Agricultural & Extension Education

Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) serve as pivotal institutions for disseminating agricultural knowledge, technology, and skills aimed at enhancing farm productivity and sustainability. This study reviews the role of KVKs as catalysts in promoting agricultural production through skill and knowledge development programs. By empowering farmers to transition from subsistence farming to market-oriented production, KVKs contribute directly to economic development and rural transformation. Special emphasis is placed on the need to address gender-specific challenges, thereby strengthening the participation of women in agriculture. The review further highlights the importance of aligning KVK initiatives with emerging techno-social structures to maximize their efficiency in fostering farmer empowerment. As knowledge hubs, KVKs are envisioned as repositories of agricultural innovation, supporting sustainable rural development. Recent interventions such as the integration of drone technology, collaboration with Atal Tinkering Labs for student engagement, and initiatives like the Landscape Diagnostic Survey (LDS) in pulses demonstrate their adaptability to modern challenges. With 731 KVKs functioning under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and over 8,875 Farmers Producing Organization (FPO) societies registered nationwide, KVKs also play a crucial role in nurturing 117 FPOs as Cluster-Based Business Organizations (CBBOs). These multifaceted efforts underscore the holistic contribution of KVKs to strengthening India's agricultural ecosystem.

Crop residue burning (CRB) in India poses a severe environmental and public health challenge, particularly in the agricultural heartlands of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. Driven primarily by the narrow window between successive crop cycles, this practice leads to significant air pollution, soil degradation, and economic losses. In response, both the Government of India (GoI) and the Government of Punjab have implemented a multifaceted array of initiatives, evolving from general farm mechanization support to highly specialized crop residue management (CRM) schemes.

Modal sosial adalah kemampuan masayarakat untuk bekerjasama demi mencapai tujuan bersama didalam berbagai kelompok dan organisasi.kemampuan bekerjasama muncul dari kepercayaan umum didalam sebuah masyarakat atau dibagian-bagian paling kecil dalam masyarakat. modal sosaila bisa dilambangkan menjdi kebiasaan dalam kelompok yang paling kecil ataupun dalam kelompok masyarakat yang seperti negasra. Modal sosial bukanlah modal dalam arti biasa seperti harta kekayaan atau uang, tetapi lebih mengandung arti kiasan, namun merupakan aset atau modal nyata yang penting dalam hidup bermasyarakat. Menurut para ahli modal sosial dapat didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan masyarakat untuk bekerja bersama, demi mencapai tujuan-tujuan bersama, didalam berbagai kelompok dan organisasi. Menurut Hanifan, dalam modal sosial termasuk kemauan baik, rasa bersahabat, saling simpati, serta hubungan sosial dan kerjasama yang erat antara individu dan keluarga yang membentuk suatu kelompok sosial (Syabra, 2003). Sedangkan Burt tahun 1992 (dalam Suparman 2012) mendefinisikan, modal sosial adalah kemampuan masyarakat untuk melakukan asosiasi(berhubungan) satu sama lain dan selanjutnya menjadi kekuatan yang sangat penting bukan hanya bagi kehidupan ekonomi akan tetapi juga setiap aspek eksistensi sosial yang lain.Sejalan dengan Fukuyama (dalam Anconk 2007) menjelaskan bahwa modal sosial adalah serangkaian nilai-nilaiatau norma-norma informal yang dimiliki bersama diantara para anggota suatu kelompok masyarakat yang memungkinkan terjalinnya kerja sama di antara mereka. Adapun menurut Cohen dan Prusak tahun 2001 (dalam Suparman 2012), modal sosial adalah sebagai setiap hubungan yang terjadi dan diikat oleh suatukepercayaan, saling pengertian (mutual understanding), dan nilai-nilai bersama (shared value) yang mengikat anggota kelompok untuk membuat kemungkinan aksi bersama dapat dilakukan secara efisien dan efektif.

Modal sosial dan modal finansial adalah dua komponen penting yang saling melengkapi dalam menunjang keberlangsungan dan pertumbuhan usaha serta inklusi ekonomi. Paper ini membahas pengertian, karakteristik, fungsi, serta peran kedua modal tersebut dalam konteks ekonomi dan usaha, berdasarkan kajian akademik dan empiris.

The present study examines the innovative behaviour of awardee farmers in the Konkan region of Maharashtra, recognising their role as potential change agents in agricultural development. The research was conducted across five districts viz., Thane, Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg and involved a sample of 40 farmers who had received state-level agricultural awards between 2012 and 2023. Respondents were selected through proportionate random sampling, and data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. An ex-post facto research design was employed to assess their innovative behaviour. The findings revealed that three-fourths of the respondents (75.00 per cent) fell within the medium to very high categories of innovative behaviour, while a quarter exhibited low or very low levels. This variation underscores both the achievements and the untapped potential of award-winning farmers in the region. The study highlights the need for targeted capacity-building programmes, farmer-to-farmer learning, and policy support to enhance the innovative behaviour of these farmers and promote wider diffusion of best practices.

PAPER "MODAL SOSIAL DAN LINGKUNAN BISNIS" Disusun oleh : Viona Nadzarene Paramanadi (25105510047) Diampu oleh : Indria Guntarayana, SE, MM, M.ΑΒ.Μ.Mis PROGRAM STUDI ILMU ADMINISTRASI NIAGA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM BALITAR SEMESTER 1 PEMBAHASAN Modal sosial merupakan konsep yang menjelaskan bagaimana jaringan sosial, norma, dan kepercayaan dapat menjadi sumber daya yang memengaruhi interaksi individu maupun kelompok dalam masyarakat. Modal sosial dipandang sebagai kekuatan non-material yang memperkuat kohesi sosial, memperlancar pertukaran informasi, dan meningkatkan kepercayaan dalam masyarakat. Namun, dinamika serta implikasinya bergantung pada struktur jaringan, norma yang berlaku, dan konteks sosial-budaya tempat ia beroperasi. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman mengenai modal sosial penting bukan hanya bagi ilmu sosial, tetapi juga untuk perumusan kebijakan publik, pembangunan ekonomi, pendidikan, hingga kesehatan masyarakat. Berikut definisi modal sosial menurut beberapa tokoh: A) Bourdieu (1986) mendefinisikan modal sosial sebagai akumulasi sumber daya aktual maupun potensial yang terkait dengan jaringan relasi institusional dan sosial. Dalam pandangan ini, modal sosial dianggap sebagai bentuk kapital yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mempertahankan maupun memperkuat posisi sosial seseorang. B) Coleman (1988), modal sosial adalah suatu hal yang berfungsi sebagai elemen dalam struktur sosial yang memfasilitasi tindakan

This research examines the impact of Nigeria's Decade of Gas initiative and the Petroleum
Industry Act (PIA) on the country's natural gas industry and its progress toward achieving
the Sustainable Development Goals. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, we examine how
these policies affect energy accessibility, economic development, and social welfare. Our
quantitative analysis, based on a survey of 500 participants, reveals a notable positive
correlation between access to natural gas and household economic outcomes, with 62–75%
of participants reporting improvements in their income, business efficiency, and access to
cooking gas. Insights from qualitative interviews and focus groups further illustrate that the
use of gas has empowered women and increased the productivity of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) by lowering operational expenses. However, our findings also emphasise
substantial implementation challenges, particularly the ongoing infrastructure deficiencies
and regional inequalities that disproportionately impact rural and neglected communities.
The study concludes that while policies regarding natural gas hold the potential to foster
sustainable development and support Nigeria’s poverty alleviation efforts, their full impact
can only be achieved through fair and inclusive implementation that addresses
infrastructural hurdles and guarantees widespread access across all regions.

The study examined gender participation in climate-resilient agriculture (CRA) practices and its implications for food security in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Data were collected through surveys and interviews with 220 farmers, focusing on understanding the participation rates of male and female farmers in various CRA practices, the constraints they faced, and the factors that influenced food security outcomes. Descriptive statistics (Frequencies, percentages and mean) and inferential statistics (Binary Logistic Regression) were used to analyze the data. Results show that male farmers had higher participation rates in most CRA practices, including the cultivation of drought-resistant crops and agroforestry, with an average participation rate of 59% for the male and 54% for the female. The study also identified several constraints that hindered participation, with female farmers facing more significant challenges than their male counterparts. These challenges included land ownership, access to credit, cultural restrictions, and domestic workload. The results of logistic regression analysis revealed that factors such as gender, access to CRA inputs, extension contact, land ownership, education level, household size, access to credit, and experience with climate shocks significantly influenced food security. Male-headed households, households with access to CRA inputs, and those with regular extension contact were more likely to be food secure. The study concludes that gender disparities in participation in climate-resilient agriculture practices contributed to unequal food security outcomes. Although both male and female farmers participate in CRA practices, the female farmers faced more barriers that limited their full participation and ability to enhance their food security. It is essential to recognize the role of female farmers in agricultural decision-making processes because they play crucial role in household food security and to address the socioeconomic factors that limit women's access to resources. Recommendations included the need for targeted interventions that will reduce the gender gap in CRA practices by providing women with better access to land, credit, and extension services. Empowering female farmers through training, promoting gender-inclusive policies in agricultural development, and improving women farmer's access to climate-resilient agricultural inputs are critical steps.

2012 m. rugpjūčio 19 d. į Anapilį išėjo puiki kolegė ir gabi dėstytoja Agnė Baranskaitė. Agnę kolegos ir studentai Lietuvos edukologijos universitete prisimena su ypatinga šiluma ir pagarba. Galvojant apie Agnę negali susitaikyti, kad jos nebėra, tiesiog mąstai, kad vėl, pagauta kūrybinio įkarščio, sėdo prie naujos monografijos ar projekto ir todėl jos laikinai nesimato. 2002 m. dar būdama doktorantė Agnė Baranskaitė, paraginta savo tėčio, kreipėsi į mane dėl darbo tuometiniame Vilniaus pedagoginiame universitete (dabar -Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas). Jau pirmame pokalbyje atsiskleidė kaip smalsi, modernų požiūrį į šiuolaikinės teisės problemas turinti jauna kolegė. Tiesą sakant, labai apsidžiaugiau, nes pradėjus Lietuvoje rengti socialinius pedagogus buvo būtinas originalus ir jautrus civilinės teisės, socialinės mediacijos, taikos sutarčių problemų perteikimas. Agnė šia problema ypač susidomėjo. Mūsų požiūriai sutapo diskutuojant apie taikinamąjį tarpininkavimą (socialinės mediacijos) plėtojimo ir diegimo poreikį teisinėje praktikoje. Mano tuo metu vadovaujamoje Socialinės pedagogikos katedroje Agnė pradėjo dirbti 2002 m. rugsėjo 2 d., kai katedra buvo įkurta. Todėl logiška, kad daug diskutuodavome apie tai, kiek ir kokių teisinių žinių reikėtų socialiniams pedagogams, kokiu rakursu jiems reikėtų dėstyti teisės pagrindų ir vaiko teisės kursus, kurios temos yra aktualiausios būsimiems vaiko gerovės profesionalams, kokias temas reikia analizuoti bakalauro ir magistro tyrimuose. Darbo pradžioje Agnė dirbo dėstytoja valandininke ir ėjo asistento pareigas, nuo 2006 m. -lektorė, nuo 2009 m. -docentė. Ypač imponavo tai, kad A. Baranskaitės tyrimo kryptis daktaro laipsniui gauti buvo ypač nauja tuometinėje Lietuvoje. Galima tvirtinti, kad Agnės daktaro disertacija "Atleidimas nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiajam susitaikius"

The study analysed the determinants of farmers' adoption to climate change adaptation strategies under the International Fund for Agricultural Development in Jigawa state. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 321 farmers participating in IFAD-CASP programme as respondents. Data were collected with the use of a well-structured questionnaire. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The result of the study showed that mean age was 35 years. About (60.00%) were married, with a household size mean of 7 persons some (58.30%) of the farmers had no formal education. The respondents had a mean of 12 years of farming experience. Majority (100%) of the respondents had contact with IFAD-CASP extension officer, and also (86.44%) got information on climate change from IFAD-CASP extension officer. The result also shows that out of the eight adaptation strategies four of them has higher adaptation, construction of animal drinking point, community nursery establishment, yearly seasonal rainfall prediction and soil and water conservation technology, with a mean score of 2.04, 2.13, 2.72 and 2.5 respectively. Result from the inferential statistics show that six of the predictive variables: age of the respondents, years of farming experience, number of visit by IFAD-CASP extension officer, farmers' perception of IFAD-CASP strategies, membership of cooperatives, access to credit were all positively significant at 5% to influence adapting of IFAD-CASP strategies. It was recommended that promotion of a given adaptation strategies should consider the agro-ecological setting of the area, to expand adult education so that improve education level of farmers., promoting farmer access to credit is vital to secure immediate need of money for the very purpose of purchasing farm inputs and meet the costs associated with using various adaptation strategies.

his research work examines the impacts of incessant conflict on the economic development of Wukari and Takum Local Government Areas of Southern Taraba State, Nigeria. Different aspects of conflict were examined. These include ethnic, religious, and communal tensions. Conflicts are generally associated with effects on essential economic indicators like infrastructure, investment, agriculture, and human capital. The study adopted a descriptive research design using a qualitative approach in data collection. Data was collected through in-depth interviews from 16 informants, with 8 informants each from Wukari and Takum. Data collected were analysed thematically after transcription. Pluralist and elite theories were used as a theoretical framework for analysis. A thorough review of existing literature was carried out to offer insights into the mechanisms by which conflict impedes developmental efforts in Wukari and Takum. The findings show that engaging government and the local stakeholders, deployment of Security personnel, and rotational chieftaincy approved by the State House of Assembly were among the strategies adopted to curb incessant conflicts in the study areas. The study also reveals that conflict in Wukari and Takum Local Government Areas has affected the economic development of the localities.

Lilium is one of the most important bulbous flower ranked 2 nd among bulbous flowers in international market. The scope of the study lies in the fact that despite having the congenial climate of Kashmir for bulb production the cultivators are importing the bulbs from outside, so there was need to rationalize the nutrition for optimum plant growth and bulb yield of lilies under Kashmir valley conditions. Consequently an investigation was under taken to evaluate the differential response of lilium varieties with method of application and sources of nitrogen (urea and calcium nitrate) on plant growth, bulb development and yield in Asiatic lilies. Significant differences were observed in growth parameters and behaviour of two cultivars viz., Serreda and Navona. Calcium nitrate significantly improved plant height, leaf area (LA) and LA index (LAI) recorded at 50, 75, 90, and 105 days after planting. Bulb yield parameters (weight of mother bulb, weight of bulblets, no. of bulbs plant -1 , propagation coefficient) varied significantly between two cultivars. Calcium nitrate significantly improved bulb weight, bulb circumference, the number of bulbs plant "1 and propagation coefficient. However, the effect of three and four split nitrogen application on plant height; LA and LAI was significant at 90-105 day interval. CaNO 3 was more effective in providing the prompt availability of nitrogen to plants as compared to NH 2 CONH 2 also it was advantageous for improving the bulb growth as because of presence of critically important micronutrient calcium. Split application of nitrogen was advantageous not only in improving the growth and yield attributes but prevented the significant losses of nitrogen as occurred by various processes like leaching etc

In order to understand the changes in agricultural patterns brought about by urbanization, changing climatic conditions, and farmers' preference for alternative crops, this study examines the growth trends in the area, production, and yield of finger millet (ragi) and rice in the Konkan region of Maharashtra from 2011 to 2023. Data were gathered from government statistical reports and analyzed using compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to assess long-term trends. The results show that yield improvements were recorded, especially in Sindhudurg, where productivity increased by 4.31% annually, indicating the adoption of improved farming practices. However, overall ragi production showed a decreasing trend, primarily due to reduced cultivation areas. For rice, the study observed a mixed trend. While the overall area under cultivation slightly increased, production varied across districts. The highest growth in rice production was noted in Raigad and Sindhudurg, where both area expansion and yield improvements contributed to positive outcomes. In contrast, Thane exhibited a significant decline in both area and production, attributed to urbanization and soil degradation. The study highlights the need for targeted policies to sustain and enhance crop productivity. Interventions such as improved irrigation systems, modern farming techniques, and market incentives can help farmers adapt to changing agricultural dynamics. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to develop strategies that ensure sustainable agricultural growth in the region.

Currently, one of the main universal challenges is how to warrant food security for a humankind growing population whereas ensuring and abiding sustainable development. As stated by the FAO, food production will need to flourish by 70% to feed humankind population which will attain 9 billion by 2050. The study employed the administration of questioner to fifty (50) selected farmers in the community constituting of male and female farmers to avoid gender bias. fifty (50) farmers were selected at random constituting of five (35) male farmers and five (15) female famers. The study found that Timely harvesting gives 34% higher yield (2,882 vs 2,148 kg/ha). Post-harvest loss is almost half (9% vs 18%). Despite lower losses, timely harvesters face smaller average economic impact. Descriptive Statistics shows that: Yield (kg/ha): avg 2,361 (min 750) (max 3,500) post-harvest loss (%): avg 14.4% (min 5%) (max 25%) Economic Impact (₦): avg ₦53,029 (min ₦20,000) (max ₦119,160). Timely harvest improves both yield and reduces losses. Untimely harvest nearly doubles the loss percentage (17.6% vs 9.1%). Economic burden is higher on untimely farmers, their total impact is ₦344,160 vs ₦133,100 for timely farmers. One extreme case (untimely, 2,700 kg/ha, loss 20%, impact ₦119,160) shows how late harvesting can severely increase losses.

This study aimed to analyze the rate and determinants of farm machinery adoption among smallscale farmers using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The study revealed that only 46% of respondents had adopted at least one form of farm machinery. Education level, farm size, access to credit, and extension services were statistically significant predictors of machinery adoption. A logistic regression model indicated that access to credit increases the likelihood of adoption by 17.1%, while an additional hectare of land increases the odds by 19.6%. The ROC curve had an AUC of 0.82, showing that the model had strong classification accuracy. The correlation matrix showed positive and significant relationships between machinery use and all other independent variables. Regional disparities in adoption rates were also significant (ANOVA, p < 0.01), suggesting location-specific factors influence adoption behavior among 200 small-scale farmers in Biu, Borno State.

s. This research examines the role of genetic technologies in the conservation of threatened marine species with a focus on the effectiveness of methods and the successful application of advanced techniques. The background of this research is driven by the biodiversity crisis affecting marine species, which requires innovative approaches for protection and recovery. The main objective of the study was to evaluate various genetic methods in improving the conservation of threatened species and determine their success in practice. The methods used included an in-depth literature review of genetic techniques, case studies of field applications, and analysis of results obtained from various sources. Findings suggest that genetic methods, such as CRISPR and DNA barcoding techniques, have significant potential to improve the effectiveness of marine species conservation by providing solutions to specific problems related to threatened species. Implications of this research include recommendations for the application of genetic techniques in conservation programs as well as encouragement for further research to address complex conservation challenges. This research contributes to the development of more effective genetics-based conservation strategies, offering practical guidance for future policies and actions.

The Union Budget 2025-26 introduces several initiatives to enhance the financial sustainability of Indian farmers. This paper examines key allocations, policy reforms, and potential impacts of these budgetary efforts. The budget maintains a strong focus on welfare schemes, yet concerns remain about the effectiveness of subsidies versus investment in long-term growth sectors such as agricultural research, irrigation, and infrastructure development. This study evaluates the balance between immediate relief measures and structural reforms aimed at financial sustainability and proposes strategic policy recommendations for farmer's revenue and profitability growth and achieve the goal of maximizing their savings and resilience against economic and climate-related uncertainties.

Background: One of the possible agronomic ways for increasing productivity of pigeonpea is adoption of suitable crop geometry with nipping practices for getting suitable crop architecture for optimum utilization of resources. This investigation was planned to study the influence of crop geometry and nipping practices on production potential of pigeonpea. Methods: The field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of the department of pulses, TNAU, Coimbatore, during kharif season of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with each four main and sub plot treatments. The main plot treatments comprised of four crop geometries while thesub plot treatments were nipping practices which includes no nipping, mechanical nipping and chemical nipping. Result: Various crop geometries shown remarkable effect on growth and development of pigeonpea. The crop geometry of 90 cm  30 cm and 90 cm  45 cm recorded maximum plant height of pigeonpea as compared to other wider crop geometries. While in case of all the other growth attributes viz. number of functional leaves per plant, leaf area, number of branches per plant and dry matter accumulation per plant crop geometry of 120 cm  45 cm and 120 cm  30 cm were found superior as compared to other treatments and were at par with each other. The yield per hectare was increased at wider crop geometry 120 cm  45 cm as the higher per plant yield was compensated by lesser plant population. The crop geometry 120 cm  45 cm produced significantly higher seed yield (1187, 1275 and 1231 kg ha-1 during 2021, 2022 and pooled mean respectively) over crop geometry of 90 cm  30 cm and crop geometry 90 cm  45 cm, but it was found at par with crop geometry 120 cm  30 cm. Among the nipping practices, growth characters viz., plant height, number of functional leaves, leaf area, number of branches and dry matter accumulation per plant as well as phenological characters were enhanced with the foliar application of chlormequat chloride @500 ppm during both the years of study. Foliar application of chlormequat chloride @ 500 ppm also recorded significantly highest seed yield (1152, 1237and 1195 kg ha-1 during 2021, 2022 and in pooled data, respectively), while it was at par with foliar application of mepiquat chloride @ 500 ppm.

La relación entre innovación social y transición agroecológica es sinérgica y se manifiesta tanto en la teoría como en la práctica. La innovación social proporciona los enfoques participativos y colaborativos necesarios para implementar prácticas agroecológicas sostenibles, mientras que la agroecología ofrece un contexto ideal para la innovación social, abordando desafíos críticos en comunidades rurales e indígenas y promoviendo un desarrollo sostenible integral, como ocurre en algunas comunidades de Aldama, Chiapas, donde se observan procesos de cambio en los sistemas agrícolas y alimentarios hacia prácticas sostenibles que respetan el medio ambiente, la biodiversidad y las comunidades locales.

Innovativeness is the degree of adoption and benefiting from innovations by an individual earlier than others. The early adoption of agricultural innovations contributes to a more effective and efficient production structure for farmers by increasing productivity, quantity, and quality. Although many studies have been conducted in the literature regarding innovation in producing different agricultural products, more research must be undertaken on buffalo production. This study aims to determine innovativeness among farmers raising buffalo in Samsun Province and to reveal the factors affecting it. The data consists of surveys of 184 farmers drawn by stratified random sampling. The research findings showed that large-scale farmers are more innovative than small-scale farmers. The factors affecting innovativeness are socioeconomic characteristics such as the age of the farmer, monthly income, and number of animals they own; and communication behaviors included the frequency of meeting with extension staff, the frequency of reading newspapers, the frequency of using the internet, and seeking the opinions of others on agricultural issues. Measures to be taken in the study area to diffuse innovations in buffalo farming are to provide support to farmers such as breeding animals, milking machines, and cooling tanks; to make farmer organizations more effective in the region, and to take adequate measures for the protection and sustainable use of pasture lands in the area, emphasizing the importance of environmental conservation and the role of farmers in achieving it.

RESOURCES TARPTAUTINĖ KONFERENCIJA ATVIRIEJI IŠTEKLIAI EDUKACINĖJE PRAKTIKOJE Conference proceedings Konferencijos pranešimų medžiaga "Eureka" research and development projects -Eureka (No. VP1-3.1-MES-06-V-01-003) subproject "Friends, Family and Colleagues Connection (FFCC)", funded under the Development of Human Resources Operational Programme 2007-2013 Priority 3 "Strengthening of Researchers'Capacities", measure "R&D quality and expert training". "Programos "Eureka" mokslinių tyrimų ir technologinės plėtros projektų įgyvendinimas -EUREKA " (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-06-V-01-003) paprojektis "Draugų, šeimos ir kolegų apjungimas (FFCC)", finansuojamas pagal 2007-2013 m. Žmoniškųjų išteklių plėtros veiksmų programos 3 prioriteto "Tyrėjų gebėjimų stiprinimas" priemonę "MTTP kokybė ir ekspertų rengimas".

Vivemos em um tempo em que tudo se transforma diante dos nossos olhos. O modo de aprender, de trabalhar e de se relacionar já não é mais o mesmo de algumas décadas atrás. As tecnologias digitais, que antes pareciam ficção, hoje estão em nossas mãos: aproximam pessoas distantes, facilitam tarefas do dia a dia e abrem portas para novas possibilidades. No campo, essa revolução também acontece. A extensão rural, antes baseada quase exclusivamente no contato direto entre técnicos e agricultores, ganhou novos formatos. Agora, além da visita presencial, surgem ferramentas digitais que permitem compartilhar conhecimento, trocar experiências e alcançar comunidades inteiras em poucos cliques. Esse movimento deu origem ao que chamamos de ATER Digital. Mas este livro não fala apenas de tecnologia. Ele fala de pessoas, de encontros e de diálogo. Mostra como o uso inteligente das plataformas digitais, como o canal O Extensionista no YouTube, pode criar espaços vivos de aprendizado coletivo, onde agricultores e extensionistas se encontram, aprendem uns com os outros e constroem soluções para os desafios do dia a dia no campo.

The present study conducted to elucidate the constraints faced by rice growers in accessing agricultural information through smartphone. The study was conducted during May and June 2022. Thanjavur district was purposively selected for the study based on the maximum area under rice crop. Two blocks having maximum area under the crop were purposively selected. Orathanadu and Ammapettai blocks were selected from Thanjavur district. From each block, three villages having highest area were selected based on purposive sampling. From each block 30 respondents were selected using Proportionate Random Sampling method which constitutes the sample size of 60. The responses of the respondents were subjected to frequency and percentage analysis. The constrains were grouped into two categories viz., hardware constraints and software constraints. The suggestion was grouped in to three categories viz., hardware strategies, software strategies, and training needs. Most of the respondents reported that less knowledge and skill in using smartphone (3.82), high cost for repair and maintenance of smartphones (3.57), and high cost of data tariffs (3.45) were the major hardware related constraints, andless awareness on agriculture related mobile apps/web portals (3.73), and unavailability of updated information (3.57) were the major software related constraints. The major suggestion provided by the farmers were provision of assistance by the government to purchase high end smartphone, creating farmer friendly data packs, regular updating of information and adding voice recognition facility in mobile apps, developing the knowledge of farmers on downloading and operating different apps and portals related to agriculture through method demonstration and trainings.

Part of the colonial mandate of the education of the apartheid system in the thoughts and minds of an authentic African scholar was to discourage learning. In the South African context, emerging farmers fall within the group of previously disadvantaged groups with low literacy levels. The government addresses the disconnect between knowledge or skills and appropriate qualifications by recognising prior learning programs. Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) supports the principle of lifelong learning by encouraging individuals to improve their skills continuously. This intellectual piece aims to critically evaluate the perspectives of emerging farmers on the facilitation methods employed during RPL assessments. Two hundred (200) emerging farmers in the Free State province of South Africa participated in an RPL assessment session to be recognised for two agricultural courses. The data was generated following assessment sessions conducted in a classroom setting for three months. The text and talks were processed and analysed using critical discourse analysis to expose hidden meanings and discursive practices. Emerging farmers prefer a learning environment where they are viewed as active participants in the teaching and learning process during assessments and can demonstrate their power. The findings of this study support the evaluation process that observes the adult learning principles to create an environment where emerging farmers realise their power during assessment sessions.

Background: Groundnut is an important legume oilseed crop grown in India. However, a significant gap between potential and actual yield was observed in groundnut production due to destructive pests and diseases, inadequate rainfall and moisture, intensive labour cost and fluctuations in market price. Insect pests act as the major hindrances in attaining higher yield and productivity of groundnut in Warangal district of Telangana. Methods: To warrant insect pests attack in groundnut, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) modules were tested in 10 locations of Warangal district during 2022-23 and 2023-24 as a large scale front line demonstration (FLD) in farmers' fields. Population estimation in IPM and control plot was done as per the standard methodology to assess the impact. Result: IPM demonstrations resulted 58.0, 70.8, 72.4 and 51.5% reduction in thrips, hoppers, leaf minor and tobacco caterpillar, respectively throughout the crop period with an average yield increment of 43.7% (3073.4 kg ha-1) and avoidable yield loss of 935.1 kg ha-1. The three way correlation of yield with net income and B: C ratio showed a positive correlation (r= 0.9948 and 0.9915), which indicated that the higher returns in the demonstration was due to the impact of IPM components and yield increment. The technology gap in the demonstration ranged from 3.7 to 4.8 q ha 1 , technological index 10.6 to 13.8 per cent and the extension gap from 9.7 to 9.1 during 2023-24 revealed that scientists attempts to educate farmers on importance of IPM practices was effective in increasing groundnut yield by reducing cost of cultivation.

Leidinys parengtas įgyvendinant projektą "Kuriame Respubliką: visuomenės pilietinio veikimo kompetencijų ugdymas" (projekto kodas VP1-2.2-ŠMM-10V-02-006), remiamą Europos Socialinio fondo ir Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės biudžeto lėšomis pagal Europos Komisijos Žmogiškųjų išteklių plėtros veiksmų programą.

The Green Revolution in the late 1960s enabled India to overcome a severe food shortage and achieve food grain self-sufficiency. Recent trends in crop farming witnessed a multifold shift towards paddy and wheat specialization in Haryana. The sustainability of the future agricultural production system in terms of soil, water, climate and market characteristics is threatened by continuous mono cropping of the rice-wheat cropping system. Increased rice-wheat mono cropping trend necessitates diversification on account of ecological concerns. So, farm diversification is an important strategy to maintain sustainability of the Haryana state agriculture. This article briefly discusses the various diversification initiatives performed in Haryana and their effects.

The transition to sustainable agriculture necessitates identifying fertilization strategies that are both ecologically sound and economically viable for farmers. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. 'Sultan F1') performance under various organic fertilization regimes compared to conventional inorganic fertilization and a no-fertilizer control. The experiment, conducted under the climatic stress of an El Niño season in Maguindanao, Philippines, was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with ten treatments, including Korean Natural Farming (KNF) concoctions, vermicompost-based applications, and their combinations. Results demonstrated that all organic treatments significantly improved plant growth, yield, and postharvest quality over the control. The combination of KNF and vermi-based fertilizers produced the highest marketable yield (9,700 kg/ha), nearly meeting industry standards and suggesting that integrated organic systems can effectively bridge the yield gap. Critically, all organic treatments significantly enhanced postharvest performance, extending storage life and reducing weight loss by up to 16% compared to the inorganic treatment. From an economic standpoint, the KNF-only treatment, utilizing low-cost, on-farm inputs, yielded an exceptional Return on Investment (ROI) of 192%, far surpassing the inorganic fertilizer treatment (113%) and all other organic combinations. This highlights a crucial distinction between maximizing yield and maximizing profitability. These findings provide robust empirical evidence that low-cost organic systems like KNF are not only agronomically effective, particularly in enhancing postharvest quality, but also represent a highly profitable and accessible pathway for smallholder farmers to achieve sustainable and resilient crop production.

Climate change is global problem. It has location specific effects. In this study annual and weekly climate variability in terms of rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature were analyzed for the period from 1998 to 2019 for Akola station. The increase in average annual maximum and minimum temperature for Akola station was found as 0.8% and 1.5%, respectively. The average reduction in annual rainfall for Akola station was 99.02 mm (11.76%) over the period of study.

This article explores how digital agri-food system transformations are framed and by whom. To answer these questions, we searched for webpages linked to Twitter and by Google that describe the role of emerging digital technologies in agri-food systems. From these, we characterize three framings of transformation. The first framing proposes that digital tools make farms optimally productive. A second framing emphasizes inequities in access to digital tools and increased farmer participation in tech development. A third framing highlights how technology creates more traceable agri-food systems. We then conducted a social network analysis of webpage authors, finding three network clusters. The largest centres on intergovernmental and international development organizations that typically promote the first and third framings. The second framing is mostly promoted by academic and civil society actors and was least common across webpages, suggesting that digital agriculture trajectories m...

The study assessed youth participation in rice cultivation in South Eastern Nigeria. It
ascertained the rice varieties cultivated by the youth, determined the extent of utilization of
rice cultivation technologies, described respondents' challenges in rice cultivation, examined
the determinants of youth participation in rice cultivation and determinants of the extent of
utilization of improved rice cultivation technologies. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used
in selecting 312 respondents for the study. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire
and analysed using mean scores, percentages, and regression analysis. The respondents
cultivated FARO 44 (84.6%), practiced early planting (𝑥̅=2.9), timely harvesting (𝑥̅=2.6), and
cultivated improved varieties (𝑥̅=2.7) as utilised rice improved technologies. The major
challenges of youth participation in rice cultivation were inadequate agricultural credit (89.4%)
and poor access to improved seeds (86.7%) among others. Age (β=-0.214), education
(β=0.212), and access to credit (β=-0.4311) were the determinants of youth participation while
internet access (β=1.271), access to extension services (β=2.144) and hours spent on the
internet (β=2.142) determined their extent of utilization of technologies. Socio-economic
factors and the challenges faced influenced youth participation in rice cultivation. The
government and nongovernmental agencies should increase youth access to agricultural
digital tools, improve seeds and internet penetration in rural areas

Access to quality educa on in Nigeria remains deeply unequal, par cularly in rural and underserved regions where infrastructural deficits, limited resources, and a shortage of qualified educators prevail. This study explores the transforma ve poten al of Ar ficial Intelligence (AI)-driven marke ng strategies as an innova ve approach to bridging these educa onal dispari es. While prior research has examined AI's role in enhancing learning and administra ve efficiency, there is limited focus on its applica on in promo ng equitable educa onal access through strategic outreach and engagement. This study explores how AI can be used to iden fy underserved communi es, customize educa onal materials, and maximize outreach campaigns catered to a range of learner needs by performing a conceptual and empirical review of more than 20 academic works. This study was anchored on Rogers' Diffusion of Innova ons theory, the research highlights how AI-powered toolssuch as chatbots, predic ve analy cs, and localized content can support inclusivity, increase awareness, and improve enrollment in marginalized areas. It further outlines the challenges of implementa on, including the digital divide, cost, and data privacy concerns. The study concludes with policy recommenda ons emphasizing digital infrastructure investment, public-private collabora on, and the promo on of digital literacy to ensure the sustainable integra on of AI in Nigeria's educa on sector. Ul mately, AI-driven marke ng emerges as a promising catalyst for achieving inclusive, accessible, and equitable educa on na onwide.

Soil is the fundamental and necessary natural resource for the agricultural production system. Due to the increasing global population and the impact of climate changes, natural resources are the major limiting factor to use widely for food production. The major factors responsible for the deterioration of natural resources are extreme events caused by man-made activities and unexpected and unpredictable adverse natural forces of nature. Among the different degradation processes, soil erosion is one of the serious threatens to the deterioration of soil for the agricultural sector and healthy ecosystem conservation. Intensive agricultural practices are particularly caused by the acceleration of the soil erosion process. Therefore, the good and systematic management of soil resources is indispensable not only for sustainable agriculture or conservation agriculture but also for the protection and reduction of the natural ecosystem. Covering crop residues on soil enhances organic matter...

The field experiment, conducted at sub-humid, sub-temperate mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh during rabi, 2021-23 to evaluate the effect of inorganic fertilizers and natural farming formulations on the growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower cv. PSBK-1, showed that the application of 80 per cent RDN + Jeevamrit 15 per cent (soil drenching at 21 days intervals) exhibited maximum values for plant height (52.93 cm), number of leaves per plant (29.87), leaf size (1,178.00 cm 2), stalk length (5.07 cm), curd size (135.00 cm 2), gross curd weight (1.87 kg), net curd weight (751.07 g), and marketable curd yield (268.39 q ha-1). The same treatment also demonstrated the highest TSS (7.94°Brix), vitamin A (23.93 µg 100 g-1), and vitamin C (73.34 mg/100 g) content in curds. The results indicate that the application of 80 per cent RDN in conjunction with soil drenching of Jeevamrit at 15 per cent at 21 days interval can be recommended for maximizing the growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower under the sub-humid, subtemperate mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.

A Local Action Group (LAG) is an association aiming to implement the LEADER rural development policy programme, to create and develop partnerships and to make a significant contribution to the management of rural development. LAGs draw up local development strategies for the territory they represent, which are implemented by rural community and business organisations and local authorities in cooperation with the social partners. LAGs bring together the economic and social partners operating in an area, involve the local population in decision-making processes and provide advice. The paper aims to answer the question: how is the essence of LEADER programme fulfilled -creating links between the rural economy and development actions. The research problem is investigated using the methods of scientific literature analysis, analysis of strategic and political documents, systematisation, case studies and other methods. The study found that the strategies were developed taking into account the existing characteristics of the area and the expectations of the population, and involved the involvement of key stakeholders: municipal and district staff, representatives of business and rural communities, and invited consultants. The strategies have been developed in line with LEADER principles, the local development strategies have an integrated approach. It integrates the activities of different sectors, the whole project or specific groups, and strengthens the links between key economic, social, cultural and environmental actors and sectors.

Background: Nutrition gardens have emerged as a sustainable solution to improve dietary diversity and address household-level food and nutrition insecurity. However, their adoption is often limited by multiple barriers such as a lack of space, time constraints, inadequate knowledge and poor access to quality seeds. In the Ludhiana district of Punjab, these constraints are particularly significant, necessitating a systematic approach to identify and prioritise effective interventions. Methods: The study employed a multistage sampling approach to survey 214 farmers across three villages in Ludhiana district. Additionally, 50 agricultural experts were consulted to formulate and assess potential strategies. An Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritise the identified constraints and rank strategic interventions based on expert judgement and pairwise comparisons. Result: The AHP analysis revealed that space constraints were the most critical barrier, with vertical and terrace gardening identified as the most effective strategies. Knowledge gaps ranked second, with peer-to-peer learning and educational materials emerging as key solutions. Time-saving gardening techniques and improved access to quality seeds were also prioritised, but with relatively lower weights. The consistency ratios in all comparisons were within acceptable limits, confirming the reliability of the results.

This study examined technological innovations in agricultural extension, surveillance, and risk management in Southern Taraba. Data were collected from 384 respondents using a multistage sampling technique involving purposive selection of Local Government Areas (LGAs), stratified villages, and systematic random sampling of farmers. Instruments included structured questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools such as pairwise ranking and problem tree analysis. Descriptive statistics revealed that 68% of farmers and 75% of extension agents utilize mobile advisory services, GPS mapping, and remote sensing. The Technology Adoption Index averaged 0.71, indicating moderate adoption across the study area. Pairwise ranking identified inadequate extension personnel, poor digital infrastructure, and insecurity as the top constraints, each scoring 5.0 in severity and cited by over 85% of respondents. Problem Tree Analysis showed root cause severity scores ranging from 3.0 to 5.0, with low productivity, poor climate response, and weak conflict mitigation cited by 89%, 85%, and 84% of respondents respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that access to technology (β = 0.34*), training (β = 0.29*), and extension support (β = 0.27*) significantly (p < 0.05) influenced productivity and resilience outcomes. The study concludes that addressing these institutional and infrastructural constraints is vital for improving agricultural outcomes. It is recommended that strengthening extension services, expanding rural digital infrastructure, promoting localized content, and building digital literacy are essential for enhancing innovation uptake and improving farmers' resilience in Southern Taraba.

India ranks among the world's top cashew producers, with Kerala and Tamil Nadu serving as key contributors to the country's cashew production. Among the Plantation sector, specifically cashew cultivation plays a pivotal role in boosting farm economy in India. This particular study explores field constraints experienced by cashew growers in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which significantly impacts cashew cultivation. The key objective is to compare field challenges experienced by cashew growers among major producers in southern regions of India. The methodology involves a Original Research Article interventions, commodity-specific assured markets, proper pricing system and infrastructure development. The study's interpretation highlights the need to address high-priority and specialized constraints through targeted policy reforms and technical support systems, aiming to enhance the productivity and sustainability of cashew farming in India. These findings also provide valuable insights that can be applied to other cashew-producing regions and contribute to shaping national agricultural policies.