Waste Strategy

Electronic waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. Due to the absence of effective and suitable treatment technology, this waste can pose a serious health and environmental hazards. Developing countries such as India is facing enormous challenges and problems related to the rapid generation and disposal of electronic waste. The present study attempted to identify the current challenges and constraints of electronic waste in India. This paper also identifies and analyze the significant role of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policy in handling and effective management of electronic waste.

Current debates around our built environment concerns raise questions about whether our present built environment suitably supports the human rights aims of our Constitution, as well as our economic needs and opportunities. We all agree that we build spaces so that we can function in these spaces effectively. We recognise that our houses, neighbourhoods, towns and cities are like tools, that we use to attend to our living needs. We also agree that the spaces that we build, often if not always, attempt to acquire a particular desired aesthetic appearance, which is an expression of our individual and collective inspirations and aspirations.

lectured at the university of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg for four years and has practiced as an architect and urban designer since 2005. As director of Motsepe Architects (M Arch) (Pty) LTD, he heads significant city rejuvenation projects in Johannesburg's inner city and south Africa's capital city, Tshwane, as well as charity projects in villages and historically black townships. Fanuel is the founder of Motsepe Architects Research unit and Practice unit Learning Apprenticeship (MARu a PuLA). Fanuel is the Immediate-Past President of the south African Institute of Architects (sAIA). He is also an executive councillor at the south African Council of the Architectural Profession (sACAP). He served 10 years at the south African Heritage Resources Agency-Gauteng (sAHRA-GP) where he provided heritage conservation architectural services. He is an executive board member of the Black Business Council in Built environment (BBCBe).

Majority of the products get discarded at end-of-life (EoL), causing environmental pollution, and resulting in a complete loss of all materials and embodied energy. Adopting a closed-loop material flow approach can aid preventing such losses and enable EoL value recovery from these products. Design and engineering decisions made and how products are used impact the capability to implement EOL strategies such as disassembly and remanufacturing. Some underlying factors affecting the capability to implement these EOL strategies have been discussed in previous studies. However, relevant metrics and attributes are not well defined and comprehensive methods to quantitatively evaluate them are lacking. This study will first identify key lifecycle oriented metrics affecting disassemblability and remanufacturability. Then a methodology is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of these strategies considering the quality of returns, product-design characteristics and process technology requ...

Anthesis (UK) Ltd has prepared this report for the sole use of the client and for the intended purposes as stated in the agreement between Anthesis and the client under which this report was completed. Anthesis has exercised due and customary care in preparing this report but has not, save as specifically stated, independently verified information provided by others. No other warranty, express or implied, is made in relation to the contents of this report. The use of this report, or reliance on its content, by unauthorised third parties without written permission from Anthesis shall be at their own risk, and Anthesis accepts no duty of care to such third parties. Any recommendations, opinions or findings stated in this report are based on facts and circumstances as they existed at the time the report was prepared. Any changes in such facts and circumstances may adversely affect the recommendations, opinions or findings contained in this report. An independent study on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) flows in the UK Material Focus

This chapter analyzes how far the e-waste problem is hindering the realization of sustainable societies. It looks into how far existing initiatives such as the Solving the e-waste Problem (SteP) Initiative, Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative (MPPI), Partnership for Action on Computing equipment (PACe), Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI), Further work under the International Telecommunications union (ITu) and the Strategic Approach to International Chemical Management (SAICM) address the e-waste problem and its multitude of dimensions, also describing a way ahead towards reaching the vision.

Rapidly growing quantities of e-waste (WEEE) demand the increasing attention of environmental policy all over the world. Developing countries are particularly affected by recycling and disposal activities, which are deemed harmful to health and environment. Holistic or integrated approaches to WEEE policy are required. The paper discusses first recycling technologies for glass from cathode ray tubes (CRT) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) in Vietnam. Thereafter the German approach to WEEE policy is adjusted to allow for an integrated policy. This is then adapted to allow for the recycling of used monitors and computers. Sự gia tăng một cách nhanh chóng số lượng các chất thải từ các thiết bị điện, điện tử (WEEE) đòi hỏi sự tăng cường chú ý tới các chính sách môi trường toàn cầu. Các nước đang phát triển bị tác động đặc biệt bởi các hoạt động tái chế, do nó ảnh hưởng xấu tới sức khỏe và môi trường. Các phương pháp tổ hợp và toàn diện đối với các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử (W...

such cases, disputes are expected to be solved in accordance with a mixture of official rules and customary local norms. Such a style of dispute resolution that avoids rigidly applying the laws has, according to John Gillespie in Chapter 6, a long history that traces back to the French colonial era. This book's basic question is in line with the seemingly popular arguments in the recent politico-historical studies on Vietnam. It asks how local society shapes state governance, and vice versa. The individual chapters in this book "demonstrate how negotiations over property are deeply enmeshed with dynamics of state formation" (p. 201, Thomas Sikor in Epilogue). The arguments in this book can be considered complementary to David Koh's argument on the penumbra or "mediation space" of the state-society relationship. Koh (2006, p. 2) argues that "[i]n this penumbra, local officials do not base their dealings with people only on laws and rules of the party state. . .; as a result, the Vietnamese party-state's policies are often not well implemented on account of this space." The concept of "fuzziness" in this book contributes to the studies in this field by providing an answer to the question of how and why the space for mediation is created between the state and local society as well as between the states and individuals who are exposed to the market.

As a result of industrialization and ever increasing demand of electronic products in daily life E-waste is generated at a much faster rate. E-waste is growing in India at the rate of 10%.The condition in India is much worse because about 80 percent of the e-waste generated in the US is exported to India, China and Pakistan under the name of charity. Current data indicate that the total domestic e-waste generation including imports is around 382979 MT, however waste available for recycling and actually recycled are 144143 MT and 19000 MT, respectively in which recycling by non-formal and formal sector are 95% and 5%, respectively. The paper discusses various treatment technologies used for treating E-waste along with recovery & reuse options. It also provides information regarding legislative measures that have been taken to deal with E-waste globally and in India.

Considering the environmental issues related to e-waste caused by excessive consumption and early disposal of ICT equipment, this paper aims to analyze policies, programs, regulations and legislation in Brazil and in selected geographies with a higher incidence of e-waste (Europe, USA, China and Japan). A comparison matrix is presented and, within this context, it is clear that the Brazilian law (12.305) relative to international laws is both limited and subjective in regards to producer responsibilities because it is limited to the requirement to structure and implement reverse logistics and defines them as issuer pays. As a contrasting example, the European EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) system is more efficient in controlling and managing e-waste, since it extends to the end-life of products. As such, it serves as a basis for regulations in many other countries. This paper is theoretical and based on the results of literature reviews.

Anthesis (UK) Ltd has prepared this report for the sole use of the client and for the intended purposes as stated in the agreement between Anthesis and the client under which this report was completed. Anthesis has exercised due and customary care in preparing this report but has not, save as specifically stated, independently verified information provided by others. No other warranty, express or implied, is made in relation to the contents of this report. The use of this report, or reliance on its content, by unauthorised third parties without written permission from Anthesis shall be at their own risk, and Anthesis accepts no duty of care to such third parties. Any recommendations, opinions or findings stated in this report are based on facts and circumstances as they existed at the time the report was prepared. Any changes in such facts and circumstances may adversely affect the recommendations, opinions or findings contained in this report. An independent study on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) flows in the UK Material Focus

Due to the rapid economic growth, growing demand for high-tech products, and decreasing service life of products, global waste generation from the electrical and electronic equipment sector is increasing. From the environmental and economic perspective, the circular economy (CE) emphasizes e-waste prevention as it is one of the fastest-growing waste streams having both valuable and rare materials as well as toxic substances. It is common to manage electrical products at their end-of-life through circular practices however, knowledge and implementation of CE in the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) sector still need to be improved. End-of-life practices center on recycling, and the percentage of valuable resources recovered is low. There is a missing insight into the business opportunities for alternative end-of-life options such as reusing, repairing, and re-manufacturing that hold stakeholders from implementing circular strategies. To fill the gaps identified, we dev...

Due to the rapid economic growth, growing demand for high-tech products, and decreasing service life of products, global waste generation from the electrical and electronic equipment sector is increasing. From the environmental and economic perspective, the circular economy (CE) emphasizes e-waste prevention as it is one of the fastest-growing waste streams having both valuable and rare materials as well as toxic substances. It is common to manage electrical products at their end-of-life through circular practices however, knowledge and implementation of CE in the waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) sector still need to be improved. End-of-life practices center on recycling, and the percentage of valuable resources recovered is low. There is a missing insight into the business opportunities for alternative end-of-life options such as reusing, repairing, and re-manufacturing that hold stakeholders from implementing circular strategies. To fill the gaps identified, we dev...

Waste is a symbol of inefficiency in modern society and represents misallocated resources. This paper outlines an ongoing interdisciplinary research project entitled-Integrated ETWW demand forecasting and scenario planning for low-carbon precincts‖ and reports on first findings and a literature review. This large multi-stakeholder research project develops a shared platform for integrated ETWW (energy, transport, waste and water) planning in a low-carbon urban future, focusing on synergies and alternative approaches to urban planning. The aim of the project is to develop a holistic integrated software tool for demand forecasting and scenario evaluation for residential precincts, covering the four domains, ETWW, using identified commonalities in data requirements and model formulation. The authors of this paper are overseeing the waste domain. A major component of the project will be developing a method for including the impacts of household behavior change in demand forecasting, as well as assessing the overall carbon impacts of urban developments or redevelopments of existing precincts. The resulting tool will allow urban planners, municipalities and developers to assess the future total demands for energy, transport, waste and water whilst in the planning phase. The tool will also help to assess waste management performance and materials flow in relation to energy and water consumption and travel behavior, supporting the design and management of urban systems in different city contexts.

Today, many developed cities such as Stockholm, and Adelaide are aiming to transform their current waste management practice into a more efficient and sustainable way, called zero waste practice. Increasingly people move from rural to urban environments due to the economic activities and quality of life provided to inhabitants, causing cities to expand. Overcrowded cities are compromising the quality of urban life due to their rapid growth and ever-increasing generation of waste. The concept of the ''zero waste city" includes a 100% recycling rate and recovery of all resources from waste materials. However, transforming current over-consuming cities to zero waste cities is challenging. Therefore, this study aims to understand the key drivers of waste management and the challenges, threats, and opportunities in transforming traditional waste streams and optimizing practices toward zero waste practices. Part of this study is an in-depth case analysis of waste management systems in two cities, Adelaide and Stockholm. Cities from high consuming countries, such as Australia and Sweden, have been analyzed based on five waste management contexts: social, economic, political, technological, and environmental. In addition, key drivers are identified. Both Adelaide and Stockholm have the vision to become ''zero waste cities". The study concludes that strategies based on tools, systems, and technologies can assist cities in their transformation into ''zero waste cities"; however, they must also be affordable, practicable, and effective within their local regulatory framework.

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become one of the most significant waste streams due to the increasing amounts and environmental impact. It is very important to know how to manage the WEEE quantities, what laws are in force in this field and what policies are available to apply. This paper presents the e-waste legislation and management system from some of the European countries, as examples. The hierarchy of the management systems is presented according to the framework Directive and legislative approaches. There are also shown the "take-back" policy, the "polluter pays" principle and the "extended producer responsibility" principle. The goal of this research is to highlight the WEEE framework legislation in Europe and to present the EU policies for the WEEE management system.

Considering the environmental issues related to e-waste caused by excessive consumption and early disposal of ICT equipment, this paper aims to analyze policies, programs, regulations and legislation in Brazil and in selected geographies with a higher incidence of e-waste (Europe, USA, China and Japan). A comparison matrix is presented and, within this context, it is clear that the Brazilian law (12.305) relative to international laws is both limited and subjective in regards to producer responsibilities because it is limited to the requirement to structure and implement reverse logistics and defines them as issuer pays. As a contrasting example, the European EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) system is more efficient in controlling and managing e-waste, since it extends to the end-life of products. As such, it serves as a basis for regulations in many other countries. This paper is theoretical and based on the results of literature reviews.

The waste of electrical and electronic equipment pose an environmental and human health challenge for some developing countries, including Ghana. Despite such challenges, it contributes to job creation and income generation if properly collected and processed. This type of waste may contain precious minerals including gold and mercury. However, the processing of such waste is dominated by the informal sector. Due to the availability of finance, they resort to unhealthy such as burning and crushing as a means of processing this waste, thereby, exposing themselves and the environment to poisonous metals and substances. To curtail the problems created by this waste, the government proposed the establishment of a fund to enable the country secure the needed capital to deal with this waste problem. The paper uses documentary review to assess the proposed government approach to funding of this waste. It proposes an alternative model of financing of this waste. It recommends, among other things, the need to promote the sector as a business venture and encourage the participation of private, public, foreign and domestic investment. The said investment is expected to promote the acquisition of the needed technology to manage e-waste.

I would like to take this opportunity to express my utmost gratitude towards everyone who supported me throughout the course of my Masters of Architecture studies. My dear friends and family, I am so thankful for your constant inspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism, advice and endless encouragement throughout the years. I am sincerely grateful to you all for sharing truthful and illuminating views to even further develop the outcomes of this dissertation.

This paper investigates opportunities to connect divided cities by analysing ways in which occupation practices operate alongside, subvert and potentially transform historic, and presently developing urban infrastructure divisions in Tshwane's eastern urban region. Through a critical theory lens, existing and perpetuating conditions of infrastructural segregation are examined in order to understand scenarios through which built environments, as assemblages, maintain conditions of extreme inequality and power. In this respect, urban spatial research projects, analysing formal and informal settlement patterns are presented. The projects form part of an architecture design lead research studio that focuses on discovering alternative scenarios for urban environments by examining existing infrastructure barriers, and unpacking methods for the transformation of segregative systemic forms. Extracts of the projects are presented as case studies with a focus on areas around Mamelodi east and Moreleta Park in rapidly growing parts of Tshwane. These projects demonstrate conditions through which urban divisions of scarcity are established and constructed along infrastructure development zones in the region. They also raise key spatial questions pertaining to inequality and the role of capital investment in its perpetuation.

This paper investigates opportunities to connect divided cities by analysing ways in which occupation practices operate alongside, subvert and potentially transform historic, and presently developing urban infrastructure divisions in Tshwane’s eastern urban region. Through a critical theory lens existing and perpetuating conditions of infrastructural segregation are examined in order to understand scenarios through which built environments, as assemblages, maintain conditions of extreme inequality and power. In this respect, urban spatial research projects, analysing formal and informal settlement patterns are presented. The projects form part of an architecture design lead research studio that focuses on discovering alternative scenarios for urban environments by examining existing infrastructure barriers, and unpacking methods for the transformation of segregative systemic forms. Extracts of the projects are presented as case studies with a focus on areas around Mamelodi east and ...

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Integration of economics and ecological aims is basis for consensus about developing aims in the European Union. Waste in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Regulations (RoHS) Directives do not only refer to prohibition of putting of electrical and electronics waste on the depot. They also refer to decreasing and prohibition of using of dangerous materials in the production of electrical and electronics devices. It is recommended to use more suitable and pure technologies which have not been used in production of electrical and electronics devices. Recycling of the electrical and electronic waste (EEW) in the Serbia is still realized on the most primitive way by hammer and screwdriver printed boards, capacitors, cables are disassembled and stripped manually.

It is established that the e-waste comprised of personal computers, air conditioners, refrigerators, fluorescent lamps and old telephones handsets. Such discarded equipment is found to contain useful metals such as iron, copper and aluminium as well as ecological contaminants such as lead and mercury. The huge amounts of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) have made it very urgent to make such systems that can guarantee selective collection and legal treatment of such electronic waste. But, in some countries now and today also not having legislation or yet not devised a waste management system to comply with the law. Our country India today working on it for better waste managements. In some status dumping yards are developed for waste management. On daily basic local recycling companies who can get benefits from these materials for doing management of waste.

Introduction The Basel Ban Amendment [the Basel Ban] has been hailed as a triumph of international environmental justice by some sectors and criticized by others as counterproductive to environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes. Its role in international law, particularly in the Basel convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal [Basel convention] has been both polarizing and empowering. The Basel Ban has polarized developed countries such as the US and Japan from developing countries in their steadfast opposition to it. However, the Basel Ban has also greatly empowered developing countries in asserting their sovereignty against toxic waste dumping and has forced developed countries to re-evaluate their policies on toxic waste trade. This section briefly looks into the principles that helped define the Basel Ban. Toxic Waste Dumping and Environmental Justice The 1970s and 1980s were a period that saw heightened public concern about hazar...

If we consider Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management, we can see the development of different positions in developed and developing countries. This development started with the movement of WEEE from developed countries to the developing countries. However, when the consequences for health and the environment were observed, some developing countries introduced a ban on the import of this kind of waste under the umbrella of the Basel Convention, while some developed countries have been considering a regional or global WEEE recycling approach. This paper explores the current movements between Source and Destination countries, or the importers and exporters, and examines whether it is legal and why illegal traffic is still rife; how global initiatives could support a global WEEE management scheme; the recycling characteristics of the source an destination countries and also to ascertain whether the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) has been established between the different stakeholders involved in WEEE management. Ultimately, the Full Extended Producer Responsibility is presented as a possible solution because the compensation of the environmental capacity for WEEE recycling or treatment could be made by the contribution of extra responsibility; and also generating an uniform standard for processing WEEE in an environmentally sound manner could support the regional or international solution of WEEE and also improve the performance of the informal sector.

e-Waste, or electronic waste, disposal that is uncontrolled can be harmful to human health and the environment because e-waste contains toxic substances and heavy metals. However, if the waste is properly managed, it can become a business opportunity that produces high returns because e-waste also contains valuable materials, such as gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. The government of Malaysia wants to ensure the safe, effective, and economically beneficial management of e-waste in Malaysia. Management approaches have included law enforcement and regulation and the promotion of e-waste recovery activities. e-Waste of no commercial value must be disposed of at sites/premises licensed by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia. To date, 18 full recovery facilities and 128 partial recovery facilities that use various available technologies have been designated for the segregation, dismantling, and treatment of e-waste. However, there are issues faced by the recovery faciliti...

Electrical and electronic equipment waste (E-waste/WEEE) is a current global concern because of the increasing volume and improper treatment of e-waste. Generally, e-waste can be defined as discarded components of electrical and electronic equipment that have no reuse value. The improper disposal of e-waste can bring about catastrophic effects to mankind and the environment. The Basel Convention in 1992 categorizes e-waste as hazardous waste due to the presence of toxic materials. Currently, the production of e-waste is expanding at a considerable rate and is expected to reach 52.2 million tons globally by 2021. Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia are three neighboring countries that are facing the issue of e-waste management. The shortage of appropriate recovery and recycling facilities for formal e-waste treatment in the aforementioned three counties may lead to informal e-waste treatment or unsafe landfill, which cause harmful and hazardous effects to human lives and nature. This ...

Product recovery and life extension are critical activities in the cradle to cradle life cycle philosophy. These activities are very much dependent on the product's ability to be effectively disassembled into its component or even material constituents. Among the elemental task of disassembly is fastener removal. Thus, when considering the design for disassembly (DfD), many fastener associated factors need to be considered but very few DfD method effectively supports fastener selection especially in the early stage of design. The process of selecting a fastener for its functional requirement is already complex. Additionally, the requirements for disassemblability further complicate the process. This paper proposes the development of a multi criteria decision making model to assist designers in selecting fasteners for DfD. PROMETHEE method was used developing the decision making model for selecting fastener that considers both functionality and disassemblability. A design case study is described to reflect the usefulness of the fastener selection model.

This paper tries to quantify the amount of E-waste generated in India with the related stakeholder involvement. Electronic waste (E-waste) or waste electrical and electronic equipments (WEEE), which is relatively a recent addition to the hazardous waste stream, is drawing rapid attention across the globe as the quantity being generated is rising rapidly. All electrical and electronic equipments (EEE), on completion of their useful life, contribute to the E-waste stream. However, the current estimation of the amount of E-waste generated in India is extremely hazy. In this paper, an attempt has been made to formulate an inventory of E-waste in the country in terms of both internal or domestic generation and illegal import. Different methods of estimation of E-waste have been evaluated. Furthermore, the paper tries to identify the whole range of diverse stakeholders involved in the generation of E-waste in the country. It has been observed that actual and reliable data on the generatio...

By addressing the importance of Basel convention, this paper tries to take attention of the government of Myanmar regarding this particular issue. Then, considering the history, geography, economy, environmental condition and existing laws, Technical and financial capacity of this country this paper suggests Myanmar to be a party of Basel convention for becoming a sustainable developed country. The mechanisms to assist Myanmar's implementation of the Convention are also examined here .At the end, inadequacies of the convention with some suggestions to strengthen it are also addressed.

This article explores the regulation of transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria. The country has had an unsavoury history with the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, and this has likely influenced its strict legislative response to such imports, including the decision to ban the transboundary movement of e-waste. However, the effectiveness of the ban is doubtful, as the importation of non-functional electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) or near-end-of-life EEE (which is classified as e-waste in Nigeria), is still thriving. The failure of the ban in curbing the transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria obliges policy makers to come up with new and innovative means to address this issue. It posits that the ban does not show an appreciation of the socio-economic realities and the generally weak regulatory climate in the country. The article thus argues for a shift in policy from outright ban of e-waste imports into Nigeria to more effective regulation and susta...

The rapid rise in the use of mobile (cell) phones, combined with their shortening lifespan, due to a high replacement frequency, are posing disposal management challenges at a time when mobile phones are the fastest growing component of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE). In this study, 250 people in Liverpool, UK, were surveyed using mixed methods quantitative and qualitative approach to investigate their attitudes and perspectives towards their use and disposal of mobile phones. Most people change their phones every one to two years. However, despite asserting that mobile phones should be recycled, repaired or reused, and demonstrating awareness of the hazards and toxicity of mobile phones, 86% of people store their 'retired' phones, with almost half, having three to four phones stockpiled. The small size and light weight of mobile phones make stockpiling an easy option and create obstacles for 'take-back' and other more formal ways of reuse or recycling.

Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing pollution problems worldwide given the presence if a variety of toxic substances which can contaminate the environment and threaten human health, if disposal protocols are not meticulously managed. This paper presents an overview of toxic substances present in e-waste, their potential environmental and human health impacts together with management strategies currently being used in certain countries. Several tools including Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) have been developed to manage e-wastes especially in developed countries. The key to success in terms of e-waste management is to develop eco-design devices, properly collect e-waste, recover and recycle material by safe methods, dispose of e-waste by suitable techniques, forbid the transfer of used electronic devices to developing countries, and raise awareness of the impact of e-waste. No single tool is adequate but together they can complement each other to solve this issue. A national scheme such as EPR is a good policy in solving the growing e-waste problems.

In this article, we clarify the current status of Japanese exports and Chinese imports of secondary resources. A total of around 10 million metric tons (t) of secondary resources are exported annually from Japan to China, Hong Kong, and Korea. Hong Kong plays the role of a transshipment point, especially regarding the trade in plastic waste, and China imports much from the USA and Japan, often through Hong Kong. The secondary resources exported from Japan include both byproducts from manufacturing processes and end-of-life products or materials. The great demand in China, and the difference in prices between countries, drive this transboundary shipment, although Japan has enacted various recycling laws that were implicitly intended to promote domestic recycling. In China, the imported secondary resources are recycled, usually by means of primitive and low-cost hand labor. The greatest concern is whether there are still improper (illegal or polluting) recycling activities in China. International material cycles should prevent environmental pollution and ensure efficient resource utilization. To that end, the following measures are needed: cooperative control of the trade of secondary resources between countries, the alignment of domestic laws with the regulations in other countries based on the actual trade activities, and the realization of sound practices for global resources management.

The paper analyzes the hazardous waste management system in the Republic of Croatia with respect to the obligations arising from the EU acquis communautaire in the field of environmental protection. Besides analyzing the existing legislative regulations and strategic framework, assessments were made of the amounts of hazardous waste produced as by-products of the manufacturing and service processes. The following data relating to hazardous waste producers were analyzed: air pollution emissions, water pollution emissions, soil pollution, pollution types, emissions of polluting substances, amounts of waste in the reporting year, temporary storage at the beginning and at the end of the year, waste management at the site of production, waste delivered to the waste collecting firm, waste caretakers, and data on hazardous waste export. For hazardous and special types of waste, changes in the amount of hazardous waste, collecting, storage, processing and recovery, hazardous waste caretaking and environmental protection management were analyzed. Research results indicate three different factors underlying the functioning of hazardous waste management: effective prevention of hazardous waste production, recycling and incineration. All three factors are important for adjusting future activities to the EU guidelines for the period of 2014-2020. Authors' recommendations could serve as guidelines for decision makers as well as a framework for the hazardous waste management strategy in Croatia.

Electronic wastes (e-wastes) pose a significant threat to human health and the ecosystem, due to both the volume of wastes produced and the hazardous materials contained. Discarded electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing waste streams worldwide, due to the increasing growth rate of the Information Technology (IT) market and the rapid obsolescence of the equipment. The European Union has characterized the Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), in general, as one of the key waste streams and has already developed the framework for their management. Although a lot of EU countries have already launched their electronic wastes policy, Greece started the efforts quite recently. Granted that the Greek IT market is expected to grow significantly in the near future, it is obvious that the need for immediate action is more urgent than ever, so as to be able to deal with the problems that will occur due to the accumulation of significant quantities of e-wastes. The paper presents the process so far of a project, funded by European Regional Development Fund, which aims to develop an integrated management system for electronic wastes in the Attica Region.

Johnson Ojiyovwi Okorhi*, Joe E. Amadi‐Echendu, Helen Olubunmi Aderemi and Roland Uhunmwangho a. Institute of Engineering, Technology, and Innovation Management (METI), University of Port Harcourt, Abuja Campus, Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria b. Department of Engineering and Technology Management, Graduate School of Technology Management University of Pretoria, South Africa c. Department of Management and Accounting, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria d. Electrical/Engineering Department, University of Port Harcourt, Shoba Campus, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria *E-mail: johnsonokorhi@gmail.com (Corresponding) *Telephone: +234(0)8137891014

The computer industry has witnessed an unprecedented growth in the last few decades. It is one of the fastest growing manufacturing industries and, due to high rate of obsolescence, one of the industries with the highest rate of e-waste. This paper applies a reverse logistics hierarchy to detennine what steps are being taken in the industry and presents some suggested solutions to the problem from the systems theory perspective. Keywords: Reverse logistics, computer industry, e-waste, systems theory solutions

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a relatively new and emerging municipal waste in Nigeria. As much as 400, 000 units of used electronic equipment arrive through the Lagos port into Nigeria each month. A large percentage of these imported equipment are completely unserviceable, thus contributing to waste load in the country. E-wastes are leading sources of heavy metal contamination in the environment when improperly managed. The current study examines the reasons for the upsurge in demand for electronics in waste. Information regarding factors that contribute to the generation of e-wastes was gathered through the administration of a structured questionnaire to sections of Ogun State, Nigeria. Findings from the study show that young people between the ages of 15 - 35 are responsible for the highest demand for electronics in the country. It was also shown that the national policy on e-wastes management (especially with respect to enforcement), is still in its formative stages and that pub...

This paper explores Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) collection in China based on an open-ended interview among 14 housholds, in an attempt to demonstrate the role of various informal and formal stakeholders can be managed during the innitial stage of recycling, WEEE collection. In relation to the complex e-waste recycling system based on informal collectors, a comparaison between formal and informal collection methods has been done in order to get a better understanding of e-waste collection and dismantling infrastructure. In the discussion section, informal collection and regulated trade-in with retailers is compared as the two representations of informal and formal collection means. Suggestions are proposed on how to improve WEEE collection methods through recognising and incorporating the roles of the formal and informal WEEE collection sector.

This paper explores Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) collection in China based on an open-ended interview among 14 housholds, in an attempt to demonstrate the role of various informal and formal stakeholders can be managed during the innitial stage of recycling, WEEE collection. In relation to the complex e-waste recycling system based on informal collectors, a comparaison between formal and informal collection methods has been done in order to get a better understanding of e-waste collection and dismantling infrastructure. In the discussion section, informal collection and regulated trade-in with retailers is compared as the two representations of informal and formal collection means. Suggestions are proposed on how to improve WEEE collection methods through recognising and incorporating the roles of the formal and informal WEEE collection sector.

The global demand for electronic products and equipments has been phenomenal in the last few decades. This paper aims to examine the existing national legislations in India and their implementation framework. It also reviews the legislations in other countries to have a comparative analysis in terms of effectiveness of implementation and role of stakeholders involved in E-waste management. On comparison with other countries, Indian legal framework appeared to be reasonably relaxed and less stringent. The paper also recommends reasons for non-compliance and suggestive measures to improve the existing scenario of E-waste in the country.

The amount of electronic waste generated globally is alarming especially that it is on the rise. The impact of the generated amounts is not only Environmental. The electronic waste sector is unregulated in most developing countries; this results in the informal sector being heavily involved in managing and handling it. Due to the lack of regulations, informal handlers are exposed to hazardous materials that affect both their health and health of the communities living in their proximity. Moreover, the informal sector involves illegal child and women labor under harsh conditions. In addition to the social impact, the lack of regulations leads to missing major economic opportunities associated with developing a recycling industry for the safe handling and material recovery from the generated e-waste volumes. Electronic waste may contain up to 60 different materials including precious and rare-earth metals with estimated equivalent economic value of 48 billion Euros. Egypt is one the countries which lack policies and regulations dedicated to e-waste, hence the Egyptian economy is missing the economic potential and job creation opportunities associated with developing the e-waste sector as well as facing major Environmental and health challenges due to the improper handling of the generated amounts. This paper briefly reviews the current situation of e-waste in Egypt. The paper then proposes an adapted guideline for the sustainable management of e-waste in Egypt. The guideline is based on the international regulations and guidelines especially those of countries similar to the Egyptian socioeconomic context. The produced guideline focuses on establishing a collection and recycling framework for e-waste in Egypt with EPR at its center. The guideline also establishes a financing system to help foster the recycling industry in Egypt while fulfilling the three main pillars of sustainability.

With high speed of increasement in electrical and electronic products, the relevant wastes turn out to be serious in China. But a corresponding recycling system of WEEE has yet to be established. The actual WEEE flow in China is therefore kind of unknown. Through an in-depth analysis of the recycling system and extended survey of the WEEE recycling process in Beijing, this paper puts forward a WEEE closed loop chain model concerning the source, pathway and volume of the flow. It identified some key control points in the WEEE recycling process, which are taken into account in several policy recommendations.