AVT (Translation Studies)

This article provides an introduction to comics, the translation of comics and the contents of the volume. It begins by offering a brief historical overview of comics, highlighting those aspects which may be especially interesting from a translation perspective, and an overview of different types of comics translation, from an interand an intra-semiotic perspective. This  is followed by a discussion of the specificity of comics as an art form (the ninth art) and as a means of communication, and of its bearing on translation. The article ends with an overview of the literature on comics in translation, and of the contributions to the present volume.

This paper aims at a general review of the history of translation studies and the prevalent approaches from antiquity to the present in the west, in the form of a historical survey in which key theoretical developments are taken into account, focusing on approaches that have been developed during the twentieth century. Without a doubt, It is James Holme's seminal paper "the name and nature of translation studies" that draws up a disciplinary map for translation studies and serves as a springboard for researchers with its binary division of Translation Studies into two branches: "pure" and "applied." Its growth as a discipline goes back to the 1980s. As time elapses, translation studies, by achieving a certain institutional authority and coalescing with many a resurging disciplines and trends as cultural studies, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, brings a renewed aspect to translation theory.

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

"Il punto di vista della cultura di arrivo: gli elementi culturospecifici nella traduzione audiovisiva inglese-italiano" in Lingue europee a confronto.
La linguistica contrastiva tra teoria, traduzione e didattica, a cura di Daniela Puato, Sapienza Università Editrice, Roma, 2016, pp. 71-89.

This contribution highlights the relative status of culture specific references, with special emphasis on the category which includes elements that do not originally belong either to the source culture or the target culture but are part of any third culture. The challenges they pose to the translator are of a different nature than those created by other types of references, as they rely on the degree of familiarity of the source culture with a given third culture (or at least with a particular element taken from it), which may be different from the target culture’s degree of familiarity.
Several case studies taken from films and television series dubbed into Italian will show the degree of manipulation in dealing with these particu- lar elements in audiovisual translation and an attempt will be made to draw conclusions on the possible reasons of adaptations which often verge on ex treme forms of rewriting. References to third cultures best demonstrate the importance of taking the point of view of the target culture when tackling the analysis and the translation of culture specific references, as they are the textual elements in which the distance between source culture and target cul-ture is best exemplified.

Subtitles are a transcription or translation of a film, video and television presentations displayed as text on the lower part of the screen. An emotion is basically defined as a mental and physiological state associated with thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The preparation of film subtitles imposes certain requirements that make this type of translation complex. One of the constraints with subtitles is the failure sometimes to indicate the emotional nuances of dialogue, such as intonation, volume, and other vital information which may be required to fully comprehend the message conveyed. Consequently, the wrong use of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) techniques and strategies may lead to communication problems for the receiving audience. The aim of this article was therefore to i) identify the difficulties faced by the translator/subtitler in the translation of emotions in the subtitling process of the film Paris à tout prix from French into English for multilingual context viewers in Cameroon and ii) establish the strategies used in this process and propose solutions where necessary. The methodology involved the viewing of the two versions of the film [French version (Paris a tout prix) and its subtitled English version (Paris at any cost)], identification of emotions cases in the two versions, examination of the subtitling strategies used to translate the identified emotions in the films and highlighting inherent difficulties in rendering them into the target language of the audience. Findings revealed that the translator/subtitler used the strategies of modulation and adaptation to improve understanding of emotions in the film and thereby facilitating communication issues in the target language of the viewers. Proposals aimed at improving the quality of the subtitles of the film in particular and, the quality of Cameroonian audiovisual products in general are made where necessary.

The essay (final draft) begins by exploring the classical concepts of narratology, before proceeding to consider to what extent such concepts apply to audiovisual narrative. The essay then critically examines the relevance of narratology to the study of audiovisual narrative in translation, and discusses a variety of narratological insights that bear on narratives conveyed across media, subtitling, dubbing and audio description: action, plot, narration, description, narrativity, focalization and characterization--with special reference to 'Pulp Fiction'.

In recent decades, there has been little progress in the field of language learning and teaching in translation studies. However, the literature suggests the utility of corpora for language teaching in such context, and particularly Johns' (1991) data-driven learning (DDL) approach, due to the affordances it offers. Nonetheless, the literature does not suggest how to adopt this approach in translation training settings or, perhaps most importantly, how to combine DDL with other tasks to foster language skills development. In this respect, this paper designs a proposal for adopting DDL for language teaching within a translator training programme using a task-based learning (TBL) approach. The paper, first, outlines the needs of translation studies in terms of language teaching and learning. Then, it identifies the affordances and potential issues of DDL. Next, the paper proposes a three-step framework for planning DDL lessons within a TBL approach and a four-level framework for grading DDL tasks towards more autonomous use. Using both frameworks, the paper proposes an English language course unit for an undergraduate translator training programme using an adaptation of Estaire's (1990) work. Finally, it concludes by pointing out some problems which might arise in implementing the proposal.

Los textos audiovisuales se caracterizan por la sincronía entre los elementos verbales y no verbales, denominada por Mayoral (1988: 359) sincronía de carácter, “the harmony between the image of the character and his or her voice and words”. Esta sincronía se refiere a la interacción entre los elementos verbales y no verbales, sean acústicos (ej. palabras y sonidos) o visuales (ej. subtítulos, imágenes) y se representa en el siguiente esquema:
Las características que diferencian el texto audiovisual de otros textos se pueden resumir así:
- Recepción por dos canales: acústico y visual
- Presencia significativa de elementos no verbales.
- Sincronía entre elementos verbales y no verbales.
- Transmisión por pantalla – Reproducibilidad
- Secuencia predeterminada de imágenes y sonido – Material grabado.

Estas características del texto audiovisual condicionan su traducción.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the validity of subtitling as a pedagogical tool having a significant impact on the improvement of various skills, ranging from translation to the acquisition of socio-cultural knowledge and intercultural awareness. Specifically, it describes a didactic proposal based on the integration of interlingual subtitling into university general translation courses. The didactic project was carried out with a class of undergraduate language students attending a university translation module who were asked to engage in subtitling activities of a variety of films and TV series. Particular emphasis was given to multilingual films which involve specific translation problems, such as the rendering of language diversity and variation (i.e. ethnolects, dialects, sociolects, accents, language varieties, idiolects, etc.) and cultural references. Such translation tasks can enhance students’ awareness of the complexity of the translation process and of the role of the translator as a cultural mediator, not only fostering the development of strategies related to audiovisual comprehension and audiovisual translation, but also promoting students’ intercultural awareness.

Some translation studies scholars have discussed the translation problems posed by culture-specific allusions in general and humorous culture-specific allusions in particular. However, they mainly focus on literary translation; the strategies they propose are therefore only partly applicable to audiovisual texts. More recently, some attention has been paid to the audiovisual translation (AVT) of cultural-specific allusions and their humorous function. In this paper I concentrate on the AVT of potentially humorous culture-specific allusions in comedy. I examine a number of instances taken from the first series of the North-American TV comedy programme Friends. I aim to establish how culture-specific allusions are exploited in TV comedy to create humour. In order to do this, I apply the concept of semantic opposition of scripts, as developed in humour studies . The contrastive examination of the ST and its Italian dubbed version seems to suggest that the translators were sensitive to the use and function(s) of culture-specific allusions in the ST, but also that a large number of the allusions were neutralized. Interesting differences therefore emerge between the two datasets in terms of humour potential. More importantly, this paper concludes that dubbing allows the application of alternative strategies that can partly solve such translation problems. 1

Translation of any text into a second language is recognized as inter-cultural communication. Translated literary text is produced as a result of negotiations among different languages. In this respect, the paper aimed to evaluate major approaches associated with quality assessment of literary translation. The Qualitative approach has been applied to investigate the techniques and linguistic features, associated with the translation of literary text. The study analyzed and assessed the issue of literary translation and has emphasized on the maintenance of text originality during translation. The investigation of techniques and linguistic approach has been assessed by employing theoretical perspective. Different past researches have been analyzed, based on the literary text features to identify the associated factors. The translation of any text is observed as an act of parallel creation, where a translator acts as a bridge across different cultures. A creative literary translator is one, who possesses good language skills to render meaning, style, and feeling to the translated content without disturbing the originality of the text. Therefore, a literary translator is believed to have a significant contribution towards better understanding of diverse cultures. The translated text is termed as a hybrid to some extent on the basis of cultural environment as it involves the transplantation of source text into target language.

The paper aimed to investigate the role of translator's religious ideology on his/her translation of the Nobel Quran by focusing on English translations of four verses from Surah An-Nisa (Women), Surah Al-Ahzab (The Confederates) and Surah An-Nur (Light) which are mostly referred to with the aim of imagining Islam as a religion that oppresses women and abuses their rights. To this end, four English translations of the Nobel Quran by four translators from Muslim, Christian and Jewish backgrounds, with different ideologies, were selected as the corpus of this study. The research applied Farahzad's model of translation criticism (Based on Fairclough's approach to CDA) as the theoretical framework of this paper. Based on this framework, English translations of selected verses were compared with their original versions at the textual level and paratextual level. The result of this study demonstrated that it is difficult to conclude that there is relationship between translator's religious ideology and his/her translation of Quran.

This descriptive, library research considers the effects of globalization on the cultural acceptability of words and expressions transmitted to different linguistic-cultural communities via audiovisual materials through mass media such as movies industry, satellite channels or the internet. As words and expressions carry overlays other than lexical, the early assumption is that they have associations which are not acceptable in the culture of recipient communities. This is especially true about audiovisual texts that are highly culture-bound in form and communication style. The first question is whether globalization has positive or negative impact on translation as a whole. The second question is whether globalization can improve cultural acceptability and tolerance of cultural differences demonstrated in audiovisual products translated through various languages. The hypothesis is that due to technological advancement and globalization, mass media has acted as a facilitator among cultures in recent decades. The findings of the study show that the growing trend of globalization together with the fast pace of information technology and access to transnational satellites has brought cultures closer together. As well, introducing culture-specific terms to global viewers or readers has created linguistic connections among communities and many of such terms are now accepted and used by different people around the globe. Consequently, translation has become an easier task and a higher acceptability of translated audiovisual texts is achieved helping communities share cultures. Based on the findings, less known languages and cultures are encouraged to produce high-quality audiovisual products for global media and provide translations into different languages to have a share in global circulation of culture. Translators are also advised to make smarter choices for translation into/from their languages because they are assumed a higher status in the transfer of culture in a globalized world.

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.

Translation is of an absolute necessity in today's world. Robinson (1997) states that the study of translation is an integral part of intercultural relations and of conveying scientific and technological knowledge. He further mentions that " translators need to be able to process linguistic materials quickly and efficiently; but they also need to be able to recognize problem areas and to slow down to solve them in complex analytical ways " (p. 2). This study is an attempt to explore and evaluate an oblique translation of a text from English into Persian to find the most frequent translation strategy. To reach the goal of the study, the researchers selected one hundred and ten sentences of an original English text which had been translated freely at random and compared them with their Persian counterparts. The findings of the study indicated that Persian translator used equivalent strategy with the highest percentage (45%) in the translated corpus. After that, modulation, and transposition had the highest percentages respectively.

This paper proposes a set of translation strategies for euphemisms, strategies that can, arguably, be applied to any pair of source-target languages. These strategies are based on Mona Baker's strategies for translating idioms, and also on Mona Arhire's view on translation universals. The study goes on to apply the translation strategies to a number of 40 English euphemisms into Romanian, using an online corpus of amateur translations and subtitles. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results shows to what extent and by what means Romanian translators manage to convey the complete euphemistic message through, and what are the most common mistakes they make.

This study intends to address the following questions from the perspective of audiovisual translation studies: how can extraverbal elements of multimodal texts be represented within subtitling? What strategies can be implemented to facilitate the interlinguistic mediation of feature films subtitled into English from non-European languages without significant phenomena of anchoring and redundancy?

Keywords: audiovisual translation, intersemiotic specification, semiotic cohesion, Japanese-Italian interlinguistic subtitling, source text and target text intercultural relation.

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

This report focuses on research results from a project completed at Trier University in December 2015 that provides insight into whether a monolingual group of learners can improve their grammatical accuracy and reduce interference mistakes in their English via contrastive analysis and translation instruction and activities. Contrastive analysis and translation (CAT) instruction in this setting focusses on comparing grammatical differences between students' dominant language (German) and English, and practice activities where sentences or short texts are translated from German into English. The results of a pre-and post-test administered in the first and final week of a translation class were compared to two other class types: a grammar class which consisted of form-focused instruction but not translation, and a process-approach essay writing class where students received feedback on their written work throughout the semester. The results of our study indicate that with C1 level EAP students, more improvement in grammatical accuracy is seen through teaching with CAT than in explicit grammar instruction or through language feedback on written work alone. These results indicate that CAT does indeed have a place in modern language classes.

When Paul Bowles settled in the International zone of Tangier after WWII, he took up a project of translating a group of young and poor uneducated oral storytellers from Tangier (Mohammed Mrabet, Larbi Layachi, Ahmed Yacoubi, and Abdesslam Boulaich). In his translation and writings about Morocco, Paul Bowles concentrated on two main features of the culture, mainly the popular and the oral. Accordingly, aim of this paper is to reveal the motivations behind Bowles's reductionist approach in his representation of Morocco through his translations of Moroccan oral tradition. The paper also aims to demonstrate how Orientalism characterizes Bowles's translations in its two main definitions; both as a reductionist form of representation and as a form of knowledge/ Power. The main argument is that in his concentration on only popular culture and the illiterate class of society in his representation of the culture, Bowles transmitted to the West a fragmented and incomplete image about the " other. " Therefore, this paper comes to the conclusion that like most orientalist writings, Bowles's translations and writings about Morocco serve in reinforcing biased stereotypes about the East.

Free online translators are in fact statistical machine translators that create translator models using parallel corpora. Although it's not a new subject and many works are reported on that in recent years, it still suffers from lots of shortcomings and has a long way ahead. While the literature on machine translators is vast, there are only a few that evaluate free online machine translators in specific terms like idioms. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare four free online translators in terms of translating English idioms (including idiomatic phrasal verbs) into Persian. To that end, ten chosen texts from the book " oxford word Skills: idioms and phrasal verbs " were translated by four online translators, www.bing.com, www.translate.google.com , www.freetranslation.com and www.targoman.com , and the obtained results were compared in a subjectively method based on Aryanpur English to Persian dictionary. Comparison of the results shows that www.targoman.com has a better performance in translating idioms from English to Persian and as a result, it can be the best choice if the aim is to do so.

In China, subtitling is replacing dubbing as the preferred mode of
audiovisual translation. Fans of particular shows form groups to circulate their video resources and translations online. Although remaining controversial, ‘fansubs’ shed light on and raise questions in both theoretical and practical aspects of subtitling. Herein I define what the product of subtitling should be and investigate strategies of translation in use. The analysis focuses specifically on translators’ strategies in complying with the constraints of a multimodal medium in order to explain, transform, or neutralize the subtitle for transcultural purposes. This goal is achieved by comparing different versions of Chinese subtitles for the same episodes selected from two American TV sitcoms - The Big Bang Theory and Two and a Half Men.

LvS (Learning via Subtitling) is a subtitling tool for language teaching. The main objective of LvS is to provide educational material for the active learning of foreign languages through subtitled video clips. Using this tool and the specific activities created by the teacher, students can add subtitles to video clips, thus participating in active writing and listening comprehension activities. LvS is a subtitle simulator for specific purposes. This paper presents the possibilities offered by an environment such as LvS for learning languages through subtitling and the effectiveness of the use of news videos in L2 teaching. It describes the different stages of a LvS activity involving teaching Italian for translators.
Keywords: language learning, subtitling, video, news, translators’ training

Translation Studies and the teaching of translation have been well established for a long time. Recently, however, university departments training future translators have become aware of the fact that academia, and what almost obsessively has been referred to as 'the real world', need to be brought together far more closely than has been the case until a recent past. This has entailed the development of new and more flexible syllabuses. For example, establishing close links with professional translators. Also employing new teaching techniques that may clarify the cognitive processes that take place while a source text is converted into a target one. A concomitant result of the desire to create fully qualified translators has also been a greater awareness that employability is the ultimate aim of the training that takes place in the classroom.

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

This article aims to portray LvS (Learning via Subtitling), a tool developed by the Laboratory of Educational Material of the Hellenic Open University, which is based on the simulation of a
professional activity, that of film subtitling. LvS has been designed for the creation of active learning task-based activities, where cultural elements are involved in an authentic and motivating
way and which expose the FL learners to highly contextualized language input. Multimedia is used as the core of an activity - and not as a "nice" add-on - which even when presented as a learning
exercise remains a valid real-world engaging task. The student is asked, after some introductory tasks, to create subtitles or complete unfinished ones for a film scene selected according to the teacher's specific pedagogical goals. The outcome of this activity (the subtitled clip), unlike most FL learning activities, provides a hands-on result: the student's work is tangible, viewable, and can be shared with other students and teachers.

The television subtitling market suffers from a shortage of professionals, as has been attested by twelve years of personal experience in the industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the reasons behind this shortage and suggest the basis for implementing a course program on subtitling for TV from a descriptive and polysystemic perspective on translation and a poststructuralist view on education. The proposal presented was based on a list of competencies and abilities every subtitle translator must develop, elaborated from interviews with important actors in the translation for subtitles polysystem, and on the analysis of the norms, constraints and control mechanisms with which the subtitler must deal in his or her professional capacity. The considerations brought forth contemplate methodological and content issues and tackle the peculiarities of subtitling, aiming to offer an alternative to the emphasis on training rather than on education which is usually associated with most courses currently available. Thus, this dissertation intends to guarantee a greater interchange between university and industry, which should bring about benefits for both.

Many techniques have been applied in the interpretation and translation in the field of tourism guiding. This research paper focuses on the interpreting techniques of tour guides in North Sumatra. It seeks the types and the capabilities of tour guides in interpretation of the meanings of heritage of tourist destinations in North Sumatra. Data of this research were collected through document analysis, interviews, and analyzed using interactive data analysis in ancient tombs of Kings Sidabutar and the traditional house of Karonese Siwaluh Jabu at Dokan village in Karo district. The findings of this study showed that there were eight interpreting techniques applied by the tour guides in consecutive and liaison interpreting modes. The summarizing was the dominant technique. It was applied in order to clarify the objects.

Cartoons are frequently characterized by the presence of humorous features. Some American humorous cartoons seem to be moving towards a new trend which sees humorous effect achieved by the seamless integration of two separate worlds – the real world of humans and that of animals or objects – merged into a completely new one, parody of the world we live in. Integration takes place at all levels of the multimedia product: image, sound, and text. One of the most complex cartoons of this type is Dreamworks’ Shark Tale (2005) which recreates a picture of America in an imaginary ocean.
The current paper analyses the English and Italian versions of Dreamworks’ Shark Tale, considering both dubbing and subtitling into Italian. After discussing the means by which humorous effect is achieved in the original product, attention will move to how humorous effect was recreated in the Italian version. The analysis showed that the newly invented world, based on cultural and linguistic habits of the source language, represents a challenging environment for multimedia translators/adapters. However good results in subtitling and dubbing have been achieved in the Italian version by adopting compensatory strategies that bank on the translator’s creativity. Most humorous utterances based on assonance, homophony, polysemy or cultural habits were neutralized; to compensate for such losses new and different sources of humour were found in the target language and creatively exploited whenever possible in the rest of the dialogues. As a final adjunct, it will be argued that cartoons of this type can be effectively used in class for training translators to the practice of subtitling, as their great complexity – due to higher than normal integration between image, sound, and text within the boundaries of a given though invented world  – not only obliges students to ample use of typical subtitling strategies, but also to a great creative effort.

The research project aims to investigate a form of language variation (as represented in fiction) defined here as 'disorderly speech' (DIS). It refers to the representation of linguistic output of a character supposedly temporarily affected by a number of factors, such as drug or alcohol consumption, lack of sleep, or psychological instability. To this end, I analyse examples of fictional drug-affected speech drawn from the film "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" (1998, Gilliam), and its translation into Spanish. The phenomenon is approached considering Mayoral’s thesis on the translation of language variation (1999), Bleichenbacher’s analysis of multilingualism (2008), and Corrius and Zabalbeascoa’s L3 model (2011). The methodology involves identifying linguistic phenomena used in the film to portray a character’s condition that would give rise to some sort of DIS, comparing them with the solutions chosen in the dubbed version as well as the subtitles of the DVD edition to render it, and proposing translation solutions of my own. The results of the study show a partial loss of the disorderly speech effect in the official translations, which could be avoided by transcending the current conventions of the industry and applying the models and strategies proposed by the author.

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare BA and MA students of Translation in terms of their abilities in IT skills, (b) to compare them in terms of their learning of IT related competences in the translator training programs, and (c) to compare their viewpoints about the importance of IT skills in their professional activities. The participants of this research were Iranian male and female students of Translation Studies at the BA and MA levels (BA=110, MA=100) at the Alborz University and the Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. The instrument of this research was a questionnaire on IT skills developed by Mikhailov (2015). The results revealed that BA students reported to be more competent at using Internet, Word processing and Computer maintenance, while MA students were found to be more familiar with the Internet, Formatting and publishing, Word processing, Presentation software, and Computer maintenance, respectively. Both BA and MA translators reported that they were not taught to work with IT tools such as Markup languages,

The aim of this study was to identify the dominant translation procedures applied in the translation of Maitreya Buddhist text entitled " 紥根与深耕 from Mandarin to Indonesian. Using descriptive qualitative method and content analysis, the data of the study was analysed to achieve the stated aim. The research primarily attempted to seek answer to research question-what was the most dominant translation procedure applied in the translation of 紥根与深耕 into Indonesian? The data included 141 phrases. The data were analyzed by using Miles and Huberman " s (1986) Data Analysis Model. Vinay and Darbelnet " s theory of translation procedure was used for identifying the procedure applied. The result showed that of the data, 23 included literal translation procedure, 6 borrowing, 20 calque, 31 equivalence, 9 modulation and 52 transposition. It is expected that the finding of this research will be helpful for the Buddhist translators in translating religious text keeping in mind the outcomes of this research.

Audio description turns the visual into verbal to make audiovisual products accessible to blind and visually impaired patrons. Since its beginnings some thirty years ago, AD has been gaining importance in the audiovisual landscape as well as in cultural venues and events. In this paper, I will examine what is at stake in this form of intersemiotic translation and how it fits in the theoretical framework of Translation Studies. I will then look at practice: how is AD done and offered. The last part of the paper will regard a crucial aspect of AD research: AD strategies and user experience.

By simply watching subtitled films in Greece, traditionally considered a subtitling country, and Spain, a dubbing country, certain differences in this professional practice audiovisual translation may easily be observed. In this chapter the aim is two-fold: first, to look into the factors that guide translators’ decisions in the process of subtitling in these two countries, by finding indications of norms; second, closely related to the first, to explore the relationship between the subtitles and the other elements of the audiovisual text. The main premises are that the use of descriptive tools can overcome the limitations posed by prescriptive approaches and that there are regularities in the practice of subtitling

The "Brain" undoubtedly could be called the main processor and the most important factor in translation. It has been the subject of rigorous studies by specialists to find out how it works and how it is influenced. Controlling, adjusting and neutralizing negative surrounding or blocking factors seem to be a very redeeming job. Emotional Intelligence (EI and also EQ), which involves various psychological constructs, could be perceived as one of those factors. In this respect, the current study investigated the tentative link(s) between EI and translation. For this purpose, 41 students completed the BarOn EI test, (the emotional quotient inventory EQ-I) and translated a political text twice. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA to examine whether individuals with higher EQ could control their emotions to select the exact equivalent while translating under political pressure. The analysis of the data revealed that there were significant differences among the three groups (possessing different levels of EQ) regarding the relationship between EQ and the accuracy of translation. Translators with higher EQ could regulate their emotions well and select the closest equivalent for the word, no matter what would be the consequence of telling the truth. It was proved that translators with lower overall EQ could translate more conservatively to avoid the potentially undesirable consequences. The results help understand the relationship between students' EQ and the accuracy of translation.

This conceptual paper is an attempt to present and highlight the features required for the selected text as an instrument in translation studies which researchers should consider .This is a step towards making the translation studies more scientific. To fulfil the paper`s purpose, the author discussed some researches findings and based on the some findings, such asCondès (2009) ones, tried to present a standard framework to researchers to select a text as the instrument for translation quality assessment in quantitative translation studies. Finally the author brought some features up briefly named the length of the text and the readability information of the text resulted from reasons discussed in details in this paper.

In this article, the methodological aspects of a reception study on audio description (AD) are presented. Our hypothesis is that interpretative audio descriptions offer a better experience to AD users and we have tested it with visually impaired participants in Catalonia. We have compared three different audio description styles: a denotative, a cinematic and a narrative AD style. Firstly, we present our experimental material: the selected film, Nuit Blanche (Arev Man-oukian, 2009), and a threefold narrative, cinematic and AD-oriented analysis to inform audio description creation. Then we detail the framework based on functionalist translation theory in which we defined our three AD styles. After that, we describe and discuss our experimental design: participants selection, questionnaires designed to get insights into the emotional and cognitive film reception, focus group interviews. The study is still ongoing but we can end the article with preliminary findings, which indicate that comprehension enjoyment and emotion are closely linked in the film experience and can be affected by the audio description.

Translation is a means for conveying information from Source Language (SL) to Target Language (TL). So, for this to occur some adjustments, reduction, lost and gain are necessary during the translation process. House (2001, p. 247) mentions that translation is "re contextualization of a text in an SL by a semantically and pragmatically equivalent text in a TL. " Cohesive devices are tools which connect sentences with each other. So, the present research takes into account cohesive devices in an original English text and its Persian versions. Thus, the study is trying to identify the most frequent norms applied in translating cohesive devices from English into Persian in 2000 decades. To reach the goal of the study, three translations of the intended book were compared with each other. The findings of the study indicated that translators applied equivalent strategy in most cases and this was an evidence of the most frequent norms.

This article is an overview of translation studies applied to the case of humour, divided into four parts, plus an extensive bibliography. The first part goes over humour translation as a relevant object of research and why it is worthy of more academic attention. Humour translation should not be dealt with or looked upon as a strange body within translation studies. Part two is an overview of key contributions to the field, from Spain and elsewhere, covering a considerable number of authors and theories. Part three focuses on promising areas of interest for researchers and illustrates how audiovisual translation is a good instance of dynamism within the field, connecting all this to the rich variety of formats and the importance of technology. Part four sketches the landscape of research methods and theoretical frameworks to signpost possible pitfalls involved when methodologies and theoretical frameworks are not clearly and coherently organised given the complexities of studying humour translation.
https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/73087/1/MonTI_09_01_en.pdf

Abstract: Since the 1960s, video games have gradually taken up more and more space in our societies to eventually get to the point of being one of the most leading means of communication in 2018. This phenomenon encouraged the human beings to think about video games and try to understand them. This non-exhaustive research is part of this context of understanding the video games while adding a fine detail that one easily forgets: translation. Moreover, this research aims to demonstrate that video games are more than simple toys used by children, but powerful tools that, helped by translation, have a highly important purpose in the world.

Translation is a way of communicating meaning from one language into another. In this bidirectional communicating tool, the translators should be aware of the two languages and also should have good command of them so as to be able to covey accurate meaning as natural as possible. For this to occur the translators should take different issues into considerations such as linguistic and cultural ones especially when the two languages are not close to each other. Thus, the purpose of the present article was to identify the most frequent shifts of coordinate and correlative conjunctions in translations from English to Persian. To reach this aim, four original English texts and their Persian translations were selected and all cases of English coordinate and correlative conjunctions identified and then compared with their Persian equivalents. The findings indicated that the most frequent strategy applied in the translation of coordinate conjunctions was equivalent substitution, and for correlative conjunctions, unit shifts and equivalents substitution were the most frequent used strategies.

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

Conditional Conjunction in legal texts has its own characteristics. As the grammatical word, it differs from the content words in which translating conditional conjunction leads to different techniques in translating conditional conjunction. This study is particularly purposed to explain how conditional conjunction is translated from English (Source Text: ST) into Indonesian (Target Text: TT), and its effect on legal interpretation in Indonesian. Comparative method is applied to interpret the data. Besides, this study also explore how the use of different conditional conjunction also effect on how legal sentence is interpreted differently between in English and Indonesian. This possibly creates multi interpretation between ST and TT. Most translation techniques applied are single and double techniques, this indicates that translating conditional conjunction requires special thoughtfulness to gain equivalence both grammatically and semantically in ST and in TT. Therefore, this study is necessary both in determining language system in legal documents an in comprehending legal effect in TT as the consequence of translating Conditional Conjunction in legal documents.

In previous studies we have focussed on greetings, leave-takings and good wishes as 'complex' expressions that convey a vast array of socio-pragmatic meanings in AVT (viz. English film language versus Italian dubbing). The importance of such expressions in dubbing has emerged to a significant extent, especially as they correspond to cultural-specific practices and habits. The following topics need further investigation and will be the object of the present study. First, in our classification of linguistic categories that appear in openings and closings, the category of expressions of phatic communion deserves a finer-grained analysis, as it includes disparate itemsi.e. how are you?, speech acts such as thanking and apologising, but also directives that tend to appear at the margins of conversations. More specifically, different types of speech acts should be classified on a cline from 'most' to 'least' or 'non phatic'. Preservation, in translation, of the same level of phatic 'quality' is necessary for a faithful and consistent portrayal of relationships between characters and of their evolution within a film. Second, our choice of comparing the dubbing of greetings and leave-takings from English into Italian with examples of the same or similar conversational routines in original Italian film language has shed some light on possible interference phenomena and trends that seem to be recurrent in translation. Thus, we aim to pursue this question further also by extending the corpus of Italian productions. Finally, suggestions from neighbouring disciplines like anthropology (Fox 2004) should also complete the picture, as there seem to be strong cultural preferences for choosing ways to greet or to take leave which are somehow reflected in film language. It is thus particularly relevant in film translation where cultural scenarios have to be transposed without alteringat least ideallyrepresentation of identity and cultural values.

Advertising is an important part of marketing which has great influence on the way people behave and think. An advertisement slogan is a form of logo that sums up specialty, benefit, and marketing position. The present study aimed to investigate the strategies used in translation of clothing brand advertisement slogans from English to Persian in Iran. The study sample consisted of 50 clothing brand advertising slogans, which were translated by 30 B.A. and 30 M.A. senior English translation students both from Marvdasht Azad University, and 30 M.A. English translation teachers (with at least five years of experience) from different English language institutes in Shiraz. All participants were selected through availability sampling. Vinay and Darbelnet's (1995) model was used to analyze the data,. The findings revealed that literal translation was the most frequently used strategy by the three sample groups. Borrowing was the least frequently used strategy by M.A. teachers and M.A. students; whereas, and adaptation was the least frequently used strategy by B.A. students. The three groups were statistically same in using borrowing and adaptation but were different in using calque, literal, transposition, modulation and equivalence. The study is expected to benefit advertising agencies, students and teachers of translation.

The study of translation norms is one of the areas in translation studies which identify regularities of behavior (i.e. trends of relationships and correspondences between ST and TT segments) by comparing source texts and their translations. Norms of translation are mostly done in areas other than religious texts. Therefore, it seems necessary to do a research on religious texts. Textual–linguistic norms govern the selection of TT linguistic material: lexical items, phrases, and stylistic features. To do so, translation strategies adopted by translators were identified through comparing translations and source texts. Translation strategies proposed by Chesterman (1997) are investigated in samples of texts translated by World Ahlubayt assembly, an organization in charge of religious translation in Iran. The texts included seven books from seven translators in World Ahlulbayt Assembly. The strategies investigated in corpus dealt with three linguistic levels: semantic, syntactic and pragmatic strategies and changes done at these three levels. The results showed that syntactic changes were of the highest frequency in all texts. At semantic level, synonymy was the most frequent translation strategy. At syntactic level, clause structure changes and at pragmatic level and explicitness change were the most frequent changes.