medicinal & Aromatic plants

Aloe vera has been used for many centuries for its medicinal properties. It contains several compounds such as phenolics, which includes Aloin that has been proposed as a potential therapeutically option in cancer. Phenolic compounds are also of great interest for the food industry, since they have been assigned as functional ingredients. This study aimed to extract, identify and quantify the main phenolic compounds of Aloe barbadensis Miller gel and to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Methodology. Aloe vera gel was previously extracted and lyophilized. Then, four different extractions were applied using a solid-liquid ratio of 1 g of Aloe vera to 30 ml of solvent (water, water plus enzyme (Cellulase), ethanol/water (80:20 v/v) or ethanol/water (80:20 v/v) plus enzyme) for 2 h at 45 °C, to obtain bioactive extracts. Total phenolic content were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Individual phenolic compounds were identified by UPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results. Results shown that the enzymatic process with the organic solvent was the best strategy to recover phenolic compounds from Aloe vera gel. These data were corroborated with the phenolic profile obtained in these extractions, including aloin, naringin, rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, apigenin cinnamic acid, and hesperidin. Other compounds were also identified in all Aloe vera extracts, though in lower amount, such as resveratrol, ferulic acid, quercetin, coumaric acid, vanillic acid and syringic acid. The antioxidant activity values determined by the FRAP and ABTS methods are in agreement with the results obtained for the phenolic compounds, showing that extracts with a higher concentration of phenolic compounds have greater antioxidant activity. Conclusion. Aloe vera is a good source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity raising its industrial interest as a functional ingredient.

Context: Medicinal plants represent a primary source of health care for a multitude of commonly encountered disorders. Herbal medicine is widely practiced in Saudi Arabia, which is home to various species of medicinal plants. Aims: To investigate the prevalence, attitudes, and patterns of medicinal plants usage among Saudi public and identify the medicinal plants used to manage various gastrointestinal and dermatological disorders. Methods: The study was conducted through an online survey, and a total of 944 complete responses were received. Results: Most participants believe in the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants (90.7%), use them in their daily life (68.4%), use them for their young children (51.8%), report no usage complications (70.2%), and indicate culture as the basis of usage (56.7%). The main reported complications were allergies, diarrhea, dizziness, rash, and vomiting. The distribution of responses varied across attitudes and by demographic factors, with female gender, older age, and countryside residence associated with overall more positive attitudes or prevalent usage. A total of 182 different medicinal plants were reported by the participants for twelve common gastrointestinal and dermatological conditions, including constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence or poor appetite, hemorrhoids, ulcers, mouth infections, nausea and vomiting, acne, boils, eczema, burns, and wounds. The number of reported medicinal plants for each indication ranged from 43 to 68, and their frequencies were calculated. Conclusions: Traditional herbal medicine is highly accepted and prevalent among the Saudi public, with a wide variety of medicinal plants used for various gastrointestinal and dermatological disorders.

Background: Curcumin, a major constituent of turmeric, is widely recognized for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Thymoquinone (TQ), a bioactive phytochemical derived from Nigella sativa, has been shown to inhibit inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-2, and PGE2 in human immune and epithelial cells. Given their individual efficacy, combining curcumin and TQ may enhance anti-inflammatory effects while potentially reducing the required dose of curcumin. Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of a Curcumin-Thymoquinone (CTQ) complex (CurQnone®) was evaluated and compared with curcumin alone in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay to identify non-toxic concentrations. Subsequently, cells were treated with CTQ or curcumin at 15.62 and 7.8 µg/mL in the presence of LPS (1 µg/mL) to induce an anti-inflammatory response. The mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS were measured using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results: Both CTQ and curcumin significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS in LPS-stimulated cells. Notably, CTQ exhibited better efficacy (TNF by & COX-2 by) in suppressing these inflammatory gene markers compared to curcumin alone at equivalent concentrations. Conclusion: CTQ demonstrated enhanced anti-inflammatory activity relative to curcumin, suggesting its potential as a more effective therapeutic intervention for inflammatory conditions. These findings support further investigation into CTQ’s use as an immunomodulatory agent.

Background: Curcumin and thymoquinone (TQ) are phytochemicals with well-established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Curcumin inhibits NF-κB and MAPK signaling, and reduces transcriptional priming of inflammatory mediators, but its limited bioavailability restricts therapeutic effectiveness. TQ, derived from Nigella sativa, complements curcumin by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhancing antioxidant responses through NRf2 signaling. A proprietary curcumin and TQ (CTQ) complex (CurQnone®) has been hypothesized to achieve broader suppression of inflammatory pathways than curcumin alone. This study compared the efficacy of CTQ with curcumin monotherapy in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: RAW 264.7 macrophages were pre-treated with CTQ or curcumin (7.8 and 15.62 μg/mL), followed by stimulation with LPS (1 μg/mL). Cell culture supernatants were collected and analyzed for IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-1β levels using ELISA, with fold changes calculated relative to untreated controls. In parallel, transcriptional expression of iNOS and COX-2 was assessed by RT-PCR to evaluate the extent of inflammatory gene priming. Results: Both CTQ and curcumin significantly attenuated LPS-induced cytokine production and iNOS/COX-2 expression. CTQ consistently demonstrated stronger inhibition than curcumin alone, with fold reductions as follows: IL-1β (8.3-fold vs. 5.4-fold), IL-6 (5.4-fold vs. 2.4-fold), and IL-17A (9.4-fold vs. 8.6-fold). These effects were evident at both tested concentrations, suggesting a dose-responsive trend. In addition, CTQalso resulted in stronger downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 transcripts, indicating more effective blockade of transcriptional priming and pro-inflammatory mediator synthesis. Conclusion: CTQ exerted broader and more potent anti-inflammatory effect than curcumin alone in LPS-stimulated macrophages, targeting both transcriptional priming and cytokine maturation pathways. Its pronounced IL-6/IL-17 axis highlights potential application in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. These findings support CTQ as a synergistic, dose-sparing nutraceutical candidate warranting further preclinical and clinical evaluation.

Öz: Hızlı gelişen teknoloji, artan rekabet koşulları ve küreselleşen ekonomik şartlar ile birlikte şirketler varlıklarını sürdürebilmek için maliyetlerini düşürmeye, kaliteli ürün-hizmet üretmeye ve ürün çeşitlerini geliştirerek pazar paylarını artırmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak ortaya çıkan yönetim bilgi sistemi ürünlerinden birisi olan Kurumsal Kaynak Planlaması (ERP) sistemi firmalara bu koşulları gerçekleştirebilmek için önemli avantajlar sağlamaktadır. ERP firmaların geleceğine yönelik çalışmalarını yönlendirebilmek adına geliştirilen bir yönetim bilgi sistemi olarak değerlendirilirken, diğer taraftan tüm iş süreçlerini entegre eden bir yazılım sistemi olarak da tanımlanabilmektedir. Başarılı ERP uygulamaları firmalara düşük maliyet, daha iyi müşteri hizmetleri ve üretim takvimi gibi birçok yarar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Artvin ve Trabzon Orman Bölge Müdürlüklerinde ERP'nin uygulanabilirliği, işletmelerde uygulama aşamasında karşılaşılan zorluklar ve işletmeleri ERP'ye zorlayan nedenleri incelemek ve karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında orman bölge müdürlüklerindeki orman bölge müdürlerinin, orman bölge müdür yardımcılarının, şube müdürlerinin demografik özelliklerini belirlemek suretiyle işletmeleri ERP'ye götüren ifadeleri ortaya koymak üzere anket çalışması uygulanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın ortaya koyduğu bulgular, ERP yazılımlarının orman bölge müdürlüklerinde kullanabilirliğini ölçmesi, kullanım aşamasında karşılaşılan problemlerin belirlenmesi ve işletmeleri kurumsal kaynak planlama kullanmaya götüren nedenleri açıklaması açısından önemlidir.

Context: Cordia sebestena fruits are traditionally used to treat wounds, boils, tumors, gout, ulcer, flu, fever, asthma, menstrual cramps, dysentery, diarrhea, headache, snakebite and liver disorders. However, information on hepatoprotective potential of Cordia sebestena fruit has not been reported in the research. Aims: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (CSFE) against simvastatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: After authentication of fruit, its ethanolic extract was collected. Hepatotoxicity was induced by simvastatin in rodents. Hepatoprotective potential of CSFE was evaluated at 200 and 400 mg/kg, body weight by determining the altered levels of biochemical parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), cholesterol, bilirubin, urea, albumin, total protein and hematological indices including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb),...

Danger and beauty have always gone hand-in-hand-or in this case, nose-in-heart when it comes to some of the world's most poisonous flowers. Here, we take a historical sniff at how oleander, datura and bella donna among others have been used for centuries in fragranced potions; with recent perfumers paying homage to the flowers' alluring powers in the niche fragrance scene.

The experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with six calcium doses of 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 g L-1 supplied from CaCl2 and CaNO3 with three replicates in 2018-2020. Uniform-sized petunia corms were planted in plots spaced by 30 × 25 cm. Foliar fertilizers were sprayed twice, first after inflorescence emergence and second 12 days later. All the cultural operations (fertilization, irrigation, and control) were conducted similarly in all plots. The soil was analyzed for physicochemical properties. The soil texture was Loamy soils (Moderately fine texture) sand-45, Silt-Clay-22 (Sandy clay loam). The soil organic C-0.38, total N0.05, P-8.9, and K198mg kg-1 contents were observed. The total Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and B concentrations were 4.00, 0.67, 5.21, 0.4, and 0.71 mg kg-1 , respectively. Also, the soil pH and EC were 7.2 and 1.0 dS m-1 , respectively. Each plot was treated with Sulphur 90% W.D.G. Helps in maintaining the appropriate pH of the soil, thereby better uptake of other nutrients., ammonium nitrate used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer, Super phosphate at 200kg per hector and phosphorus and potassium sulfate (K2SO 4) as potassium sources were added to the field at the rates of 200 and 380 kg ha-1 , respectively. ZnSo4, Cuso4, MnSo4Fe, Boric Acid are also added to enrichment of micronutrients to the field.

In an attempt to better understand the role of medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the city of Sidi Bel Abbes among dozens of diabetic patients. The results obtained by 90 patients allowed us to identify 20 medicinal plants and 11 ethnobotanical family, based on the statistical analyses which were conducted using RStudio software a phytochemical study was achieved on the most cited plants representing, Olea europaea L cited by 20 individual (22.22 %) Rosmarinus Officinalis cited by 12 individual (13, 33%) and Artemisia herba Alba Asso cited by 6 individuals (6.66%). The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of such active substances as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and phenols, almost no side effects were associated with the use of medicinal plants and concluded that these plants can be a natural source of antioxidant compounds of high importance.

Based on a collection from north-cen¬ tral Peru, a new tuberous species of Polypodiaceae is recognized and described as Microgramma fas¬ ten. It differs from other coenosoric species by the presence of laminar scales intermixed among the sori and slender paraphyses with elongate apical cells possessing clear lumina and thin walls. A key for species identification in subgenus Solanopteris , to which the new species belongs, is provided. In addition, a new combination is made for a species previously recognized in the genus Solanopteris.

The aim of the study to established the standard monograph in respect of pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of Mirabilis jalapa Linn. tuberous root. The parameters were investigated as per the procedure mentioned in World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. Morphological characters showed that the roots are conical in shape, fleshy, healthy upper part followed by narrow at the end, branched, presence of buds on the surface, externally brown to dark grey in colour and internally whitish to buffed in colour, taste is slightly sweetest without any odour. Microscopically, the tuberous root showed the presence of Epidermis, cortex, collateral vascular bundle, medullary rays, phloem fibres, acicular crystal of calcium oxalate, starch grain, meta-xylem, proto-xylem etc. In phytochemical analysis the tuberous root extracts shown the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids and glycosides. Physicochemical parameters like ash value, loss on drying, foreign matter, extractable matter, foaming index, swelling index, volatile oil content, fluorescence analysis, crude fibre content, total number starch grain content and presence of heavy metals were established and reported. The present study will assist the further investigation on this plant.

The present research was made to investigate the potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Nepenthes khasiana Hook in Dexamethazone-induced Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Rats. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of pitcher extract of Nepenthes khasiana Hook was tested at two different doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg p.o. On day 11 of treatment, blood was collected for the estimation of serum glucose and lipid parameters. Pitcher extract was compared with standard Glibenclamide at a dose of 500 mcg/kg p.o. pitcher extract and Glibenclamide significantly decreased (P<0.05) dexamethazone induced elevation of serum glucose when compared to disease control group. Pitcher extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg showed better activity than standard. The present study indicates that pitcher extract of Nepenthes khasiana Hook show significant glucose and lipid lowering activity.

The synergistic activity of ethanolic plant extract of different plants was tested against MDR and Biofilm producing E. coli isolates. Six different combinations of ethanolic extracts of four plants was investigated and zone of inhibition was recorded.The zone of inhibition for the combinations was observed to be in the range of 2-24 mm diameter. The synergistic activity of Ocimum sanctum/ Eucalyptus globulus showed strong and best inhibition against E. coli isolates with mean value of 20.3 ± 0.3 mm. nearly, 50 % of the isolates were found to be inhibited at the inhibition zone of 20 mm and above. The lowest antibacterial activity was recorded for the combination of Eucalyptus globulus/ Azadirachta indica with mean value of 4.9 ± 0.0 mm. The isolates for these combinations were inhibited at zones of inhibition greater than 15 mm by 52.5% and 62.5%, respectively. The best antibacterial activity was recorded for Ocimum sanctum/ Eucalyptus globulus against isolate EC-43 with zone of inhibition of 23.7 ± 0.3 mm. The lowest antibacterial activity was recorded from the combination of Eucalyptus globulus/ Azadirachta indica of 2.1 ± 0.0 mm zone of inhibition against four E. coli isolates EC-9, EC-11, EC-44, and EC-45 respectively.

Jacqueline TRAORE, Directeur Co. .eroial Adjoint ont suivi de façon r6aulière la progression de l "tude, en participant à des réunions au cours desquelles ont 'té discuté. de. rapports d'avancement du travail et posés tous le. problème. lié• • la collecte et & l'interprétation de l'information disponible. De la sorte, Ils ont apporté une aide irremplaçable à l'équipe de. Jeune. chercheurs eã u responsable de l'étude. Qu'ils veuillent bien trouver ici l'expression de la reconnals.ance et de l'estime de ces derniers. D'autres cadres de la PP", certains cadres de l'UftPP, quelques représentants de l'Ordre des Pharmaciens, 19. responsable. de plusieurs ONG ayant une activité dans 19 do.aine de l'approvisionnement pharmaceutique de divers cercle. ou régions du "ail, ont été consultés plus ou moins loncue.ent, et ont fourni parCois avec zêle, parfois avec réticence, des renselsne.ents plus ou moins précis, plus ou moins utilisables, de. opinions, des appréciations, de. Idées d'organisation ou de réforme, des encouragements ou de. considérations désabusées. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTIC~1 1. QUELLE LISTE DE MEDICAMENTS ESSENTIELS? 3 2. QUELLES SPECIA~lTES RETIRER DU CATALOGUE DE LA PPN ? 13 Annexa: Spécialités concernées par l'Initiative de Bamako 18 3. QUELLES CONSEQUENCFS SUR LE CHIFPRZ DES ACHATS DE LA FPM? 25 4. QUEL CALENDRIER POUR LA MISE EN PLACE DES neDICAMEnTS EN DCI ? 39 Annexe : Nombre de mois couverts par les stocks et les commandes en cours 48 5. QUE PEUT-ON ATTENDRE DE L'OKPP ? 54 6. QUELLE VARIATION DES CHARGES DE LA ppn A ftISSIONS INCHANGEES ? 57 7. QUELLES SONT LES ALTERNATIVES REALISTES EN MATIERE DE DISTRIBUTION DU MEDICAMENT AU MALI ? 67 Annexe: Données de base sur le eoOt de la distribution d'après les expériences maliennes originales 88 S. QUELLES SERONT LES CONSEQUENCES POUR LA PPM ET POUR LA POPULATION DE DIVERSES DECISIONS ENVISAGEABLES ? 95 RESUME ET CONCLUSIONS TERMES DE REFER3nCë BIBLIOGRAPHIE -6- Mal1-, une l istc à nouveau bien raisonnée des médicaments qui pourraient être rendus accesûibles au prix le plus bas dans le cadre de l'Initiative de Bamako. -14--v notera par COMM=2. Les autres spécialités (et les produits divers) qui ne contiennent aucune des substances de la liste des OCI ~ont signalées par COMM=O. En résumé le code relatif à la correspondance, désigné par COMM, prend les valeurs suivantes :

Context: Despite of potential adverse effects, the use of herbal medicines has grown globally without proper regulatory measures. There is a scarcity of data on the pattern of use and general awareness towards herbal products among the Jordanians. Aims: To assess the prevalence, utilization, and attitude toward herbal medicines among the Jordanian public. Methods: A national cross-sectional self-reported survey on a random sample of adult population aged ≥ 18 years was conducted over two months to include 1820 adults in Jordan. A representative sample was collected using a proportionate random sampling technique, which enabled us to categorize the study population geographically. SPSS V26 was used for data analysis. The prevalence of herbal medicine use was 53.3% (971/1820), and respondents who aged >29 years were more likely to use herbal products. Predictors for using herbal products were: females (OR 4.23; 95%CI 1.97-9.55; p=0.0004), fair health status (OR 7.19; p=0.0001), and participants without chronic diseases were significantly less likely to use herbal medicines (OR 0.21; 95%CI 0.11-0.61; p=0.0007). The majority of respondents (86.5%, 1574/1820) thought herbal products were safe because they were made from natural ingredients. The most common reasons for using herbal products were chronic disease treatments (41.9%, 407/971), weight reduction (23.6%, 229/971), and to less extent improving the well-being (16.2%, 157/971). Conclusions: More than half of the targeted population used herbal medicines, a quarter of whom experienced adverse effects. The findings of this study have major community health implications for Jordan.

The role of spices to enhance flavor, aroma, color, and taste in the food is acknowledged since ancient times. Globally, over 100 varieties of spices are available, and the consumption of spices in the food has a plethora of health benefits, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and antifungal properties besides boosting the immune system. Nowadays, many cultures are known in the world. Part of these cultures is the lifestyle, in which nutrition plays a prominent role. Healthy nutrition contributes to the ideal provision of physical and mental development, as well as to the preservation and improvement of health. In different cultures, eating habits also differ, and special foods characteristic of the cultures appear. Spices are used willingly within most cultures, which are known to have numerous beneficial effects. Therefore, our publication presents the most important spices, which are commonly used during preparation of food. Due to their useful components, they are good for health by helping digestion, and give food a distinctive flavor and aroma. These spices include for example basil, cinnamon, turmeric, oregano, clove, mustard seeds, coriander, ginger, and ground paprika.

Medicinal plants in Cambodia have been used traditionally to treat various ailments such as backache, burn, cold, cough, diarrhea, headache, malaria, post-partum, sprain, stomachache and wound. This survey aimed at conducting the ethnobotanical observation on medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kampong Speu province, Cambodia. The survey was administered at Odonk District, Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia. The ethnobotanical data were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire method. The questionnaire was used to interview 8 respondents who were considered as local traditional healers. It was observed that the traditional healers used 50 species of medicinal plants. These plants were distributed amongst 25 families, the most of which belong to Fabaceae (24.0%; n = 6), Poaceae (16.0%; n = 4); Lamiaceae (16.0%; n = 4), Asian Journal of Pharmacognosy (2018) 2(1): 21-32 22 Zingiberaceae (16.0%; n = 4), Menispermaceae (12.0%; n = 3), Phyllanthaceae (12.0%; n = 3), Rubiace...

Non-timber forest products are the major source of income for mountainous countries like Nepal. This article attempts to explore a case of traded non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Jajarkot district and its contribution to the economy. Collection of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and resin tapping are some of the major sources of employment for a large number of rural people. 53 different types of NTFPs are traded from the Jajarkot district. Local people collect these NTFPs from the forest and export them within and outside the district mainly to India and China. Jajarkot district on average exported 1,590,681.72 kg NTFPs worth NRs. 3,819,271.6 (equivalent to USD 32,081.88) from the year 2015 to 2020 to the national economy through royalty. NRs. 2,246,719.4 (equivalent to USD 18,872.44) per year came from MAPs and NRs. 1,572,552.2 (equivalent to USD 13,209.4) from resin during the years 2015 to 2020. If this district could produce all the commonly available NTFPs in a large...

The stem bark extracts of Bauhinia rufescens Lam. (Fabaceae) yielded 6-methoxy-7-methyl-8-hydroxydibenz[ b,f]oxepin, α-amyrin acetate, β-sitosterol 3- O-β-D-xylopyranoside, 4-(2′-Hydroxyphenethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylphenol, menisdaurin and sequoyitol. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods and comparisons with the literature data. For the antimicrobial assay Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains were tested, while the tyrosinase inhibition assay utilized L-DOPA as a substrate for the tyrosinase enzyme. 6-Methoxy-7-methyl-8-hydroxydibenz[ b,f]oxepin, α-amyrin acetate, β-sitosterol 3- O-β-D-xylopyranoside, menisdaurin and sequoyitol showed weak to moderate activities with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values in the range of 112.5–900 μg/mL against all bacterial strains, while the MIC values for the fungal strains were in the range of 28.1–450 μg/mL. In the tyrosinase inhibition assay, α-amyrin acetate was found to be moderately acti...

The present study was designated to evaluate the antibacterial activities of methanol crude extract (M-L), hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone fractions from the leaves of Acanthus montanus (A. montanus). This plant is used as traditional folk medicine in Cameroon for the treatment of infectious diseases. The antibacterial activities of the extracts against B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium and B. stearothermophilus were tested using disc diffusion method. The inhibition parameters were determined using macrodilution method. Phytochemical analysis of these extracts was also conducted. The acute toxicity of M-L was also studied. The results showed that hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a significant antibacterial effect against all the strains studied. M-L presented a moderate activity where as acetone fraction was inactive. These activities may be the results of the presence of either of tannins, glycosides, polyphenols, triterpenes, leucoanthocyans, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins, flavonoids, lipids and sugars found in the leaves of this plant. The ratio of the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) over the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicates the bactericidal effect of the plant. M-L was found to be fairly non-toxic to the rats treated per os. These results support common use of leaves of A. montanus in the treatment of some infectious diseases.

A field experiment was conducted at the PSMA block, Dr. YSRHU-College of Horticulture, Anantharajupeta, from February to May 2025 to evaluate the optimal nutrient level and application method of NPK on the growth characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum cv. Cim-Saumya). The study employed a randomized block design with 11 treatment combinations and three replications. The recommended dose of fertilizer 80:40:40 kg ha⁻¹ was applied through varying soil application levels (100%, 80%, 60%, and 50%) and foliar spray concentrations (1% and 2%). Results indicated that combined soil and foliar application significantly enhanced plant growth. Treatment T4 (80% soil application + 2% foliar spray) recorded the highest values for plant height (68.23 cm and 70.67 cm), plant spread (45.27 cm East-West, 41.87 cm North-South at 45 days after transplanting; 54.93 cm East-West, 48.87 cm North-South at 60 days after transplanting), number of primary and secondary branches (10.13 and 60.00 at 45 days after transplanting; 15.27 and 77.00 at 60 days after transplanting), and total number of branches (70.13 and 92.27 at 45 and 60 days after transplanting, respectively). The lowest values were observed in the control (T11). These findings suggest that nutrient use efficiency can be improved and optimized recommended dose of fertilizer with a 20% reduction in soil-applied fertilizer when supplemented with foliar application.

Globally, Diabetic mellitus is a rapidly progressing metabolic disorder and is becoming a worldwide concern with several complications and deaths every year. Despite conventional anti-diabetic drugs, numerous kinds of research are going on to get the best cost-effective therapeutic agents with the least adverse effects for the management of diabetes and its complications. Nigella sativa is a spice with multi-effects on various disorders like anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, immune modulator, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, relives pain, bronchodilator, hepato and renal protective, gastro-protective, anti-oxidant properties. Amongst all effects, the anti-diabetic properties remained a cornerstone and was explored. Anti-diabetic effect of N. sativa was due to the presence of Thymoquinone, a major constituent responsible for its effect. Since long ago, studies revealed that the active constituent thymoquinone had a significant reduction in fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels (glycemic control), probably affecting the pancreatic β-cells, on insulin production and secretion; moreover, lipid profile was shown to be improved in both clinical and preclinical trials. However, there are not many studies on the exact dose to be administered for the therapeutic effect clinically. This review investigated and emphasized the molecular mechanism of N. sativa based on the pre-clinical, clinical and toxicological evaluations. This aimed for the estimation of effective dose of N. sativa therapeutically for healthier out-turn.

Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin and Barneby is a medicinal plant popularly used in Thailand. Young leaves and/or young flowers of this plant have been consumed by Thai people as a Khi Lek curry for a long time. The fresh young leaves and flowers are boiled with water 2-3 times to get rid of the bitterness and the boiled mush is used for curry cooking. Barakol, a major constituent of Senna siamea leaves was analyzed for its content in the fresh young leaves, the boiled leaves and the boiled filtrates by a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method. Fresh young leaves of S. siamea contained 0.4035% w/w barakol. The amount of barakol in the first and second boiled filtrates were 0.2052 and 0.1079% fresh weight, while the first and second boiled leaves samples were 0.1408 and 0.0414% fresh weight, respectively. The results show the process of preparation of Khi Lek curry by boiling S. siamea young leaves twice with water reduced barakol content up to 90% and the content of barakol in ...

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-24 at Post Graduate Experimental Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, VNMKV, Parbhani. The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with Twelve treatments in three replications by keeping sowing time (D1: 12 th October, D2: 26 th October, D3: 9 th November and D4: 23 rd November) as a first factor and Varieties (V1: Varun, V2: Phule Viraj and V3: Phule Rajma) as a second factor. Results revealed that, among the sowing dates regarding the yield characters like No. of pods-1 (9.33), No. of seeds per/pod (3.47), pod dry weight/plant (8.39 g), wt. of seeds/pod (0.75 g), seed weight/plant (6.77 g), straw yield/plant (11.66 g) and seed index (21.80 g) was recorded maximum in variety Phule Viraj. However, the No. of pods-1 (8.25), No. of seeds per/pod (2.39), pod dry weight/plant (7.44 g), wt. of seeds/pod (0.47 g), seed weight/plant (3.29 g), straw yield/plant (8.21 g) and seed index (20.27 g) yield character was found to be lowest in variety Varun. On the basis of present studies results revealed that, treatment D3 (November 9 th) can satisfactorily produce the higher yield attributing characters viz., No. of pods/plant, No. of seeds/pod, Pod dry weight/plant (g), Wt. of seeds/pod (g), Seed weight/plant (g), straw yield/plant (g) and seed index (g) which was significantly superior over rest of treatments and it was found to at par with the treatment D2 which was sown on October 26 th. Whereas, lowest value were recorded in treatment (D1) which sown on October 12 th. But in case of highest Gross returns and net returns (108021 & 62893 ₹ ha-1) and BCR (3.11) which obtained in treatment D3. While highest net returns obtained in Variety Phule Viraj (59101 ₹ ha-1) and BCR (2.77).

Indian poultry industry is fast growing and poultry meat is not subjected to cultural and religious restrictions. Utilization of medicinal plants as feed ingredient for broilers is increasing due to its growth promoting quality and capacity to reduce antimicrobial resistance among broilers. Selenium is an essential micronutrient required for normal growth and maintenance in poultry. The present experimental study was undertaken to study the effects of selenium and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on haematological and immunological parameters of VenCobb-400 broilers. Three hundred and sixty (360) day old chicks were selected and divided in to six groups (T0 to T5) with 3 replicates of each group, 20 chicks in each replicate. Ashwagandha and selenium were supplemented in broiler chicken feed at different levels for different group. The haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count and differential leucocyt...

Objective: Antioxidants are compounds that can stop oxidation, protecting cells from the harmful effects of free radicals produced by the body's metabolism and some external sources. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants that have high antioxidant activity. The secondary metabolites found in Nigella sativa seeds contain terpenoid and phenolic compounds, while the leaves of Moringa oleifera and Centella asiatica plants contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The problem is that the extracts from Moringa oleifera and Centella asiatica have large particle sizes and poor solubility, while Nigella sativa oil contains volatile and easily oxidizable chemicals. Therefore, it is very important to create a drug delivery system that can enhance solubility and reduce particle size, one of which is nanoencapsulation. The research the aim is to determine the optimum formula in the polyherbal (Moringa oleifera, Centella asiatica and Nigella sativa) nanoencapsulation preparation as a method of drug delivery and antioxidant activity targeting Nrf2 and GST pathways using PBMC. Methods: Nanoencapsulation of polyherbal was carried out using chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate polymers as crosslinkers and then characterizes. Optimization formulation by design expert (factorial design). In vitro analysis as an antioxidant in the regulation of Nrf2 and GST using PBMC with the flow cytometry method. Results: The particle size, PDI and zeta potential from the optimum formula values were found 115.463±9.563 nm; 0.49±0.050, and-29.737±1.665mV. The Nrf2 and GST enhancement activity, it is evident that the nanopolyherbal preparations with concentrations of 3% and 1% have higher Nrf2 expression values compared to the control. Conclusion: Nanoencapsulation of polyherbal (Moringa oleifera, Centella asiatica and Nigella sativa) have good antioxidant effect by Nrf2 and GST regulation, so it can be used as drug delivery system method.

Sebze tohumu tohumculuk sektorunun en onemli alanlarindan birisidir. Sebze islah faaliyetleri sonucunda yeni cesitlerin gelistirilmesi ve tescil ettirilmesi bu sektorun itici gucu olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu calismada Avrupa Birliginin sebze cesit tescil uygulamalarini duzenleyen 2002/55/EC sayili Konsey Direktifi ile ulkemiz Bitki Cesitlerinin Kayit Altina Alinmasi Yonetmeligi ve ilgili bazi mevzuatlar karsilastirilmistir. Bu karsilastirmalar bir uyum tablosu icerisinde kisa aciklamalarla birlikte verilmistir. 29 baslik uyumlu, 3 baslik uyumsuz olarak isaretlenmistir. Baska ulkelerin FYD raporlarinin kabul edilmesinin olumsuz taraflari belirtilerek, ulkemizin kademeli olarak butun FYD denemelerini kendisi yapmasi, sebze turlerinde uretim izni sisteminin suiistimal edilebilmesini engelleyecek duzenlemelerin Turk mevzuatina eklenmesi ile uretim izninin revize edilmesi ve gecici ve istisnai hale getirilmesi onerilmistir.

Sebze tohumu tohumculuk sektorunun en onemli alanlarindan birisidir. Sebze islah faaliyetleri sonucunda yeni cesitlerin gelistirilmesi ve tescil ettirilmesi bu sektorun itici gucu olarak kabul edilebilir. Bu calismada Avrupa Birliginin sebze cesit tescil uygulamalarini duzenleyen 2002/55/EC sayili Konsey Direktifi ile ulkemiz Bitki Cesitlerinin Kayit Altina Alinmasi Yonetmeligi ve ilgili bazi mevzuatlar karsilastirilmistir. Bu karsilastirmalar bir uyum tablosu icerisinde kisa aciklamalarla birlikte verilmistir. 29 baslik uyumlu, 3 baslik uyumsuz olarak isaretlenmistir. Baska ulkelerin FYD raporlarinin kabul edilmesinin olumsuz taraflari belirtilerek, ulkemizin kademeli olarak butun FYD denemelerini kendisi yapmasi, sebze turlerinde uretim izni sisteminin suiistimal edilebilmesini engelleyecek duzenlemelerin Turk mevzuatina eklenmesi ile uretim izninin revize edilmesi ve gecici ve istisnai hale getirilmesi onerilmistir.

White wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba Asso.) is a medicinal plant of great importance, widely used for its health benefits. An experiment was conducted on dry herb to investigate the effect of storage duration on its qualitative characteristics. The study was carried out under room temperature conditions using a randomized complete block design with five storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The results showed no significant decrease in dry weight up to 6 months of storage, followed by a significant decline thereafter. There was a significant reduction in the percentage of essential oil, with the smallest loss occurring at 3 months and the greatest loss at 12 months. α-Thujone was the predominant component of the essential oil, followed by β-thujone. Both compounds declined progressively with prolonged storage, reaching their lowest levels at 12 months. Based on these findings, it is recommended that white wormwood not be stored for more than 3 months at room temperature in order to preserve its quality attributes.

Anacampseros specksii Dreher (Anacampserotaceae, in Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea in Portulacaceae), was described in 2016 from plants grown from seeds collected from Bale, SE Ethiopia. The species was not included in the paper on the Gerire Hills published by the present authors in Webbia in 2018. A. specksii is here considered to be another narrow endemic species in the Gerire Hills, belonging to the group of species that grows on the edges of Monte Ellot and Bur Caddas on sandstone rocks eroding into loose gravel. Anacampseros vespertina, the only other species of Anacampseros in NE tropical Africa, grows on limestone gravel in Somalia near the Indian Ocean, whilst the south tropical African species, A. rhodesica, grows on granite rocks in Zimbabwe, Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa. The conservation assessment in 2016 for A. specksii was Data Deficient (DD) because only one population had been observed and the number of individuals is not known; this assessment is here discussed and maintained.

This study gives a review of diajunctions both between northern and southern and between eastern and western Africa as seen from the point of view of the "Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea." Some patterns are already well known. Northeasternsouthwestern disjunctions have been documented, and it is believed that the explanation is an arid corridor between northeastern and southwestern Africa in existence during the Pleistocene. Disjunctions between northeast and east Africa and Macaronesia have been documented, and it has been postulated that the explanation is a past continuous distribution, which was broken before the Pleistocene. Disjunctions between the highlands of Ethiopia and Cameroon have been documented and discussed in connection with the debate about the Afromontane flora. Now disjunctions between Ethiopia and central and western Africa are also beginning to appear at lower altitudes, both in the forest-and in the savanna-floras. Forest disjunctions seem to reflect an earlier larger extension of the Guineo-Congolian forests, while the western savanna disjunctions seem to coincide with the large hypothetical Pleistocene lakes: Lake Arouane in the west, Lake Mega-Chad in the middle, and Lake Sudd in the upper Nile basin. Disjunctions to Asia and other continents are not included.

A wide range of competent botanical collectors is essential to provide the basis of any scientific flora-work like the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (FEE). This is an alphabetical listing of what information the author could find about  the collectors' nationality, profession, year or years of collecting, floristic regions collected, and herbaria in which the collections are known to be held.

Introduction : Herbalists in Kenya use self-taught processing practices which are inadequate. The objective of this study was to conduct an assessment of selected practices used by herbalists during drug processing and to identify knowledge gaps. Method: Four long practicing traditional medicinal practitioners were identified using purposive sampling. An interview guide and field visits were used to gather data. Data analysis was done using content thematic approach. Results: Sources of herbal knowledge were varied with the use of internet being a key finding. Regulatory compliance presented various challenges to the herbalists. The wild and cultivation of herbs were identified as key medicinal sources although the protection of biodiversity was a key concern of the herbalists. The facilities, area of practice and general hygiene were inadequate. Positive and negative practices were identified in processing of the herbal medicines. Conclusions: Secrecy by the herbalists has resulted...

Distribution maps for phytogeographically interesting species of Solanum in the Horn of Africa are presented. The maps confirm for the Horn of Africa the previously made general prediction that most species of Solanuin show distributions and patterns of endemism that agree with White's phytochoria. The wild Solanum species of the Horn of Africa have centres of endemism in the Afromontane and the Somalia-Masai regions. The distribution of the Somalia-Masai species agrees best with the view that the Red Sea lowlands and Afar should be included with the Somalia-Masai region. The Ethiopian Rift Valley should also be included. Within the Horn of Africa, the Afromontane species are mostly widely distributed, while only few Somalia-Masai species are widespread within the entire Somalia-Masai part of the Horn.

ABST RACT Plants have been used both in the prevention and cure of various diseases of humans and their pets. With the advent of human civilization, many systems of therapy have been developed primarily based on plants. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Sidda, Unani, etc. are our traditional systems of medicines. The plant-based traditional medical systems continue to provide the primary health care to more than three-quarters of the world&#39;s populace. Ehnobotanical research is the need for the documentation of traditional knowledge pertaining to the medicinal plant utilization for the greater benefit of mankind. The present study expresses the ethnic information on the various forest regions located in YSR district of Andhra Pradesh. Authentic information about antidotes for various diseases, poisonous bites and for external applications in several skin diseases and wounds of the plants located in different forest areas is given by the tribal people who are residing at nearby forest, at the...

Helichrysum arenarium fl owers are medical plant raw materials with a high concentration of fl avonoids (2.5-5.0%). As compounds of this group of biologically active substances often possess antiallergic activity, Helichrysum arenarium fl owers are a potential antiallergic medicine. The aim is to study an antiallergic activity of Helichrysum arenarium fl owers infusion on the model of mast cells degranulation in vitro. Materials and methods. Helichrysum arenarium fl owers infusion was made in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Belarus. Mast cells were obtained from the abdominal cavity of inbred mice weighing 20-25 g. Experimental animals

The experiment comprised of 30 yellow pericarp sorghum mutants of M4 generation derived from selfed seed of individual panicles of M3 generation from each gamma irradiation-treatment i.e. 6 mutants from each treatment viz., 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy and 500 Gy along with a parental control 'Udgir Piwali' and 3 checks, was conducted at Parbhani (M.S.) during rabi, 2024-25 towards understanding the extent of variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and its associated traits. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the mutants for all the traits examined. Results indicated relatively higher mean performance in checks for most of the characters studied including grain production. The GCV and PCV estimates showed wide variation for most of the characters studied in segregating M4 generation. High heritability, medium GCV, PCV and GA were observed for grain yield per plant and its most of the component-traits. Among the fourteen characters evaluated, several yellow sorghum mutant genotypes namely, 100Gy-4, 200Gy-3, 200Gy-2, 300Gy-5, 300Gy-6, 400Gy-1, 400Gy-2 and 500Gy-6; consistently exhibited superior performance over multiple agromorphological traits. In addition, mutants viz., 300Gy-5, 200Gy-1, 200Gy-6, 400Gy-2, 400Gy-3 and 200Gy-5 demonstrated specific promise for drought tolerance-related physiological attributes. Such genotypes can be effectively utilized as potential donor parents in empirical breeding programs aimed at developing improved yellow pericarp sorghum varieties or hybrids with better nutritional and agronomical potential.

An experiment was conducted during Rabi 2019-20 at the College of Agriculture, Indore (Madhya Pradesh), to evaluate the profitability and cost-effectiveness of integrating Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) and micronutrient applications in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) cultivation. The experiment comprised nine treatments, including varying levels of GA3, NAA, and Mixol (a micronutrient mix containing zinc, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and molybdenum) compared to a control. Economic parameters such as cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns, and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were analyzed. The data revealed that the highest seed yield of 15.24 q/ha, along with a maximum net income of Rs. 132080 per ha, Gross income of Rs. 182880 per ha and benefit-cost ratio of 3.60, was recorded under treatment T4 (GA3 @ 100 ppm as foliar spray + 1.0% Mixol) followed by net income of Rs. 123513 per ha, Gross income of Rs. 180960 per ha and benefit-cost ratio of 3.15 were observed in treatment T8 (NAA @50 ppm as foliar spray + 1.0% Mixol). The control treatment (T9) resulted in a seed yield of 12.32 q/ha, with the minimum net income of Rs. 69202 per ha of Rs. 180960 per ha, Gross income of Rs. 147840 and lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.88). Among the treatments, the of T4 (GA3 @ 100 ppm as foliar spray + Mixol 1.0%) demonstrated the highest economic viability, with significantly increased net returns and benefit-cost ratio due to improved seed yield. This study highlights the financial benefits of adopting optimized PGR and micronutrient applications in fenugreek cultivation, providing a practical framework for enhancing farmers' income and resource-use efficiency.

This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of phytochemicals from Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) against colorectal cancer (CRC) using a combination of network pharmacology, molecular docking, and bioinformatics. Active components and targets of Chaga mushroom and CRC were collected from databases. A drug-compoundtarget-disease network was constructed, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed to identify core targets. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses were conducted to elucidate the involved pathways. Molecular docking estimated the binding affinities of key compounds to their targets, and bioinformatics analysis assessed differential gene expression and immune infiltration. The study identified 26 bioactive compounds and 244 potential targets. Core targets included AKT1, IFNG, and MMP9. Molecular docking showed strong binding affinities, and bioinformatics analysis revealed significant differential expression and immune infiltration patterns. These findings suggest that Chaga mushroom phytochemicals may exert anticancer effects through multiple pathways, highlighting their potential as novel CRC treatments. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of Chaga mushroom phytochemicals on CRC. Future research should focus on experimental validation and further exploration of their therapeutic potential.

The field experiment was conducted in the shade net house at National Seed Project, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, SKRAU, Bikaner during kharif season 2024. The experiment comprised nine treatment combinations, each replicated three times. It was laid out in randomized block design with three levels of inorganic fertilizers (Control, 50% NPK and 100% NPK) and two treatments of organic manures (Wool waste @ 10 t/ha and Vermicompost @ 10 t/ha). The experimental results revealed that the treatment T9 (NPK-100% + 10t/ha wool waste) gave significant maximum results in growth parameter viz; vine length at final harvest (3.59 m), no. of primary branches per vine (6.42), days to first flower initiation (32.10), days to first fruit set (35.01), days to first fruit harvest (42.87) and per cent fruit set (94.46%) yield and yield attributes viz; number of fruits per vine (12.88), fruit length (17.88 cm), fruit diameter (4.58), weight of fruit (138.99 g), number of pickings (7.12), fruit yield per vine (1.79 kg) fruit yield per plot (53.47 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (59.60 t/ha).

A Colombian species of Gunnera, G. morae L. Wanntorp & Klackenberg, previously mistakenly identified as Gunnera manicata Linden ex André, is presented and described. Molecular phylogenetic studies as well as morphological evidence have shown this plant to be different from the Brazilian true G. manicata.

The present work comprises a preliminary phytochemical analysis and toxicological evaluation of the ethanolic extract of the dry leaves of the tropical medicinal plant Ximenia americana in albino Wistar rats. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpenes and alkaloids. The repeated oral administration of the ethanolic extract at dose rates of 100, 200 and 400 mg / kg body weight did not produce detectable clinical changes or significant gross or histopathological alterations in experimental rats when the extract was daily given for three weeks. There were no significant changes in hematological parameters including Hb concentration, PCV, RBCs count, MCH, MCHC and PLT count when the ethanolic extract was given at 100 and 200mg /kg body weight. However, a significant increase in RBCs count and other red blood indices was observed when the extract was given at 400 mg/kg body weight. In addition, the plasma biochemical parameters including total plasma protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine and the plasma enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly affected in experimental rats receiving the ethanolic extract at 100, 200 and 400 mg /kg body weight. The mean body weight was significantly increased in experimental rats receiving 100 mg/kg body weight of the ethanolic extract for three weeks. However, a decrease in mean body weight was observed when the extract was given at 400 mg/kg. It is concluded that the tropical medicinal plant X.americana has an almost negligible adverse effect on rats and therefore could safely be used in folk medicine for treatment of various type of infectious and neoplastic diseases.

The Ambrose Alli University (AAU) Botanical Garden, Ekpoma, Nigeria, is a defined area established for the conservation of indigenous plant species and the collection, cultivation, maintenance and display of a wide range of plants taxa. Functioning also as a teaching and research facility under the Faculty of Life Sciences, the garden serve critical and conservatory purposes. However, despite its institutional importance and potential utility to conservation biology, the angiospermic diversity of the AAU Botanical Garden has never been systematically documented This study was therefore conducted to provide a comprehensive inventory of the angiospermic flora within the demarcated section of the garden located in Esan West Local Government Area, Edo State. Plant samples were collected using a collapsable quadrant method and identified through standard taxonomic procedure. A total of 91 plant species belonging to 43 families were recorded. These included 36 trees species, 38 shrubs, 10 herb, 6 climbers and 1 grass species. Notably, species such as Icacina trichantha (oliv.) and sphenocentrum jollyanum were observed to occur frequently across most quadrats. This study bridged a critical knowledge gap by documenting the angiospermic composition of the AAU Botanical Garden and provide a useful reference for future research, conservation planning and education purposes.

The current study was aimed to examine the phytoactive substances found in the leaves, bark and flowers of Plumeria bicolor. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was the method used to identify the fractions. Column chromatography was used to isolate the Phytoactive chemicals. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was tested for antibacterial activity in vitro using the Well diffusion method. The inhibitory zone was noted. The plant extracts of Plumeria bicolor that were to be examined came in different concentrations: 15 μl, 30 μl, 45 μl, and 100 μl. All of the extracts were proven to be effective against MRSA in this experiment. The extract from the leaves of Plumeria bicolor had the strongest antibacterial activity against MRSA, followed by the extract from the flowers and bark.