Web of Things (WoT)

In this paper we study Internet of Things and Web of Things to layout a clear distinction between them and we argue that there is a need for gateway like server in the basic architecture defined for Web of Things. We state some issues which emphasize on need for intermediation. We propose solution by introducing a default gateway in architecture. We test our approach by using Apache bench a web application benchmarking tool to load test the architecture proposed. We also conclude from the results obtained that our approach is a promisable one.

The dynamicity of sensor data sources and publishing realtime sensor data over a generalised infrastructure like the Web pose a new set of integration challenges. Semantic Sensor Networks demand excessive expressivity for efficient formal analysis of sensor data. This article specifically addresses the problem of adapting data model specific or contextspecific properties in automatic generation of multidimensional data cubes. The idea is to generate data cubes onthe-fly from syntactic sensor data to sustain decision making, event processing and to publish this data as Linked Open Data.

The dynamicity of sensor data sources and publishing realtime sensor data over a generalised infrastructure like the Web pose a new set of integration challenges. Semantic Sensor Networks demand excessive expressivity for efficient formal analysis of sensor data. This article specifically addresses the problem of adapting data model specific or contextspecific properties in automatic generation of multidimensional data cubes. The idea is to generate data cubes onthe-fly from syntactic sensor data to sustain decision making, event processing and to publish this data as Linked Open Data.

The web of things is one of the most important innovations of modern technology. It aims to connect billions of devices, resulting in a vast number of contacts between devices and a huge volume of data. On the other hand, there are many security challenges to protect this information from risk exposure. It's crucial to note that these devices are compact and use very little power. As a consequence, using several rounds of data encryption would be exceedingly difficult and costly. Moreover, when fewer complex computations are used, integrity may be compromised. So, in this paper, a lightweight encryption algorithm called (L.W.A.E.S) is proposed. The proposed algorithm aims to achieve the highest speed in Cryptography (Encryption/Decryption) and reducing computational complexity. The MixColumns stage of the A.E.S algorithm is the most computationally challenging. So, it takes up the bulk of the time spent encrypting and decrypting data. The stage of MixColumns has been replaced by simple SHIFT processes in the proposed algorithm. It took just 1-8 s from the starting of the sensors' reading to the moment they were collected for the customer. The experimental results show that the modified algorithm (L.W.A.E.S) provides suitable security, the encryption techniques speed, low computational complexity, and lightweight in the manner of storage.

ix 3.4. RELATED WORK 3.5. CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 4. BUSINESS DRIVERS AND REQUIREMENTS OF TSPACE97 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. VALUE ANALYSIS AND BENEFITS OF TSPACE 4.2.1. ON-DEMAND ACCESS TO THE TOOLS 4.2.2. TOOLS ALIGNMENT WITH ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES 4.2.3. SUPPORT FOR AWARENESS OF THE OPERATIONS AND COLLABORATION 99 4.2.4. WORKING WITH SENSITIVE ARTIFACTS AND DATA 4.2.5. ACCESS TO SENSITIVE TECHNOLOGY 4.2.6. ESTABLISHMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ECOSYSTEM 4.3. TSPACE REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS 4.3.1. REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS 4.

ix 3.4. RELATED WORK 3.5. CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 4. BUSINESS DRIVERS AND REQUIREMENTS OF TSPACE97 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. VALUE ANALYSIS AND BENEFITS OF TSPACE 4.2.1. ON-DEMAND ACCESS TO THE TOOLS 4.2.2. TOOLS ALIGNMENT WITH ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES 4.2.3. SUPPORT FOR AWARENESS OF THE OPERATIONS AND COLLABORATION 99 4.2.4. WORKING WITH SENSITIVE ARTIFACTS AND DATA 4.2.5. ACCESS TO SENSITIVE TECHNOLOGY 4.2.6. ESTABLISHMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ECOSYSTEM 4.3. TSPACE REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE REQUIREMENTS 4.3.1. REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS 4.

SummaryWith the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing paradigms, billions of IoT devices are being networked to support data‐driven and real‐time decision making across numerous application domains, including smart homes, smart transport, and smart buildings. These ubiquitously distributed IoT devices send the raw data to their respective edge device (eg, IoT gateways) or the cloud directly. The wide spectrum of possible application use cases make the design and networking of IoT and edge computing layers a very tedious process due to the: (i) complexity and heterogeneity of end‐point networks (eg, Wi‐Fi, 4G, and Bluetooth); (ii) heterogeneity of edge and IoT hardware resources and software stack; (iv) mobility of IoT devices; and (iii) the complex interplay between the IoT and edge layers. Unlike cloud computing, where researchers and developers seeking to test capacity planning, resource selection, network configuration, computation placement, and security m...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly growing technology in recent years. It represents an extension of the Internet into the physical world embracing everyday objects. In consequence, users' privacy and security are becoming a great challenge. To cope with this issue, sophisticated approaches are needed to guarantee these services and hence ensure a large-scale adoption of IoT. In our work we present an approach to model and describe the architecture of internet of things, in which user privacy and security are ensured while taking into consideration the dynamic context in which evolve users, their experience and preferences with respect to security and privacy.

The dynamicity of sensor data sources and publishing realtime sensor data over a generalised infrastructure like the Web pose a new set of integration challenges. Semantic Sensor Networks demand excessive expressivity for efficient formal analysis of sensor data. This article specifically addresses the problem of adapting data model specific or contextspecific properties in automatic generation of multidimensional data cubes. The idea is to generate data cubes onthe-fly from syntactic sensor data to sustain decision making, event processing and to publish this data as Linked Open Data.

Internet of Things is a physical device and objects that collect data, store, and analyze the data. In-home appliances manually operated activities and functions. The IoT uses technical product elements, in-home appliances rapid changes in society. The IoT system design development, control and monitoring in various applications such as health, transport, agriculture, home appliances, etc. We propose a framework model future smart home appliances using IoT which helps the developer to build infrastructure home automation applications accordingly to the user specifications and the requirements. The proposed model is the best solution to use smart home applications with the use of sensors, communication, smart home operations, controlling with the use of mobile apps and Arduino. The system will provide security, smart home automation. In future, it will be extended to develop intelligent smart-based application with an integrated environment and reporting applications.

The concept of Reference Architectures is novel in the business world. However, many architects active in the creation of complex systems frequently use the term Reference Architecture. Yet, these experienced architects do not collectively have a consistent notion of what constitutes a Reference Architecture, what is the value of maintaining the Reference Architecture, what is the best approach to visualizing a Reference Architecture, what is the most appropriate level of abstraction, and how should an architect make use of the Reference Architecture in their work? This paper examines current Reference Architectures and the driving forces behind development of them to come to a collective conclusion on what a Reference Architecture should truly be. It will be shown that a Reference Architecture captures the accumulated architectural knowledge of thousands man-years of work. This knowledge ranges from why (market segmentation, value chain, customer key drivers, application), what (systems, key performance parameters, system interfaces, functionality, variability), to how (design views and diagrams, essential design patterns, main concepts). The purpose of the Reference Architecture is to provide guidance for future developments. The Reference Architecture incorporates the vision and strategy for the future. The Reference Architecture is a reference for the hundreds of teams related to ongoing developments. By providing this reference all these teams have a shared baseline of why, what and how. It is the authors' goal that this paper will facilitate further research in the concepts and ideas presented herein.

Recent advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Web of Things (WoT) accompany a smart life where real world objects, including sensing devices, are interconnected with each other. The Web representation of smart objects empowers innovative applications and services for various domains. To accelerate this approach, Web of Objects (WoO) focuses on the implementation aspects of bringing the assorted real world objects to the Web applications. In this paper; we propose an emergency fire management system in the WoO infrastructure. Consequently, we integrate the formation and management of Virtual Objects (ViO) which are derived from real world physical objects and are virtually connected with each other into the semantic ontology model. The charm of using the semantic ontology is that it allows information reusability, extensibility and interoperability, which enable ViOs to uphold orchestration, federation, collaboration and harmonization. Our system is context aware, as it receives contextual environmental information from distributed sensors and detects emergency situations. To handle a fire emergency, we present a decision support tool for the emergency fire management team. The previous fire incident log is the basis of the decision support system. A log repository collects all the emergency fire incident logs from ViOs and stores them in a repository.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is probably a conflation of Cloud Computing, Internet, and Sensor Networks due to this it is also called a" Network of Networks''.IoT has been instigated to allow billions of devices and people to interconnect with each other. Since it is a prevalent communication paradigm in which small end devices (edge devices) are embedded devices connected to the internet. One enabling technology is mesh computing which facilitates the benefits of fog computing to the end node of a network providing a quick response between the user and sensor nodes. Fog computing also encapsulates the benefits of IoT Gateways. Through IoT, powerhouses, bridges, cities, and houses can be maintained very easily and they can be made safe. IoT gateway finds its place adjacent to IoT devices, and sensor nodes, it controls the sensor nodes' internal network and transfers the variety of protocols and language that smart devices used, IoT gateways, are most often utilized to back-and-forth messages with IoT nodes and the cloud. This article also represents ANT(NRF24L01)-WiFibased distributed fog computing Smart Home Automation System(SHAS) that allows accomplishing uninterrupted communications among ANT and WiFi devices.

This article looks at the controversial decision taken by Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer to ban telework in early 2013. It analyses the pros and cons of teleworking and searches for the underlying assumption that may have led to this ruling. A brief comparison to the work-life measures offered by Facebook and Microsoft is made, to show that these successful companies are using innovative temporal and spatial work arrangements to allow their workers to integrate their work and non-work life. The article concludes that turning back the clock may not be best solution for Yahoo and its workers.peer-reviewe

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the essential technologies of the past few decades. Its popularity has increased based on its importance and application. It offers a solution to many issues affecting humanity in vital fields. IoT uses sensors and actuators to perform operations that complement higher-level applications. Building IoT applications requires using an architectural structure to support the application functions. Architectural modeling using patterns and Reference Architectures (RAs) applies abstraction, which helps in reducing the complexity of IoT systems. Because of this complexity, security is an important problem in IoT applications. An RA is the basis to build a security reference architecture (SRA). We survey the most important IoT RAs, showing their features and drawbacks and compare them accordingly. From the survey we find that the RA representations are imprecise and not very detailed. We define the features for a better RA that will be used as a basis for a SRA after enumerating its possible vulnerabilities and threats and then placing appropriate defenses.

The Web of Things is an architectural initiative proposed by the World Wide Web Consortium, to enable Internet of Things devices to interact through Web standards. One of the cornerstones of the architecture is a Thing Description, which is an object model that exposes devices to the Internet through a common interface composed by properties, actions and events. In this paper, we evaluate the similarity level on capabilities calculated for Web of Things objects. We developed, based on the Thing Description, a metric called Web of Things Semantic Functionality Distance (WoTSFD). The semantic functionality distance is a measure of the device ability to perform the same function in a specific application context. We evaluate this metric in a smart home environment. The results show that different devices can be detected to be similar, thus suitable to collaborate or be replaced by each other to perform a specific task in a determined use case.

The Internet of Things is an intelligent network, which concatenates all things to the Internet for the purpose of interchange information and communicating via the information sensing devices in conformity with agreed protocols. We could also elucidate the IoT as the next stage in the Internet as some do, whereby things and objects with sensors and actuators are concatenated to the Internet so they can accumulate, send and get data, leading to intelligent solutions and in some cases also act upon data. In this paper, we survey state-of-the-art methods, internet of things (IoT) and its enabling technology in this new emerging area. Because, in the IoT physical objects may also make conclusion about the amassed, processed, and interchange information, as well as take expeditions to control the physical objects and the environment in which they are embedded. The capacities that enable the physical objects to get involved with in the IoT are ordinarily composed of an assemblage of vari...

Pervasive and ubiquitous computing has enabled people better integrate physical things into the digital world. The internet of things (IoT) has been considerably more widely used in business and everyday life in the last decade. Innovative healthcare information and communication technologies are a vast field of research and applications that need IoT benefits, including speed, security, and low cost. The proposed modified advanced encryption standard (AES)-cipher block chaining (CBC)-based blockchain technology offers a shared key to devices that need to communicate directly with or with entities outside the smart healthcare network to give users greater control over transactions. The experiments are carried out using a Raspberry Pi 3, whereas two different sensors are employed in this case. Blockchain technology encrypts data between doctor and patient with varied user numbers. The results from experiments revealed that the proposed modified AES-CBC based blockchain technology could provide the IoT application with security services (confidentiality, integrity, and access control) with efficient execution time.

Cloud computing exploits the software as a service model with distributed and interoperable services for the composition of software systems. Cloud-enabled systems that demand elasticity, scalability, and composition of services, etc., there is a need to capitalize on reusable solutions exploiting patterns and styles to architect cloud-based software. The objective of this research is to build and exploit a catalog of patterns that support reusable design knowledge to develop cloud-based architectures. We propose a three-step process with (i) pattern discovery, (ii) pattern documentation (building the catalog), and finally, (iii) pattern application (exploiting the catalog) to enable pattern-based architecting of cloud systems. We discovered seven patterns as generic and reusable solutions and demonstrate the pattern-driven architecture of the ECMC case study. Results suggest that pattern-based architecting enables the reuse of generic design decisions but lacks fine-grained archite...

The IoT has primarily focused on establishing connectivity in a diversify of constrained networking environments, and the next logical aim is to build on top of network connectivity by focusing on the application layer. In the Web of Things (WoT), we are thinking about smart things as first class citizens of the Web. We position the Web of Things as a purification of the Internet of Things by integrating smart things not only into the Internet, for instance the network, but into the Web (the application layer). The Web of Things is a computing concept that describes a future where day-today objects are fully integrated with the Web. The WoT is very homogeneous to the IoT in some ways and in others it is drastically different. The stipulation for WoT is for the "things" to have embedded computer systems that enable communication with the Web. This type of smart devices would then be able to communicate with each other using current Web standards. For instance, renowned Web languages PHP, HTML, Python, and JavaScript can be used to easily build applications involving smart things and users can leverage well-known Web mechanisms such as caching, browsing, searching, and bookmarking to communicate and share these devices. In this paper, aim to demonstrate a close-up view about Web of Things, including Web of things architecture, Open platform in Web of Thing, Web-enabling devices, Web of Thing security, use cases of Web of Things. The WoT concept, smart things and their services are fully integrated in the Web by reusing and conforming technologies and patterns commonly used for conventional Web content.

The Web of Things is an architectural initiative proposed by the World Wide Web Consortium, to enable Internet of Things devices to interact through Web standards. One of the cornerstones of the architecture is a Thing Description, which is an object model that exposes devices to the Internet through a common interface composed by properties, actions and events. In this paper, we evaluate the similarity level on capabilities calculated for Web of Things objects. We developed, based on the Thing Description, a metric called Web of Things Semantic Functionality Distance (WoTSFD). The semantic functionality distance is a measure of the device ability to perform the same function in a specific application context. We evaluate this metric in a smart home environment. The results show that different devices can be detected to be similar, thus suitable to collaborate or be replaced by each other to perform a specific task in a determined use case.

As identified in the previous chapter, IoTA has created an "Architectural Reference Model" (IoT ARM) as the common ground for the Internet of Things. The core idea is that the IoT ARM provides a common structure and guidelines for dealing with core aspects of developing, using and analysing IoT systems. The first part of this chapter provides a non-exclusive list of the beneficial uses of the IoT ARM. In the second part we focus on the role of the IoT ARM in the architecture development process. 3.1 Using the IoT ARM In the following we present a non-exclusive list of the beneficial uses of the IoT ARM. The order in which they are discussed does not imply any ranking-we list them according to their degree of abstraction and remoteness from the product: i.e. the first usage type is concerned more with generic enabling (abstract and remote), while the last usage type concerns how the IoT ARM can be used for procuring system solutions (concrete, close to business). The usage type that is more important to any specific use of the IoT ARM depends on the perspective of the actors involved. A manager of an IoT development process, for instance, is more likely to favour the enabling aspects of the IoT ARM, while a procurement department is more likely to favour concrete advantages that are closer to the business process itself.

Nowadays, with the widespread of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications in every aspect of our lives. It's urgent to protect the sensitive data such as images generated by IoT devices transmitted through the wireless network. Furthermore, IoT devices are considered constraint devices regarding limited computation resources such as processing and memory size. Thus, classical encryption methods are not appropriate due to their complex computation resources. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed a new lightweight encryption algorithm based on the DNA sequence to be adequate for IoT device's resources. In the proposed algorithm, we utilized the DNA sequence random nature to generate a strong secret key, which is hard to be broken by attackers. The DNA key is used to encrypt images by two simple and robust substitution and transposition operations where they meet the requirements of IoT computation resources and the protection of the transmitted images. Moreover, the experimental results show outstanding results regarding key size, encryption time, and preparation of distortion compared with other encryption algorithms.

In this paper, we present MERCURY, a platform for simple integration and management of heterogeneous devices and services via a web-based interface. In contrast to existing approaches, MERCURY is geared towards non-IT-savvy end users. It enables these end users to easily interconnect devices, which can act as sensors or actuators, to model rules that trigger actions. Sets of rules allow users to model entire, often reoccurring, scenarios. It shall thus enable users to take full advantage of the potential for support in everyday life such integration offers. Technically, our solution is based on Portal technology. We describe a tangible scenario to portray the steps a user will need to take to achieve the desired functionality.

The Internet of Things is an intelligent network, which concatenates all things to the Internet for the purpose of interchange information and communicating via the information sensing devices in conformity with agreed protocols. We could also elucidate the IoT as the next stage in the Internet as some do, whereby things and objects with sensors and actuators are concatenated to the Internet so they can accumulate, send and get data, leading to intelligent solutions and in some cases also act upon data. In this paper, we survey state-of-the-art methods, internet of things (IoT) and its enabling technology in this new emerging area. Because, in the IoT physical objects may also make conclusion about the amassed, processed, and interchange information, as well as take expeditions to control the physical objects and the environment in which they are embedded. The capacities that enable the physical objects to get involved with in the IoT are ordinarily composed of an assemblage of vari...

The Web is rapidly becoming a mature platform to host distributed applications. Pervasive computing application running on the Web are now common in the era of the Web of Things, which has made it increasingly simple to integrate sensors and microcontrollers in our everyday life. Such devices are of great interest to Makers with basic Web development skills. With them, Makers are able to build small smart stream processing applications with sensors and actuators without spending a fortune and without knowing much about the technologies they use. Thanks to ongoing Web technology trends enabling real-time peer-topeer communication between Web-enabled devices, Web browsers and serverside JavaScript runtimes, developers are able to implement pervasive Web applications using a single programming language. These can take advantage of direct and continuous communication channels going beyond what was possible in the early stages of the Web to push data in real-time. Despite these recent advances, building stream processing applications on the Web of Things remains a challenging task. On the one hand, Web-enabled devices of different nature still have to communicate with different protocols. On the other hand, dealing with a dynamic, heterogeneous, and volatile environment like the Web requires developers to face issues like disconnections, unpredictable workload fluctuations, and device overload. To help developers deal with such issues, in this dissertation we present the Web Liquid Streams (WLS) framework, a novel streaming framework for JavaScript. Developers implement streaming operators written in JavaScript and may interactively and dynamically define a streaming topology. The framework takes care of deploying the user-defined operators on the available devices and connecting them using the appropriate data channel, removing the burden of dealing with different deployment environments from the developers. Changes in the semantic of the application and in its execution environment may be applied at runtime without stopping the stream flow. Like a liquid adapts its shape to the one of its container, the Web Liquid Streams framework makes streaming topologies flow across multiple heterogevii viii neous devices, enabling dynamic operator migration without disrupting the data flow. By constantly monitoring the execution of the topology with a hierarchical controller infrastructure, WLS takes care of parallelising the operator execution across multiple devices in case of bottlenecks and of recovering the execution of the streaming topology in case one or more devices disconnect, by restarting lost operators on other available devices. The Ph.D. grind has been a long and illuminating journey with many ups and few downs. First and foremost I would like to thank Prof. Cesare Pautasso for having spent a good amount of the past five years working with me. Our success and failures had taught me a lot -on an academic and personal level. I grew up a lot as a researcher during this journey thanks to his precise and sharp observations, and his dedication in our work increased its quality, teaching me how good research is done. I'd like to thank Prof. Marc Langheinrich and Prof. Robert Soulé from Lugano, Prof. Gustavo Alonso from Zürich, and Prof. Tommi Mikkonen from Helsinki for being part of this journey of mine, and for their strong feedback and support. Their invaluable comments had helped the development of this dissertation. This amazing journey wouldn't have been the same without my first travel companion, Vassilis, and all the old and new team: Achille, Ana, Daniele, Marcin, Saeed, and Vincenzo, and all the amazing people I've met at USI. Their support through these Ph.D. years has been amazing. Last but not least, I'd like to give big credits to Andrea with whom I shared great trips and amazing moments, while squatting his place every morning for a cup of coffee. The biggest shoutout of all goes to my family and their infinite support, and all my friends that walked with me through this big journey of mine. Finally, I'd like to credit Lisa, the most amazing person I've ever met. Her help and support throughout my bachelor, master, and Ph.D. years made me grow in many ways, making me a better person.

Software that runs on the Cloud may be offloaded to clients to ease the computational effort on the server side, while clients may as well offload computations back to the cloud or to other clients if it becomes too taxing on their machines. In this paper we present how we autonomically deal with browser-to-browser operator offloading in Web Liquid Streams, a stream processing framework that lets developers implement streaming topologies on any Web-enabled device. We show how we first implemented the offloading of streaming operators, and how we subsequently improved our approach. Our experimental results show how the new approach takes advantage of additional resources to reduce the end-to-end message delay and the queue sizes under heavy load.

The Internet of Things (IoT)services and application were increasing during the last years in several life fields causes need to provide a secure identifier for protecting sensing data passing between IoT sensors/devices and embedded-subsystem connected by networks. This paper was proposed an algorithm for helping in IoT communication security can used in different IOT entities used in unofficial industrial machine to machine (M2M) communications, smart energy-grids, home or buildings and other computing devices.  This paper proposed a secure system using new proposed 4D chaotic system combined with the modified lightweight Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The proposed 4-dimension (4D) chaos system Lyapunov was tested and pass for many initial periods and get a super chaos system (4 positive Lyapunov).  Generated chaos keys (used JORN) were used in the lightweight AES and the Secure Hash Algorithm version 3 (SHA3-256). The Lightweight AES was design in case to reduce CPU computat...

The IoT has primarily focused on establishing connectivity in a diversify of constrained networking environments, and the next logical aim is to build on top of network connectivity by focusing on the application layer. In the Web of Things (WoT), we are thinking about smart things as first class citizens of the Web. We position the Web of Things as a purification of the Internet of Things by integrating smart things not only into the Internet, for instance the network, but into the Web (the application layer). The Web of Things is a computing concept that describes a future where day-today objects are fully integrated with the Web. The WoT is very homogeneous to the IoT in some ways and in others it is drastically different. The stipulation for WoT is for the "things" to have embedded computer systems that enable communication with the Web. This type of smart devices would then be able to communicate with each other using current Web standards. For instance, renowned Web languages PHP, HTML, Python, and JavaScript can be used to easily build applications involving smart things and users can leverage well-known Web mechanisms such as caching, browsing, searching, and bookmarking to communicate and share these devices. In this paper, aim to demonstrate a close-up view about Web of Things, including Web of things architecture, Open platform in Web of Thing, Web-enabling devices, Web of Thing security, use cases of Web of Things. The WoT concept, smart things and their services are fully integrated in the Web by reusing and conforming technologies and patterns commonly used for conventional Web content.

Web services such as Twitter and Facebook provide direct access to their streaming APIs. The data generated by all of their users is forwarded in quasi-real-time to any external client requesting it: this continuous feed opens up new ways to create mashups that differ from existing data aggregation approaches, which focus on presenting with multiple widgets an integrated view of the data that is pulled from multiple sources. Streaming data flows directly into the mashup without the need to fetch it in advance, making it possible to exchange data between mashup components through streaming channels. In this challenge submission we show how streaming APIs can be integrated using a stream processing framework. Mashup components can be seen as stream operators, while the mashup can be defined by building a streaming topology. The mashup is built with Web Liquid Streams, a dynamic streaming framework that takes advantage of standard Web protocols to deploy stream topologies both on Web servers and Web browsers.

Thanks to the recent introduction of peer-to-peer communication between browsers with WebRTC, real time processing of streams can now be deployed on browsers in addition to traditional server-side execution environments. In this paper we present the Web Liquid Streams framework for building and executing stream processing topologies capable of gathering data from Web-enabled sensors and process it through JavaScript operators scattered across a peer-to-peer Cloud of computing peers. WLS offers i) support for arbitrary topologies and data streams, ii) deployment on heterogeneous Web-enabled devices, iii) transparent stream delivery across the WebRTC, WebSockets and ZeroMQ protocols, iv) stateful and stateless operators. WLS takes care of the deployment of the topology on the available resources, while users are only required to implement the operators and describe the topology graph using JSON. The structure of the topology can be dynamically adapted without stopping the stream flowing through it. We present the platform and its programming interface, showing a first evaluation of the system.

In recent years we have witnessed the rise in number of smart devices and sensors connected through the Web. This led researchers to explore the World Wide Web as a platform to orchestrate such devices. In this demo we show how we are able to harmonize heterogeneous hardware for home automation systems with the Web Liquid Streams (WLS) framework. The WLS framework lets developers implement topologies of data streams across a heterogeneous pool of devices thanks to Node.JS and the Web browser. By using JavaScript, the lingua franca of the Web, we are able to write the stream operators once and run them anywhere a Web browser or Node.JS can run. The demo shows a home automation system application that can seamlessly run on different kind of devices.

This chapter addresses the question of how to generate concrete architectures with the IoT ARM, which is one of the many uses to which an architectural reference model can be put (see Chaps. 3 and 4). This topic was already touched upon in Section "Generation of Architectures" in Chap. 3, but it is covered in greater depth in this section. Note that we do not prescribe any specific architecting methodology for generating concrete architectures. Instead, this section outlines how and where

there are so many modern technologies for the future, the most important one to look for is the web of things (with), this technology supposed to connect billions of devices with lead to a massive number of communication between the devices that will produce a huge amount of the information but come with that another type of challenge which is protecting this information from being at risk .we need to put in mind that this device is small in shape and uses low power so when we use numerous rounds to encrypt the data it is will be expensive also it will be very complicated, as you know when we use less complex calculations, we may put the integrity in risk. We propose an algorithm based on lightweight encryption named (LWAES). The first goal of the LWAES scheme is to Highest speed in the encryption and decryption. The Mix Columns stage is the most computational demanding stage in the AES design, and therefore it consumes most of the time needed for encryption and decryption. In the LWAES design, the Mix Columns stage is replaced by simple SHIFT operations. This operation takes the time from the beginning of reading the sensors to the moment they were retrieved to the user 1-8 seconds. In addition to that, the modified LWAES algorithm provides good security With speed in the encryption process and lightweight in the storage process.

Increasing urbanism creates serious ambient problems that downgrade the quality of life of citizens. Environmental awareness may help people to take more informed decisions in their everyday lives, ensuring their health and safety. The Web of Things is becoming a reality, as embedded sensors are being deployed in urban areas for environmental monitoring. These sensors are accessible and discoverable through the Web, and their services can be harnessed by mobile users on the go. In this paper, we perform a small case study, by using mini focus groups, to identify the impact of remote sensing on the everyday lives of users. By means of UrbanRadar, an application that discovers and interacts with environmental services offered by Web-enabled urban sensors, we investigate and discuss the acceptance, influence, usefulness and potential of these services to mobile users. Finally, based on the feedback from participants, we identify eleven design patterns, important for future mobile applications involving remote sensing.

The IoT has primarily focused on establishing connectivity in a diversify of constrained networking environments, and the next logical aim is to build on top of network connectivity by focusing on the application layer. In the Web of Things (WoT), we are thinking about smart things as first class citizens of the Web. We position the Web of Things as a purification of the Internet of Things by integrating smart things not only into the Internet, for instance the network, but into the Web (the application layer). The Web of Things is a computing concept that describes a future where day-today objects are fully integrated with the Web. The WoT is very homogeneous to the IoT in some ways and in others it is drastically different. The stipulation for WoT is for the "things" to have embedded computer systems that enable communication with the Web. This type of smart devices would then be able to communicate with each other using current Web standards. For instance, renowned Web languages PHP, HTML, Python, and JavaScript can be used to easily build applications involving smart things and users can leverage well-known Web mechanisms such as caching, browsing, searching, and bookmarking to communicate and share these devices. In this paper, aim to demonstrate a close-up view about Web of Things, including Web of things architecture, Open platform in Web of Thing, Web-enabling devices, Web of Thing security, use cases of Web of Things. The WoT concept, smart things and their services are fully integrated in the Web by reusing and conforming technologies and patterns commonly used for conventional Web content.

The Internet of Things is an intelligent network, which concatenates all things to the Internet for the purpose of interchange information and communicating via the information sensing devices in conformity with agreed protocols. We could also elucidate the IoT as the next stage in the Internet as some do, whereby things and objects with sensors and actuators are concatenated to the Internet so they can accumulate, send and get data, leading to intelligent solutions and in some cases also act upon data. In this paper, we survey state-of-the-art methods, internet of things (IoT) and its enabling technology in this new emerging area. Because, in the IoT physical objects may also make conclusion about the amassed, processed, and interchange information, as well as take expeditions to control the physical objects and the environment in which they are embedded. The capacities that enable the physical objects to get involved with in the IoT are ordinarily composed of an assemblage of various types of advanced technologies including software, actuators, sensors, and electronics. The IoT assents actuators and computer interfaced sensors to encourage to novel products and services by minimizing costs, increase efficiency, and enhancing the user-friendliness of existing systems. These capacities are either concatenate to or integrated into traditional products and systems. In the end, we will thoroughly analyze the technical details about the IoT enabling technology.

The IoT has primarily focused on establishing connectivity in a diversify of constrained networking environments, and the next logical aim is to build on top of network connectivity by focusing on the application layer. In the Web of Things (WoT), we are thinking about smart things as first class citizens of the Web. We position the Web of Things as a purification of the Internet of Things by integrating smart things not only into the Internet, for instance the network, but into the Web (the application layer). The Web of Things is a computing concept that describes a future where day-today objects are fully integrated with the Web. The WoT is very homogeneous to the IoT in some ways and in others it is drastically different. The stipulation for WoT is for the "things" to have embedded computer systems that enable communication with the Web. This type of smart devices would then be able to communicate with each other using current Web standards. For instance, renowned Web languages PHP, HTML, Python, and JavaScript can be used to easily build applications involving smart things and users can leverage well-known Web mechanisms such as caching, browsing, searching, and bookmarking to communicate and share these devices. In this paper, aim to demonstrate a close-up view about Web of Things, including Web of things architecture, Open platform in Web of Thing, Web-enabling devices, Web of Thing security, use cases of Web of Things. The WoT concept, smart things and their services are fully integrated in the Web by reusing and conforming technologies and patterns commonly used for conventional Web content.

This paper talks about a new environmental friendly parking system that is able to reduce the pollution on earth compared to other generic parking systems. The three main concern for our parking system is the about the impacts towards the environment, the cost of this system and the overall satisfaction that users will get from using this newly designed system. The research methodology used in this project is sequential mix mode to collect data by using online survey and experiment to validate the result. It also addresses the current problem of pollution.

Stimulated by a large number of socio-cognitive theories, suggesting that comparative feedback motivates people to adapt their behavior according to commonly accepted behavior and values, we developed Social Electricity, an online social application motivating users to change their electrical consumption through effective and realistic comparisons with the ones of their friends, neighbors and other users with similar characteristics. By exploiting normative social influence, the users may perceive their energy behavior and take steps to reduce their electricity footprint. Collaborating with the local energy utility, Social Electricity has been deployed at a national level in Cyprus, aiming to influence citizens towards energy savings. In this paper, we present the conceptual design of the application along with analysis of results gathered through a questionnairebased survey with 198 participants, combined with mini focus group studies, focusing on the investigation of user perceptions related to several aspects of Social Electricity, six months after its official release. This study provides interesting insights about the usefulness and acceptance of such large-scale, green ICT social applications, and their potential for affecting energy knowledge and awareness, encouraging users to become more sensitive about the environment and adopt pro-environmental behaviours. He is currently a senior user experience expert and project manager at the Department of Cultural Heritage Management and New Technologies, University of Patras. His research interests are related to the design, development and evaluation of interactive systems and on supporting collaborative and distance learning. He has published more than 60 papers in peer reviewed scientific journals and conferences.

Numerous green online social applications have emerged in recent years, aiming to motivate citizens towards proenvironmental behavior. These applications exploit emerging new technologies, such as mobile computing, online social networking and the web, in order to affect their users in their everyday lives. In this paper, we discuss our experiences from the threeyear development and management of Social Electricity, a largescale green online social application which targets influencing people to reduce their electricity footprint. We provide findings from two case studies performed in Cyprus and Singapore for six months, involving 198 and 175 participants respectively. Through these studies, we observed the acceptance, effectiveness and potential of Social Electricity, increasing our knowledge about the motivations that inspire people to take pro-environmental actions and the barriers that hinder them from acting in a sustainable way. Finally, we present the new version of Social Electricity, supporting citizens from all around Europe, carefully designed and developed based on the feedback received from these case studies and the accumulated expertise during these three years.

As the Internet of Things and the Web of Things are becoming a reality, their interconnection with mobile phone
computing is increasing. Mobile phone integrated sensors offer advanced services, which when combined with web-enabled real world devices located near the mobile user (e.g. body area networks, RFID tags, energy monitors, environmental sensors etc.), have the potential of enhancing the overall user knowledge, perception and experience, encouraging more informed choices and better decisions. This paper serves as a survey of the
most significant work performed in the area of mobile phone computing combined with the Internet/Web of Things. A selection of over 100 papers is presented, which constitute the most significant work in the field up to date, categorizing these papers into ten different domains, according to the area of application (i.e. health, sports, gaming, transportation, agriculture), the nature of interaction (i.e. participatory sensing, eco-feedback, actuation and control) or the communicating actors involved (i.e. things, people). Open issues and research challenges are
identified, analyzed and discussed.

Involvement of numerous stakeholders in cloud-based systems' design and usage with varying degrees of non-functional requirements makes Architecturally Significant Requirements (ASRs) identification and management a challenging undertaking. The aim of the research presented in this chapter is to identify different types of design-time and run-time ASRs of the cloud-based systems, provide an ASRs classification scheme and present a framework to manage the re-quirements' variability during life cycle of the cloud-based systems. We have used a multifaceted research approach to address the ASRs identification, classification and change management challenges. We have explored findings from systematic as well as structured reviews of the literature on quality requirements of the cloud-based systems including but not limited to security, availability, scalability, privacy and multi-tenancy. We have presented a framework for requirements classification and change management focusing on distributed Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) systems as well as complex software ecosystems that are built using PaaS and SaaS, such as Tools as a Service (TaaS). We have demonstrated applicability of the framework on a selected set of the requirements for the cloud-based systems. The results of the research presented in this chapter show that key quality requirements of the cloud-based systems, for example multi-tenancy and security, have a significant impact on how other quality requirements (such as scalability, reliability and interoperability) are handled in the overall architecture design of a cloud-based system. It is important to distinguish tenant specific run-time architecturally significant quality requirements and corresponding cloud-based sys-tems' components so that run-time status of the tenant specific architecture quality requirements can be monitored and system configurations can be adjusted accordingly. For the systems that can be used by multiple tenants, the requirements change management framework should consider if the addition or modification (triggered by a specific tenant) of a quality requirement can impact quality requirements of other tenants, and whether or not a trade-off point should be introduced in the architecture (corresponding to the requirements). The trade-off point can also be referred as a variability point, that is, a compromise has to be made among the number of quality requirements and only some of the requirements can be satisfied. System analysts and software architects can use the proposed taxonomy and the management framework for identifying relevant quality requirements for multi-tenant cloud-based systems, for analysing impact of changes in the requirements on the overall system architecture, and for managing variability of the architecturally significant requirements.

Web of Things (WoT) provides abstraction that simplifies the creation of Internet of Things (IoT) systems. IoT systems are designed to support a number of ubiquitous devices and management subsystems. The devices and subsystems can be a part of safety critical operations as well as smart management of multiple actuators that control the smart home devices. The devices and subsystems need to comply to standardized business and quality requirements of a specific IoT domain. Designing subsystems and actuators for the individual devices as independent software can result in lack of standardization, which can negatively impact the overall quality of a WoT system. Standardisation of the IoT applications and subsystems constituting a WoT system can be facilitated by providing a standardisation at the architecture level. As using Reference Architectures (RA) is a well established approach to achieve architectural standardisation, using the RA for designing IoT subsystems and WoT system can facilitate standardisation of the architecture of individual subsystems constituting a WoT system as well as standardisation of the WoT system. The aim of the research presented this chapter is to provide insight to the process of using a RA for analysis , design, evaluation and evolution of the IoT subsystems as well as a WoT system. We present a software process-based approach to use a RA for architecture design of individual IoT subsystems and then use the IoT subsystems for architecture design of a WoT system. We use a case study-based research approach to analyse application of the process for design , evaluation and evolution of the IoT subsystems and the WoT system for smart-homes domain. The applications of the presented approach is analysed with reference to security and energy management in smart homes. The results of the case studies show that (i) the IoT RA can be used for the initial design to incorporate the standardized business and 1 This chapter describes a method for software architecture design, analysis, evaluation and evolution of individual Internet of Things (IoT) subsystems and how individual IoT subsystems can be used for design of Web of Things (WoT) systems. 2 Muhammad Aufeef Chauhan is a Postdoctoral researcher at IT University of Copenhagen and Technical University of Denmark. His research interests include software architecture for distributed and cloud-based systems, security of the cloud-based system, global software development and software evolution. quality requirements, (ii) the elements of the concrete IoT subsystems architectures can be included in the IoT RA for evolution of the RA with respect to emerging and domain specific requirements, and (iii) open discussion by including architects of all IoT subsystems to determine key business and quality requirements of IoT subsystems can play an important rule in the evaluation of the IoT subsystems as well as evolution of the IoT RA. We foresee that the presented approach can be used for the analysis, design, evaluation and evolution of the IoT subsystems and WoT system even if the detailed architecture design activities of the IoT subsystems are carried out independently. This chapter presents following key contributions: • A methodology for analysis, design, evaluation and evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) subsystems and Web of Things (WoT) system using a selected IoT Reference Architecture (RA). • An approach for analysis and evaluation of the key business requirements and quality constraints of the IoT subsystems. • Guidelines on using architectures of the concrete IoT subsystems as a source for evolution of an IoT RA. • A comprehensive case study on application of the presented approach for smart-homes domain.

Software Reference Architecture (SRA), which is a generic architecture solution for a specific type of software systems, provides foundation for the design of concrete architectures in terms of architecture design guidelines and architecture elements. The complexity and size of certain types of software systems need customized and systematic SRA design and evaluation methods. In this paper, we present a software Reference Architecture Design process Framework (RADeF) that can be used for analysis, design and evaluation of the SRA for provisioning of Tools as a Service as part of a cloud-enabled work-SPACE (TSPACE). The framework is based on the state of the art results from literature and our experiences with designing software architectures for cloud-based systems. We have applied RADeF SRA design two types of TSPACE: software architecting TSPACE and software implementation TSPACE. The presented framework emphasizes on keeping the conceptual meta-model of the domain under investigation at the core of SRA design strategy and use it as a guiding tool for design, evaluation, implementation and evolution of the SRA. The framework also emphasizes to consider the nature of the tools to be provi-sioned and underlying cloud platforms to be used while designing SRA. The framework recommends adoption of the multi-faceted approach for evaluation of SRA and quantifiable measurement scheme to evaluate quality of the SRA. We foresee that RADeF can facilitate software architects and researchers during design, application and evaluation of a SRA and its instantiations into concrete software systems.

The literature on the challenges of and potential solutions to architecting cloud-based systems is rapidly growing, but is scattered. It is important to systematically analyze and synthesize the existing research on architecting cloud-based software systems in order to build a cohesive body of knowledge of the reported challenges and solutions. We have systematically identified and reviewed 133 papers that report architecture related challenges and solutions for cloud-based software systems. This paper reports the methodological details, findings, and implications of a systematic review that has enabled us to identify 44 unique categories of challenges and associated solutions for architecting cloud-based software systems. We assert that the identified challenges and solutions classified into the categories form a body of knowledge that can be leveraged for designing or evaluating software architectures for cloud-based systems. Our key conclusions are that a large number of primary studies focus on middleware services aimed at achieving scalability, performance, response time and efficient resource optimization. Architecting cloud-based systems presents unique challenges as the systems to be designed range from pervasive embedded systems and enterprise applications to smart devices with Internet of Things (IoTs). We also conclude that there is a huge potential of research on architecting cloud-based systems in areas related to green computing, energy efficient systems, mobile cloud computing and IoTs.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ambiguous term. There are different definitions for
this term, ranging from any system that has sensors and actuators to a solitary
interconnected network of physical items. This Paper shows that this term does not give
enough information to construct a software architecture on. This is accomplished by
taking an inside look at the IoT described in literature as well as the types of
applications that exist on the market today and using the concept of software
architectural styles to show how different areas in the IoT will need varying styles. This
paper continued to classify solutions in the Internet of Things into different classes. The
outcomes are that for a subset of the classes there is a reasonable style, however for
remaining classes there are still different decisions where more context information is
needed