Paper Scotland

GeoJournal, 1993

The ethnic structure of Slovenia has in recent decades changed dramatically due to the geo-political rearrangements in Central Europe and due to the socioeconomic developments in former Yugoslavia. The mixed, dark-age based ethnic pattern was at first eliminated to be replaced by a similar level of multi-ethnicity of a different origin recently. Ethnic groups of mostly Slavic (Croat, Muslim, Serb) origin have in the past couple of decades migrated to urban centers of Slovenia, thus replacing there former German and Italian minority population. Problems of attitudinal, cultural, social and linguistic nature emerge and impact the poli-structured cultural landscape of the independent nation-state. Slovenia claimed to be the only ethnically single-nation entity of the 20th century Yugoslavia. As divisions ripped Yugoslavia apart in 1991, even experts stated that Slovenia might manage a "clean cut" from the Balkan motherhood because of its pure, one-nation Slavonic character. But, the census of 1991 presented some disturbing evidences. Among 1,965,986 residents of the now independent nation-state 238,968 or 12,2% were of non-Slovenian origin. This figure does not include seasonal workers from former Yugoslav republics with no Slovenian citizenship (40,987 persons), refugees from the war torn areas of the Balkans (74,432 persons) and "tourists" with no sightseeings in mind (estimated: 54,000 persons) (Hojnik 1993). Ethnic mixture is most visible in cities where 76,4% of all immigrants reside. In many of them, like in Jesenice (370/0 are ethnically allochthonous), Metlika (390/0), Piran/ Pirano (38%) and Ljubljana (270/0), the average of 18% has been already surpassed. Some non-Slovenes have important positions in politics and economy. As the Slovenian National Party (SNS) claims, 350/0 of the territorial defence force and 25% of the state police remains to be in hands of people with no Slovenian heritage (Brilej & Kova~ & Mekina 1992). The Evolution of the Ethnic Structure Slovenes have 13 centuries ago settled the eastern Alpine provinces of the disintegrating Roman Empire. Own statehood was formed. The entity Karantanija, with its core in todays Austrian Carinthia, lasted a couple of centuries. The territory occupied by Slavonic Slovenes became soon part of the Christian Holy Roman Empire and was for more than a half of the last millennium ruled by the Austrian House of Habsburg. After WW I was the Austro-Hungarian Empire partitioned into different states, among which, for the first time in modern history, a unification of South Slavic peoples took place. Yugoslavia, as a Kingdom between both wars, and as a "socialist federative republic" ruled by the strong hands of the communist leader Josip Broz-Tito, after WW II, was not successful in attempts to bring people and economies of the area together. A Lutheran, Primo~ Trubar, translated in 1575 the Christian Bible into the local language. Since then have Slovenes identified themselves with the Slovenian nationality of the modern times. Their language and culture was suppressed most of the times under Austria,

Slovene Studies Journal, 1983

2017

This article uses select examples of urban development to present the centuries-long development of Murska Sobota, which was the central spot in the so-called Slovene March (the upper part of the Prekmurje region). From the Middle Ages to the fi rst planned changes to the administration, economy, infrastructure and very structure of the town in the 18th century, Murska Sobota held the status of a borough (oppidum), but in the following decades gained the title of a rural town. A somewhat neglectful attitude of the Hungarian national (and local) authority was also refl ected in the subsequent attitude and treatment in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; was Murska Sobota a town in the classic sense of the word or merely a partly urbanised settlement? Media reports on the Slovene March were not always appropriate or were derived from stereotypical notions, which dragged on into the post-independence period.

Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych, 2022

Based on the analysis of the articles published in the magazine "Ženský svět", the author of the research completed the image of "a new type of woman" in the Czech lands. The period of study was defined by an active struggle for women's suffrage taken in 1900-1907. It was also shown how the deliverance of women's consciousness from gender stereotypes took place. It was presented in their desire to go beyond the usual framework defined by the society and through the expansion of women's secondary education, the development of vocational education and the creation of a higher education system strengthened their professionalism and independence .

Review of Croatian History, 2011

The events of 1848 showed that the Croats and Slovenes had individual national identities and fully-formed views on the integration of their own ethnic territories. At the same time, both peoples, each in their own way, aspired to come closer in order to protect themselves from the looming hegemonic forces within the ethnically diverse Habsburg Monarchy and outside of it. Although the Slovenian political movement, with its platform of Unified Slovenia, did not stand out in 1848 in the eyes of Croatian politicians, already then it showed that there were circumstances that pointed to the idea of reciprocity. Despite the emphasis placed on specific forms of national identity, events which demonstrated that Croats and Slovenes were too weak to secure individual independence stressed the need for ties. So the author attempted to present an account of Croatian-Slovenian relations from 1848 to 1914. He took into consideration relations between groups and individuals who could be considered as a kind of national leaders, as well as relations between other groups and individuals in Croatian and Slovenian territories during the same period of time (e. g., Croatian-Slovenian relations in Istria).

NATION–STATES AND XENOPHOBIAS: IN THE …, 2005

2000

This paper explores how in the border city of Trieste, located in the north-eastern corner of Italy, the contested memories of the past impinge upon the every day life of the Italian majority and Slovene minority's inhabitants. It argues that their embodied memories and practices, which are rooted in historical power inequalities and struggles over territory, are reinterpreted and played

Nations and Nationalism, 2021

In the 1848–1867 period, the Habsburg Monarchy was shaken by the first waves of nationalism. Yet in the case of the Habsburg port cities of Fiume/Rijeka and Trieste, contended by several different opponents, Italian and Croatian nationalisms had to face centuries-long traditions of municipal autonomy. In both cities, municipalism and attachment to the House of Habsburg were particularly strong and were coupled with local urban identities that defied national forms of identifications, insofar as they were ethnically and linguistically hybrid. Nationalist activists sought to exploit ethnic and linguistic elements as markers of defined national identities, yet without widespread success. The final demise of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918 has been generally taken as proof of the cogency of nationalist discourse, especially the Italian, in the region. However, the northern Adriatic rim points to the forceful- ness of Habsburg multinationalism and the existence of ethnic hybridity, which provided effective bulwarks against nationalisms for decades.

Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 2008

"The subject of this paper are the Central European ‘foreigners’ in Istria between the middle of the nineteenth and the first part of the twentieth century. The article investigates the notion and identity of foreigners and their role in the social, intellectual and political development of the north-Adriatic peninsula in the concluding period of the Austrian sovereignty, until and immediately after the annexation by Italy. The people who settled in Istria during the period of Austrian sovereignty in the nineteenth century came from different areas of Central Europe, from Italy and the Balkan Peninsula. Some of them were foreigners and some were Austrian citizens, although citizenship was not the only attribute that measured the level of integration in the local society, especially in the multinational Habsburg Empire. Looking at the cultural and political developments in Istria, and analyzing the voluntary associations, the schools and the clergy, this article examines the presence of foreigners and the national composition and identifications in the little Adriatic peninsula. It explores the phenomena of negotiation and the capacity of the ‘outsiders’ from Central Europe (mainly Slovenes, Germans and Czechs) to deal with the local dynamics and patterns of nationalization, and verifies how Central Europeans identified with and integrated into Italian or Croatian national groups or produced separate channels of social and cultural interaction."

AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, 2019

This paper is about national reproduction relations and the ways they affected women's bodies in context of women's accessibility to public and political space in the late 19 th century Ser-bia, Bosnia and Croatia. The end of the 19 th and the beginning of the 20 th century embark events and processes of national emancipation for the Balkan peoples. The examples taken here are set in the different states of 'nationalizing' and 'nation-building, ' as well as in different iterations of modernity, with the intention to trace possible patterns and typologies in the relation of national reproduction, in its ethno-cultural dimension, and the opening of new political spaces for women from these different national entities and territories through education, autonomous organizing , charity and anonymous domestic labor. I find the interest and vindication of my intention in the historical events after 1918, when the mentioned territories and nationalities became part of new state-the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia. With that, the state strategies of national reproduction towards women gained new qualities with centralization and ideological unification of the ideal 'Yugoslav' woman as its final edifice.