Papers by Sieh Kiong Tiong
The viability of alternative and nontoxic chlorine containing compounds for thermal treatment of ultrathin CdTe (≤1.0 μm) films
International Journal of Energy Research
A detailed comparative analysis using alternative Cl compounds such as InCl2, MgCl2, SnCl2, and Z... more A detailed comparative analysis using alternative Cl compounds such as InCl2, MgCl2, SnCl2, and ZnCl2 along with CdCl2 was conducted in this study to assess their viability for the thermal treatment of ultrathin CdTe films. Similar or even better structural and electrical properties were found upon using InCl2, MgCl2, and ZnCl2 in thermal treatment than the conventional CdCl2. The film's bandgap is found to reduce upon the thermal treatment which varied in the range of 1.44‐1.50 eV. A low amount of metal doping occurred in films' surfaces upon thermal treatment and influence the carrier concentration which varied from 7.32 × 1015‐1.76 × 1017/cm3. The viability of the alternate materials was also investigated through the device simulation. All investigated results indicated that MgCl2 and ZnCl2 can be used in the current manufacturing technique instead of traditional CdCl2, which could reduce the environmental risk and production cost.
Energies
Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a critical instrument for lowering the cost of un... more Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a critical instrument for lowering the cost of unplanned operations while also improving the efficacy, execution, and dependability of tools. Thermal abnormalities can be thoroughly examined using thermography for condition monitoring. Thanks to the advent of high-resolution infrared cameras, researchers are paying more attention to thermography as a non-contact approach for monitoring the temperature rise of objects and as a technique in great experiments to analyze processes thermally. It also allows for the early identification of weaknesses and failures in equipment while it is in use, decreasing system downtime, catastrophic failure, and maintenance expenses. In many applications, the usage of IRT as a condition monitoring approach has steadily increased during the previous three decades. Infrared cameras are steadily finding use in research and development, in addition to their routine use in condition monitoring and preventative...
Arcing Faults Detection in Switchgear with Extreme Learning Machine
Journal of Physics: Conference Series
The robustness of switchgears has critical impacts on the general efficiency of power distributio... more The robustness of switchgears has critical impacts on the general efficiency of power distribution systems. Faulty switchgears lead to many unwanted complications for utility bodies, which in turn lead to even bigger issues. In this paper, a remote arcing fault sensing technique is proposed using ELM. By analysing the sonic waves emitted, the proposed method is capable to detect possible arcing faults in switchgears. Tests and experiments have been conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm in detecting these arcing faults. The obtained results are analysed in time and frequency domains. In the time domain analysis, the results show 93.75% success rate in training stage, 95.83% in validation stage, and 87.5% in testing stage. In the frequency domain analysis, the results show 93.75% success rate in training stage, 91.67% in validation stage, and 100% success rate in testing stage. It is thus concluded that the proposed algorithm is capable to identify arcing ...
Journal of Engineering and Computer Innovations, May 30, 2011
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a peer-to-peer wireless network, that is, nodes can communicat... more A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a peer-to-peer wireless network, that is, nodes can communicate with each other without the use of infrastructure. Besides, nodes are free to join and/or leave the network at anytime, move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily. Due to this nature of MANET, there could be some malicious and selfish nodes that try compromise the routing protocol functionality and make MANET vulnerable to security attacks which lead to unreliable routing. The current work presents a reliant ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (R-AODV) based on trusted and shortest path and compare to AODV trust framework to which have been used to overcome the mentioned problem as well. The performance differentials are analyzed using various metrics which are packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay, and normalized routing load. The algorithm is implemented and simulated using NS2. The performance differentials are analyzed using various metrics which are packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay, and normalized routing load. The results revealed that the developed R-AODV exhibits good performance. Moreover, the proposed routing mechanism is competitive, as compare to trust ad hoc on-demand distance vector (TAODV).
Variable-Speed PICO Hydel Energy Storage With Synchronverter Control to Emulate Virtual Inertia in Autonomous Microgrids
IEEE Systems Journal, 2021
Autonomous microgrids are potential alternative to grid connectivity for powering remote communit... more Autonomous microgrids are potential alternative to grid connectivity for powering remote communities around the globe. A sustainable microgrid with renewables and energy storage having minimum operation and maintenance routines is the most sought option. Batteries are predominantly used to support the stochastic behavior of renewables in such microgrids. However, they are prone to frequent failure and require periodic maintenance, which demands an alternative. Thus, in this article, the renewable powered irrigation system in India was configured to form sustainable pico hydel energy storage (PHES). To enhance the inertia of the microgrid with static sources, virtual inertia capability was induced into PHES by modified synchronverter technology. First, the small-signal modeling approach was presented to derive the closed-loop transfer function of the system. Subsequently, the effect of control parameter variation on system stability and the interaction between the governor and the synchronverter was investigated using eigenvalue analysis. Next, the performance of synchronverter was compared with the established vector control through time-domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results revealed that the proposed strategy improved the inertial response of PHES and outperformed vector control by reducing peak overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error.
A Support Vector Based CO2 Gas Emission Prediction System for Generation Power Plant
Advanced Science Letters, 2017
A comparative study of CdS thin films grown on ultra-thin glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering and chemical bath deposition
Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 2021
Abstract The structural, morphological and optoelectrical characteristics of cadmium sulfide (CdS... more Abstract The structural, morphological and optoelectrical characteristics of cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films grown on ultra-thin glass substrates via Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and chemical bath deposition (CBD) have been explored in this study. CdS thin films were characterized using the X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), UV–Vis spectrophotometer and Hall effect measurement system. As obvious from XRD investigation, the stable hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure with (002) preferential orientation was resulted from both deposition methods. FESEM study demonstrated uniform grain structure for the sputtered films. Compositional analysis confirmed that S/Cd ratio is 0.28 for the sputtered films and 0.20 for the CBD films. AFM study exhibited spherical crystal surface formation, hills and valleys for CBD films. The optical analysis showed a band gap of 2.40 eV and 2.32 eV for the sputtering and the CBD methods, respectively. Hall effect analysis recorded carrier concentration and resistivity in the order of 1013 cm−3 and 104 Ω cm, respectively. The experimental results recommend that the CdS thin films grown by the sputtering might be favourable as the window layer for solar cell application.
Coatings, 2021
A CdS thin film buffer layer has been widely used as conventional n-type heterojunction partner b... more A CdS thin film buffer layer has been widely used as conventional n-type heterojunction partner both in established and emerging thin film photovoltaic devices. In this study, we perform numerical simulation to elucidate the influence of electrical properties of the CdS buffer layer, essentially in terms of carrier mobility and carrier concentration on the performance of SLG/Mo/p-Absorber/n-CdS/n-ZnO/Ag configured thin film photovoltaic devices, by using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D). A wide range of p-type absorber layers with a band gap from 0.9 to 1.7 eV and electron affinity from 3.7 to 4.7 eV have been considered in this simulation study. For an ideal absorber layer (no defect), the carrier mobility and carrier concentration of CdS buffer layer do not significantly alter the maximum attainable efficiency. Generally, it was revealed that for an absorber layer with a conduction band offset (CBO) that is more than 0.3 eV, Jsc is strongly dependent on the carrier ...
Kinetic and isotherm studies on adsorptive removal of sulfates by cotton shell derived biochar: Recovery of sulfates from marcasite soil
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2021
Abstract This work illustrates the potential applications of the raw cotton shell (RCS) and cotto... more Abstract This work illustrates the potential applications of the raw cotton shell (RCS) and cotton shell biochar (CSB) in the remediation of sulfate contaminants from aqueous solvents. Comprehensively, optimal batch and adsorption kinetics of sulfate by RCS and CSB were intensively analyzed and determined by varying the adsorption parameters. For RCS, the optimal series of parameters were at (pH-7, sulfate conc-150 mgL−1, adsorbent dose- 0.5 g and time-150 min). While for CSB optimum conditions were at (pH-9.8, sulfate conc-100 mgL−1, dosage- 0.1 g and time-90 min). The maximum adsorption efficiency for both RCS and CSB was achieved at 86.47% and 90.77%, respectively. Sulfate adsorption by RCS and CSB was examined by isotherm models and kinetic studies. The data are best suited to the Langmuir isotherm model with the highest RCS and CSB sulfate adsorption capability of 61.35 and 153.85 mg g−1 and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Box-Behnken design (BBD) based response surface methodology (RSM) model-based analysis of variance test has demonstrated optimum conditions and sulfate adsorption by both RCS and CSB. The recovery studies on sulfates from marcasite soil were evaluated at different doses of RCS and CSB. This study provides insights into the usage of the developed process towards the circular economy of the sulfates.
IEEE Access, 2020
Despite the significant progress in the understanding of the phenomenon of lightning and the phys... more Despite the significant progress in the understanding of the phenomenon of lightning and the physics behind it, locating and mapping its occurrence remain a challenge. Such localization and mapping of very high frequency (VHF) lightning radiation sources provide a foundation for the subsequent research on predicting lightning, saving lives, and protecting valuable assets. A major technical challenge in attempting to map the sources of lightning is mapping accuracy. The three common electromagnetic radio frequencybased lightning locating techniques are magnetic direction finder, time of arrival, and interferometer (ITF). Understanding these approaches requires critically reviewing previous attempts. The performance and reliability of each method are evaluated on the basis of the mapping accuracy obtained from lightning data from different sources. In this work, we review various methods for lightning mapping. We study the approaches, describe their techniques, analyze their merits and demerits, classify them, and derive few opportunities for further research. We find that the ITF system is the most effective method and that its performance may be improved further. One approach is to improve how lightning signals are preprocessed and how noise is filtered. Signal processing can also be utilized to improve mapping accuracy by introducing methods such as wavelet transform in place of conventional cross-correlation approaches. INDEX TERMS Interferometer, lightning mapping, magnetic direction finder, time of arrival.
Energies, 2021
This study provides a techno-financial evaluation of two sites in Malaysia: Kudat, located on the... more This study provides a techno-financial evaluation of two sites in Malaysia: Kudat, located on the coast of the northernmost part of Sabah, the state of East Malaysia with promising wind potential, and Putrajaya in the Klang Valley region with moderate wind potential at high elevations similar to the dominant cities in Malaysia. Three small-scale wind turbines were evaluated, taking into account a nominal electrical power generation below 100 kW. The research is focused on 220 residential households. The software used to perform the evaluation was Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER). The research novelty is the examination of the non-hybrid small-scale turbines at high elevations for regions with low wind speed, such as Malaysia. Regardless of the wind farms’ financial profit, this study used the net present cost (NPC) analysis in all cases. This research demonstrates the feasibility of small-scale wind turbines mounted at high elevations for generating sufficien...
IEEE Access, 2021
Recent years have illustrated the significantly pervasive interest in transparent antennas. The n... more Recent years have illustrated the significantly pervasive interest in transparent antennas. The number and the popularity of transparent antenna applications have escalated dramatically. Although antenna applications are diverse and available across multiple platforms, some of these antennas are unsuitable for practical usage, particularly in cases associated with renewable energy. As such, this study presents the review of related articles pertaining to transparent antennas across a range of platforms to identify their best practices. The methods applied in prior research work within this domain were identified. Relevant articles published between 2015 and September 2020 were gathered from four major databases: Science Direct, Web of Science (WOS), IEEE Xplore, and Scopus. The identified indicators were considered as broad and reliable to cover this field of literature. The articles (n = 81) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This paper concentrates on the present views and opportunities to further understand the research segment of transparent antenna. INDEX TERMS Transparent antenna, transparent conductive oxides, optically transparent antenna, solar energy harvesting, transparent conducting materials.
Energies, 2020
Electricity demand is increasing, as a result of increasing consumers in the electricity market. ... more Electricity demand is increasing, as a result of increasing consumers in the electricity market. By growing smart technologies such as smart grid and smart energy management systems, customers were given a chance to actively participate in demand response programs (DRPs), and reduce their electricity bills as a result. This study overviews the DRPs and their practices, along with home energy management systems (HEMS) and load management techniques. The paper provides brief literature on HEMS technologies and challenges. The paper is organized in a way to provide some technical information about DRPs and HEMS to help the reader understand different concepts about the smart grid, and be able to compare the essential concerns about the smart grid. The article includes a brief discussion about DRPs and their importance for the future of energy management systems. It is followed by brief literature about smart grids and HEMS, and a home energy management system strategy is also discussed...
A New Proposed Pendulum-Like with Attraction-Repulsion mechanism Algorithm for Solving Optimization Problems
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
This work aims to contribute to the domain of new modification in electromagnetism-like (EM) algo... more This work aims to contribute to the domain of new modification in electromagnetism-like (EM) algorithm, which will be referred to in this work as pendulum-like with attraction-repulsion mechanism algorithm (PA). PA algorithm has been constructed with the purpose of solving inverse kinematics (IK) problem. The proposed new algorithm mimics the concepts of a simple physical pendulum and is derived as a local search in order to promote the performance of the EM algorithm. Comparisons between the suggested PA with the available algorithms, such as genetic algorithm (GA) and EM were conducted using two mathematical test functions. On top of the testing, the PA algorithm is tested to solve the problem of IK for a four degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar robot. The simulation results indicate that the PA algorithm outperforms other approaches in terms of accuracy and the speed of convergence through the errors and the decreasing of objective with iterations as mention in presented tables and fi...
Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2020
A large part of the Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart meters is considered a method to achieve... more A large part of the Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart meters is considered a method to achieve energy efficiency, sustainable development, and the potential of improving the quality, reliability, and efficiency of power supply. These outcomes indicate the importance of the inherent capacity for profound implications on storage, sale, and distribution of electrical power supply. A few of the existing literature review identified the challenges of primary consumer adoption in terms of privacy, eco-efficient feedback, and technology awareness. Provided that these factors were investigated without theoretical association, this study examined the barriers to the adoption of IoTbased smart meters technology by developing a model representing the users' intention to adopt smart meters by drawing on the variables of the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance And Use of Technology (UTAUT2). Data were collected from 318 users of smart meter from two cities in Malaysia, while the model was validated using a multi-analytic approach using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), and the results from SEM were used as inputs for a neural network model to predict acceptance factors. As a result, it was found that technology awareness and eco-effective feedback were the important determinants with a positive impact on the adoption of smart meter technology, while privacy concerns led to an adverse impact. Overall, these study findings contribute useful insights and implications for users, utilities; regulators, and policymakers.
Materials, 2020
In this present work, we report the deposition of cadmium selenide (CdSe) particles on titanium d... more In this present work, we report the deposition of cadmium selenide (CdSe) particles on titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube thin films, using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at low deposition temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C. The deposition temperature had an influence on the overall CdSe–TiO2 nanotube thin film morphologies, chemical composition, phase transition, and optical properties, which, in turn, influenced the photoelectrochemical performance of the samples that were investigated. All samples showed the presence of CdSe particles in the TiO2 nanotube thin film lattice structures with the cubic phase CdSe compound. The amount of CdSe loading on the TiO2 nanotube thin films were increased and tended to form agglomerates as a function of deposition temperature. Interestingly, a significant enhancement in photocurrent density was observed for the CdSe–TiO2 nanotube thin films deposited at 20 °C with a photocurrent density of 1.70 mA cm−2, which was 17% higher than th...
Energy Load Profiling and Artificial Intelligence
Advanced Science Letters, 2018
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020
This paper elucidated the properties of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) extracted from microcrysta... more This paper elucidated the properties of cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) extracted from microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis reaction by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BmimOAc) as a catalyst and solvent at various temperatures (i.e. 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110°C). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterise the samples and the relevant analysis was presented in detail. It was found that the initial peak from microcrystalline cellulose at the preferential orientation of (200) split into two broad peaks, with the preferential orientations found to be (110) and (020) as per XRD analysis. This showed that native cellulose experienced a structural transformation from its initial cellulose type I to the terminated phase of cellulose type II in CNPs, with a remarkable reduction in crystallinity after the hydrolysis reaction in BmimOAc. The reaction temperature was found to refine the individual cellulosic fibres with a smooth, homogenous, and defined width, which was obtained at an optimum temperature of 80°C. The application of BmimOAc as both catalyst and solvent thus introduces a green chemistry approach as it does not produce any hazardous waste products. Additionally, it is an economical process as the recovery of the ionic liquid is high, reaching up to 86%.
Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2020
Switchgear is a very important component in a power distribution line. Failure in a switchgear ca... more Switchgear is a very important component in a power distribution line. Failure in a switchgear can lead to catastrophic danger and losses. In this research, a fault detection system is proposed with the implementation of Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). This algorithm is capable to identify faults in a switchgear by analyzing the sound wave generated. Experiments are carried out to investigate the performance of the developed algorithm in identifying Corona faults in switchgears. The performances are analyzed in time and frequency domains, respectively. In time domain analysis, the results show 90.63%, 87.5%, and 87.5% of success rates in differentiating the Corona and non-Corona cases in training, validation and testing phases respectively. In frequency domain analysis, the results show 89.84%, 83.33%, and 87.5% success rates in training, validation and testing phases respectively. It can thus be concluded that the developed algorithm performed well in identifying Corona faults in s...
Energy Strategy Reviews, 2020
End-of-life (EOL) solar panels may become a source of hazardous waste although there are enormous... more End-of-life (EOL) solar panels may become a source of hazardous waste although there are enormous benefits globally from the growth in solar power generation. Global installed PV capacity reached around 400 GW at the end of 2017 and is expected to rise further to 4500 GW by 2050. Considering an average panel lifetime of 25 years, the worldwide solar PV waste is anticipated to reach between 4%-14% of total generation capacity by 2030 and rise to over 80% (around 78 million tonnes) by 2050. Therefore, the disposal of PV panels will become a pertinent environmental issue in the next decades. Eventually, there will be great scopes to carefully investigate on the disposal and recycling of PV panels EOL. The EU has pioneered PV electronic waste regulations including PV-specific collection, recovery and recycling targets. The EU Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive entails all producers supplying PV panels to the EU market to finance the costs of collecting and recycling EOL PV panels in Europe. Lessons can be learned from the involvement of the EU in forming its regulatory framework to assist other countries develop locally apposite approaches. This review focused on the current status of solar panel waste recycling, recycling technology, environmental protection, waste management, recycling policies and the economic aspects of recycling. It also provided recommendations for future improvements in technology and policy making. At present, PV recycling management in many countries envisages to extend the duties of the manufacturers of PV materials to encompass their eventual disposal or reuse. However, further improvements in the economic viability, practicality, high recovery rate and environmental performance of the PV industry with respect to recycling its products are indispensable.
Uploads
Papers by Sieh Kiong Tiong