Table 1 Total scores of PCASD and PTDC Descriptive Statistics
Related Figures (34)
Table 4.1 Social and demographic characteristics of respondents Table 4.2 Types of sexual behaviour among respondents aged 14 -19 These findings indicate that adolescents living with HIV and AIDS explore sexuality through engaging in various types of sexual behaviours just like follow adolescents’ in the general population. This finding is consistent with other findings (Sehnem, Pedro, Ressel and Vasquez, 2018; Kumar, Choudhry and Singh, 2015; Adegoke, 2012; Tolman and McClelland 2011).This sheds light in understanding that adolescents living with HIV and AIDS have sexual needs which are exhibited at different stages of their life in order to prepare them for transitioning to adult sexual roles responsibly. EASSRR, vol. XXX VIII, no.2 (June 2022) The low level of HIV status disclosure reported among adolescents living with HIV and AIDS is consistence with other studies, (Madiba et al, 2016: Mburnu et al, 2014; Fernet, et al, 2011; Fielden, 2011). Adolescents reported that the decision to disclose their HIV status is a lifelong fear since they lived in distress in anticipation that someone would discover their HIV status (Kimera, et al., 2020; Fielden et al., 2011). With regard to gender comparison, other studies (Nabunya et al., 2020) have shown that girls are more reluctant to disclose their HIV status as well as hold discussions about their HIV status compared to boys. Table 4.4 Types of sexual behaviours and levels of felt stigma Some of the felt stigma lived experiences that were narrated by the adolescents include: SLE en eee ee Se ee ee ee ee ee ee a ee One of the objectives of this study was to examine if there were statistically significant differences in the parents’ level of stress across their level of education, average monthly income, and the number of children they have. PCASD were divided into eight groups according to their level of education (Group1: illiterate; Group 2: literate; Group 3: grade 1-8; Group 4: grade 9- 10; Group 5: grade 11-12; Group 6: diploma; Group 7: first degree and Group 8: second degree and above). Table 6: ANOVA on level of parental stress among PCASD based on level of education (n=204) Table 7: Post Hoc on level of stress among PCASD at different education levels EASSRR, vol. XXX VII, no.2 (June 2022) Table 8: Parents monthly income score (n =204) Table 10: Post Hoc comparison on level of stress among PCASD based on average monthly income Figure 1: Map of Harare Urban Source: own This study analyses challenges associated with PET beverage packaging bottle waste management practices in Harare Urban (Figure 2). Focus was on distribution of the PET waste, its effects on the environment and human well-being, current management practices and to ultimately proffer recommendations for sustainable management of PET Bottle waste intended at managing its build-up in council’s disposal sites and dumping in the environment. Based on the United Nations Environment Programme (2009) guidelines, a sample size of 299 from a projected number of 1,962,908 consumers was selected from the households. Determination of sample size was based on a 95 % confidence interval. The validation for these selections was to allow reduction of the whole population to a practicable sample convenient for the researcher. In the section of key informants, purposive sampling was used. Targeted were the waste collectors, recycling companies, the City of Harare and regulatory authorities. These have astute acquaintance of the issues I ee ye ne ee: i; ce Farai, M. & Jerie, S. Challenges Associated With the... Various instruments were used for data collection. These instruments included questionnaires, structured interviews, direct observations, secondary data sources and Geographical Information Systems Software and Earth Observation Tools. The data collection instruments were pretested through pilot surveys before finally used for the study purpose (Kothari, 2004). This brought to the fore the various challenges with the survey technique for redress. As data was collected it was examined for completeness, comprehensibility, consistency. these challenges, the researcher attended formal training on development of questionnaires and uploading them into a MDC. In addition, experts in this field were sought to oversee the whole data collection, input and analysis process. Each smartphone used had its settings adjusted to ensure precision of geographic coordinates. For all field exercises in areas with network reception challenges, data collections was done offline and uploaded onto the server later. Plate 1: Field data collection using a Mobile Data Collector Contribution from green PET is so low that on delivery to recycling centres in Harare it is treated the same as clear PET. Clear PET is considered a fast moving product such that it is not found in the environment at the same magnitude as coloured PET. Additionally, clear PET has a variety of other known end uses and variety of applications of the end product (Netherlands Institute for Sustainable Packaging, 2017). Due to increased uptake of the clear PET its price of US$0.20/kg on the market as offered by recyclers in Harare is twice that of brown PET at US$0.10/kg. Based on the field observations Brown PET comprises much of the float PET waste* that has remained visible in the environment. However, this has to be validated by field experimental transact research studies. Driving force contributing to the accumulation of brown PET waste include low market price, limited known applications of the end product and limited other end uses by communities. generation using population densities as a denominator will give a clearer picture of PET waste generation in Harare Urban. Figure 3: Environmental and health hazards as highlighted by respondents. n-328 Snurre: own Eight main environmental and health concerns were highlighted by the respondents which included the consumers and outlets. The total number of respondents was 328. The issues ranged from reduced aesthetic value, blockage of drainage systems, toxic gas emissions from PET waste burning, reduced productive land, leaching of hazardous substances, high incidence of malaria and cholera and ingestion by wildlife (see Figure 5). Figure 4: Spatial distribution of Environmental and Health concerns by respondents Source: own Farai, M. & Jerie, S. Challenges Associated With the... Plate 3: PET waste mixed with general waste in a waste collection cage. Source: Field Surveys Of all the cages, 24 (30.4%) were found to be functioning efficiently. Fifty-five cages spots which is an equivalent of 69.6% had various challenges ranging from delayed collection of PET waste, mixing of PET waste with general waste, vandalized cages and removed cages. This means that the PET waste becomes inaccessible for waste collectors resulting in the cage becoming unusable. From the field observations, communities around the cages dump general waste into the cages including bio-waste. Figure 5: PET Waste collection cages Distribution in Harare Source: own Farai, M. & Jerie, S. Challenges Associated With the... Figure 7: PET Waste Collection Cages Sphere of influence. Source: own Plate 4: PET Waste Buy Back Centre established in Mabvuku. Source: Field Surveys In order to complete the PET waste management chain, waste collectors have been established in Harare. These are divided into 4 categories as buy back centre (buys PET waste from walk-in clients who bring it to their centres), Transfer station (Acts as a temporary waste storage area for sorting and baling before transfer to recyclers and other uses), Waste collectors (picks up PET waste for resell to recyclers), Recycling Centre (buys PET waste from buy Back Centers, Transfer station and waste collectors for further processing). Figure 9: PET Waste Management Situation in Harare Urban Source: own As explained by Strydom (2018), the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was applied to demonstrate the associations between attitude, social norms, and perceived behaviour control over the act of PET waste management, as determinants of intention to manage the PET waste as well as PET waste management behaviour. The intention was to highlight areas of possible intervention that would have the most impact to change PET waste management behaviour at consumer level. A total of 299 questionnaires were administered to randomly selected consumers around Harare Urban. When attitude towards PET waste management improves there is a high intention to eco-friendly manage PET waste. However, moderate positive correlation on intention and eco-friendly PET waste management shows that there are several factors that contribute to eco-friendly PET waste management though attitude is one of them. Such factors include SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, BEHAVIOUR AND PRACTICES MAP Figure 11: Spatial Distribution Map on Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours and Practices Source: own ii iii haa. | signal to responsible authorities when the cage is filled up. Consumer behaviour Consumer behaviour is pivotal in ensuring effective management of PET waste. Consumer behavior is influenced by intention, subjective norm, attitude and perceived behavior control. In Harare source segregation of PET waste was found to be a challenge with consumers mixing it with general waste thereby making it difficult to effectively recycle it. This behaviour increases cost of collection and affects quality of flakes produced. i as ES a eC Table 1: Key statistics on impact bonds 3.4 Situating SIBs in the Theoretical Paradigms
