Veterinary Education

            Con la finalidad de promover competencias de responsabilidad y reflexión sobre el propio proceso de aprendizaje, se introdujo el uso de portafolio en un curso de primer año en la Universidad de Concepción, Chile, para promover competencias de responsabilidad y reflexión sobre el proceso de aprendizaje. En el estudio participaron 86 estudiantes de los 97 inscritos en el curso. Se realizó una inducción y descripción detallada de los objetivos y metodología al comienzo de la asignatura. Se efectuaron dos evaluaciones sumativas del portafolio durante el semestre, con retroalimentación después de la primera evaluación. Al terminar el curso se aplicó una encuesta de 11 ítems mediante escala Likert de 1 a 5 puntos. Los promedios de las evaluaciones sumativas se compararon mediante una prueba no paramétrica para muestras en pares y la encuesta de percepción se analizó mediante estadística descriptiva. Se observó un aumento significativo (p<0.05) entre la primera y segunda eva...

The objective was to assess communication skills of veterinary practitioners in Türkiye and to examine influences of sociodemographic characteristics on these skills. A total of 615 actively employed veterinary practitioners were recruited. The study population comprised veterinarians actively engaged in clinics, polyclinics, or animal hospitals in Türkiye. The Communication Skills Inventory, consisting of 45 items and 3 sub-factors, was used as the data collection tool. Visits were conducted across 14 selected provinces representing 7 geographical regions of Türkiye. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 615 veterinary practitioners and data were collected during sessions averaging 25 min in duration. In this study, 68.1% of the participants were male, 56.1% were between 23 and 33 y old, 23.6% were employed in the Marmara region, 29.8% had been active in clinical practice for , 5 y, and 75.3% were working primarily with pets. In addition, 81.8% had not received communication training, 92.8% lacked ethics training, and 93.3% were not affiliated with professional organizations. The average total score of veterinarians from the Communication Skills Inventory consisting of 45 items and 3 factors was (mean 6 SD) 148.6 6 11.2 points; therefore, communication skills of these veterinarians were generally at a good level. Parameters other than gender influenced the communication skills of veterinary practitioners. Communication-skills scores were higher among those serving the pet group, those with , 5 y of active clinical experience, individuals aged 23 to 33 y, and those who had received communication and ethics training and were actively involved in professional organizations. To identify specific factors influencing communication skills of veterinary practitioners and to implement practices based on the findings, qualitative research is recommended. Such studies should include not only veterinary practitioners but also animal owners and veterinary team members with whom they interact. Objectif L'objectif était d'évaluer les compétences en communication des vétérinaires praticiens en Turquie et d'examiner l'influence des caractéristiques sociodémographiques sur ces compétences.

Adult dogs, especially elderly ones, are commonly affected by prostate diseases. Performing rectal palpation during physical examination in dogs is important in small animal clinical diagnosis. Prostate palpation training allows students to learn how to correctly introduce the finger into the rectum and identify the location, size, symmetry, and consistency of the prostate. Alternative methods are needed to teach this technique without using live dogs. Thus, our aim was to develop a canine prostate palpation simulator to provide students with the opportunity to learn the prostate palpation technique in dogs, and to assess their opinion of this simulator as a teaching tool. The inner part of the canine mannequin contains a rotation system with three types of prostates that can be exchanged during the exam. Of the 64 participating students, 81% had never used alternative methods and 92.2% had never performed any prostatic palpation. According to the students' opinions, performing ...

Veterinary science plays a vital role in protecting animal health, safeguarding public health, and ensuring global food security. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of veterinary medicine, the expanding roles of veterinarians in food safety, abattoir inspections, and residue-free animal products, as well as their contributions to risk-based management systems and preventative care. It also examines global workforce distribution, highlighting disparities in veterinary availability across regions. Furthermore, the manuscript explores major challenges facing veterinary research, including foodborne disease prevention, zoonotic threats, animal welfare, and the advancement of comparative medicine. By addressing these challenges through innovation, surveillance, and interdisciplinary collaboration, veterinary science can continue to strengthen the One Health approach, bridging animal, human, and environmental health for a sustainable future.

Pakistan's livestock business is critical to the country's economy, accounting for a considerable portion of GDP
and agricultural value addition. Cattle production employs around 8.0 million families and generates roughly
40% of their total revenue. Despite the difficulty of supplying rising global food demand, the industry's
expansion is inextricably tied to the larger food system, impacting factors like as animal health, nutrition,
demand for animal feed, market integration, output amplification, farm revenue, and land use. 
Faisalabad, a major cattle production hub in Pakistan, benefits from its strategic position, abundant terrain, and
favorable climate. Farmers may diversify their operations because to the country's excellent infrastructure,
which includes marketplaces and transportation networks. 

Government subsidies and infrastructural development all contribute to the region's agricultural environment.
In Faisalabad, Pakistan, small-scale farmers and breeders rely largely on cattle, contributing significantly to the
local economy. The region has emerged as a major participant in the livestock business, thanks to its reputation
for breeding high-quality animals such as camels, goats, sheep, and buffalo. Nonetheless, the lack of properly
established animal research centers, as well as the prevalence of an outdated system in the existing animal
hospital, highlight a significant gap in veterinary services in the region, resulting in a decrease in the region's
buffalo, sheep, and goat populations in recent years.

In Faisalabad, insufficient treatment of illnesses including Parturient Hemoglobinuria, foot and mouth disease,
and tick infestations has a negative influence on both milk output and farm profitability. Tick infections, in
particular, contribute to higher morbidity rates in buffaloes and cows, resulting in considerable economic losses
from lower milk production, weight loss, and miscarriage. It is clear that tackling these diseases through a
robust healthcare system and the construction of an animal research facility is critical. By applying appropriate
disease management techniques, Faisalabad may significantly boost milk output and hence per-animal and per
farm profitability. Such actions are necessary not just to mitigate economic losses, but also to ensure the long
term viability of cattle production in the region.
This study proposes an integrated facility in Faisalabad that includes an advanced animal hospital, a
compassionate shelter home, and a collaborative research Centre. The animal hospital will provide
comprehensive veterinarian care, with a focus on prevention and specialized treatments for a variety of animal
species. The shelter house component aims to provide a caring environment for homeless animals by
promoting adoption services, educational activities, and responsible pet ownership. The research Centre acts as
a focal point for scientific investigation and innovation in animal agriculture. The center's mission is to improve
livestock production efficiency, animal health and welfare, and solve environmental and sustainability issues via
rigorous experimentation and research. 
Such an Animal Health Centre has the potential to benefit Pakistan's economy by increasing livestock output,
encouraging research and innovation, and advancing veterinary treatment and sustainable practices.
Additionally, public awareness campaigns and educational programmes may help to promote responsible pet
ownership and better livestock management methods, complying with international animal welfare standards
and perhaps opening up new export markets. Overall, a Pakistani Animal Health Centre may serve as a model
for comprehensive animal care, teaching, and research, fostering sustainability, creativity, and the well-being of
animals and communities alike.

Keywords: Livestock industry, Faisalabad, Animal health, Veterinary services, Disease treatment, Milk production,
Farm incomes, Animal welfare, Research center, Sustainable practices

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of motivation, attitude, and self-efficacy beliefs of secondary school students towards science course on their academic achievement. The relational survey model was used to conduct the study. A total of 635 students, 319 females, and 316 males participated in the study. "Motivation Scale for Learning Science", "Self-Efficacy Scale for Science", "Attitude Scale for Science Course" were used as data collection tools. In the study, independent t-test was used to make comparisons in terms of gender, and path analysis using structural equation modeling principles was conducted to determine the direction and level of the relationship between the variables. In the results of the research, significant differences were found in students' attitudes, motivation, and self-efficacy in terms of the gender variable. It was concluded that students' attitudes and motivation directly affect their academic achievement. There was a strong positive relationship between attitude and motivation, a low positive relationship between self-efficacy and attitude, and a moderate positive relationship between self-efficacy and motivation. In line with the results of this research, and considering the direct effects of academic achievement on students' motivation in science course, it is recommended that necessary information and training activities be provided to teachers in order to carry out studies on increasing students' motivation.

estudios cuali-y cuantitativos que confirman este diagnóstico. Surge así la preocupación institucional por conocer las circunstancias que influyen en la desvinculación en el primer año de la carrera con el objetivo de pensar acciones que contribuyan a revertirla. Se buscó conocer los perfiles de estos estudiantes e identificar los motivos de su desvinculación. Se aplicó telefónicamente un cuestionario mixto a todos los estudiantes identificados en esta situación. Como resultado, se destaca la relación de la DP con el factor vocacional, evidenciado en casi todos los casos con el inicio de otra carrera por parte de los estudiantes. Por otro lado, la DT se asocia con la imposibilidad de compatibilizar estudio y trabajo, así como con una gran divergencia entre las expectativas y el encuentro con la carrera y los posibles ámbitos de inserción profesional.

Background and Aim: Ethical treatment of animals in scientific research is fundamental to ensuring data integrity and public trust. In Indonesia, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) plays a key role in ethical oversight, yet the extent of researchers' knowledge regarding its roles and animal welfare (AW) principles remains unclear. This study assessed the level of understanding (UN) of ethical clearance and AW practices among researchers at the Indonesian Centre for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), focusing on variations based on educational background and professional position. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving 107 researchers from ICARD was conducted using a structured digital questionnaire assessing knowledge across three domains: IACUC roles, ethical clearance procedures, and AW implementation. Participants were stratified by educational background (veterinary vs. non-veterinary [NV]) and professional position. Non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis) were used to evaluate group differences, with post hoc Dunn's tests where applicable. Results: Veterinary researchers showed significantly greater UN of AW implementation (p < 0.01) and marginally higher knowledge of ethical clearance procedures (p < 0.10) compared to non-veterinarians. While IACUC knowledge was high across both groups, no significant differences were found (p = 0.161). By researcher position, prospective researchers demonstrated the lowest comprehension of AW practices (mean rank = 32.30), while junior researchers and research professors had the highest levels (mean ranks = 62.06 and 62.31, respectively). Position-based differences in IACUC and ethical clearance UN were not statistically significant, but significant variation was found in AW implementation (p = 0.035). Conclusion: This study reveals critical disparities in the UN of ethical clearance and AW among Indonesian researchers, particularly between veterinary and NV backgrounds and across researcher positions. Targeted ethics training, especially for early-career and NV researchers, is essential. Institutional policies should reinforce mandatory certification and continuous professional development to foster ethical research practices and enhance AW compliance.

14. How to cite this manuscript: Jaswal Vinayak, Sirohi Rajneesh, Singh Yajuvendra, Kumar Ajay, Mamta, Dixit Srashti, Gaur Vishakha Singh, Kaushik Akshat and Chelani Lavish (2024). Evaluation of haematobiochemical parameters in Jamnapari goats at different manger heights. Ruminant Science 13(2):261-266.
Abstract
The Present study was conducted to evaluate the haematological and biochemical indices of Jamnapari goats subjected to different manger heights under stall-feeding conditions. Over a period of 90 days, eighteen goats were randomly divided into three groups and assigned to three different manger heights: Control (manger height of 20 cm), Treatment 1 (T1) with a manger height of 10 cm, and Treatment 2 (T2) with a manger height of 30 cm. All goats were maintained under stall-fed conditions and provided a balanced ration according to ICAR (2013) feeding standards. Haematological parameters, including total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), Differential leukocyte count (DLC) and platelet count, and biochemical indices such as glucose, cholesterol, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Alanine Transaminase (ALT)and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) levels, were assessed at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days. The results indicated no significant differences (P>0.05) in haematological and biochemical parameters among the different treatment groups, suggesting that manger height did not significantly impact the physiological status of the goats. These findings demonstrated that Jamnapari goats maintained stable haematological and biochemical indices across varying manger heights, underscoring their adaptability to different stall-feeding practices. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing livestock management and feeding strategies.

12. How to cite this manuscript: Khandait Vivek, Singh Amit, Singh Sanjeev Kumar, Rawat Umashankar and Dhenge Sandeep (2024). Utilization pattern of ICT tools and social media platform among the livestock farmers of the Braj region of Uttar Pradesh. Ruminant Science 13(2):255-258.
Abstract
This study examines the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in livestock farming, with a focus on usage of ICT tools and social media platforms being used by livestock farmers in Agra and Aligarh divisions of Uttar Pradesh, India. With the growing accessibility of the internet, especially in rural areas, ICT has become crucial in improving productivity, communication, and resource management in animal husbandry. The research involved a random sample of 80 livestock farmers, each possessing at least two livestock units and utilizing ICT tools for accessing information. Data was collected through direct interviews to assess the ownership and frequency of ICT tool usage. Results reveal that television and mobile phones, particularly smartphones, are universally owned and frequently used by all respondents, highlighting their critical role in daily communication and farming operations. However, ownership of other ICT tools such as radios (6.25%) and laptops (10.00%) remains low.  The results also depicted that all respondents use their mobile phones daily, indicating smartphones as an essential and integral part of their daily lives. In case of social media uses, WhatsApp and YouTube are used daily by all respondents. This study underlines the importance of ICT in bridging the gap between farmers, researchers, and extension agents, ultimately contributing to improved livestock management and production. The findings demonstrate the need for expanding access to more advanced ICT tools and fostering their adoption to enhance the growth and sustainability of the livestock sector.

11. How to cite this manuscript: Chouksey Shivika, Shukla Satya Nidhi, Mishra Adtiya, Dubey Amita, Mandal Sanju, Bisen Abhishek, Chourasiya Mona and Shastri Shriya (2024). Effect of different meteorological conditions on semen production in Barbari and Sirohi bucks. Ruminant Science 13(2):245-254.

Abstract
Goats in tropical regions are considered to breed around the year and are dependent on latitude, climate, food availability, breed, and breeding system. This study was designed to investigate the effect of seasonal influence on semen production in Barbari and Sirohi bucks. For this total 24 bucks including 12 Barbari and 12 Sirohi were selected and studied throughout the year. Semen was routinely collected from all the selected bucks and freshly ejaculated semen was studied for volume, pH, colour, consistency, mass motility and sperm concentration in both the breeds for evaluating the effect of season on semen production throughout the year. THI estimation revealed severe to moderate heat stress during summer season in Barbari and Sirohi buck, reared in Madhya Pradesh. Seasonal influence has been recorded on buck semen parameters and Rainy season showed superior semen parameters followed by the transition of summer to rainy and rainy to winter in both breeds. Whereas, the lowest quality of semen parameters was recorded during the summer month. In contrast to this, the highest or best libido was found during the summer season.

10. How to cite this manuscript: Rashmi, Mehra M, Meena Mahendra Kumar, Meena Sunil Kumar, Choudhary Archana, Choudhary Poonam and Kumar Brijesh (2024). Pathology of renal affections in goats. Ruminant Science 13(2):241-244.
Abstract
During the research period, 158 kidney samples of goats with different age groups, breeds and either sex were examined, which were subjected to pathological evaluations. The various pathological conditions was recorded as acute glomerulonephritis 19 (12.02 per cent), subacute glomerulonephritis 16 (10.12 per cent), chronic glomerulonephritis 7 (4.43 per cent), diffuse interstitial nephritis 21 (13.29 per cent), focal interstitial nephritis 19 (12.02 per cent), pyelonephritis 7 (4.43 per cent)  and renal abscess 10 (6.32 per cent).

8. How to cite this manuscript: Dhurvey M, Shukla SN, Vandre R, Chouksey S, Sharma P, Mishra A and Singh AP (2024). Effect of seasonality in breeding behavior of indigenous bucks in Madhya Pradesh. Ruminant Science 13(2):229-233.

Abstract
The physical and breeding characteristics of semen are crucial for selecting breeding bucks, as conception rates depend largely on semen quality. The climatic parameters affect the libido, sexual behaviour and scrotal circumference. The libido score, sexual behaviour percentage and scrotal circumference (75.83±1.33, 72.92±1.47 and 25.37±0.10, respectively) were found significantly (p<0.05) higher in Barbari buck during pre-monsoon. In Black Bengal buck (75.42±1.34) libido score percentage was higher during pre-monsoon period and sexual behaviour percentage (71.46±0.97) was significantly higher (p<0.05) during post-monsoon in Sirohi bucks. The pre-monsoon season had an impact on the physical and breeding characteristics of bucks.

7. How to cite this manuscript: Rathore Anita and Bhal Dushyant Dev (2024). Histopathological study of protein cast emergence in kidney of domestic goat. Ruminant Science 13(2):225-228.

Abstract
The present study was carried out on 158 representative samples of goat kidneys identified with various types of degenerative changes and cast formation on histopathological examination. The occurrence of various pathological conditions in kidneys observed individually in Udaipur, Dungarpur, Chittorgarh and Rajsamand were 9.97% (46/461), 8.60% (34/395), 9.11% (40/439) and 8.83% (38/430), respectively. Out of 158 samples, 18 were cases of cast formation in kidney tubules and glomerulus of goats. The necropsy examination revealed pale, swollen, enlarged, dull and numerous tiny structures on the surface of the cortex. Microscopically, kidney showed the nodules of amyloid gradually developed in glomeruli and basal membrane of the tubules. In some cases, glomeruli loops were swollen and converted into hyaline balls which were pink and eosinophilic. In some areas of the kidney, tubules and glomeruli showed lymphocytic infiltration, atrophy, dilation, glomerular atrophy and glomerulosclerosis were observed.

5. How to cite this manuscript: Ramesh P and Haritha GS (2024). Therapeutic management of coccidiosis in buffalo calves: A case study. Ruminant Science 13(2):215-218.

Abstract
The present case study reports 12 cases of coccidiosis in graded Murrah buffalo calves at a private farm in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh. The cases were presented with the history of pasty and hemorrhagic foul-smelling diarrhoea in five calves and in remaining the diarrhoea was yellowish green. Anorexia, loss of body condition and weakness in few cases were reported. Clinical examination revealed emaciation, poor hair coat, dehydration and generalized weakness. The vitals were normal. Fecal examination revealed Eimeria spp. oocysts. Anaemia, neutrophilia, low protein and albumin were the significant hemato biochemical findings. The calves were treated with oxytetracycline @5 mg/kg bwt IV, Chlorpheniramine maleate @ 0.5 mg/kb bwt IM along with fluid therapy for five days. Supplementation with Iron; vitamin and liver tonic were suggested. The calves recovered uneventfully within three days of treatment. However, the faecal samples were reexamined after seven days which were negative. Further certain managemental practices were advised to prevent the reinfection.

4. How to cite this manuscript: Kumar Vishnu and Nagda RK (2024). Relative growth rate in Sirohi kids under field conditions. Ruminant Science 13(2): 211-214.

Abstract
The present study was conduected on data of 5508 Sirohi kids born from the year 2005 to 2017 under field conditions to estimate the relative growth rate (RGR) and factors influencing it using the least square maximum likelihood method. The overall least-squares means for relative growth rate from birth to six months age (RGR1) and from six months to twelve months age (RGR2) were found as 1.07±0.01 and 0.222±0.007 per cent per day, respectively. Effect of sire, year of birth, type of birth, sex of kid and cluster had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on both traits, whereas season of birth had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) only on RGR2. The parity of the dam had a significant effect (P<0.05) only on RGR1. Heritability estimates for RGR1 and RGR2 were 0.53±0.06 and 0.47±0.07. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between both traits were found to be high but negative.

3. How to cite this manuscript: Jat Kamlesh, Agrawal Manish, Sharma Sandeep Kumar, Dadhich Rohitash and Parashar Mukesh Chand (2024). Pathomorphological studies of glomerulonephritis in the kidney of sheep (Ovis aries) in Jaipur. Ruminant Science 13(2):207-210.
Abstract
In the present investigation, a total number of 575 specimens of sheep kidney were examined irrespective of age, sex and breed. Out of these 575 specimens, 139 specimens (24.17%) of kidneys, grossly suspected of abnormalities were collected and further processed for histopathological examination. The overall occurrence of glomerulonephritis in the kidney of sheep was observed and classified based on histopathological evaluation as acute glomerulonephritis in 14 cases (10.07%), sub-acute glomerulonephritis in 11 cases (7.91%) and chronic glomerulonephritis in 7 cases (5.04%). Grossly, enlarged, pale, soft, and oedematous kidneys were observed in acute glomerulonephritis. The sub-acute glomerulonephritis showed enlarged, soft and pale kidneys with non-adherent capsules whereas in chronic glomerulonephritis kidneys were constricted and shrunken with fine granular surface. Microscopically, swollen glomerular tufts and decreased capsular space with infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in and around renal tubules were observed in acute glomerulonephritis. Sub-acute glomerulonephritis showed enlarged glomeruli, proliferation of mesangial cells, and formation of epithelial crescents whereas cases of chronic glomerulonephritis showed decreased cellularity and increased capsular space in glomerular tufts with periglomerular fibrosis.

2. How to cite this manuscript: Chaube Udit, Agarwal Praanjal and RK Ravikumar (2024). Analysis of functional groups of indigenous polyherbal acaricide and their stability in potentiating their effect at farm fields. Ruminant Science 13(2):201-206.
Abstract
Indigenous medicinal practices rely on the historical usage of plants available in the vicinity of communities. Among several usages, crude extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and nagod or Nirgundior notchi (Vitex negundo) are widely used for control of tick infestation among farm animals. Understanding the functional stability of crude extract is essential in utilizing technical preparation at farm/fields. This study was conducted to analyse functional groups of a value-added, polyherbal acaricide at normal environmental condition and was compared herbal extracts using Fourier Transform Infrared spectra. The infrared spectra reflected peak absorbance for neem leaves in two spectra viz., wave number 3200-3400 cm-1 and at 1637 cm”1 and nagod leaves in three spectra viz., 3200-3400 cm-1, at 1638 cm-1and at 1213 cm”1. In value-added polyherbal preparation involving both neem and nagod [in ratio of 3:1], peak absorbance were noticed only at two areas viz., 3200–3400 cm”1and at 1636 cm”1. This might be due to the change in intermolecular force among phyto-constituents which act as functional groups.  The study found there was not much change in functional group stability over a period of 53 days for polyherbal acaricide and for neem crude extracts. The responsible functional groups, such as - OH and C=C were identified for their bioactivity against ectoparasite.

1. How to cite this manuscript: Elimam ME and Mohamed GSA (2024). Effects of different percentages of Acacia tortilis and Faidherbia albida pods in mixed diets on postpartum performance of Tagger does offered lukh (Dichanthium annulatum) hay ad libitum in the Gezira state, Sudan. Ruminant Science 13(2):191-200.
Abstract
Present study was conducted on sixteen Tagger does in a completely randomized design in the pre and postpartum periods. They were offered Lukh hay ad lib and 500g of a mixed pods diet. Postpartum mean BW, BCS, Lukh hay DMI and water intake generally decreased and TDMI increased with increasing A. tortilis pods percentage in mixed diets. Pods percentages in mixed diets significantly (P<0.05) increased mean kidsbirth weight. Twins’ birth weight was significantly (P<0.05) heavier than singles and females’ mean birth weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) than males. Mean milk yield was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by A. tortilis pods percentages in mixed diets and was highest in animals offered 75% A. tortilis pods in mixed diets and least in animals offered 25% A. tortilis pods in the mixed diet. Lactation length was significantly (P<0.05) least in animals offered Lukh hay (21 days) than in animals supplemented with pods (49 days). A. tortilis pods percentage had no significant (P>0.05) effects on milk moisture, TS, BF and ash, but it significantly (P<0.05) affected CP, lactose and SNF. Moisture, TS, BF, ash and SNF were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by lactation periods, but CP and lactose were significantly (P<0.05) affected by lactation periods. Total solids, BF, ash, CP and SNF were higher in the 1st lactation period and moisture and lactose were highest in the 2nd lactation period. Total DMI curve varied among treatments and milk yield curve was generally similar in animals supplemented with pods in mixed diets. Animals offered 50% A. tortilis pods in the mixed diet had the highest milk peak and persistence among treatments. Body weight was highly significantly (P<0.01) correlated with BCS and milk yield and was positively correlated with DMI, TDMI and water intake. Body condition scores were highly correlated (P<0.01) with BW and milk yield, positively correlated with water intake and significantly negatively correlated with DMI and TDMI. Mean dry matter intake and TDMI were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with milk yield, significantly negatively correlated with BCS, positively correlated with BW and negatively correlated with water intake. Water intake was positively correlated with BW, BCS, and milk yield; and was negatively correlated with MDMI and TDMI. Milk yield was highly correlated (P<0.01) with BW and BCS, significantly (P<0.05) correlated with MDMI and was positively correlated with TDMI and water intake.

Resumen: Una perra de la raza Bulldog fue atendida a los 3 años y 7 meses de edad con la siguiente historia clínica: primer celo a los 17 meses de edad y celos sucesivos en lapsos regulares cada 6 meses, fue inseminada con semen de un macho fértil, con base en el ...

Street dogs in India and other developing nations frequently suffer from maggot-infested wounds (myiasis), a preventable but life-threatening condition. This study examines the clinical background of canine myiasis, identifies gaps between veterinary protocols and community practices, and proposes a structured awareness model. The research integrates literature review, field-level NGO practices, and accessible treatment methods. Findings indicate that while veterinary solutions exist, caregivers often lack access to professional services and resort to unsafe remedies. This paper contributes to veterinary public health discourse by providing a dual framework: (a) academic insight into canine myiasis and (b) a practical guide for first responders, NGOs, and feeders. The role of online veterinary consultation platforms in bridging dosage-related knowledge gaps is also discussed.

Evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) has pervaded the veterinary profession in the last two decades, including academic and regulatory arenas, as well as practising veterinarians. Evidence-based veterinary medicine grew from its older human sister, evidence-based medicine (EBM) and in doing so shares EBM’s central tenets of how best to do medicine. However, EBM has by no means been universally accepted; it has attracted fierce criticism and undergone several revisions since inception. In this article, we trace history of both movements and critically examine the philosophical basis of EBM/EBVM being better. We also assess the practicality of EBVM and examine ethical aspects of its use. With knowledge of EBM’s evolution, possible ways forward for EBVM are suggested that attempt to avoid EBM’s historical setbacks and improve individual veterinary patient care under EBVM.

While many other veterinary schools have moved away from a traditional university-based ambulatory practice, the Ohio State University’s Large Animal Practice has continued to provide a cost-effective and valuable method of preparing students for today’s careers in veterinary medicine. The practice provides a full array of services to production, equine, and camelid clients, including herd health, individual animal medicine and surgery, and emergency services. Acquiring established practices from alumni has formed the client base. Four full-time veterinarians operate the clinic. While these same clinicians do some classroom teaching, their primary responsibility is devoted to the five to six fourth-year veterinary students who rotate through the clinic every two weeks. Teaching methods and objectives for these students include case discussions, homework, truck quiz books, and practice management issues. Financially, the clinic runs as a private practice, with minimal support from th...

Elon College and North Carolina State University co-organized an animal rehabilitation elective course given to 12 MPT and 12 DVM students and conducted a post-course survey of the participants. Changes in perceptions of the field of animal rehabilitation, in perceived practice patterns, in the DVM students’ perception of the field of PT, and in knowledge of animal rehabilitation were present for 84–100% of students who answered the survey.

ObjectiveTo assess the formation and function of a joint committee of the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) and the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) to prevent and control EVD in Zaria and the North West sub region of Nigeria.IntroductionThe Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented in spread and its attendant response. There were over 15 000 confirmed cases and over 9 000 suspected cases. The response to the outbreak was massive within Africa and beyond. The outbreak in Nigeria affected 19 people and led to 7 deaths (CFR 37%).There were more than 891 contacts of these cases under surveillance as at 23rd September 2014. Nigeria was declared EVD free by the World Health Organization in October 2014.Nationwide there was targeted preparedness to prevent and control EVD. In Zaria, this led to the formation of a joint committee of the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) and the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH) to prevent and control EVD i...

This research critically investigates dairy cows responses to various feeding diets, including forage-based diets, total mixed rations (TMR), and new dietary supplements. Dairy cows are fed a variety of diets, each with its own role and effects. The review explains the varied consequences of various feeding regimens on dairy cow performance, health, and environmental sustainability through a thorough examination of contemporary literature. Milk yield, composition, and quality, as impacted by various dietary components, are important topics of study. The review also investigates the nutritional adequacy and digestibility of alternate feed sources in dairy cow diets, such as crop residues and byproducts, to provide light on their potential as sustainable feed solutions. From this review article we have learned that if green fodder and concentrate is given to dairy cow as part of mixed diet then overall health or milk production of the animal will be improved and when feed mixture of dry fodder or concentrate or mineral mixture or biphosphate is given along with green fodder, the animal is healthy or gives good milk production and well prepared for the next calving.

Background Since 2003, the University of Wisconsin-Madison Global Health Institute, together with collaborating campus and in-country partners, has off ered immersive, multidisciplinary, faculty-led, global health fi eld courses in Ecuador and Thailand. These courses aim to help students to develop a working understanding of integrative one-health approaches and acquire the skills to work eff ectively across disciplines. That is, we aim to foster an appreciation of the role of culture in perceptions of health, disease, and health care; the complex interactions of animal-human-ecosystem health and disease; and the value of integrating cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural perspectives and skills to solve complex public health problems. Students from various University of Wisconsin-Madison health faculties travelled, lived (accommodation included homestays in indigenous or rural communities), learnt, and engaged in community-health assessments or service-learning projects as a multidisciplinary team. We recruited students through annual presentations in each University of Wisconsin school or college and through recommendations from past participants. We recorded student refl ections during the course, at course completion, and after graduation. Findings Between 2003 and 2014: 215 students from the University of Wisconsin have taken part in the global health fi eld courses. Students came from the fi elds of human medicine (53 [25%]), veterinary medicine (35 [16%]), nursing (40 [19%]), pharmacy (41 [19%]), and other degree programs (46 [21%]). Results of the in-course and post course assessments consistently show strong student satisfaction with many aspects of the programme, including safety, faculty mentorship, the value of the multidisciplinary approach, depth of learning, and programme cost. Former participants also report use of cross-cultural skills in their professional practice, work with populations from cultures other than their own, positive eff ects on their decisions for career activities, and the belief that immersive cross-cultural experiences should be a required part of professional training for all health professional students. Finally, the courses undergo independent programme evaluations (including in-country observation and interviews with participants and stakeholders) approximately every 5 years. Interpretation Programme directors continue to seek improvements related to: sustainable faculty engagement from various disciplines; development of increasingly specifi c course group learning objectives, competencies, and assessment tools; sustainability of impacts on community-level health and wellbeing; continuity between University of Wisconsin-Madison and in-country university and community partners; and scholarship support and other approaches so that cost does not exclude interested students from participating. Funding The GHI is supported through a combination of university, grants, and philanthropic funding; these fi eld courses do not have specifi c, separate funding. Students self-fund participation in the courses.

Evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) is of interest and relevance to veterinary practitioners. Consequently, veterinary schools take responsibility for teaching students how to appraise scientific articles and for equipping them with the skills needed to obtain and evaluate the best evidence and to apply this approach to their own cases. As part of our farm animal clinical rotation, we train students in qualitative and quantitative EBVM methods using an e-learning environment, online teaching materials, a wiki (a Web site that allows its users to edit its content via a Web browser), and face-to-face tutorials that support learning. Students working in small groups use a wiki to record details of the history, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, herd data, and management plans for their chosen farm animal clinical cases. Using a standardized patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) format, each group formulates a patient question based on either a proposed inter...

The microscopic morphology of the mandibular salivary gland of the adult African giant pouched rat was investigated. This study was carried out to provide the basic histology of this organ in the giant pouched rat, as there is a dearth of information of its microscopic architecture in available literature. This is of the most importance, as the possible use of this species of rodent is considered as a future laboratory animal instead of the Wistar rat because of its bigger size; also, for purposes of domestication and use as a ready source of animal protein. Hence the need to understand the digestive biology of this animal, to help animal nutritionists in the formulation of optimal feeding guidelines. Histological analysis revealed the presence of both serous and mucus secretory acini. Some mucous cells presented serous demilunes. Myoeithelial cells were seen around secretory cells and the intercalated ducts. The serous gland region with more relatively profuse intralobular ducts wa...

Background: In competency-based medical education emphasis has shifted towards outcomes, capabilities, and learner-centeredness. Together with a focus on sustained evidence of professional competence this calls for new methods of teaching and assessment. Recently, medical educators advocated the use of a holistic, programmatic approach towards assessment. Besides maximum facilitation of learning it should improve the validity and reliability of measurements and documentation of competence development. We explored how, in a competency-based curriculum, current theories on programmatic assessment interacted with educational practice. Methods: In a development study including evaluation, we investigated the implementation of a theory-based programme of assessment. Between April 2011 and May 2012 quantitative evaluation data were collected and used to guide group interviews that explored the experiences of students and clinical supervisors with the assessment programme. We coded the transcripts and emerging topics were organised into a list of lessons learned. The programme mainly focuses on the integration of learning and assessment by motivating and supporting students to seek and accumulate feedback. The assessment instruments were aligned to cover predefined competencies to enable aggregation of information in a structured and meaningful way. Assessments that were designed as formative learning experiences were increasingly perceived as summative by students. Peer feedback was experienced as a valuable method for formative feedback. Social interaction and external guidance seemed to be of crucial importance to scaffold self-directed learning. Aggregating data from individual assessments into a holistic portfolio judgement required expertise and extensive training and supervision of judges. Conclusions: A programme of assessment with low-stakes assessments providing simultaneously formative feedback and input for summative decisions proved not easy to implement. Careful preparation and guidance of the implementation process was crucial. Assessment for learning requires meaningful feedback with each assessment. Special attention should be paid to the quality of feedback at individual assessment moments. Comprehensive attention for faculty development and training for students is essential for the successful implementation of an assessment programme.

Twenty-three recent graduates (< 8 years in practice) participating in the 2022 AABP Recent Graduate Conference or practicing in the Texas Panhandle were recruited for participation in focus groups to engage in dialogue about why they choose to remain in bovine practice, why they might leave bovine practice, and challenges that they face in bovine practice. All focus groups were recorded and transcribed. Transcription was performed by a commercial source and anonymized for analysis. Full coding and thematic analysis were performed utilizing NVivo software. Recent graduates report that they choose to stay in bovine practice because they love the industry and the associated people. They have a deep respect for their clients and how they care for their animals. However, participants did voice concerns about a career-ending injury causing them to completely leave bovine practice. Multiple participants had already sustained injuries due to the physical demands of bovine practice including a back injury, numbness of arms and hands, and diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Other concerns that were voiced by the participants included unmet needs for mentorship, a feeling of loneliness and isolation, percentage of time spent on-call, and gender inequities in practice.

A historical perspective of the development of interpersonal communication and consultation skills workshops within the veterinary curriculum at Murdoch University is presented, along with plans for the future in this area. Videos have been found to be valuable teaching tools for triggering discussion in workshops on communication issues and in reviewing real client consultations. More use could be made of role plays with actors involving challenging consultations, and changes in the curriculum could allow for aspects of professional and applied interpersonal skills to be incorporated at an earlier stage of the program. An overview of the professional communication programs in other Australian veterinary schools is also presented. Most programs involve interaction with veterinary practitioners and consultants such as counselors and psychologists, and most veterinary schools offer a program of professional development spanning five years of the curriculum.

Introduction: Pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates constitute important active ingredients of available mosquito repellents in the Indian market, in which pyrethroids are found very effective and safe. The natural compounds produced by plants can inter fere major metabolic pathways, thus causing death of the insects. The aim of present study was to know the effect of exposure and withdrawal of transfluthrin and herbal based mosquito vaporizers on spinal cord of male albino rats. We have taken spinal cord of 26 well preserved male albino wistar rats and divided in to three groups. Control Group: Six rats, notexposed to any mosquito repellents. Experimental Group 1: 12 rats: divided in subgroup 1A, the pyrethroid Exposure group; and subgroup1B, the Pyrethroid withdrawal group. Experimental Group 2: Eight rats: divided in subgroup 2A, the herbal Exposure group and 2B, the herbal withdrawal group. Results: Spinal cord of pyrethroid vaporizer exposed group showed gross destruction in their histology than the herbal based mosquito vaporizer exposure group. Also, some of the normal histological features were recovered after withdrawal of chemicals and reversal was better in herbal based mosquito vaporizer. Conclusion: Histological findings of present study suggests that pyrethroid (Transfluthrin) based mosquito repellents are harmful to the spinal cord. Herbal based mosquito repellent also showed damage though the severity was mild as compared to pyrethroid. Rever sal changes were much better in herbal withdrawal group than the pyrethroid withdrawal group.

Both the public and the international institutions that regulate the veterinary profession have high expectations that veterinarians will understand and take the lead in issues of animal welfare. These expectations provide a powerful argument for the need to teach animal welfare. The objective of this paper is to share the experiences of animal welfare teaching in South America, examining which topics seem relevant and why. It builds upon the core international literature on teaching animal welfare to veterinary students, highlights priorities learned through direct experience of teaching this topic in South America, and has benefited from the experiences of other South American animal welfare professors. In addition, the authors discuss major challenges in the animal welfare field and propose the perceived best strategies. The overall conclusion of the authors is that it is not possible to work as a veterinarian and make a valuable contribution to society unless the main concepts and issues of animal welfare are thoroughly understood and incorporated into practice.

in south central Minnesota that milks 3,000 cows per day and serves as the dry cow and calving facility for its own animals and two nearby sister dairies. This setting provides access to food system components that are not available at most colleges of veterinary medicine at a site with classrooms, a wet lab area, and dormitory facilities. The development of the DCE and its curriculum are described in a companion paper. This paper describes the prior academic training and livestock experience of the first three cohorts of students enrolled in the DCE course, and compares their career intentions before and after taking the course with their first positions after graduation. The 50 students were recruited from the four collaborating colleges (all cohorts) and from other US veterinary colleges (cohort 3 only), and took the DCE course in 2012-2014. The 8-week DCE course consumes a substantial proportion of a student's final clinical year of veterinary school, limiting time for other elective experiences. Therefore, we expected that students electing to take the DCE course

The health workforce is one of the key building blocks for strengthening health systems. There is an alarming shortage of curative and preventive health care workers in developing countries many of which are in Africa. Africa resultantly records appalling health indices as a consequence of endemic and emerging health issues that are exacerbated by a lack of a public health workforce. In low-income countries, efforts to build public health surveillance and response systems have stalled, due in part, to the lack of epidemiologists and well-trained laboratorians. To strengthen public health systems in Africa, especially for disease surveillance and response, a number of countries have adopted a competency-based approach of training -Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP). The Nigeria FELTP was established in October 2008 as an inservice training program in field epidemiology, veterinary epidemiology and public health laboratory epidemiology and management. The first cohort of NFELTP residents began their training on 20th October 2008 and completed their training in December 2010. The program was scaled up in 2011 and it admitted 39 residents in its third cohort. The program has admitted residents in six annual cohorts since its inception admitting a total of 207 residents as of 2014 covering all the States. In addition the program has trained 595 health care workers in short courses. Since its inception, the program has responded to 133 suspected outbreaks ranging from environmental related outbreaks, vaccine preventable diseases, water and food borne, zoonoses, (including suspected viral hemorrhagic fevers) as well as neglected tropical diseases. With its emphasis on one health approach of solving public health issues the program has recruited physicians, veterinarians and laboratorians to work jointly on human, animal and environmental health issues. Residents have worked to identify risk factors of disease at the human animal interface for influenza, brucellosis, tick-borne relapsing fever, rabies, leptospirosis and zoonotic helminthic infections. The program has been involved in polio eradication efforts through its National Stop Transmission of Polio (NSTOP). The commencement of NFELTP was a novel approach to building sustainable epidemiological capacity to strengthen public health systems especially surveillance and response systems in Nigeria. Training and capacity building efforts should be tied to specific system strengthening and not viewed as an end to them. The approach of linking training and service provision may be an innovative approach towards addressing the numerous health challenges.

En la ganadería moderna, cada preñez cuenta. Con márgenes de rentabilidad cada vez más reducidos y una demanda creciente por eficiencia reproductiva, entender lo que realmente necesita un embrión para prosperar ya no es una opción: es una ventaja competitiva. Este material reúne evidencia científica actualizada y la traduce en acciones claras, prácticas y aplicables en campo, con un enfoque especial en el uso estratégico de ácidos grasos esenciales protegidos como herramienta clave para mejorar los resultados reproductivos. Si busca reducir pérdidas tempranas, mejorar tasas de implantación y potenciar la calidad embrionaria desde el inicio, lo que leerá a continuación puede representar un punto de inflexión en el éxito reproductivo de su finca ganadera.

Summary: Small farmers own 85% of the world’s farms and their participation in animal health programmes is crucial if programmes are to achieve their goals. A questionnaire was sent to the Veterinary Authorities of OIE 3 Members. The results showed that the majority (median 90%) of livestock farms are considered small . Veterinary Authorities believed that small farmers contribute to the livestock economy, but are a major weak point to national biosecurity. Small farmers’ animal health needs were seen as higher, but their available capacity to address these needs was lower than larger farmers. Although the majority of countries did not disaggregate data by farm size, most respondents believed that publicly funded projects should be reviewed for size bias, and that small farmers’ associations should have a role in guiding animal health policies. In the majority of countries, small farmers have a role in all aspects of control of priority and non-priority diseases. In one third of cou...

Governments have realized that the contributions of science and technology are effective in economic growth and that it is inevitable to use the system more effectively in order to be a leader in a competitive environment. Aware of the changes in the world, countries that steer science and technology policies have begun to appear as growing economies in the globalizing world. In this direction, it has become the common working area of all governments to strengthen the educational infrastructure, invest in research and development, and encourage innovative ideas (NSF, 2007).

Background: Empathy plays an essential role in older adult care and patient wellness, by strengthening healthcare quality and the nursepatient relationship. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Carl Rogersbased empathy training in improving the capacity of empathy among nurses, particularly in caring for older adults and wellness of patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-and post-test design was conducted in October 2024 at Bekasi Regency Hospital, Indonesia. Nurses from inpatient and outpatient units were selected through purposive sampling. Empathy was assessed using the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) before and after a three-day training program. The analysis included overall empathy scores and four subdimensions: empathic concern (EC), perspective taking (PT), fantasy scale (FS), and personal distress (PD). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and effect size calculations. Results: The mean total empathy score slightly decreased from 47.91±7.4 to 46.14±2.6 (p=0.190, r=0.22). However, significant improvements were observed in EC (p=0.004, r=0.51) and FS (p=0.007, r=0.42), whereas PD decreased significantly (p=0.001, r=0.61). No significant change was found in PT (p=0.457, r=0.12). Conclusions: Short-term empathy training effectively enhances emotional dimensions of empathy, such as empathic concern and fantasy scale, while reducing personal distress. However, it does not significantly improve overall empathy scores. Long-term training, reinforcement strategies, and cognitive-based interventions may be needed to support sustained empathy developments in nursing care for older adults and patient wellness.

Contamination is undesired introduction of impurities like chemical, microbial or physical matter, into or onto a starting or intermediating cell culture during sampling, holding, processing, storing, transferring, packaging and transporting. A cell culture contaminant is defined as some element in the culture system that is undesirable because of its possible adverse effects on either the system or its use. Contamination of cell cultures is easily the most common problem encountered in several microbial laboratories, sometimes with very serious consequences. In overall, the reason for contaminants are mostly happened through avoidable procedural errors and misguide techniques. Microbes are widely distributed in the environment without restriction and they are involved in different places even inside a laboratory. Microbial contamination is one of a biggest worldwide obstacle for researchers working with microbial cultures. It may lose laboratory valuable strains. False -positive cultures are reports of microbiological laboratory came from due to common and unusual laboratory contaminants. High microbial contaminate concentration is happened in a microbial lab due to lack of proper management. It is a global concern regarding health and leads to difficult for getting accurate research output. It is manually or systematically introduce in our culture and damage the quality of our work. Recently, many articles are mentioned it and previous reports act as evidence for the challenge. In the end, in order to reduce their first apply good laboratory practice next follow appropriate instructions [2, 6, 7 and 12]. Contaminates are receiving high attention, but the sources and processes of them are not well understood. The major methodological part of the study on the basis of an observational cohort study and long year visual investigation experience in the work area (laboratory). The aim of the current study was identified the critical sources of bacterial contamination inside laboratory then it forward answers for causes of cross-contamination how it happens? The purpose of this paper to describe appropriate and necessary options to prevent microbial, physical or chemical cross-contamination and to reduce false positive culture reports as well as to maximize the true result comes from the microbiological laboratory through practical techniques. Physical contaminants are materials consider as natural or artificial components that act as a contaminant. It also termed as unwanted foreign bodies such as glass fragments, metal, stone, plastics,