glazed pottery, together with other
ceramic classes (amphorae, coarse and common pottery). The paper focuses on ceramics from this deposit in relation to their specific context of discovery. When considered against the background of the repertoire of the regional Hellenistic pottery, some shapes found in the deposit are noteworthy for being attested elsewhere only in sacred or funerary contexts, or for the specific ritual use they may have had in sacred contexts. Moreover, many fine ware fragments, although attributable to a local production on the basis of their technical features, are distinguished from the regional morphological repertoire by some variants, details, and decorations not otherwise attested. Starting from the analysis of the votive pottery from the deposit found at Çuka e Ajtoit, the paper therefore aims to investigate the hypothesis of a local production specifically intended for sacred contexts, in an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the material culture of this part of ancient Epirus.

Concezione, uso e trasformazione dello spazio tra storia, storia dell'arte e archeologia Luoghi nella storia. Concezione, uso e trasformazione dello spazio tra storia, storia dell'arte e archeologia Ogni contributo del presente volume è stato sottoposto a double-blind peer review. La pubblicazione del presente volume è stata realizzata con il contributo dell'

This paper presents some preliminary findings from the second phase of the Roman Republican Die Project (RRDP) by looking at the use of control marks in Roman Republican coinage. It presents data from seventeen Republican coin types which use sequential numerical control marks where each control mark appears on only one die. For these issues, the highest observed control numeral gives us a good indicator of the original number of dies, and so allows us to test the accuracy of Esty’s geometric model for estimating dies. It then looks at the purpose of die marks within the Roman mint by considering the case of six dies that were recut to use for two subtypes of RRC 335/3. The re-cutting of these dies suggests that die marks were used to track and control production size of particular issues within the Roman mint.


Please note this article is published with Brepols Publishers as a Gold Open Access article under a Creative Commons CC 4.0: BY-NC license. The article is also freely available on the website of Brepols Publishers https://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484/M.WSA-EB.5.144041 under this same license.

Les textes ici réunis invitent à aborder l' oeuvre du Chéronéen selon le prisme choisi : ils déclinent différentes « figures » selon six sections, qui ne sont évidemment pas sans relation parfois les unes avec les autres, mais tâchent également lorsque cela est possible de distinguer entre « sage » et « philosophe » : sagesse et types de sages ; figures « mythiques » ; le sage et le politique ; figures de philosophes ; figures exemplaires « en situation » ; représentations et relectures. Plutarque, figures de sages, figures de philosophes.

Abstract: The 4th century B.C. can be considered a saeculum breve, compressed between the end of a pan-Hellenic conflict, which had decreed the failure of a radical democracy, and the establishment of the Macedonian kingdom. In between, the critical reflection of a society, such as the Athenian society, incapable of accepting a secondary role in the political, economic and cultural history of the Hellas, and which reacts by attempting to readapt the old schemes of its golden age to the new feeling of Greek man. The twelve contributions collected here aim to highlight various aspects of those changes characterising an extraordinary period, a veritable building site for the creation of a new world.

The article aims to trace the origins of the formulation of the Peace of
Antalcidas in 387/6, considered the first εἰρήνη treaty in the Greek world, back to the 5th century, starting from a reference in Andocides’ oration On the Peace. The text, which likely reflects the speech delivered after the failed peace negotiations in Sparta in 392/1, shows how Agesilaus’ proposal resembled an existing agreement between Sparta and Argos, referred to as ἰδία εἰρήνη, a private peace (And. 3.27). This reference allows for a re-examination of several treaties signed during the 5th century – between Athens and Persia (D.S. 12.4.5-6), Sparta and Persia (Th. 8.18; 8.37; 8.58), and Sparta and Argos (Th. 5.79.1) – to identify common themes and focus on the specific diplomatic terminology used. In doing so, it becomes possible to recognize diplomatic patterns that contributed to the emergence of the κοινὴ εἰρήνη, evolving from individual experiences that shared the pursuit of peace and balance.

Η μάθηση στην προσχολική ηλικία ωφείλει να βασίζεται στις αρχές της διερευνητικής, παιγνιώδους και συνεργατικής μάθησης. Το παρόν διδακτικό σενάριο βασίζεται στο θεματικό πεδίο Παιδί, Εαυτός και Κοινωνία-Κοινωνικές Επιστήμες (B.B2) και εντάσσεται στην υποενότητα Κοινωνική ζωή. Οι πρότερες εμπειρίες τους γίνονται η αφετηρία για περαιτέρω παρατήρηση, αναζήτηση πληροφοριών, έρευνα, ανακάλυψη, αναστοχασμό, έτσι ώστε να αναζητήσουμε τα «σήματα κυκλοφορίας» στην ασφαλή οδική κυκλοφορία. Η ενασχόλησή τους με τις πινακίδες κυκλοφορίας βοηθάει στην ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξη τους καθώς εξοικειώνονται με τον αναδυόμενο γραμματισμό, μέσα από την αναγνώριση διαφορετικών τρόπων παραγωγής νοήματος, παρατηρούν τα σήματα οδικής κυκλοφορίας, τα συγκρίνουν με τα γεωμετρικά σχήματα που έχουμε ήδη μάθει, συνεργάζονται για την επίλυση ενός προβλήματος, παρουσιάζουν την δουλειά τους στην ολομέλεια.

The 4th century B.C. can be considered a saeculum  breve, compressed between the end of a pan-Hellenic conflict,  which  had  decreed  the  failure  of  a  radical  democracy,  and  the  establishment  of  the  Macedonian  kingdom.  In  between,  the  critical  reflection  of  a  society,  such  as  the  Athenian  society,  incapable  of  accepting  a  secondary  role  in  the  political,  economic  and  cultural  history  of  the  Hellas,  and  which  reacts  by  attempting  to  readapt  the  old  schemes  of  its  golden  age  to  the  new  feeling  of  Greek  man.  The  twelve  contributions  collected  here  aim  to  highlight  various  aspects  of  those  changes  characterising  an  extraordinary period, a veritable building site for the creation of a new world.

About 600 meters south from where Paul was preaching this sermon on the Areopagus Hill, there was the Theatre of Dionysus the Greek god symbolically associated with fertility and rebirth. His temple was somewhere nearby, with many altars dedicated to his worship. Though some Greeks believed that he was killed by rival gods and resurrected by his father Zeus, the god of heaven, at Athens Dionysus was primarily a god of wine, pleasure, music, and madness. His mythical maenads, or frenzied female devotees, inspired ecstatic rituals of dancing and music that symbolized disruption of all societal norms-in which sense he was also called Eleutherius or "the liberator".

This volume contains the proceedings of the 16 th Cura Aquarum International Conference on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterranean Region, held in Athens, Greece, from the 28 th to 30 th of March 2015. This conference was organised jointly by Anna Androvitsanea and Henning Fahlbusch, who recruited participants conducting research on various aspects of ancient water management in Greece. Consequently, the evolution of water management in Greece is subject of most of the contributions, which cover all phases from the Minoan and Mycenean periods to recent water supply systems. Five papers deal with the water management of particular parts of Athens, allowing for a better understanding of the development of that city's infrastructure. Case studies from Corinth, Olympia, Naxos, Megara, and Piraeus complement this coverage. As pointed out by Henning Fahlbusch, in both his keynote lecture in Athens and in his contribution to the proceedings, Greece can be regarded as the cradle of water management in Europe. The other reports within this volume certainly support this hypothesis. This volume is completed by case studies from across the Mediterranean region (e.g., Israel) as well as a compilation of hydraulic structures used for sewage and water supply systems in Egypt. Further contributions focus on special topics like ancient water clocks, Roman lead pipes, qanats, and other hydraulic features. This broad variety of topics reflects the importance of water-studies in very diverse disciplines across engineering, the natural and social sciences, and the humanities. This is the first time that the conference proceedings published by DWhG have not been not edited by Christoph Ohlig. It was my great honour to work with him to learn how to do the editorial work. He taught me his diligent and v Cura Aquarum in Greece, Schriften der DWhG, Band 27, Siegburg 2017 thorough way of working. Editing this volume, I have gained new appreciation for how much labour and time he invested in more than 15 years of publishing the more than 40 volumes that precede this one. It is due to his dedication that the published series of DWhG has become such a success. And it is due to the handing over of this editorship, that authors and colleagues had to wait quite a long time until these proceedings were finally finished.

El presente trabajo pretende analizar las relaciones internacionales en el mundo griego a finales del siglo V. Su objetivo principal es tratar de demostrar cómo el proyecto político de una facción espartana concreta actuó como detonante en el auge de las relaciones internacionales que se produjo en la Hélade en ese período. Éste fue un precedente directo de todos los hechos que marcarán el inicio del siglo posterior, entre los cuales destacan la campaña de Ciro, el Joven, la guerra espartano-persa y la guerra de Corinto.This paper wants to emphasize that the political project of a mere Spartan party was what actually triggered the crisis of the international relations within the Greek World at the very end of the Fifth Century BCE. Therefore, already in the next century, Cyrus the Younger’s campaign, the Persian- Spartan War and the Corinthian War can hardly be explained without such a significant precedent

Κατα τη διάρκεια του Πελοποννησιακού Πολέμου οι μάχες διεξάγονταν με τον κλασσικό τρόπο. Ένας απαράβατος κανόνας αφορούσε τη θέση του επικεφαλής που θα ήταν στο εμπρός δεξιό. Υπάρχουν όμως περιπτώσεις που αυτό δεν τηρήθηκε και η θέση του Διοικητή του έδωσε την ευκαιρία να επέμβει στον αγώνα και να επηρεάσει με αυτόν τον τρόπο το αποτέλεσμα. Μια από αυτές είναι και η μάχη στο Δήλιο (424π.Χ.). Η μάχη αναλύεται και αξιολογείται σύμφωνα με τις αρχές του πολέμου, κάτι που δεν υφίσταται στην βιβλιογραφία

According to an article published by David Schaps nearly 50 years ago, naming a free woman in Athenian courts was seen as a way to diminish her value, whereas omitting her name was a sign of respect. The speech Against Euboulides provides a new means of analysis: the proliferation of names in Euxitheos' speech, including those of his mother Nicarete and his father Thoukritos, reveals that the main logic behind these designations served a rhetorical purpose.

The archaeological area of Via D’Azeglio 47 is one of the most archaeologically relevant contexts in late antique Ravenna. It enables tracing the diachronic development of a residential district with its structural and social transformations, and notably the partial transfer of the property to the local Church at the end of the 5th century. From this period onwards, the northern sector of the area and the street that divided two residential blocks were indeed incorporated into a monumental ensemble that could be interpreted as the annexes of the basilica of St. Euphemia. On the contrary, the southern sector continued to be used with its original residential functions. It consisted of a large domus accessible from the northwest and east. Here eight rooms, partly mosaic-covered, and a courtyard have been identified. The dwelling shows a stratigraphic sequence from the Augustan age to the early Middle Ages. In this paper new data about the late antique phases are presented. A reassessment of the chronological sequence with the identification of two settlement
phases (Period 3, after the beginning of the 5th century, and Period 4, mid-
6th century) is now secured by a precise re-examination of the material culture, which also allows for a better understanding of the socio-economic status of the house and its owner(s) over time.

The aim of this paper is to present a second specimen of an Athenian-type obol with the signature of Hippias, which has recently appeared in trade, and to offer some reflections on the significance of such a coin. It is also argued that the obols of Hippias could give a chronological clue on the date of the introduction of the owl coinage in Athens.

This article suggests a new framework for interpreting Thucydides' 'Archaeology'. It argues that Thucydides' analysis of sea power does not create an ironic expectation of Athenian victory, as is often assumed, but operates in tandem with contrasts between Athenian and Spartan social practices to align each city with the traditional polarity between monarchic and isonomic political orders. In this account, Thucydides portrays Athens as the heir to a long tradition of Greek autocracy by reimagining the conventional interpretation of the imperial democracy as a figurative monarch. Sparta, by contrast, is cast as an isonomic outlier, committed to an egalitarian political culture that derives its military strength from immaterial sources. This article concludes by examining how Thucydides' reconfiguration of the monarchy-isonomy polarity in the 'Archaeology' is reflected elsewhere in the text, particularly through his use of the terminology of dunasteia.

Until recently, it was widely accepted that slaves during the classical period were bearers of stereotypical ethnic names, reflecting an ideology that differentiated citizens from slaves. Recent studies have shown that, while ethnic names were a common way to identify slaves as foreigners, they were not the only form of names used. That study revealed a more complex picture where many slaves, freedpersons, and even possible slaves shared the same names with citizens, disproving the assumption that slave names always served as a way of distinguishing them from the free population. Does the model of classical Athens apply to the rest of the Greek world? My presentation examines the existence of two distinct onomastic models in the classical period, by comparing Athens and Chios, on the one hand, with four regions of the Peloponnese on the other. The evidence suggests that while Athens and Chios share a common pattern, in which ethnic and foreign names constitute a substantial proportion of slave names, such slave names are completely absent from the Peloponnesian slave systems. The Athenian and Chian names suggest closer interactions with Asia Minor, whereas the Peloponnesian model appears more inward-looking, attesting different trends, dynamics and influences. By analyzing these differences, this paper contributes to our understanding of regional identity expression through personal names in the classical Greek world.

Following the previous papers; what followed the Persian defeat by Alexander, was Greek history and the introduction to democratic principles. The paper briefly follows this history of democracy to its collapse in the recent American value system.

At the beginning of the 3rd cent. BCE, the small poleis of Achaia in the northwestern Peloponnese were divided. While they had been united under the aegis of a federal state in the 4th cent. BCE, that koinon had disappeared by c. 300 BCE. As Polybios explains, however, the Achaian federal impulse re-emerged in 281/0 BCE when “a change of sentiment prevailed, and they began again to join together.” Apart from Polybios' testimony, however, almost no evidence for the activity of the new Hellenistic Achaian koinon exists for the years 281/0 to 275/4 BCE. The singular exception is a stele from the polis of Dyme preserving part of a decree regulating a public finance scheme. Although this inscription is challenging to interpret, it provides the only evidence from the ancient Greek world for a public finance scheme involving the credit institution known as the eranos loan; it is also the earliest document attesting to the federal legal system of the Hellenistic Achaian koinon at a foundational stage in its history. In this chapter, I re-examine this neglected inscription in the light of some recent research on Achaian history, Greek public finance, and the eranos loan, analyzing its legal and economic context at three distinct levels: the private group, the city-state, and the federal state.

Sourvinou-Inwood's concept of 'polis religion' has undergone criticism in recent years, notably by Julia Kindt. 1 Overlooked by Kindt and others is the role of the religious regulations of the polis, especially regulations of animal sacrifice. These regulations coexisted with sacrificial regulation by associations such as the orgeōnes of Athens. Sourvinou-Inwood was well aware of these associations, and briefly compared them to the polis. This essay will compare them, too, while asking a question inspired by the concept of 'polis religion': Did polis regulations dictate or control the regulations of the associations? Sourvinou-Inwood did not suppose that polis religion excluded religious activity by worshippers other than the community as a whole. In 'Further Aspects of Polis Religion' she said, The fact that the central focus…of Greek religion was ritual, and not the personal inner spiritual experience, and that much ritual activity took place in groups, must not be taken to entail that Greek religion is a 'group religion' in the sense that group worship was the norm and individual cultic acts somehow were exceptional. In my view, the individual was without doubt the primary, basic, cultic unit in polis religion…. 2 This recognition of the role of individuals precedes a remark about sacrifice, The individual sacrifice is a recognized cult act. 3 Individual acts of sacrifice might be the work of persons acting on their own, or of those acting as members of groups. Concerning the second possibility, she says, The polis regulates the religious discourse of its subdivisions. She gives only one example of such 'subdivisions', the oikos, about which she says,

3 We've been working with some of the world's most valued philosophers, political scientists and thinkers to bring you a host of new books that add to our understanding the of key debates in politics, past and present. Political scientists including Charles Taylor, Will Kymlicka and Monica Mookherjee come together in Multiculturalism Rethought, edited by Varun Uberoi and Tariq Modood, to reflect on the extraordinary legacy of Bikhu Parekh's work and take it in ever new directions (page 14). Marketing

Nesse artigo procuraremos demonstrar a forma com que o imperialismo romano era utilizado e legitimado pela ideologia dominante para justificar a forma com que as elites romanas se relacionavam com os demais povos do Mediterrâneo Antigo. Inicialmente apresentaremos o que era e como se vincularam ideologia e imperialismo e, em sequência, demonstraremos como as elites utilizavam essas categorias para fundamentar a relação de dominação sobre Egito e Capadócia no Século I AEC, tendo as relações financeiras como uma de suas ferramentas na construção desse relacionamento entre estes e Roma.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es observar alguna de estas excepciones a través del culto de Ártemis, diosa agreste ubicada, habitualmente, en territorios de frontera externos a la polis. Su carácter liminar se acentúa con algunos de sus ritos, como los celebrados por las muchachas de Atenas en el puerto de Braurón. Las niñas, sujetos aún no insertos en la ciudad a través del matrimonio, y las condiciones geográficas y físicas del santuario, subrayan el carácter fronterizo de la diosa. No obstante, en el centro religioso de Atenas, la Acrópolis, se ubica el Brauronión, templo de Ártemis, paradoja que se examinará en las páginas siguientes a través de la lectura de estos espacios liminares y su relación con el centro.

Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography and photogrammetry, this project created a digital elevation model of the Agora and Acropolis of Athens in order to understand the evolution of the city’s built environment in the Hellenistic and early Roman period (ca. 300 BCE–50 CE). Populated with 3D block models, the digital elevation model enabled advanced viewshed
analyses that clarify which monuments were visible to—and interacted with—one another. This article demonstrates the capabilities and analytical potential of such modeling by examining the monuments dedicated to and by the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon and how these constructions affected the experience of the city’s built environment.

Sensing the 'might of the gods': Embodied cognition and arousal in the Panathenaic apobatai. The apobatic race is well understood as being one of the more visually arresting and physically exertive of the Panathenaic athletic contests, with its being described as making a notable impact on its audience in Demosthenes. The race is likewise discussed as having Erichthonios as its recognized founder, and its acting to both commemorate the invention of the chariot and symbolically celebrate Athenian citizenship in general. In this paper, through an examination of the textual, visual, and archaeological sources, I consider the apobatic race in relation to the sensory-cognitive experiences afforded by both observing and performing this event. Specific theoretical models relating to de-centering, emotional arousal, and costly signalling in ritual contexts, will be considered in line with the emerging understanding of the role of mirror neurons in sport spectators and group cohesion. Aspects of how the topography, outfits and visual perspective would have lent themselves to these processes, will all be considered through these models. In essence, what this reconstructive analysis strongly indicates is an environment in which the exhaustive and "costly" aspects of the race would have enabled forms of synchronized arousal between athlete and audience. Moreover, rather than simply acting as a performative symbol of Athenian foundational age, a core aspect to this argument will be that rather than simply alluding to Erichthonios, the apobatai would have specifically referenced Athena fighting the Gigantomachy via the adoption of set poses and actions. As such, the resulting sensory-cognitive impact of experiencing this race, would 'simulate the might of the gods' (Dem, Erotic, 61.64) and an interaction with the cultural memory of the Panathenaea's origins at a sensory-motor level. Far from simply acting as a visual and exclusionary tool by which to emphasize Athenian citizenship, the apobatic race is demonstrated as an immersive sensory environment-experience in which performer, audience, king and goddess were brought into an embodied alignment.

This essay shows that the conflict between Antigone and Creon is not between two kinds of law, but between two conceptions of law. Creon thinks that his order is equivalent to a law; Antigone argues that the law is based on the laws of the gods and the consent of the community.

In a chreia by Lucian (Demon. 53), a philosopher identifies an anonymous damaged statue in front of the Poikile as a public dedication to Cynegyrus, a young Athenian who died at Marathon under extraordinary circumstances. In consideration of the growing popularity and relevance of the battle of Marathon during the imperial period, as well as the role of the adjacent stoa and its paintings as a lieu de mémoire and source of inspiration for rhetors, the author argues that the philosopher creates a new identity for the statue through a process of symbolic juxtaposition.

This paper examines the agon scene in Euripides’ Elektra (vv. 998–1146) through the lens of an emotional courtroom confrontation. I argue that the scene exhibits a processual structure, resembling a legal dispute, in which two speakers - the accused (Klytaimestra) and the accuser (Elektra) - engage in rhetorical and forensic argumentation before an implicit audience. Elements such as the clash between plaintiff and defendant, persuasive strategies aimed at winning public sympathy, visible speech structuring, and the use of legal terminology underscore its trial-like dynamics. Additionally, emotions serve as a driving force in this dramatic litigation: Elektra’s speech is fueled by frustration, Klytaimestra perceives herself as an object of hatred in the eyes of the people, and Orestes’ fear-driven return from exile leads him to avenge his father through matricide. This study highlights the interplay between legal rhetoric and emotional intensity in Euripides’ portrayal of justice and vengeance.

This article contains three new inscriptions from Miletos, all of which are related to the Temenitai. With the new inscriptions we now have evidence from the imperial period for this enigmatic association, which is only found in Miletos. These are all lists of names that were later supplemented by additional names. This phenomenon in particular is therefore also investigated in relation to the material that has already been published. The discussion of the new inscriptions is followed by some concluding considerations in which, on the basis of all known evidence regarding the Temenitai, an attempt is made to offer an explanation of what lies behind these lists of names and the character of these Milesian associations. Of particular interest are also the dating (stephanephoroi Lucius Malius Reginus and his son Lucius Malius Saturninus) as well as a very early case of an archisynagogos.

Orator, military leader, and, above all, organizer of Athenian democracy, Pericles is the narrator of this novel, , from his own thoughts, walking along the shores of Piraeus, on his journey through Scythian Asia, deliberating in the assembly, at the nightly banquets of his friend Sophocles, on the battlefield, as a spy in Byzantium, captivated by the sweet voice of his wife Aspasia's speeches, and finally, surrounded by the Peloponnesian War and the plague. A lover of democracy and creator of an empire, Pericles' dialectical, reflective voice reconstructs his person and his century in this story.

This essay addresses three questions relating to logistical procedures in ancient Greek sanctuaries regarding production of leather: 1) practical: what type of raw material for leather processing was provided by sanctuaries, and how and by whom the hides from sacrifices were handled; 2) spatial: if there was a connection between tanning establishments and sanctuaries; and 3) conceptual: if hides, and consequently leather produced from sacrificial animals, were perceived in a specific way. In order to localize these questions within the framework of tanning, it is necessary to clarify briefly what actually was done when skins were tanned into leather.

Building on di ferent types of evidence, and spanning from Archaic to Roman times, the contributors to this volume address the complex relationship of memory and space in a variety of instances and methodological approaches. As a whole, the volume emphasizes how the Greeks deployed a strong sense of place and locality, especially the epichoric element, in communion with the stu f of memory-stories, myths, and narratives-to shape communal identities. This is far more than a matter of inventing traditions and rather takes us to the heart of how the Greeks experienced their worlds. From Pindar to Actium, for the Greeks the world was experienced as a series of mnemotopes.

This article presents the results of a provenance study of the marbles used for 58 sculptures from the excavations of the Athenian Agora (Greece), including numerous unfinished works. The sculptures were preselected for analysis because they did not match the visual characteristics of local Pentelic marble. All sculptures were studied noninvasively with a standard light source, and measurements of the Maximum Grain Size (MGS), the Most Frequent Grain Size (MFS), and translucency were taken. The sculptures were also analyzed for trace elements, such as strontium (Sr) and manganese (Mn), using a portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) instrument. Samples were collected from 44 sculptures for laboratory-based analyses, including verification measurements of MGS and MFS under a stereoscopic microscope, qualitative examination of crystalline features of the marbles, and Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectroscopy (IRMS) for measurements of the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen. The results show that a range of imported white marbles were being carved in local Athenian workshops during the Roman period (1st century BCE to 3rd century CE), including marbles from Thasos (5 sculptures), Paros (as many as 16 sculptures), and Afyon, near Dokimeion in Phrygia (as many as 33 sculptures). Marble from Göktepe, near Aphrodisias in Caria, is also identified (3 or 4 sculptures), but it is present only among the finished works. This study highlights the extensive material networks to which ancient Athens belonged and underscores the importance of interdisciplinary methodologies, integrating archaeometry, archaeology, and art history, for reconstructing the artistic practices and aesthetic desires of past communities.