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Abstract
Introduction
Sources and Methods
Discussion and Open Issues
Conclusion
References
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Engineering

Lightning Mapping: Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities

Profile image of Sieh Kiong TiongSieh Kiong Tiong

2020, IEEE Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3031810
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19 pages

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Abstract

Despite the significant progress in the understanding of the phenomenon of lightning and the physics behind it, locating and mapping its occurrence remain a challenge. Such localization and mapping of very high frequency (VHF) lightning radiation sources provide a foundation for the subsequent research on predicting lightning, saving lives, and protecting valuable assets. A major technical challenge in attempting to map the sources of lightning is mapping accuracy. The three common electromagnetic radio frequencybased lightning locating techniques are magnetic direction finder, time of arrival, and interferometer (ITF). Understanding these approaches requires critically reviewing previous attempts. The performance and reliability of each method are evaluated on the basis of the mapping accuracy obtained from lightning data from different sources. In this work, we review various methods for lightning mapping. We study the approaches, describe their techniques, analyze their merits and demerits, classify them, and derive few opportunities for further research. We find that the ITF system is the most effective method and that its performance may be improved further. One approach is to improve how lightning signals are preprocessed and how noise is filtered. Signal processing can also be utilized to improve mapping accuracy by introducing methods such as wavelet transform in place of conventional cross-correlation approaches. INDEX TERMS Interferometer, lightning mapping, magnetic direction finder, time of arrival.

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  75. J. Högbom, ''Aperture synthesis with a non-regular distribution of inter- ferometer baselines,'' Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., vol. 15, p. 417, Jun. 1974.
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  77. AMMAR AHMED ALKAHTANI (Member, IEEE) received the bachelor's degree (Hons.) in electronics majoring in telecommunications from Multimedia University (MMU), the master's degree in electronics engineering (telecommuni- cation system) from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, in 2011, and the Ph.D. degree from the College of Engineering (COE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia, in 2015. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Energy Uni- versity (UNITEN). He is also the Head of the Wind Energy Unit. His research interests include signal processing, renewable energy, failure analysis, and applied machine learning. MOHD RIDUAN AHMAD (Member, IEEE) received the degree (Hons.) in computer system and communication engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia, in 2003, the M.Eng. degree with a specialization in cross layer design of MAC protocols for multi-in multi-out-based wireless sensor network from the University of Wollon- gong, Australia, in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree with a specialization in atmospheric discharges from Uppsala University, Sweden, in 2014. From 2015 to 2016, he was with MIT, USA, where he focused on the understanding and characterization of microwave radiation emitted by lightning flashes. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. FUAD M. NOMAN (Member, IEEE) received the B.S. degree in electronics from the University of Sudan for Science and Technology, the M.S. degree in electronics engineering (telecommuni- cation system) from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, in 2011, and the Ph.D. degree in biomedical engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, in 2019. He is currently a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Institute of Sus- tainable Energy (ISE), University Tenaga National (UNITEN). His research interests include signals and biosignals processing, machine learning applications, and biometrics. MONA RIZA MOHD ESA received the degree with a specialization in telecommunication engi- neering and the master's degree with a special- ization in signal processing and lightning physics from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, in 2003 and 2005, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree with a specialization in atmospheric discharges from Uppsala University, Sweden, in 2014. She is currently a Senior Lecturer with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UTM. ZEN KAWASAKI received the Ph.D. degree in communications engineering from Osaka Univer- sity, in 1978. Since 1979, he has been working with Nagoya University and Osaka University, espe- cially lightning physics from the aspect of field observations. He was promoted to be a Profes- sor in 2000 at Osaka University, and produced 23 Ph.D. mainly on lightning physics. During his career, he has developed the VHF broadband Inter- ferometry, and this is almost an ultimate light imager. In 2013, he retired from Osaka University. He is currently a Professor Emeritus with Osaka University. SIEH KIONG TIONG (Member, IEEE) received the B.Eng. (Hons.), M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical, electronic and system engineering from The National University of Malaysia (UKM), in 1997, 2000, and 2006, respectively. He is cur- rently a Professor with the College of Engineering. He is also the Director of the Institute of Sus- tainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional. His research interests include renewable energy, artificial intelligence, data analytics, microcon- troller systems, and communication systems. He is also a Professional Engi- neer registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM).

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