Airport Security

Commercial aviation as a global entity should be an international critical infrastructure that constantly safeguards and protects from malicious threats, including cybersecurity threat actors (Nobles, 2019). The international aviation industry needs a comprehensive cybersecurity defense plan to prevent cyber-based threats from negatively impacting civil aviation. Critical components of the global aviation systems consist of airport operations, air traffic management, ground operations, airline operations, unmanned systems, operations , aviation maintenance, airport security (physical security), and cargo and logistics. The existing aviation infrastructure was designed, engineered, and implemented without forbearance on cybersecurity . The lack of international cyber governance impedes the enforcement of cybersecurity policies; therefore, requiring a global-based alliance to create standards and best practices for evaluating and managing cybersecurity risks (Urban, 2017), especially in commercial aviation.

In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, individuals have become increasingly conscious about travel safety and security issues. Hence, in addition to travel times and costs, the perceptions about the security-levels can also be expected to be an important factor influencing intercity travel decisions. In the last few years, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has implemented several procedures including rigorous screening to improve airline security. However, these procedures have also increased the airline travel times. In this paper, we present an empirical analysis of individuals' mode choice for intercity business trips incorporating trade-offs between improved security levels and increased travel times. Stated-preference data collected in New York City are used to develop a panel rank-ordered mixed logit model. We find that individuals who hold positive impressions about the security measures are more likely to fly, but the utility of air mode decreases with increasing inspection and boarding time. The implication of these empirical results is that the TSA should seek to both improve the public perceptions of the security arrangements as well as ensure fast and efficient screening so as to sustain/increase the demand for air travel. However, caution should be administered in generalizing these findings as these are based on a small sample and data gathered from an area directly impacted by the events of 9/11. In summary, this paper reiterates the importance of research toward understanding the role of security perceptions on intercity travel decisions and presents a first step in this direction.

The paper address the role of aviation security and the fight against terrorism,using Entebbe international Airport as it's case study. It looks at aviation risk analysis,baggage search and aviation policy analysis.
The methodology is both quantitative and qualitative,giving incites in data analysis and adopting spearman's correlation coefficient to prove it's data accuracy.
It give recommendations that can be adopted by different aviation stake holders to improve aviation security in the fight against terrorism.

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Given the financial challenges faced by the airline industry, understanding of the combined effect of terrorism and the price of petroleum on airline profitability is imperative. The purpose of this correlational study was to determine if a combination of terrorism and the price of petroleum significantly predicted airline profitability, and which variable was the most significant. This study collected samples of financial records from major American commercial passenger and cargo airlines on costs of fuel (n = 84) and airline profitability (n = 84). The terrorism data (n = 84) were comprised of terrorist attacks on petroleum infrastructure in oil-producing nations, and incidents of highjacking aboard American aircraft. Systems theory, which explains complexity within systems, was the theoretical framework for this study. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated the model was able to significantly predict airline profitability, F(2,81) = 5.447, p = .006, R 2 ...

The human factors team in the Mission Analysis Division of TSA's Office of Security Capabilities explores the impact of technology, policies, procedures, and training on human systems performance during transportation security operations. This paper highlights some of the most critical human factors challenges currently facing the aviation security community and provides an overview of innovative on-going human factors projects at TSA that will address some of these challenges by enhancing performance assessment capabilities, improving training opportunities, and optimizing duty rotations and assignments.

The human factors team in the Mission Analysis Division of TSA's Office of Security Capabilities explores the impact of technology, policies, procedures, and training on human systems performance during transportation security operations. This paper highlights some of the most critical human factors challenges currently facing the aviation security community and provides an overview of innovative on-going human factors projects at TSA that will address some of these challenges by enhancing performance assessment capabilities, improving training opportunities, and optimizing duty rotations and assignments.

In this paper we present an initial investigation i nto the use of a classification-based technique for illicit object detection in aviation security. Current threats in aviation security are becoming more sophisticated in that it is extremely difficult to detect possible threats of t errorism without severely hindering passenger life style. In order to provide adequate security, previous work by the aut hors has proposed an intelligent security technology framework to provide the civil aviation authority w ith maximum security whilst minimising adverse impacts on airlines and airport operations. In this work, the feasibility of employing a classification-based technique is investigated for the purpose of identifying illicit material in hand luggage. In this research, a neural network trained with backpropagation is used in conjunction with a newly proposed feature extraction technique for classifyi ng various object images. Encouraging results are repo rted that may facilitate futu...

Simulation-optimization proves to be an effective framework for addressing challenges associated with evolving data uncertainties over time, especially in situations where crucial system decisions must be made before the complete data stream is observed. This scenario is evident in airport security checkpoints, where predicting passenger arrival times is challenging, and pre-scheduling equipment and human resources is essential. This study focuses on an airport operating multiple security screening checkpoints, considering the complex nature of the operational environment. A comprehensive computational study is presented, highlighting how a simulation and heuristic based optimization strategy can be instrumental in planning resource allocation within airport checkpoints. This study incorporates different passenger types to evaluate how they impact the overall performance of the proposed strategy. The outcomes of this research are poised to make significant contributions to the enhancement of airport facility operations and safety. By developing innovative decision-making models that leverage technology and knowledge, the research aims to improve the operational effectiveness of airport security checkpoints. The devised simulation and heuristic based optimization strategy is a key component of this effort, offering a valuable approach to refining the functioning of airport checkpoints. Its ability to address uncertainties in real-time data sets it apart from deterministic approaches, promising to usher in improvements in operational efficiency and safety protocols within airport facilities.

The Turkic Accelerator Complex (TAC) project has been developed with the support of the Turkish State Planning Organization by the collaboration of 10 Turkish universities. The complex is planned to have four main facilities, namely: SASE FEL Facility Based on 1 GeV Electron Linac, Third Generation Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SR) Based on 3.56 GeV Positron Synchrotron, Super-Charm Factory ($\sqrt{s} = 3.77$ GeV) by colliding the electron beam coming from the linac with an energy of 1 GeV and positron beam coming through the positron ring with an energy of 3.56 GeV, GeV scale proton accelerator. Later has two-fold goal: Neutron Spallation Source (NSS) and ADS. The proton accelerator construction will have 3 MeV, 100 MeV, and 1 GeV phases. The technical design report is planned to be finished in 2013. Since Turkey has essential Thorium reserves the ADS becomes very attractive for our country as emerging energy technology.

Τsatsaris A., Giachos I., Papakitsos C., Papakitsos E., Laskaris N., Mouzakis D. (2025). A Novel Application of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Defense Missions: Construction and Control Issues. Engineering World, 7: 60-69 (DOI: 10.37394/232025.2025.7.7). OPEN ACCESS

The objective of the chapter is to broaden the understanding of the determinants of fear of crime and fear of terrorism, while expanding the existing literature. Israel and Sweden provide case studies of two countries with a relatively similar population size, whereas their cultures are inherently different in their attitude toward terrorism and refugees. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study. The findings show higher rates of fear of crime and terrorism in the Israeli group than among the Swedes, despite the similar rates of actual exposure to crime. This finding could be explained by the Israeli society's higher exposure to terrorism. In addition, the comparison between the Israeli and Swedish samples may indicate the significance of cultural explanation in accounting for differences between the two groups, especially with regard to fear of being a victim of crime. It is suggested that the diverse perception of the government's responsibility for preventing the negative effects, and of the "other" as a source of harm may account for the higher rates of fear of crime among Israelies explain this finding.

The SilentBorder project aims to develop and construct a new high-technology scanner for the identification of hazardous and illegal goods hidden in trucks and sea containers. The scanner will enable scanning of shipping containers or cargo and is based on muon tomography, a technology that uses natural cosmic ray muons and therefore is inherently safe for people. We report on the development of a simulation and reconstruction framework aimed at optimizing the geometry of the detector and exploring feasibility of CRT in real smuggling scenarios using simulated data. The framework includes GEANT4 modeling of light transport in a scintillating fiber tracker to optimize the geometry and materials used to produce fiber mats. A systematic comparison was made of particle generators such as CRY, MUSIBO, and EcoMug interfaced with the GEANT4 toolkit to find the most effective one for modeling real smuggling scenarios. The Point-of-Closest-Approach reconstruction algorithm was used to create 3D images of sea containers or trucks. An analysis of the sensitivity of CRT was performed using simulated synthetic data generated for different smuggling scenarios of contraband of low-Z organic materials and high-Z inorganic materials. Results of our research indicate that by using muon tomography, it would be possible to improve the performance and sensitivity of sea container and cargo screening systems to overcome limitations of traditional screening methods, such as X-ray scanners, when it comes to detecting illicit materials that may be well concealed. CRT can provide a complementary imaging technique that could enhance the detection capabilities of existing systems.

Visual argumentation has attracted the attention of argumentation theorists for several decades, with research focus evolving from the legitimacy of the use of visuals in argumentation to exploring how images can function as integral parts of argumentation. Scholars (e.g., Kjeldsen 2015b have noted that images perform dual functions in argumentation: as symbols contributing noesis and as phenomena invoking aesthesis. Building on this foundation, the present study focuses on latent images that are overlooked in current argumentation studies. It is argued that latent images are conveyed in an "expressed implicit" manner. These images not only serve as visual flags to capture the audience's attention and harness the advantages of visual representation to deliver direct sensory stimulation, but also reshape the original structure of visual argumentation and argument schemes. Short video advertisements for financial management courses are discussed as a case study to demonstrate how one specific type of argument by latent images-visual argument from latent authority-achieves an interplay of noesis and aesthesis, thereby transforming the original argumentative structure, establishing various forms of authority, and maneuvering strategically to deliver a direct emotional impact to the audience and shift the burden of proof.

The possibility of using an interferometric bistatic acquisition in the P-band with a small spacecraft configuration -ground receiving point is considered. A theoretical study influence of the ionosphere on the accuracy of the reconstruction height of the terrain by a two-pass interferometer based on a P-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system and a ground receiving point is presented. The necessary statistical characteristics of random signal fluctuations are determined. An error of determining the height is presented depending on the geometry of the interferometer, the influence of the parameters of the ionosphere, additive noise, and spatial decorrelation of the radar images. Using the presented numerical dependences, it is possible to estimate the optimal range of values for the interferometric base and the error in determining the height for point and extended targets. When reflecting from extended targets, the error due to the spatial decorrelation of the reflected signals in one resolution element is additionally taken into account.

Forensic DNA expertise is conventionally used to link, within a criminal case, a genetic profile found on a crime scene to the genetic profile of a known individual (for example, a suspect). DNA databases extend that logic across cases. By storing genetic profiles from different cases in such a database we can link cases that concern the same genetic profile (that is, the same individual) with each other. Although these are the two main approaches to exploiting forensic DNA, more forensic intelligence can be derived from databases containing genetic profiles. In this study, we explore the idea that different individuals can be linked to each other because their genetic profiles have been found on the same crime scenes, hereby forming DNA-based networks of individuals. To demonstrate that idea, data from the National DNA database of Belgium is analysed. The findings concern more than 400 networks, characterized in terms of size, geographical locations and types of crime. The potential of this forensic intelligence to support the Belgian judicial authorities and law enforcement in their missions is discussed.

This article discusses civil aviation security, which is understood as a combination of human and material activities and resources to safeguard international civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference. This article presents protection measures applied in the security system of civil airports. Parts of the article focuses on both theoretical and practical solutions concerning the airport security system. The systemic approach observes aviation security as a set of elements and relationships that occur between them in accordance with established principles, through the prism of the aim. The aim of aviation security is to prevent acts of unlawful interference (people, objects, hazardous materials threatening the safety of aviation and the aviation infrastructure). The authors of the article have identified the concept of airport security system and characterised the civil airport as a specific object. This article presents the procedural and technical aspects of the functioning of the civil security airport system.

Brazilian aviation industry. We, thus, would like to express our gratitude to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University for bringing together the knowledge and professors of unique expertise to our classes. Our gratitude goes to ABEAR-Associação Brasileira das Empresas Aéreas, ITL-Instituto de Transporte e Logística, CNT-Confederação Nacional do Transporte, SEST-Serviço Social do Transporte and SENAT-Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem do Transporte. We appreciated the support of the airlines we work for -LATAM Airlines Group and GOL. It was because of the support and sponsorship of these accredited institutions that we can now share this research paper. Some esteemed persons were also fundamental during the whole process of this paper. Thank you Professor Jeff Jorgensen for revising the manuscripts and for the thoughtful insights. We appreciated Dr. Ian McAndrew's time and comments on the earlier version of this paper. In addition, would like to highly thank Dr. Leila Halawi for helping us out with the literature review. We are immensely grateful to Anitra Pirene and Maria Ritter for always being handy and real colleague of ours. Thank you Fabio Campos for the aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism, and friendly advice during the whole program. At last, the group wishes to express our deepest and sincere gratitude to our Capstone Project Chair Prof. Dr. Peter O'Reilly (Dr. Pepsi) for the continuous support, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge.

Airport security procedures pose accessibility problems for the Deaf. These procedures have become more complex and intrusive as security measures have been reassessed. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)[1] and the Air Carriers Access Act (ACAA)[2] do ...

The efficient handling of passenger baggage is paramount in the aviation industry, ensuring a seamless travel experience for passengers. Through the bustling corridors of Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) Terminal 3, the mishandling of baggage passengers is a critical concern that significantly affects the travel experience for those passing through this vital aviation hub. As one of the busiest terminals in the Philippines, the challenges and intricacies of baggage handling at the NAIA Terminal 3 underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding of the factors underlying the mishandling of incidents. This study looked into the root reasons of improper luggage handling at Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport Terminal 3. A quantitative research methodology was employed to gather and examine data related to this matter. Contributing causes were found to be four main problem areas: personnel PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Institute of Graduate Studies vii mismanagement, communication breakdowns, technical problems, and passenger faults. The study goes into more detail on each problem to pinpoint the main causes and offers suggestions for enhancements. By analyzing the underlying reasons of mishandled baggage incidents and proposing practical solutions, this research seeks to provide solutions. The proposed procedures and enhancements will minimize baggage mishandling, benefiting passengers. They will also boost airport performance and competitiveness. Therefore, this paper has potential to positively impact operational efficiency and enhance the passenger experience PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS Institute of Graduate Studies viii

Community-oriented policing has shaped law enforcement over the past 30 years, providing innovative strategies to identify and combat crime problems through collaborative community partnerships. The success of community policing strategies in some contexts has led some scholars and police administrators to call for the adoption of these programs in virtual environments to combat cybercrimes. It is unclear how such a program may operate or what factors affect line officer support for their use in the field. Thus, this study examined how community policing support, computer proficiency, and perceptions of the Internet and cybercrime were related to support for online community policing in a sample of officers from two Southeastern cities. The study found that support for community policing in the real world and perceptions of cybercrime severity were the two most consistently significant predictors of support for online community policing. The significance of these findings for policing practice and theory are discussed.

The safety and efficiency of air traffic are significantly affected by adverse weather. This holds especially in terminal maneuvering areas (TMA) where, in addition to the impact of weather itself, potential weather avoidance routes are strongly restricted by air traffic regulations. A weather avoidance model DIVMET has been developed which proposes a route through a field of developing thunderstorms. Air traffic control regulations have not been included in it at this stage. DIVMET was applied to the TMA of Hong Kong International Airport as air traffic control (ATC) there has become interested in improving the controller's work load, especially for managing incoming traffic by avoidance route simulations. Although visual inspection of simulated avoidance routes by ATC was satisfactory, a quantitative validation of simulated with real observed routes was also carried out. Two real adverse weather situations with thunderstorms within the TMA of Hong Kong and with heavily distorted traffic were chosen. The main objective prior to any validation, however, was to identify routes which are solely impacted by weather but do not show any signs of regulation. Route selection was done on the base of flight position data. Landing flights were selected and deviations from standard approach routes were analyzed. As a result, the majority of 272 flights were found to be affected by both weather and regulations (60%), highlighting the challenge for air traffic controllers to manage landing traffic under adverse weather conditions safely and efficiently. Only a few weather-affected flights (7%) were not regulated and could be used for validation. DIVMET simulation routes were presented to local air traffic controllers who confirmed them as potential and realistic avoidance routes. DIVMET weather avoidance route simulations within a TMA appear to be helpful but further model development has to incorporate traffic regulations, to include holdings, short-cuts, and slow-downs.

Following a reorientation in 2005/2006, the focus of activities at TSL was shifted from nuclear physics to proton therapy and radiation testing with protons and neutrons. In order to use the beam as efficient as possible beam sharing is employed. The paper describes the development of a range of control system utilities, for example switching of the beam between users by the principal user instead of being controlled via a cyclotron operator.

Researchers have long been interested in how inmates adjust to prison life and what characteristics impact their behavior while incarcerated. The current research will attempt to fi ll a gap in the literature by evaluating the effectiveness of both the deprivation and importation models in explaining misconduct committed by both male and female inmates using all inmates incarcerated in West Virginia during July 2010. Additionally, the predictive factors of male and female inmate misconduct will be compared using these inmates. This research will add to the few studies that have examined both the deprivation and importation models among males and females, as well as provide possible policy implications that attempt to manage or reduce misconduct, and in turn, recidivism.

Although the literature on protective security measures against terrorism suggests many measures for protecting targets, it provides less guidance on how to prioritize such measures. Combining insights from rational choice theory with lessons from situational crime prevention theory, crime scripts and crime prevention through environmental design, this article provides concrete advice on how to prioritize protective security measures against explosive attacks on railways. I show that the best protective security measures focus on limiting the damage caused by explosive attacks rather than on preventing such attacks.

Guys that are associates like guys that are bookies, bookmakers. They will say that they are connected, but they are only connected to the guy that they are answering to, and he's connected to somebody else. 2 We need to think more carefully about what we mean by the words 'organised crime', and in particular we need to better understand the ways in which offenders organise themselves and interact with the legitimate world. It is an irony that policy makers have represented the organisation of 'organised' crime as a mirror image of their own bureaucracies. An example is the United States Drug Enforcement Agency's 'Kingpin' strategy for disabling criminal organisations engaged in drug trafficking. This tenpin bowling metaphor, for 'taking out' the 'mob bosses' as a means of destroying the organisational capacity for crime, neatly reflects a belief in the powers of hierarchical command and control that underpin the modern public bureaucracies charged with responding to this perceived threat. Yet even with regard to American-Italian crime syndicates, where the 'kingpin' metaphor seems most appropriate, research suggests that the organisational form of their operations extends beyond the 'made men' to a diverse network of 'connected guys'.

The scientific establishment of the link between crime and place can be traced as far back as to the 1820s from work put forth by the French Home Office, Michel-Andre Guerry, and cartographer, Adriano Balbi, as well as Belgian statistician, Adolphe Quetelet. Since the early analysis of the distribution of crime in France, researchers have transitioned from examining the relationship between crime and geographic place from a macro-level perspective (for example, cities, neighborhoods and communities) to a more micro-level perspective (for example, census blocks). The micro-level study of crime at geographic locations has appropriately been coined 'the criminology of place'. Although the 'criminology of place' movement is a recent contribution to the criminological field, it has become one of the fastest growing areas of interest among academic researchers. In their book, The Criminology of Place: Street Segments and Our Understanding of the Crime Problem, David Weisburd, Elizabeth R. Groff and Sue-Ming Yang explore the relationship between crime and place by focusing on street segments in Seattle, Washington. Using various sources of longitudinal data, the authors extend previous research by exploring whether crime that is concentrated at street segments are simply an extension or reflection of neighborhood or community social processes often discussed in the communities and crime literature. Specifically, they merge the gap between the environmental criminology and communities and crime literature by not only analyzing the potential relationship between opportunity and crime hot spots of street segments, but also whether crime hot spots are also associated with social processes, such as racial heterogeneity, poverty and willingness to intervene in neighborhood matters rooted in the social disorganization perspective. Therefore, Weisburd, Groff and Yang's work is a unique contribution to not only the environmental criminology literature, but also the communities and crime literature by exploring the relationship between crime concentrated at street segments and opportunity, as well as social disorganization processes over time. The book, comprising eight chapters followed by appendices, notes and references, starts with an introduction to their research efforts. In the introduction, also known as Chapter 1, the authors note that traditional criminological theories focus on the criminal. While criminals contribute to understanding crime, it is essentially only one component of understanding the crime problem. In response, Weisburd, Groff and Yang suggest that a clearer picture of the crime problem might emerge by changing focus from the criminal to a micro-geographic place.

Some of the efforts that can be made to improve aviation security performance are by implementing security screening and airport security programme. The study was conducted at Sentani Airport in 2019 using quantitative methods, with the number of research samples taken in total saturation of 50 personnel at Sentani Airport. Data collected through instruments in the form of statement sheets with ordinal scale models that have been tested, linear regression, partial or simultaneous. The research is using path analysis technique. Based on the results of the study show that security screening has a direct effect on flight aviation security of 2.224 and there is a direct influence of airport security programme on Aviation Security Performance of 4.186 and there is a significant positive effect of security screening on airport security programme is 5.491 and based on the results of the study shows that Security screening indirectly has an effect of 1320,879 on Aviation Security Performanc...

This report investigates the design and implementation of a more advanced automated system aimed at transforming
airport operations through advanced baggage drop-off and boarding pass generation for passengers. Especially
on public holidays or any festival, it will be helpful in removing the queues in airports for check-in and
boarding-pass generation, which will save much time and make it faster; due to a straightforward interface, there
will be less interaction with airport staff and the luggage mishandling will be less. The fundamental objectives of
the project include creating a user-friendly and responsive self-check-in kiosk that integrates Internet of Things
(IoT) technology for a seamless baggage handling experience. An innovative function of the device is the inclusion
of a camera that captures pics of the luggage and saves it with the passenger’s data and prints a QR code on the
passenger’s boarding pass; by scanning the QR code, passengers can see the pictures of their baggage. The QR code
improves safety and guarantees the green tracking of baggage. Furthermore, this system is for general purposes,
which allows all the travelers of different airlines to use a single system for check-in and generating their boarding
passes. This method will optimize space utilization at airports and cut down operational fees. The reason for the
report is to feature the development of a Flexible, scalable, and steady kiosk machine appropriate for both vast
and small airports, accepting weighty luggage and catering to the desires of diverse airlines. Implementing an IoT
system ensures a streamlined check-in method, significantly improving the tour experience for passengers. The
record concludes that the generalized luggage drop-off system not only offers operational performance but also
sets a brand-new trend for automated airport offerings.

Airport passenger terminal operations include all the activities that passengers will experience in the airport from being processed through boarding to the plane and the other services available at the terminal facility. The consistent increases in passenger rates have had major effects on these procedures among the world’s airports and have caused certain problems for airport terminal operations. This paper provides a brief introduction about airport passenger terminals and their operations and identifies several frequently observed problems that exist among the airports. In addition to identifying the outcomes that have resulted from each of these problems, many suggestions or recommended solutions have been provided. These recommendations are based on research and studies available in the literature. Relevant sources that have been used in the literature include books, journal articles, official aviation or airport related reports, and online news articles.

The performance of the C-30 compact, isochronous cyclotron at the Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies (SINS) was improved during last years. The magnetic field distribution in the accelerating region of the machine was measured and field corrections were done. The stability of the RF feeding system operation was improved. The shape of a puller electrode was modified to improve the conditions of ion extraction from the source and gas pumping speed in the central region. The geometry of an internal PIG I-I-ion source was optimised and discharge power increased. The peak accelerated W beam intensity at the extraction radius reached 12 PA (in pulse) and internal proton beam current -300 PA. The H-current is still limited by stripping on residual gas molecules. An external ion source is being completed. A new computer system for monitoring of the machine operation was developed and implemented. Two experimental programmes which utilise proton beam from the cyclotron were started in 1993: 1) study of the neutron-rich nuclei from the region of symmetric fission, produced in an uranium target bombarded by 25 MeV protons, 2) study of the charged particle spectra and angular distriiutions from the proton induced reactions.

The paper examines a method of determining shape and size of an effective range in case of DME/DME navigation. Offered method allows to get a characteristics of the error ellipse, thus it allows to get full information about error distribution. The size of an effective range can be determined with geometrical and probabilistic methods.

Naturalistic landscapes in urban parks, despite their many benefits, often are perceived as being unsafe, and very little research has been conducted on this issue. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine the public's concerns and perceptions of safety regarding naturalistic landscapes in urban parks. The study used a questionnaire survey that was completed by 360 participants in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The participants' perceived safety (PS) in naturalistic landscapes in urban parks and concerns regarding threats were examined using statements that were scored on a five-point Likert-like scale. The results indicated that study participants felt safe in naturalistic landscapes in urban parks. The results also indicated that their concerns regarding crimes in urban parks were more significant than their concerns regarding the threat from wildlife. Participants' PS was associated with their concerns regarding possible threats from other people (potential criminals) in such an environment, and their perception was related to their concerns regarding violent crime and social incivilities.

Security and safety culture is an increasingly important term in assessing the security and safety of organizations. It is an internal security and safety factor of an organization that can directly influence its overall security and safety. In many cases, however, organizations do not know, nor do they have a way of assessing the level of their security and safety culture. It is therefore necessary to know the content, elements, and sectors in which it can be identified in order to gain a deeper knowledge of security and safety culture in more detail and be able to examine it. Firstly, we focused on creating a model for evaluating the safety and safety culture and its application in selected organizations. Secondly, we devoted to the description and design of an organization’s security and safety culture assessment model. The proposed model is based on the identification of subsectors and indicators of security and safety culture that will gain their value by using information obta...

To ensure flight safety, it is required to ensure complete coverage of the controlled airspace by the surveillance field. It is economically feasible to solve this problem using ADS-B ground stations, which is especially important for remote continental airspace with low air traffic intensity, in particular for the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. However, at present time it is not recommended to use ADS-B as the main means of observation and confirmation of the reliability of aircraft position data is required. The article proposes to include in the message of the on-board transponder information about the time of receipt of coordinate information and the time of its transmission to the modernized ground station ADS-B (designated as ADS-B-T), which will allow calculating the distance to the aircraft and determining its location with the required accuracy.

Since 9/11 tourism destinations, hotels and modes of transportation have regularly been the focus of terrorist attacks. Where tourists can generally avoid at-risk destinations by considering political strife in the region, crime statistics and trends, terrorist attacks can often be "inescapable" (Sönmez et al., 1999: 13).

European Union regulations are not sensible to the proportionality of measures and provide fixed orientations and standards irrespective from the dimension of the airports. Additional security measures have been added over the years resulting in increasing security-related costs. The cost structure of security exhibits the existence of a relevant fixed component, concerning staff, equipment, or certification. Notable, smaller, and medium airports support higher costs of security than larger airports, due to the low volumes of cargo and passenger movements. Alternative approaches, notably risk based, have been advocated to support the definition of security procedures at airport level. Although studies have been conducted, none was found concerning these types of airports. This paper presents a research aimed to analyse the appropriateness of a risk based approach in the context of small to medium airports. The research focused in understanding whether such approach could provide tailored security requirements and, ideally, lower costs. A case study considering six airports-Horta, Lisbon, and Ponta Delgada (Portugal), and Adana Ş akirpaş a, Erkilet International and Istanbul (Turkey)-of different sizes and located in different regions was conducted. The results make evident the advantages of a risk based approach to define appropriate security procedures, although it is not evident that a risk based approach will lower costs.

While the extent of crime in city centr es has long been acknowledged, fear of or anxiety over crime is usually considered in terms of respondents' areas of residence. Interviews with daytime visitors to one city centre, however, suggested than citizens were more wary of the city centre, particularly at night, as a dangerous place. While crime prevention strategies, like CCTV, may reduce this problem, findings from earlier research are equivocal. It is suggested that policies aimed at r evitalising the city centre may have a more positive impact on crime and fear as well as on the wider social and economic environment.

aviation industry, creating the environment necessary for the development of the leadership in the Brazilian aviation industry. We, thus, would like to express our gratitude to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University for bringing together the knowledge and professors of unique expertise to our classes. Our gratitude goes to ABEAR-Associação Brasileira das Empresas Aéreas, ITL-Instituto de Transporte e Logística, CNT-Confederação Nacional do Transporte, SEST-Serviço Social do Transporte and SENAT-Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem do Transporte. We appreciated the support of the airlines we work for-LATAM Airlines Group and GOL. It was because of the support and sponsorship of these accredited institutions that we can now share this research paper. Some esteemed persons were also fundamental during the whole process of this paper. Thank you Professor Jeff Jorgensen for revising the manuscripts and for the thoughtful insights. We appreciated Dr. Ian McAndrew's time and comments on the earlier version of this paper. In addition, would like to highly thank Dr. Leila Halawi for helping us out with the literature review. We are immensely grateful to Anitra Pirene and Maria Ritter for always being handy and real colleague of ours. Thank you Fabio Campos for the aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism, and friendly advice during the whole program.

Transit environments are public places that individuals may use on a daily basis and are, therefore, important settings of everyday life: transit premises such as a train station, or transit modes, such as a bus, take individuals to their destinations. Getting individuals to use public transportation is not just a matter of making it convenient and cost effective. People need to feel safe too. Good planning should aim to make transit environments safe and comfortable for all. Safety is highly relevant as one in five employees in Europe spend at least an hour each way travelling to and from work. 1 This means many hours are spent in trains, buses or in transit, on the move. Are individuals safe while in transit? What affects safety in transit environments? Can they be made safer? This special issue searches for answers to these questions in the environments of these transit settings and in the social interactions that may take place within them. Some of these interactions are unpleasant events such as being a victim of a crime. It is submitted here that the answers to these questions cannot only be derived from a field of science; it demands integrated and cross-disciplinary theories, which go beyond criminology or crime science. Just as an example, the special issue contains articles written by experts relying on knowledge stemming from sociology, epidemiology, psychology, criminology, geography, architecture and urban planning. Moreover, the better understanding of safety in transit environments also requires methods that are capable of guiding an ever-increasing volume of data, which constitutes the new frontier of research in urban safety and mobility. The special issue approaches transit safety by adopting a framework that is place centred (the station, the environments of bus stops, the neighbourhood, the trip across different environments) and user oriented (children, women, transit captives), taking some distance from the offenderoffence dynamic. It intentionally opens up the issue of transit safety to a wider audience, by looking upon those who travel through the system, and who may, sometimes, become a victim of crime: the passengers. Research on safety has shown that some of these transit environments are places of social convergence that are more prone to crime (see, for instance,