programmable logic controller(PLC)

The Internet is expanding with concepts such as digital technology, the IOT (Internet of things), the 4th Industrial Revolution. This has greatly affected the current automation field, requiring remote monitoring and control over smartphones, tablets and web browsers. The application of SCADA remote control for the production line is one of the practical support tools for companies in operating the production system. This paper is about building up a supervised and controlled SCADA for the production line over the Internet based on PLC S7-1200.

This study investigates the revolutionary effects of combining PLCs (programmable logic controllers) and artificial intelligence (AI) in industrial automation. The primary goals are to discover how artificial intelligence (AI) improves productivity, sustainability, and quality control in industrial processes and identify problems and potential solutions related to AI-driven PLC systems. Methodologically, the applicability and advantages of AI algorithms, such as machine learning and deep learning, in PLC systems were examined through a thorough analysis of recent literature and case studies. Important conclusions show that integrating AI significantly improved process efficiency, real-time adaptation, and energy optimization. The accuracy of AI-driven solutions in defect identification helps quality control, while AI-driven solutions support cybersecurity measures. The policy implications highlight the necessity for robust regulatory frameworks to direct the moral use of AI in industrial contexts. According to the study's findings, AI-enhanced PLC systems are a significant development in industrial automation that promises increased manufacturing productivity, sustainability, and innovation in the future.

This study investigates the implementation of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in automated urban water distribution systems, focusing on their role in leakage mitigation and operational efficiency. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach with experimental and observational data from SCADA-integrated field studies, the research demonstrates that PLC adoption reduces leakage rates by an average of 25%, with locations implementing comprehensive PLC frameworks achieving reductions of up to 40%. These improvements are attributed to enhanced real-time monitoring, automated control, and rapid leak response facilitated by PLC systems, underscoring their effectiveness compared to traditional water management approaches. The study also highlights the potential integration of IoT sensors and AI-driven analytics with PLC systems to further advance smart water distribution management. Contextual factors, including infrastructure variability and regulatory environments, are identified as influential in determining PLC effectiveness, indicating the need for adaptive strategies in diverse urban settings. The findings advocate for municipalities to consider PLC-based automation in water management not only to optimize resource allocation and reduce operational costs, but also to strengthen sustainability and resilience in urban water supply chains.

Automating code generation in manufacturing systems requires Artificial Intelligence (AI) models capable of interpreting textual requirement specifications. One of the main challenges is the absence of publicly available, domain-specific datasets suitable for training such models. This article presents AutoFactory, an open-source dataset that includes manually written and LLM-augmented requirement specifications, annotated by domain experts for Named Entity Recognition (NER) tasks using the BIO format.
AutoFactory enables the extraction and classification of key industrial components, including actuators, pre-actuators, sensors, effectors, and others. These elements correspond to real-world input and output signals in manufacturing systems. The dataset is grounded in realistic scenarios built with Factory I/O and includes 3D scenes, tag tables, and screenshots captured from multiple camera perspectives. To enhance linguistic diversity while preserving semantic intent, all specifications were expanded using large language models and evaluated through semantic similarity analysis (average cosine similarity above 0.92), complemented by manual validation to ensure consistency.
To facilitate the annotation process, a custom labeling tool was developed. It runs locally to preserve data privacy and provides a user-friendly interface. The tool is adaptable to a wide range of NER tasks and allows researchers to customize labels for different domains by adding or modifying tags.
To assess the practical value of the dataset, transformer-based models such as BERT and DistilBERT were fine-tuned on the annotated requirement specifications. The highest-performing model reached an F1-score of 0.95, confirming the dataset’s ability to support accurate identification of key components in manufacturing systems.
This combination of human expertise and AI-based augmentation provides a robust foundation for training AI systems to interpret manufacturing behaviors from text. AutoFactory contributes to ongoing research efforts aimed at enabling intelligent systems to assist in generating control code from requirement specifications, reducing reliance on manual programming in industrial automation.

The proliferation of internet of things (IoT) devices and the increasing demand for intelligent surveillance systems have created a compelling need for edge-based artificial intelligence (Edge AI) solutions. This study presents a comprehensive Edge AI framework for real-time human activity recognition (HAR) on low-power devices, achieving 87.3% classification accuracy with an average power consumption of 2.1W on ARM-based edge platforms. The system integrates optimized deep-learning models with quantization and pruning techniques to balance accuracy, latency, and power efficiency. Comparative analysis against existing approaches highlights our system's superior balance of real-time performance and energy efficiency, outperforming traditional cloud-based and motion detection systems in terms of latency and false-positive rates. The results validate the feasibility of deploying sophisticated HAR at the edge, paving the way for scalable, privacy-preserving smart surveillance systems.

This research paper presents a comprehensive study on implementing smart energy management systems in manufacturing plants through the integration of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. The study examines advanced methodologies for real-time energy monitoring, automated control strategies, and optimization techniques that hold significant potential for reducing energy consumption in industrial environments. A comprehensive case study was conducted at a mid-sized automotive parts manufacturing facility over a 12-month implementation period. The research methodology employed statistical analysis of 8,760 hourly measurements across multiple performance parameters, utilizing paired t-tests with 95% confidence intervals and seasonal adjustment for HVAC loads. The integrated PLC-SCADA system incorporated Siemens S7-1500 controllers with WinCC SCADA infrastructure, featuring real-time energy meters with Modbus RTU communication and custom optimization algorithms developed in structured text programming. Results demonstrate substantial improvements across all monitored metrics: 28% reduction in total energy consumption, 28% decrease in peak demand, 35.1% reduction in carbon footprint, and 24.1% improvement in equipment efficiency (p < 0.001 for all measurements). The implementation achieved superior performance compared to industry benchmarks, with energy savings exceeding typical ranges of 15-20%. Financial analysis reveals compelling returns with 37.1% ROI in Year 1, escalating to 542.3% over five years, while operational benefits include a 63% reduction in unplanned downtime and a 42% improvement in equipment utilization. The study provides a validated framework for scalable smart energy management deployment across manufacturing sectors, addressing critical needs for energy efficiency, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability in industrial operations.

Digital Control System in the industry has been used in most of the applications based on expensive Programmable Logical Controllers (PLC). These Systems are, in general, highly complex and slow, with an operation cycle around 10ms. In this work, a Reconfigurable Logic Controller (RLC) approach is presented, based on a small and low cost Xilinx Virtex-II FPGA architecture, operating as a virtual hardware machine. In this context, the main process is specified in a formal language, based on Petri nets or SFC (Sequential Function Chart). For applications that demand more hardware than that available in the FPGA, a partial reconfiguration mechanism takes place. From the Petri net specification, the main process is split into multiple contexts, which are sequentially executed within the same FPGA, without violating the operation cycle of application. J.7 [Computer Applications]: Computers in Other Systemsindustrial control, process control, real time.

This practical laboratory report focuses on the automation of traffic lights at a four-lane intersection using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Students are required to connect traffic lights and sensors, as well as develop the control logic for operating the light bulbs. The report outlines the key implementation steps, including identifying inputs and outputs, creating an I/O Allocation Table, and wiring the PLC panel to the traffic light panel. The tasks involve configuring an I/O address table, programming the traffic light switching sequence, incorporating vehicle detection, and integrating pedestrian crossing features. The primary objective of the practical is to provide students with hands-on experience in PLC programming and control system design.

The evolution of advanced nuclear power plants (NPPs) necessitates the integration of robust and reliable automation systems to ensure safe, efficient, and continuous operation. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), as critical components of nuclear instrumentation and control (I&C) systems, play a vital role in automating complex processes, managing reactor systems, and executing safety-critical functions. This review examines the application of PLC-based architectures in advanced nuclear plant automation, with emphasis on their adaptability, real-time processing capabilities, and fault-tolerant designs. Recent studies highlight PLCs' integration with digital instrumentation, supervisory control systems, and distributed control systems (DCS) to enhance plant-wide monitoring and control. The paper explores advancements in redundancy techniques, cybersecurity measures, and compliance with international nuclear safety standards, including IEC 61513 and IEEE 7-4.3.2. However, challenges persist, including aging legacy PLC systems, limitations in handling complex algorithms for predictive diagnostics, and vulnerabilities to cyber threats in increasingly networked environments. Additionally, the evolving regulatory landscape demands rigorous verification and validation (V&V) of PLC software and hardware to ensure compliance and operational safety. Future prospects involve transitioning towards more intelligent, AI-enhanced PLCs, incorporating model-based control strategies, and leveraging digital twin frameworks for predictive maintenance and operational optimization. This review synthesizes current research from reputable journals and technical reports to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of PLCs in nuclear plant automation, identifying key challenges and charting future directions for next-generation nuclear energy systems.

This thesis presents the design and implementation of a cost-effective and energy-efficient smart temperature regulation system based on PLC and PID control. The system integrates Siemens S7-1200 PLC, PT100 sensor, Delta drive, and HMI for industrial and agricultural applications. A system model was identified using MATLAB, and PID tuning was performed for precise temperature control.

This research presents the development and evaluation of a three-position gearshifts remote control system for agricultural tractors, designed to improve operational efficiency and reduce operator fatigue. The system utilizes a programmable logic controller to remotely control a linear actuator, enabling seamless gear shifting between three predetermined positions. The primary objective is to provide operators with a convenient, ergonomic alternative to traditional manual gear shifting, particularly in challenging or confined working environments. The system was tested under two conditions: first, with a programmable logic controller controlling the linear actuator via a remote transmitter; second, with the system installed on an actual tractor and tested in a road scenario. Results from both tests demonstrate the system's effectiveness in enhancing ease of operation, reducing physical strain, and maintaining gearshifts precision. The findings suggest that the remote control system offers significant potential for improving tractor operation, particularly for tasks requiring frequent gear changes or when working in difficult terrain. This research contributes to the ongoing development of automation in agricultural machinery, offering insights into remote control applications and the integration of electromechanical systems in agricultural vehicles.

Stone crusher plant used for rock crushing, garbage crushing, building materials crushing and other similar operations. In mines and quires, stones and rocks of different sizes are broken to obtain small stones or sand. Project will be designed on IoT based automation and by this we can save money. Project is Automatic Stone Crushing Plant. It is an Automatic Stone Crushing Plant Based on PLC (Programmable Logical Controller) and IOT, Which crush stones automatically without human interface. The plant will operate in any temperature, the plant may affect the climate and it will be harmful for human health due to dust that's why it will be installed in open air or desert, the project is design in Asia Pakistan in 2019. The main scope of our project is it will help professional's business side and we introduce a new idea using IoT in it so it is very helpful for professional business side to install this idea.

This report explores Variable Frequency Drives / Variable Speed Drives ( VFD/ VSD ), detailing their operation, applications, and impact on energy efficiency in industrial settings. The report covers hands-on experience with VFD installation, programming, and maintenance, emphasizing their role in optimizing motor control and performance.

During my industrial training, I gained hands-on experience with Programmable Logic Controller ( PLC ) and HMI systems, focusing on ladder programming for automation. This involved developing and troubleshooting control logic, and designing HMI screens for monitoring and interaction, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of industrial processes.

Three-phase electric motors are widely used in the industrial world due to their ability to produce large torque and high efficiency. To support safe and effective operation, a simple yet reliable control system is required. In this project, a three-phase motor control system using two start buttons and one stop button was designed and implemented, which can be operated from two different locations. The experiment was conducted using Simurelay and an Omron Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) to increase the flexibility and reliability of the control. The operation method involved drafting work steps, creating wiring diagrams of the main circuit and controller circuit, and programming ladder diagrams on the PLC. The experiment also involved various electrical components such as contactors, overload relays, MCBs, pushbuttons, and pilot lamps. The experimental results show that the system is capable of effectively controlling electric motors from two different points, improving safety and operational efficiency in industrial environments. In addition, this project provided a deeper understanding of how electrical components work in real applications and the application of industrial automation using PLC

El rele diferencial es un componente de protección en cualquier cuadro eléctrico. Fundamentalmente tiene la misión de proteger a las personas de contactos indirectos. Se suele llamar diferencial de luz, relé diferencial, interruptor diferencial, diferencial eléctrico o simplemente diferencial. ¿Qué es el Diferencial? El Relé Diferencial es un aparato eléctrico cuya misión es la protección de personas contra los contactos indirectos. Contactos Indirectos = tocar un sitio donde no debería haber corriente, y sin embargo hay corriente, normalmente una corriente llamada de fuga. Un ejemplo de una corriente de fuga sería que por la carcasa de la lavadora, o del microondas, hubiera una corriente provocada por un cable haciendo mal contacto o pelado sobre la chapa. Esta pequeña corriente es una corriente de fuga. Si yo toco la carcasa de la lavadora lógicamente no tendría que tener ningún problema, pero si hay corriente de fuga por ella, sería un contacto indirecto. Hay entra el diferencial para protegernos. OJO el diferencial no protege contra sobrecargas y/o cortocircuitos en la instalación, para eso están los relés magnetotérmicos. Funcionamiento del Diferencial Funciona según el principio: la corriente entrante debe ser igual a la corriente saliente en un circuito; es la conocida ley de Kirchhoff. Por ejemplo, en un circuito monofasico, la I que entra por el cable fase y la que sale por el neutro, debe ser la misma, si se da lo contrario, tenemos una fuga de corriente. Caso típico: una persona toca la carcasa de la lavadora, sentirá el choque de esta fuga de corriente. Y el diferencial sentirá esa fuga de corriente a través de la persona, y operara cortando el circuito. Por eso se dice también que es un interruptor automático diferencial. En caso de que una persona toque una parte con corriente donde no debería de tener corriente (contacto indirecto, el interruptor diferencial desconectará la instalación en un tiempo lo suficientemente corto como para no provocar daños graves a la persona por la corriente de fuga que pase por la persona. Nota: en la primera imagen de la página, verás que el diferencial tiene un botón para probarlo y comprobar que funciona correctamente.Debería comprobarse por lo menos una vez al año. Lo que hace el botón de prueba es producir esa diferencia de corriente en el diferencial provocando que corte el circuito. Si no saltara el diferencial al apretar este botón deberíamos cambiarlo, ya que no funciona y por lo tanto no nos está protegiendo. Sensibilidad del Diferencial La sensibilidad es el valor que aparece en catálogo y que identifica al modelo. Sirve para diferenciar el valor de la corriente a la que se quiere que "salte" el diferencial, es

Existen diversas tecnologías y metodologías para mejorar la eficiencia y calidad en los procesos industriales, las cuales tienen como objetivo común optimizar la producción, reducir costos y garantizar la satisfacción del cliente. En este sentido, el proyecto propone el desarrollo de una banda transportadora automatizada que integre un sistema de selección de productos en buen estado y rechazo de aquellos defectuosos, con el fin de enfocar los esfuerzos en la reducción de errores. El procedimiento adecuado para este proyecto inicia con la identificación de los aspectos críticos de la calidad, como la precisión en la detección de defectos, la velocidad de procesamiento y la eficiencia en el rechazo de productos no conformes. El proyecto no solo busca mejorar la calidad del producto final, sino también optimizar los tiempos de producción, reducir el desperdicio y minimizar los costos asociados a errores humanos. A través de la implementación de tecnologías.

Automation is the process of handling various parameters of process like temperature, flow, level etc. without presence of responsible person. In industrial field, Automation and control have greatly improve in industrial manufacturing in the world Technological advancement in automation and control over the past decades have contributed greatly to improve the productivity of virtually all manufacturing industries throughout the world. In the development of automation controllers the trend has been to move towards soft controllers so as to provide better control, more flexibility and more reliability with intelligent diagnostics of machine faults. So industries have gradually moved from conventional relay logic control to programmable logic control and then to computerized numeric control. In this paper all the required control and motor performance data will be taken to a personal computer via PLC for further analysis. Various results are obtained and discussed.

The growth of the complexity of automated systems in industry has occurred extensively in recent years due to the production demand increase, quality improvements and flexibility to restructure the manufacturing systems in order to satisfy new procedures. Nevertheless, the evolution of control devices and their functionalities, such as processor speed, memory and network communication has advanced in parallel with the factories' requirements. Although the evolution of automation in industrial processes is a fact, there is still a scarcity of formal methods for analysis, project and implementation of control systems for Discrete Event Systems (DES) in order to reduce the development time, reduce human resources investment, and satisfy the operational requirements for certain systems in an effective way. Furthermore, the occurrence of programming bugs resulting in errors due to interruption in the process and losses due to poorly designed software is obviously unacceptable nowadays in this market that has a just-in-time mindset and is strongly focused on profits. Usually, the projects for supervisory control systems are based on the knowledge of the system's practitioner, according to his experience in programming. The usage of formal methods is sparse, such that the reuse of documentation and source code as well as the dissemination of the knowledge generated are both impaired. Moreover, the automation of manufacturing systems has brought an increase in the complexity of control systems, so that to elaborate and implement robust and reliable control logic is not a trivial task. In order to minimize the risks due to programming errors and to permit a formal method for modelling DES, Ramadge & Wonham (1989) introduced the Supervisory Control Theory (SCT), which guarantees optimal control logic (nonblocking and minimally restrictive) for these systems. A Discrete Event System (DES) consists of a system with discrete states that are driven by events. In other words, its state evolution depends on the occurrence of discrete asynchronous events over time (Cassandras & Lafortune, 2008). Discrete Event Systems are quite common in the industry nowadays and the events may be classified as uncontrollable and controllable. Examples of controllable events are the start and end of an operation and examples of uncontrollable events are the activation and deactivation of a presence sensor.

Automatic field irrigation through soil image analysis represents a sophisticated advancement in agricultural technology, leveraging computer vision and machine learning to optimize water application. By capturing and analyzing soil images, the system evaluates key parameters such as moisture content, texture, and color to precisely determine irrigation requirements. This fully automated approach ensures water delivery based on real-time image data, minimizing wastage while maintaining optimal soil moisture levels for crop growth. When integrated with IoT and remote-control capabilities, the system facilitates efficient management of extensive farmlands, enhancing sustainable water usage. Furthermore, continuous machine learning refinement enhances the accuracy of soil condition predictions, leading to progressively improved irrigation strategies over time.

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

3. L'étudiant doit être capable de lire et d'interpréter un schéma d'automation et instrumentation ; 4. L'étudiant doit être capable d'analyser un réseau local industriel ; 5. L'étudiant doit être capable d'analyse un système d' information industriel et la supervision industriel. IV.METHODE DE COMMUNICATION 1. Cours théorique orienté vers la pratique ; 2. Organisation TD et TP ; 3. Autoformation. 4. Lecture du support du cours V. METHODE D'EVALUATION 1. Travaux dirigés et pratiques ; 2. Interrogations ; et 3. Examen

This paper presents a closed-loop controller for speed regulation of a three-phase induction motor by means of
a Modbus network, which is compound only by industrial-purpose hardware, namely two programmable logic controllers,
a human-machine interface and a variable-frequency drive. This represents a step beyond the state of the art because the
results in similar works reported in the literature were obtained using personal computers, academic-purpose hardware
or a combination of both academic-industrial technologies. The speed regulation was achieved through a proportionalintegral
controller executed in a programmable logic controller, whose feedback was supplied by another similar device
completely dedicated to read and decode an industrial optical encoder; furthermore, the control signals were commanded
to the alternating current motor using a variable-frequency drive. The proposed control network was tested through diverse
regulation experiments, under different conditions, in order to assess its effectiveness and robustness. The obtained results
were successful in terms of accuracy of the speed set-point tracking in comparison to the most similar works of the
state of the art, namely zero steady-state error was achieved, 12 seconds earlier for 75% larger references and 22%
less RMSE than other works, which are the best results reported so far. Such successful achievements encourage the
later implementation of more advanced control techniques on three-phase-motor based industrial machinery using only
industrial-purpose hardware.

Figura 1: Partida Y-∆ com Relé temporizado específico. Desenhar o triângulo de potência do motor, a partir da medição feita e dos dados de paca do motor; Calcular, a partir dos dados de paca do motor, a corrente de partida para cada caso, em Y e em ∆; Por qual motivo existe o inter-travamento de forma a impedir que os contatores K2 e K3 operem ao mesmo tempo? Explique a razão de utilizar o relé de tempo RTW-ET ao invés de usar o RTW-RE.

This work presents the development of a command and drive system for
a three-phase motor using the star-delta method. This system allows the starting of three-phase electric motors by reducing the electric current at startup, ensuring safer and more efficient operation. The implementation was carried out using a SIEMENS S7-300 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and the Simatic Manager software for control logic programming.

This work aims to present the operation of a Programmable logic controller (PLC), using the SIMATIC Manager for addressing and the S7-300 as a job controller. After the addresses were made, allocating the commands to the digital/analog inputs and outputs, the system was tested, starting the operation of the signals as determined in the electrical diagram, alternating between on and off, using the truth table to verify that the commands correspond to what is on it. The group work served as a very significant practical experience for the students, integrating the theoretical and practical parts in the development of PLC S7-300 programming. The methodology applied ensured rigor and quality, reflecting the importance of a structured approach.

This work develops an automated rainwater harvesting system for reuse,
using a Siemens S7-300 PLC (CPU 314C-2 PN/DP) and a humidity sensor. The sensor activates a three-phase motor to stretch a tarpaulin over rails and collect it. When there is no more humidity or when the reservoir reaches the maximum level, it will not activate. The project involved the selection of components, creation of diagrams and programming in Ladder.

Siemens, a company that focuses on the automation sector, is responsible
for developing various equipment, including the PLC, which is highlighted in this technical note. The project's objective is to explain one of the timer functions, the S_PULSE S5 timer, found in the SIMATIC Manager software used for programming Siemens Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). In addition to using this timer function, a pulse latch was applied to enable greater operator autonomy, allowing the timer to be activated with a single press of the push button. The programming was carried out using Ladder language, and the conclusions presented in this article result from practical studies conducted on automation test benches at the SENAI-Benfica facilities under the supervision of the advisor Professor.

Most of the old machines installed in different industries are managed manually by system operators. This action makes their productivity low and not suitable to cover the needs in other sectors. In addition, these machines are not without risks due to the proximity of the operators to them. The installing a new full system instead of the old one on the same site requires very high costs. So, modernizing the same old system by making its operation automatic has become necessary to reduce the economic cost significantly. In this paper, an automatic control system based on programmable logic controller (PLC) for the cutting steel plate machine that had been managed manually in a factory is designed. The system includes an Encoder that is used to specify the length of the steel plate to be cut by sending a signal to the PLC. The system operation is completed by using human machine interface (HMI) unit to monitor and control the system performance by the system operator. A practical test for the developed system offered more productivity (more than 30%), more safety, reduces human efforts and the total daily production cost (less than one third).

Production processes in modern industry demand higher levels of quality and efficiency in their products. The "Hermanos Díaz" Oil Refinery Company of Santiago de Cuba, a fundamental pillar in the economic and social development of the eastern part of the country, has a chemical water treatment plant responsible for supplying processed water to the industry's boilers. The current state of this plant supports the lack of optimal physicalchemical conditions in the water it delivers and, therefore, the gradual deterioration of the boilers. This work conceives an automation solution for the dosing, precipitation, and clarification processes of the chemical water treatment plant. Control systems were designed based on instrumentation proposals, enabling reliable measurements and practical actions. In addition, an algorithm of supervision and automatic control using a programmable programmable logic controller (PLC) is presented, making the plant capable of delivering a product in optimal conditions. Images were designed for local and remote process control using a human-machine interface (HMI) panel and a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Finally, an automation architecture with a decentralized periphery is proposed to ensure safety and accuracy in the system's decision-making through communication protocols.

Introduction: Knowledge in the design of electronic devices is essential for
professionals in the electronics area.  Objective: The study aims to describe the design process of a programmable control board using Altium Designer software. Methodology: A descriptive level non-experimental design is carried out. The process involves the design of
the schematic circuit using interconnected blocks, followed by the design on a double-sided copper board. The circuit includes: power supply, inputs and outputs, controller block and Ethernet communications.  Results: The use of Altium Designer greatly facilitated the design of printed circuit boards, through the construction of interconnected blocks, with high
efficiency, which allows in the future to reuse the implemented blocks for future projects.  The location of components and tracks created are unique, being almost impossible to replicate with other existing software in the market. Conclusion: The high demand for Altium Designer in the industry and the customization possibilities demonstrate its relevance.
The implementation of artificial intelligence and the need for intuitive learning methods are areas for improvement for novice designers. Ultimately, the study contributes to the efficient understanding of current electronic design technologies for support in process automation
systems.  General area of study: Electronic. Specific area of study: Printed Circuit Design.

The desired set of skills required of modern engineers and technologists has been steadily expanding. In addition to familiarity with robotics and CAD/CAM techniques, rapid prototyping is increasingly becoming an essential tool in the design and manufacturing of complex systems. In this paper, the application of rapid prototyping in fabricating a walking robotic system and mechanism is presented. Using a Dimension uPrint Personal 3D Printer, prototypes of a robot body and legs are fabricated. These components are then used to fabricate the articulated structure of an experimental prototype for a quadruped robot. The necessary information about methods of control, power, sensors, batteries, electronics, and more is presented. Materials, methods, and tools are outlined, including the use of servomotors and microcontroller-based control systems. Students in the Applied Engineering Technology program are required to work with this robotic project as part of a laboratory experiment in the "MET 205 Robotics and Mechatronics" class. Providing students with such a hands-on approach enables them to improve their robotic skills by using rapid prototyping and microcontrollers for performing different robotic applications.

Ce cours a pour objectif de permettre aux lecteurs de comprendre la structure, la modélisation et la mise en oeuvre des systèmes automatisés contrôlés et commandés par ordinateur. Il contient les matières suivantes : introduction à l' automatique et à la robotique ; les systèmes automatisés linéaire et logique ; les automates programmables industriels ; l' Introduction à l' Ethernet industriel et à l' Internet Industriel ; le système d'information industriel ; et la supervision industrielle.

Water scarcity poses a critical challenge to agricultural sustainability in nations like Pakistan, despite abundant solar energy potential offering a sustainable solution for year-round productivity enhancement. This research focuses on designing and prototyping a PLC-based solar-powered automated irrigation system tailored for water-strained agricultural nations.

The primary goal of this research is to design, prototype, and evaluate a PLC-based solar-powered automated irrigation system. The study utilizes PLC technology (Siemens SIMATIC S7-1200) for automation, incorporating capacitive moisture sensors for closed-loop control based on soil moisture and environmental data for data-driven decision making and precision agriculture. HMI is employed for real-time monitoring and control interface. Results from prototype development show promising outcomes in optimizing water use efficiency and reducing reliance on unreliable electricity sources. This paper underscores the potential of such technologies in fostering sustainable AgriTech development and addressing the pressing water challenges faced by agricultural sectors in developing countries. Prototype development and testing have shown significant improvements in water efficiency compared to traditional irrigation methods. Automated control based on real-time sensor feedback has demonstrated precise water management, enhancing crop yield potential without increasing water consumption.

This paper describe the use of the industrial network communication AS-
Interface together with PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) SIEMENS, the ASInterface master module and software SIMATIC MANAGER STEP7. Applying the methodology explanatory operational where the system is exposed so that the user can take in the information and operate the system, will be addressed, mounting hardware, and system software configurations (master and slave) and the initial programming of data transfer, using the programming language Ladder.

The NAND gate is one of the fundamental gates in digital electronics. It is a combination of the AND and NOT gates. The NAND gate takes two or more inputs and produces an output that is the inverse of the AND gate. That is, the output will be 0 only if all the inputs are 1; otherwise, the output will be 1. The NAND gate plays a crucial role in the construction of digital circuits and is fundamental to electronics and computing. The symbol for the NAND gate is similar to that of the AND gate, but with a small circle (called an "inversion bubble") at the output. This circle indicates that the output is inverted relative to the AND gate. In ladder code (also known as ladder diagram or ladder logic), the NAND gate is represented differently than in traditional digital circuits because the ladder was originally developed to represent relay circuits in industrial automation systems.

This study explores the importance of logical principles, especially combinational logic, and their applications in mechatronic engineering. Logic, being the basis of all science, is fundamental in the construction of complex automated systems. Focusing on the development of its applications of the OR logic gate in several subareas of mechatronics, highlighting its importance in control systems, industrial networks and process optimization. Through the use of PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) and simulation software, we show how Boolean logic and programming languages ​​are applied to the creation of efficient, flexible and adaptable systems in industrial environments.

The AND logic gate is a digital device that performs a logical operation, generating a true output (with a logic level of ‘1’) when all of its inputs are true. If any of its inputs are false (with a logic level of ‘0’), the output will also be false (with a logic level of ‘0’). The AND gate's truth table only results in 1 when all inputs are ‘1’. In digital circuits, the AND logic gate is widely used for decision-making and control functions. It is generally applied in scenarios where multiple conditions must be met simultaneously, such as in security systems or processing units. It is also used in decoding and multiplexing circuits, where a predetermined combination of several input signals provides a single output. In the context of low-complexity hypothetical applications, examples of this gate are presented in simplifie.

In the processing and manufacturing industries there is great demand for industrial control system/ automation in order to streamline operations in terms of speed, reliability and product output. Automation plays an increasingly important key role in the world economy and in daily experience. The designed system, carousel automated bottling system includes the user defined volume selection at any desired level. The fabricated prototype processes are controlled by PLC using programming ladder logics developed in Allen Bradley software. The input and output module of the system plays important role in getting communication between PLC and prototype. Signaling conditions of I/O modules makes the system processes work accordingly with ladder logics developed. PLC is considered as the heart of any system in automation industries. Every result leads to the conclusion that the operation of PLC in is very inspiring. If the empty bottle to be filled is not present or detected, then the solenoid valve in that position is switched off, thereby avoiding wastage of the liquid.

Objective Obesity, as a major public health issue, is rapidly increasing. Depression is one of the most common mental health problems in people with obesity. The current study aims to investigate the relationship of body mass index (MBI) and waist circumferences with depression in overweight/obese people referred to the nutrition therapy clinics in a city in Iran. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were 414 overweight/obese people referred to nutrition and diet therapy clinics in Qirokarzin City in Fars Province of Iran in 2023. Beck's depression inventory (BDI) was used to determine the depression severity of participants. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 24 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results Among participants, 53.6% had no depression/mild depression and 46.4% had depression. There was a significant difference in the BDI score between males and females (P=0.023) and between obese and overweight people (P=0.048). There was no statistically significant relationship between depression and waist circumference. The logistic regression model including age, gender, and BMI variables showed that the odds of depression was higher in women by 1.7 units than in men (P=0.016). Conclusion Overweight and obesity are significantly related to depression. Depression is significantly higher in obese/overweight women than in obese and overweight men. Therefore, it seems that gender is a confounding factor in the relationship found between obesity and depression.

The transformer is very expensive and bulky power system equipment. It runs and feed the load for 24 hours a day. Sometimes the load on the transformer unexpectedly rises above its rated capacity in that situation the load on the transformer increases and it will be overloaded and current will increase and cause overheating which in results damage the insulation of transformer. That insulation failure resulting in interruption of power supply. The common problems which transformer face is overloading voltage fluctuations and heating effect. It takes lot of time to fix the transformer so that a device need to be introduced a device which would help in automatically sharing of these over voltages. We will try to build an automated transformer sharing system in this project where the transformer current is confined to auxiliary transformer and automatically enters system. There are three transformers working as sources in this project, initially when the main switched ON the load that ...

Ce document couvre les matières suivantes : généralités sur l' automatique , l les automates finis, les systèmes linéaires et logiques, les automates programmables industriels, les réseaux  d' automates, l'Ethernet industriels et l'' Internet industriels.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cloud computing (CC) and company size on accounting information quality. Data were collected using an online questionnaire which followed the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The research sample consisted of 178 respondents from accountants and audit offices in the Emirate of Riyadh. The study adopted a Smart PLS in hypothesis testing. The study's results indicated just a positive relationship between perceived benefit and quality of accounting Information. In addition, there was a clear influence of company size on the relationship between CC and accounting information quality.

Boä moâ n Ñiện Coâ ng Nghieä p Baø i taä p thöï c taä p PLC Trang 1 BÀI TẬP  Bài 1 :  Yêu cầu :  Bài 2 :  Yêu cầu : Hãy viết chương trình điều khiển cho một động cơ mở máy trực tiếp hoạt động như sau : khi ấn S 1 động cơ hoạt động. Khi muốn dừng ta ấn S 2. Động cơ được bảo vệ quá tải bằng rơle nhiệt. Hãy vẽ mạch động lực, kết nối phần cứng và mạch điều khiển theo yêu cầu.  Sơ đồ mạch động lực :  Sơ đồ kết nối phần cứng :  Viết chương trình điều khiển :

In recent times, the adoption of cloud computing by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has become a crucial issue. These businesses face substantial difficulties in accessing reliable and affordable IT infrastructure due to economic constraints and technological restrictions. Hybrid cloud computing solutions which incorporate Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) offer a feasible approach to overcoming these challenges. This study proposes a systematic literature review of cloud computing's impact on SME performance emphasizing cost-efficiency, reliability, and competitive advantages, using the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. The inclusion criteria are bounded by (1) publication date between 2014 and 2024, (2) English-language publications, (3) research focused on cloud computing for SMEs, and (4) studies with a clear analytical framework for evaluating SME performance. Following this process, 90 eligible research studies were included. The average total cost for cloud services varies significantly, with operational costs reflecting the scalability of the services and the specific needs of SMEs. This analysis offers valuable guidance for SMEs and stakeholders in optimizing cloud-based strategies for enhanced performance.

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang desain dan pengembangan mesin press biobriket menggunakan sistem elektro pneumatik sebagai penggerak utama untuk proses penekanan briket, pengisian bahan baku dan proses pengeluaran briket dari silinder pencetaknya. Mesin ini terdiri dari tiga silinder pneumatik yang masing masing berfungsi sebagai poros penekan dan mengeluarkan briket dari silindernya(Ram), memasukkan dan mengeluarkan silinder pengisi (feeder) dan pelat penahan cetakan (die) dari bawah tempat pemrosesan briket, dan tiga katup pengontrol tekanan dan katup pengatur arah, katup kontrol tekanan dan katup kontrol arah dikendalikan oleh logika yang di program pada ladder program PLC. Ladder logic dikembangkan di PLC untuk mengatur aktuasi (DCVs). DCVs membuat mesin press briket sepenuhnya bekerja secara otomatis tanpa ada intervensi manual sehingga akan meningkatkan akurasi dan efisiensi mesin press. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan mesin produksi biobriket yang bekerja secara otomasi dengan multi cyclus produksi, tekanan yang dapat di variasikan, dan mampu memproduksi biobriket dengan kapsitas dan kualitas yang tinggi. Pengaturan sistem gerak maju mundurnya silinder pencetak, poros penekan dan pelat penahan cetakan dikontrol oleh ladder program didalam PLC. Mesin ini menggunakan 3 unit double acting silinder bertekanan masing masing 10 bar untuk melakukan proses press biobriket, mengeluarkan dan memasukkan silinder cetakan dan die ketempat pemrosesan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mesin press bekerja secara efektif dengan multi siklus porduksi. Dalam satu siklus produksi mesin ini mampu menghasilkan 40 briket dalam waktu 12 menit.

It has been built an equipment for adsorption process based on Programmable Logic Control (PLC) OMRON ZEN 10C1AR-A. PLC controlled open or close position of solenoid valve and speed of servo motor for sample glass position. The equipment used continuous method which flow liquid sample contained heavy metal ion to bioreactor system. In bioreactor system the liquid sample was flowed into glass column containing algae biomass. Temperature and flow of liquid sample in glass column was held on constant value according to time setting. Time setting of the process was 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes respectively. The components controlled of the system were PLC, solenoid valve and servo motor. PLC OMRON ZEN 10C1AR-A was programmed to produce a computer program which operated the system according to sequent of the process. The result of liquid sample was stored safely for next observation about the adsorption level of biomass algae in liquid which contained heavy metal ion. The continu...