Transboundary Haze Pollution

This research discusses why Indonesia ratified the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP). AATHP has been signed by ASEAN’s member states since 2002, but not all of them directly ratify it. Indonesia had not ratified AATHP for more than one decade because it faced domestic political barriers. The interest of private groups becomes the reason for the non-ratification policy for many years. In 2014, Indonesia made a contrast change by AATHP ratification policy. It obviously raises a question about the cause of that change. In order to answer the question, liberalism is proposed to be the framework theory to analyze the influence of private sectors and other actors in Indonesia's domestic policy on the AATHP ratification. Liberalism considers that AATHP ratification policy is encouraged by the support of domestic political actors in Indonesia, especially the private group. In the sphere of Indonesian domestic politics, behavioral change of private group and support...

Environmental degradation is one of the unintended but most extensive consequences of wars and conflicts (Valizade & Reza Parvin, 2016). In the past decades, the Middle East has experienced many violent wars whose consequences have been more dramatic when viewed through the lens of environmental concern (Zeitoun et al., 2017). In late 2023, increased tensions between Iran and Israel escalated with an Iranian attack on an Israeli base in southern Lebanon. Israel retaliated with strikes on Iranian targets across the Middle East. Iraq is strategically located between both countries, having a direct land and air corridor with Iran and a sea corridor with Israel through Jordan and the Red Sea. It is therefore highly vulnerable to environmental damage as a result of an Israel-Iran armed conflict. This document explores the potential environmental consequences Iraq will likely face during an Israel-Iran war. Iraq played a pivotal role during both the first and second Gulf wars. It also remained an active combat field during the Syrian-Israeli and Yemeni-Israeli wars, rendering Iraq the most unstable and conflict-prone zone in the region. Iraq possesses a vital geo-strategic position, sharing porous borders and ethnic connections with Syria, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, as well as several sectarian and ideological rivalries with Iraq's neighbors and internal groups. This position is both a challenge and a blessing, making Iraq important to Iran and Israel, as well as to the USA and Russia. In particular, Iraq's role is expected to be crucial in any future conflict between Iran and Israel.

Dosen Pengampu : Prof. Hikmahanto Juwana, S.H., LL.M., Ph.D.

Tulisan ini membahas efektivitas ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) dalam menangani masalah polusi asap lintas batas akibat kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis-normatif, analisis difokuskan pada isi perjanjian, implementasi oleh negara anggota, serta tantangan dalam penegakan hukum. Ditemukan bahwa meskipun AATHP merupakan langkah penting dalam kerja sama lingkungan regional, efektivitasnya masih terbatas oleh prinsip non-intervensi dan lemahnya mekanisme sanksi.

Kata kunci: AATHP, polusi asap, ASEAN, kerja sama lingkungan, penegakan hukum.

The Southeast Asian transboundary haze contains a mixture of gases and particles from forest fires and negatively impacts people's health and local economies. However, the effect of the haze on organisms other than humans has not yet been sufficiently studied. Insects are important members of food webs and environmental disturbances that affect insects may impact whole ecosystems. Here we studied how haze directly and indirectly affects the survival, growth, and development of insects by rearing Bicyclus anynana butterflies under artificially generated smoke as well as reared in clean air but fed on plants previously exposed to smoke. Direct haze exposure significantly increased the mortality of caterpillars, increased larval development time, and decreased pupal weight, while indirect haze exposure, via ingestion of haze-exposed food plants, also affected development time and pupal weight. No smoke particles were found in the tracheae of subjects from the smoke treatment suggesting that the increase in development time and mortality of B. anynana under smoke conditions might be due to toxic smoke gases and toxic food, rather than particulate matter. These results document significant deleterious effect of haze smoke to the development, adult size, and survival of insects, key players in food-webs.

Superworms have gained attention as an alternative protein source for animal feed due to their nutritional value and easy cultivation in organic settings. A study conducted in Sultan Kudarat State University, using in a Complete Randomize Design (CRD) with five treatments replicated four times. These treatments involved different durations of light exposure (24, 18, 12, 6, and zero hours) to investigate their impact on superworm development. The results showed that the response of superworms to light exposure varied at different stages of development. Exposure to light for 24 hours was found to be beneficial for the weight and size of pupa and adult superworms. However, it also led to higher mortality, severe deformities, and the presence of undeveloped larvae. Less light exposure resulted in significant abnormalities, but the effects were less severe compared to prolonged light exposure. In summary, the study highlights the complex relationship between light exposure and various aspects of superworm development. Understanding these dynamics could contribute to better practices for rearing superworms as a sustainable protein source for animal feed.

For Malaysia, the increasing concentration of people and economic activities in urban and sub-urban areas, as well as the growing numbers of agricultural areas, industries and vehicle fleet have contributed to the problem of air pollution in the country. Since sources of air pollution are varied, different legal approaches are required to regulate and control various sources of air pollution. The main objectives of this paper are to lay down existing law applicable to protect air quality from various pollution sources, and to highlight one type of air pollution problem faced by Malaysia annually, namely that of transboundary haze pollution. Compared with other sources of air pollution, the control of haze is more complicated as it can originate both domestically and from abroad. If such haze derived beyond Malaysia’s boundary, international efforts would then be required to regulate it. For this reason, the paper seeks to identify the position of law in Malaysia in controlling haze ...

Smoke on Water is a Rapid Response Assessment that looks at peatland location, extent, threats and the policies to manage and protect them. The goal of this rapid response assessment, carried out on behalf of UN Environment and based on the efforts of more than 30 contributors, is to raise awareness about the importance of the world's peatlands and to encourage immediate action to preserve them.

Series Paper nomor enam  adalah tentang bagaimana kebijakan EUDR mengalami proses up and down, serta gelombang penolakan dari negara anggota EU maupun negara-negara produsen.  Situasi ini ini menarik karena gelombang penolakan ini mempengaruhi proses persiapan regulasi hijau di US dan Tiongkok.

In 1997-1998 an estimated eight million hectares of forest and land went up in flames and caused a haze crisis that darkened skies across the region for three months. Local, national and international stakeholders were moved to improve fire management capacity; but their visions, strategies and ability to maneuver diverged markedly. This dissertation is based on applied research carried out in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia between November 1997 and May 1999. It sought to identify the factors that influenced responses to the fire and haze crisis and to understand what led a group of university faculty and students to independently initiate local fire brigades. Perhaps more importantly, this dissertation asks why they did not succeed. Building on developments in political ecology, institutional analysis and disaster management, this dissertation argues that marginalized stakeholders leveraged opportunities created by the fire crisis to further broader agendas and mitigate non-fire related risks but that the planning process failed to recognize how other risks to personal, community, and organizational and national security influence participation in the initiative. The sustainability offire management, like disaster management and most environmental management initiatives relies on recognition of shared risks and a commitment to identifying mutually agreeable solutions. The true challenge to institutionalizing fire management is building commitment among a broad range of organizations at local national and international levels. Navigating the diverse perceptions ofrisk and approaches to problem solving should be a part of the planning process. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv Abstract vi List of Tables ix List of Figures x List of Acronyms xi Chapter 1. Introduction __ _ _ 1 On Fire 1 The Ring of Fire 2 Overview ofDissertation 9 Chapter 2. Approaches to Fire Management 31 Planning process , Summary Chapter 3. Methodolog)' 5S Approaching Investigations Multi-scalar ethnography Framework for Analyses of Contemporary Fire Management 59 Planning as Event.

The Southeast Asian transboundary haze contains a mixture of gases and particles from forest fires and negatively impacts people's health and local economies. However, the effect of the haze on organisms other than humans has not yet been sufficiently studied. Insects are important members of food webs and environmental disturbances that affect insects may impact whole ecosystems. Here we studied how haze directly and indirectly affects the survival, growth, and development of insects by rearing Bicyclus anynana butterflies under artificially generated smoke as well as reared in clean air but fed on plants previously exposed to smoke. Direct haze exposure significantly increased the mortality of caterpillars, increased larval development time, and decreased pupal weight, while indirect haze exposure, via ingestion of haze-exposed food plants, also affected development time and pupal weight. No smoke particles were found in the tracheae of subjects from the smoke treatment suggesting that the increase in development time and mortality of B. anynana under smoke conditions might be due to toxic smoke gases and toxic food, rather than particulate matter. These results document significant deleterious effect of haze smoke to the development, adult size, and survival of insects, key players in food-webs. The Southeast Asian (SEA) transboundary smoke plumes, commonly known as "haze", occur when commercial tree plantation developers and local farmers, mainly from the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Borneo, clear forest lands using fire 1,2. The phenomenon peaks during the intermonsoon dry season between June to October and is exacerbated when there are prolonged draughts during El Nino years 1,3. When carried by the monsoon winds, the haze affects local dwellers as well as those in neighboring countries such as Malaysia and Singapore 4-7. The haze impacts both human health and local economies 8,9. Field studies have identified over 100 compounds in the smoke from forest fires. They include carbon dioxide and monoxide (CO 2 and CO), methane (CH 4), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO 2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and smoke particles (also known as particulate matter, PM) 10. Particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), especially, can invade the smallest airways in the lungs, aggravating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases 11-13. For instance, the 1997 SEA haze episode reached hazardous levels of ground-level particulate matter concentrations, and was followed by an increase in respiratory problems in Singapore, together with a 2% annual increase in regional adult cardiovascular mortality 12. In addition, haze has brought economical losses because of falls in tourism, aviation, industrial investment and production 6. Despite the high number of studies on the effect of the haze on human health and lifespan, its impact on other species and on ecosystems has rarely been addressed. Herbivorous insects are primary consumers that link plants to higher-level consumers in food webs. They are also key players in many ecological functions 14 , such as in plant pollination 15 , seed dispersal 16,17 , or soil aeration 18. Because some insects have high sensitivity to environmental change, they are used as bioindicators of the health of a habitat or an ecosystem (e.g. 19,20). Butterflies, in particular, are used for these purposes because, in addition to their sensitivity to environmental disturbances, they are easy to identify and monitor. In Indonesian forests, for instance, butterfly species richness and abundance was directly linked to human activities such as forest logging and fires, presumably via direct destruction of their habitat 21,22. In addition to direct impacts, forest fires can have indirect effects on butterflies as well as other insects via the generation of smoke plumes. No study, however, has investigated the effects of smoke haze on insects. One way in which haze might affect insects is by impacting their respiratory system, as it does for humans. Insects breath air via spiracles, valve-like openings on the side of their bodies that connect to internal tracheal tubes 23,24 which branch repeatedly into finer tracheoles that eventually reach every cell inside the insect's body,

Studi ini mengklasifikasikan musim kemarau dan musim penghujan sebagai periode dengan curah hujan bulanan berturut-turut kurang dari atau sama dengan 125 mm dan lebih besar dari 125 mm. Daerah penelitian memiliki dua periode kering, yaitu: Januari, Februari, dan Maret sebagai periode pertama dan Mei sampai Agustus sebagai periode kedua. Secara statistik, musim berpengaruh pada kadar air, bulk density, potassium, magnesium, sodium dan tinggi muka air. Dengan menggunakan prediksi curah hujan mingguan, kadar air kritis dari lahan gambut terhadap kebakaran adalah 355 %. Tingkat Keetch Byram Drought Index (KBDI) yang tinggi terjadi pada tahun 1999/2000 sebanyak dua kali, yaitu pada tanggal 25 dan 26 April 2000. KBDI dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kadar air dan tinggi muka air di areal penelitian. Berdasarkan luas areal yang terbakar, kedalaman gambut yang terbakar dan warna abu, kebakaran hutan yang terjadi pada tanggal 9 Agustus 1999 merupakan kebakaran dengan intensitas yang rendah. Walaupun demikian, kebakaran hutan tersebut memberikan dampak penurunan Konduktivitas hidrolik (hydraulic conductivity) dan kandungan magnesium serta meningkatkan potassium dan sodium.

Perkembangan industri permotoran telah menyebabkan pencemaran udara yang menjadi faktor kepada peningkatan simptom masalah respiratori dalam kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah rendah. Kajian ini mengkaji perkaitan antara peningkatan simptom masalah kesihatan respiratori dalam kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah rendah dengan pendedahan terhadap pencemaran udara akibat lalu lintas. Kajian school-based jenis keratan lintang telah dilakukan di dua buah sekolah di daerah Kota Bharu, Kelantan iaitu Sekolah Kebangsaan Langgar dan Sekolah Kebangsaan Demit dengan melibatkan pelajar berumur 10, 11 dan 12 tahun. Saiz sampel seramai 124 orang (n = 124) dipilih menggunakan corak persampelan kebarangkalian iaitu persampelan rawak mudah. Responden disoal menggunakan instrumen yang telah disahihkan dan diadaptasi dari International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Statistical Package For Social Sciences (SPSS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan peningkatan simptom masalah respiratori yang dihadapi oleh pelajar di dua buah sekolah rendah di Kota Bharu adalah berkait rapat dengan pencemaran udara yang berpunca dari lalu lintas dengan p < 0.05. Kajian mendapati pendedahan kepada bahan pencemar udara yang berpunca dari lalu lintas telah meningkatkan simptom masalah respiratori dalam kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah di rendah lokasi kajian.

Smoke on Water is a Rapid Response Assessment that looks at peatland location, extent, threats and the policies to manage and protect them. The goal of this rapid response assessment, carried out on behalf of UN Environment and based on the efforts of more than 30 contributors, is to raise awareness about the importance of the world&#39;s peatlands and to encourage immediate action to preserve them.

Smoke on Water is a Rapid Response Assessment that looks at peatland location, extent, threats and the policies to manage and protect them. The goal of this rapid response assessment, carried out on behalf of UN Environment and based on the efforts of more than 30 contributors, is to raise awareness about the importance of the world&#39;s peatlands and to encourage immediate action to preserve them.

Thesis ini membahas pengembangan aplikasi simulasi untuk menghitung estimasi risiko tabrakan pesawat pada ruang udara Indonesia khususnya di jalur A576 dengan menggunakan pendekatan model Collision Risk Modelling (CRM). Dengan melakukan survey dan investigasi terhadap data Traffic Sample Data (TSD) dalam ruang FIR Jakarta yang diformulasikan untuk mendapatkan parameter distribusi Laplace kemudian dilakukan konfigurasi ke parameter skenario simulasi sehingga menciptakan modul ruang udara Indonesia seperti yang sesungguhnya.Tujuan dari simulasi ini yaitu menghitung nilai technical risk sebagai salah satu komponen untuk menghasilkan nilai Target Level of Safety (TLS) dengan skenario yang dapat dikostumisasi untuk mendapatkan data TSD yang memiliki kemiripan atau identik dengan kondisi penerbangan sebenarnya. Prosedur utama dalam penulisan ini dibagi menjadi tiga bagian utama yaitu menentukan parameter distribusi Laplace untuk longitudinal, lateral dan vertikal, menentukan skenario mana yang akan digunakan dalam simulasi dan menghitung estimasi risiko tabrakan. Kesimpulan dari simulasi ini akan dilaporkan ke BPPT sebagai bahan acuan untuk implementasi Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) di masa depan.(IP)

ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) terbentuk pada tanggal 10 Juni 2002 di Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, dan resmi berlaku sejak tanggal 25 November 2003. Indonesia baru melakukan ratifikasi terhadap persetujuan ini pada tahun 2014. Sehingga penulis mengangkat judul Skripsi ini “Faktor-Faktor Pendorong Ratifikasi ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) oleh Pemerintah Indonesia Tahun 2014” yaitu untuk menjelaskan berbagai faktor atau konsideran utama yang mendorong ratifikasi AATHP oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan dalam Skripsi ini adalah Teori Pengambilan Kebijakan Luar Negeri yang dipopulerkan oleh William D. Coplin. Berdasarkan teori tersebut, maka penulis menemukan terdapat tiga faktor utama yang menjadi pendorong ratifikasi AATHP oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Ketiga faktor tersebut yaitu Kondisi Politik Dalam Negeri, Situasi Ekonomi, serta Konteks Internasional. Dorongan dari Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) dan upaya pemerintah meyakin...

Disaster is one type of non-military threat that can disrupt a country's national security. Indonesia is a country that has large islands in it. With these large islands, Indonesia also has vast forests. However, one of the problems with the extent of forests in Indonesia is forest and land fires. Forest and land fires become a serious problem when the dry season comes. Moreover, the impact of forest and land fires has become a problem between countries because of the smoke they cause. There are many losses arising from forest and land fires such as the economy, health, mobility. The complexity of the impact of forest and land fires requires contributions from various parties such as the regional government and also from the military. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by means of a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with sources from the Indonesian National Armed Forces at the 031 Wirabima Military Resort Command and also a literature review. The results of this study are that the collaboration carried out is manifested in several actions to prevent forest and land fires such as re-mapping disaster-prone areas, using information systems or early warning applications, patrolling, outreach, fostering and increasing the role of Fire Concerned Communities (MPA), peatland rewetting. The success of the collaboration can be seen from a significant decrease from 2020 to 2022.

Situasi dan implikasi pandemik COVID-19 adalah sangat mencabar kepada setiap lapisan masyarakat khususnya dari aspek ekonomi. Orang Asli turut menerima impak negatif susulan pandemik COVID-19 ini kerana kedudukan mereka sedia ada telah dibelenggu dengan isu ekonomi, dihimpit kemiskinan dan terpinggir dari pembangunan arus perdana. Sehubungan itu, objektif utama artikel ini adalah untuk menganalisis mengenai situasi hak ekonomi Orang Asli dan cabaran perundangan dalam era pandemik COVID-19. Artikel turut menganalisis undang-undang, dasar serta polisi berkaitan hak ekonomi Orang Asli, seterusnya mengenalpasti cabaran perundangan sedia ada. Artikel ini mengemukakan dua dapatan utama iaitu 1) usaha kerajaan wajar dipertingkatkan lagi bagi membantu Orang Asli dalam menghadapi cabaran COVID-19; dan 2) wujudnya jurang dan cabaran perundangan sedia ada berhubung hak Orang Asli termasuklah hak ekonomi dalam mendepani ujian pandemik COVID-19. Dapatan ini sangat signifikan kerana hak Orang Asli termasuklah hak ekonomi masih jauh ketinggalan dan memerlukan penambahbaikan segera dari pelbagai aspek termasuklah strategi, undang-undang dan pelaksanaannya khususnya dalam era Pandemik COVID-19 ini. Kesimpulannya, penulisan ini dapat memberi sumbangan yang penting ke arah pembangunan lestari kepada Orang Asli seterusnya membantu Malaysia menunaikan obligasi undang-undang antarabangsanya.

Tindakan sekuritisasi yang dilakukan oleh Singapura terhadap isu Transboundary Haze Pollution (THP) akibat kebakaran hutan yang berasal dari Indonesia menjadi bahasan menarik dalam studi keamanan non-tradisional di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Pasalnya, selain membedakan dari mayoritas respon negara-negara lain yang juga terkena dampak THP dari Indonesia, tindakan sekuritisasi yang dilakukan Singapura telah berlangsung secara berkelanjutan selama sekitar dua dekade, yaitu sejak tahun 1997 hingga saat ini. Selama jangka waktu tersebut, Singapura melakukan tindakan sekuritisasi dengan beragam aksi sehingga menghasilkan pola-pola tersendiri pada masing-masing periode, khususnya periode-periode yang telah ditetapkan dalam penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan teori sekuritisasi dan teori keamanan non-tradisional, penelitian ini berusaha untuk menganalisis munculnya pola-pola sekuritisasi yang digunakan oleh Singapura tersebut dalam memandang dan merespon THP sebagai isu yang dianggap memberi anc...

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan tentang nilai-nilai ASEAN Community dalam pencegahan pembakaran hutan dan lahan melalui ASEAN Agreement Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP), dan Implementasi AATHP di Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan karena Persoalan Kebakaran hutan dan Lahan merupakan salah satu isu utama di kawasan ASEAN, dan dampaknya menimbulkan pencemaran udara lintas batas negara yang mengakibatkan terganggunya hubungan diplomatik diantara Negara Anggota ASEAN. Padahal negara Anggota ASEAN bersepakat untuk mewujudkan ASEAN Community. Oleh karena itu, dengan menerapkan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif, tulisan ini hendak menjelajahi beberapa hal, yaitu pertama; bagaimana nilai-nilai nilai-nilai ASEAN Community dalam pencegahan pembakaran hutan dan lahan melalui AATHP, Kedua, bagaimana implementasi AATHP di Indonesia. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa nilai-nilai ASEAN Community telah tertuang dalam setiap pasal yang diatur dalam AATHP guna pencegahan kebakaran hutan dan la...

Kajian terhadap kualiti udara telah dijalankan di Langkawi Kedah untuk menentukan status dan corak bahan pencemar udara di pulau perlancongan ini. Penentuan kualiti udara telah dijalankan berdasarkan beberapa parameter seperti zarahan terampai yang mempunyai saiz diameter lebih kecil daripada 10 mikrometer (PM 10), gasgas seperti sulfur dioksida (SO 2), nitrogen dioksida (NO 2), ozon (O 3) dan karbon monoksida (CO). Data kualiti udara telah diperolehi daripada stesen pemonitoran Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA) yang menjalankan kerja-kerja pemonitoran kualiti udara bagi pihak Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia (JAS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan purata kepekatan jangka panjang PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 dan CO adalah masih di bawah paras yang disarankan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia. Status kualiti udara di stesen ini jelas dipengaruhi oleh kenderaan bermotor. Kepekatan PM 10 menunjukkan peningkatan yang ketara dari tahun 1998 hingga ke tahun 2007. Pengaruh luaran seperti faktor pembakaran biojisim dan sinaran ultra ungu (UV) juga mempengaruhi bahan pencemar udara seperti PM 10 dan O 3. Faktor meteorologi seperti kelembapan udara dan suhu juga boleh mempengaruhi status kualiti udara di pulau ini. Hasil kajian ini mencadangkan beberapa langkah penting terutama dalam pengawalan jumlah kenderaan dan penambahbaikan pengangkutan awam bagi memastikan status kualiti udara di Langkawi terus terpelihara dan secara langsung menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan komuniti di Langkawi.

Transboundary haze problem that occurred in the ASEAN region has been prominent since the 1980s. Due to the increasing number of forest fires that transboundary haze from year to year, then in 2002 all ASEAN members agreed to establish an International agreement on transboundary haze namely the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. In this agreement are several provisions on cooperation will be carried out by member states in agreement on the prevention and control of forest fires that occurred in the ASEAN region. In this study the authors specialize in the area of Indonesia. The purpose of this thesis, namely; First, to determine the cooperation of ASEAN member countries in the prevention and control of forest fires in Indonesia based on the ASEAN Agreement On Transboundary Haze Pollution. Second, to determine the responsibility of the state polluters against forest fires that occurred in the ASEAN region by the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution.Based on t...

Indeed, Indonesia is a country that adheres to the notion of a " welfare state" with a "participatory welfare state" model which in social work literature is known as welfare pluralism. This model emphasizes that the state must continue to take part in handling social problems and the implementation of social security, although in its operation it still involves the community. The method used in this paper is normative juridical legal research. The main goal of social forestry is the welfare or prosperity of the people. Locally, social forestry in Riau Province has an Indicative Map of Social Forestry Allocation (PIAPS) of 1.2 million hectares. However, the realization of social forestry achievements in Riau is far from the number of PIAPS. This achievement covers an area of 121,464.36 hectares with a total of 77 decrees and 24,136 households. Barriers to social forestry other than land conflicts, Social Forestry and Environmental Partnerships (PSKL), Working Groups (POKJA), the Environment and Forestry Service (DLHK) and the Forest Management Unit (KPH) have different ideas in accelerating social forestry. If the achievement of social for restry is realized in accordance with the number of PIAPS 1.2 million hectares, it can help the community's economy so that the realization of community welfare in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

Perkembangan industri permotoran telah menyebabkan pencemaran udara yang menjadi faktor kepada peningkatan simptom masalah respiratori dalam kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah rendah. Kajian ini mengkaji perkaitan antara peningkatan simptom masalah kesihatan respiratori dalam kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah rendah dengan pendedahan terhadap pencemaran udara akibat lalu lintas. Kajian school-based jenis keratan lintang telah dilakukan di dua buah sekolah di daerah Kota Bharu, Kelantan iaitu Sekolah Kebangsaan Langgar dan Sekolah Kebangsaan Demit dengan melibatkan pelajar berumur 10, 11 dan 12 tahun. Saiz sampel seramai 124 orang (n = 124) dipilih menggunakan corak persampelan kebarangkalian iaitu persampelan rawak mudah. Responden disoal menggunakan instrumen yang telah disahihkan dan diadaptasi dari International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Statistical Package For Social Sciences (SPSS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan peningkatan simptom masalah respiratori yang dihadapi oleh pelajar di dua buah sekolah rendah di Kota Bharu adalah berkait rapat dengan pencemaran udara yang berpunca dari lalu lintas dengan p < 0.05. Kajian mendapati pendedahan kepada bahan pencemar udara yang berpunca dari lalu lintas telah meningkatkan simptom masalah respiratori dalam kalangan kanak-kanak sekolah di rendah lokasi kajian.

This study is concerned with the legal mechanisms and institutional arrangements established to control compliance with commitments undertaken in treaty form by Mediterranean States, with a view at protecting the marine environment from various sources of pollution. Part I begins with a brief presentation of the state of the Mediterranean environment, both natural and socio-economic. There follows a consideration and assessment of the nature and extent of, and the relationship between, environmental obligations arising under the relevant instruments adopted at the global, regional and sub-regional level, in order to identify the implications thereof for the design and application of the said mechanisms and arrangements. In Part II, the treatment of the core issue begins with an initial review of the evolution of compliance-control mechanisms under general international, and especially environmental, law, followed by a critical examination of the legal arrangements - actually or pote...

At first, the environmental degradation/damage was only limited to the domestic level. But in a very short period of time, environmental damage began to explore the region and manage to affect international relations within ASEAN. Currently, most people are no longer in doubt that the environment is a major problem which makes it as an international issue. With the onset of the problem, causing a conflict between the ASEAN region. There are some cases that have an impact on international relations in the ASEAN region, one of which is the smoke pollution. Among some issues being raised were how the legal basis for cooperation among the ASEAN countries in controlling air pollution, how ASEAN cooperation in the control of environmental pollution in ASEAN and how the implications towards Indonesia due to agreement /cooperation in air pollution control. Results and discussion explaining environmental pollution issues in ASEAN countries are basically generated from forest management activities result from excessive economic measures, especially among ASEAN countries in terms of the management and utilization of forests as an economic resource. Regulation of fog and smoke pollution in the international sphere can be seen from several declarations or conventions that exist. As in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration which recognizes the fundamental human right to be able to live in a good environment and healthy and as well as the obligation to maintain and be responsible in all actions to prevent pollution especially when it is very harmful to other countries, such as the prevention of burning forests that followed by the 1992 Rio Declaration and the 2002 World Summit in Johanesburg. And applied in the context of an international convention of The Geneva Convention The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air pollutants, 1979 (Geneva Convention, 1979), which in Article 2 obligates that States Parties to try to push as low as possible, gradually reduce and prevent air pollution including transboundary air pollution. Cooperation within ASEAN countries in controlling air pollution caused by forest fires can refer to the implementation of cooperation among ASEAN members. The cooperation ranging from the establishment of the ASEAN

Sejak tahun 2017, Pemerintah Indonesia berkomitmen untuk mencapai tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan (TPB) melalui Peraturan Presiden No. 59 Tahun 2017. Namun pada November 2020, pemerintah juga menerbitkan Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Ciptaker) yang mengesampingkan TPB melalui deregulasi perizinan yang memudahkan investor untuk mendongkrak ekonomi nasional namun abai terhadap keberlanjutan lingkungan. Sebagai komoditas utama ekonomi nasional dengan sumbangan 2.46 persen pada PDB Indonesia di tahun 2017, penerapan UU Cipta Kerja dalam industri kelapa sawit akan berdampak pada semakin masifnya deforestasi kawasan hutan sebagai paru-paru dunia; terancamnya hak masyarakat atas lingkungan hidup yang sehat dan bersih dan memperparah kondisi krisis iklim bumi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan melihat kesesuaian UU Cipta Kerja dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk m...

Reaksi Singapura terhadap penyebaran kabut asap akibat kebakaran hutan di Indonesia tahun 2013. Tugas kelompok mata kuliah politik internasional program pascasarjana prodi ilmu politik, Universitas Riau. --- Pada Juni 2013, kebakaran hutan terjadi di beberapa pulau besar di Indonesia seperti di Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Kebakaran tersebut terjadi tidak hanya diakibatkan oleh kondisi alam seperti cuaca atau musim kemarau tapi juga diakibatkan oleh ulah manusia. Di Sumatera, Riau dianggap sebagai penyumbang terbesar titik api yang mengakibatkan kabut asap yang melebihi kadar normal dan menyelimuti hampir seluruh wilayah Riau.

Facing the negative image of palm oil plantation operation activity, such as burning and endangering the biodiversity, BCA needs to change to obtain consumers trust that their product came from sustainably cultivated palm oil. BCA is accused with misconduct, such as land grabbing, environmental destruction, and causing social conflicts with locals, then persuaded to conform with transparency and come clean with palm oil operation mishaps. To be enlisted as RSPO member means comply to certain principles and criteria which should be able to negate the accusations. However, RSPO member registration requires organizational readiness; e.g. administration, operation, and financial. This research tried to identify the gap between RSPO principles and criteria (RSPO P&C) and current condition of the organization, identify the benefits and costs that might occur with the registration and certification, and try to come up with an implementation strategy to overcome the gap with RSPO P&C. We co...

Forest and land fires can have a tremendous impact, especially if the fires involve peatland fires. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze law enforcement against peatland burning perpetrators in Banjar Regency, and the obstacles to Law Enforcement against peatland burning perpetrators in Banjar Regency. This type of research is an empirical/field legal research with data sources in the form of primary data and secondary data with research locations at the Banjar District Police and the South Kalimantan Provincial Forestry Service.The results showed that law enforcement against peatland burning perpetrators in Banjar Regency from 2019-2021 carried out by the Banjar Police Crime Unit and the Forestry Police of the South Kalimantan Province Forestry Service who entered the investigation stage amounted to 1 case, the causal factors (1) increased public awareness by not clearing land using the burning method, (2) due to natural factors that in 2020 and 2021 the dry season ...

Surface ozone or tropospheric ozone has been recognized as one of the major factors that can give adverse impact on crops including rice plants. Effects of ozone on rice plants could be seen in decreased of biochemical activities and physiological performance which contribute to yield reduction. In Malaysia, surface ozone is on the rise due to increment anthropogenic sources i.e. urbanization, transportation and also industrialization process. This condition is alarming due to the facts that rice is the major staple food to the majority of Malaysian population. In this study, exceedence of ozone exposure above an hourly threshold concentration of 40 ppb (AOT40) and ozone trends in four major rice growing areas in Malaysia were assessed using time series analysis of ozone data recorded in each area from January 2000 until December 2010 with a total of 132 readings. The results showed a steady increase in exceedence ozone of yearly AOT40 and statistical significant upward trend for ozone concentrations in each rice growing area in Malaysia. This finding was particularly alarming because ozone is able to inhibit production of rice yields. Preventive actions need to be implemented as soon as possible in order to alleviate ozone threat to our national food security agenda.

This study aims to determine and analyze (1) the effect of Domestic Market Obligation, DMO, implementation and partial, Domestic Price Obligation, DPO, implementation on Indonesian palm oil exports and (2) the effect of simultaneous DMO implementation and DPO implementation on Indonesian palm oil exports. The results of the Pearson correlation test on the variables of DMO implementation and DPO implementation had a powerful/close relationship with palm oil exports. The regression test results, simultaneously with the F test and partially with the t-test, show that the implementation of DMO and the implementation of DPO have a significant effect on Palm Oil Exports.

Surface ozone or tropospheric ozone has been recognized as one of the major factors that can give adverse impact on crops including rice plants. Effects of ozone on rice plants could be seen in decreased of biochemical activities and physiological performance which contribute to yield reduction. In Malaysia, surface ozone is on the rise due to increment anthropogenic sources i.e. urbanization, transportation and also industrialization process. This condition is alarming due to the facts that rice is the major staple food to the majority of Malaysian population. In this study, exceedence of ozone exposure above an hourly threshold concentration of 40 ppb (AOT40) and ozone trends in four major rice growing areas in Malaysia were assessed using time series analysis of ozone data recorded in each area from January 2000 until December 2010 with a total of 132 readings. The results showed a steady increase in exceedence ozone of yearly AOT40 and statistical significant upward trend for ozone concentrations in each rice growing area in Malaysia. This finding was particularly alarming because ozone is able to inhibit production of rice yields. Preventive actions need to be implemented as soon as possible in order to alleviate ozone threat to our national food security agenda.

Haze pollution is one of the challenges that ASEAN has faced from several decades. Indonesia, as the country that hold most of the tropical forestry in the region, occasionally had forest fire that caused by either climate change or man-made deforestation. Forest fire that occurred in Indonesia consequences at thick haze in neighboring countries Malaysia and Singapore skies, which madeboth countries securitize as it was threatening the lives of their people. Thus, in order to tackle the problem, on 2002, ASEAN released an environmental protocol named ASEAN Agreement of Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP). However, the questions raises whether the enviromental protocol fit to the ASEAN Way. This paper argues that AATHP is not violating any of ASEAN norms and value, as it is not a fully legally binding protocol. Constructivism approach will be used as a tool to analyse how AATHP comply to ASEAN way.

Malaysia is known as a tropical rainforest country which is one of the oldest and complex ecosystems in the world. Peat swamps are unique forest types that usually found in the lowland of tropical forest area. The risk of peat forest fires is high when the peat was exposed or when the water table has significantly reduced due to manmade canals. The implication of peat swamp forest fire is not only to flora and fauna but also brings negative impact to the human daily routine, health, safety and economic development. Peat swamp forest is an important indicator to having forest fire easily if the community are lack of awareness to controlling their lifestyle which is that can be a reason for fire at the peat swamp area. In Sabah, forest fire occurrence from 1983 to 1985, was reported involving an area of about one million hectares that caused by the El-Nino phenomenon. The peat swamps of Klias Forest Reserves is known to be a fragile environment. This research was conducted to determin...

Pembakaran jerami padi yang lazimnya dilakukan pada bulan Mac sering menyebabkan pencemaran udara berlaku di jelapang padi sekitar Alor Star, Kedah. Ia dibuktikan dengan Indeks Pencemar Udara (IPU) setiap jam yang melebihi nilai 70 pada bulan Mac 2002. Selain itu, berlaku juga peningkatan bahan pencemar udara lain saperti karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida (SO 2) dan zarah terampai (PM 10) yang dilepaskan ke udara. Contoh perbandingan kualiti udara antara Mac 2002 dan Mac 2003 menunjukkan kepekatan tertinggi gas CO adalah 1.03 ppm pada tahun 2003 berbanding 1.43 ppm pada tahun 2003. Kepekatan zarah terampai PM 10 tertinggi pula adalah 208 µg/m 3 pada tahun 2003 berbanding 312 µg/m 3 pada tahun 2002. Bagi gas pencemar SO 2 kepekatan maksimum pada tahun 2002 adalah sebanyak 0.013 ppm berbanding 0.006 ppm pada tahun 2003. Malah, hasil ujian t untuk dua sampel dengan anggaran sama varians turut menyokong keadaan tersebut. Terdapat perbezaan yang ketara bagi gas pencemar SO 2 yang dilepaskan ke udara bagi tempoh masa 24 jam bagi kedua-dua tahun. Bagaimanapun, ujian t bagi tempoh masa harian tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara untuk gas pencemar dan zarah terampai. Katakunci: gas pencemar, Indeks Pencemar Udara, kualiti udara, pencemaran udara, pembakaran jerami padi, zarah terampai

Surface ozone or tropospheric ozone has been recognized as one of the major factors that can give adverse impact on crops including rice plants. Effects of ozone on rice plants could be seen in decreased of biochemical activities and physiological performance which contribute to yield reduction. In Malaysia, surface ozone is on the rise due to increment anthropogenic sources i.e. urbanization, transportation and also industrialization process. This condition is alarming due to the facts that rice is the major staple food to the majority of Malaysian population. In this study, exceedence of ozone exposure above an hourly threshold concentration of 40 ppb (AOT40) and ozone trends in four major rice growing areas in Malaysia were assessed using time series analysis of ozone data recorded in each area from January 2000 until December 2010 with a total of 132 readings. The results showed a steady increase in exceedence ozone of yearly AOT40 and statistical significant upward trend for ozone concentrations in each rice growing area in Malaysia. This finding was particularly alarming because ozone is able to inhibit production of rice yields. Preventive actions need to be implemented as soon as possible in order to alleviate ozone threat to our national food security agenda.

Disaster is one type of non-military threat that can disrupt a country's national security. Indonesia is a country that has large islands in it. With these large islands, Indonesia also has vast forests. However, one of the problems with the extent of forests in Indonesia is forest and land fires. Forest and land fires become a serious problem when the dry season comes. Moreover, the impact of forest and land fires has become a problem between countries because of the smoke they cause. There are many losses arising from forest and land fires such as the economy, health, mobility. The complexity of the impact of forest and land fires requires contributions from various parties such as the regional government and also from the military. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by means of a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with sources from the Indonesian National Armed Forces at the 031 Wirabima Military Resort Command and also a literature review. The results of this study are that the collaboration carried out is manifested in several actions to prevent forest and land fires such as re-mapping disaster-prone areas, using information systems or early warning applications, patrolling, outreach, fostering and increasing the role of Fire Concerned Communities (MPA), peatland rewetting. The success of the collaboration can be seen from a significant decrease from 2020 to 2022.

Law enforcement regarding the environment is in fact a responsibility that should be fulfilled by the state. In this case, the state is the main actor in prevention, as well as a protector from any efforts to destroy nature and the environment. It can be understood that to maintain the crucial elements in the existence of a state, as agreed in the Montevideo Convention, among others, permanent residents, definite territory, government, the ability to enter into relations with the state.  other. So with this it can be understood that environmental damage due to forest fires, is a form of threat also in the area element, because by burning ecosystems, it will result in an imbalance of life in an area, it can also be interpreted if the impacts arising from forest fires spread to enter the area. on the territory of neighboring countries, it will lead to unfavorable relations with other countries.

Despite international accords, diplomatic dialogues, and national regulations, the transboundary haze pollution remains a perennial concern in Southeast Asia. This demonstrates ASEAN's struggle in collectively dealing with regional problems. Eighteen years after its signing, the ASEAN Haze Agreement merits a critical evaluation. The challenges to achieving a haze-free ASEAN by 2020, the main goal of the agreement, stems from domestic problems and the ASEAN style of non-confrontational engagement and non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. Amid efforts to address the haze crisis while facing the Coronavirus-19 pandemic, current regional responses may provide insights on how to improve ASEAN collective engagement on the haze crisis.

The annual Haze Outlook report provides an assessment of the likelihood of a transboundary haze incident affecting Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore. The haze is a recurring air pollution problem in Southeast Asia caused by forest and land fires, posing serious health hazards and contributing significantly to climate change.

The report is produced by the Singapore Institute of International Affairs (SIIA) with information from several sources and through engagements with our many stakeholders. Our risk assessment is based on three factors: weather (projected rainfall and temperature), people (human behaviour), and policies (climate and land management directions).

This paper examines the ineffectiveness ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP). A question that's been trying to be explained on this paper is Why ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution can't run effectively. All this time, the explanation being used that ineffectiveness of AATHP implementation caused by Indonesia who not ratified yet its agreement. It considered as logic because Indonesia is the primary cause of smog that will be tackled by AATHP. The writer's main argument is ineffectiveness of AATHP influenced by non-interference principle on ASEAN, which really strong and reflected in the content of the agreement which made AATHP legalization is low (soft law). Therefore, with the weak legally binding, even Indonesia ratified the agreement, still the prospect implementation of the effectiveness is low.

Kajian terhadap kualiti udara telah dijalankan di Langkawi Kedah untuk menentukan status dan corak bahan pencemar udara di pulau perlancongan ini. Penentuan kualiti udara telah dijalankan berdasarkan beberapa parameter seperti zarahan terampai yang mempunyai saiz diameter lebih kecil daripada 10 mikrometer (PM 10), gasgas seperti sulfur dioksida (SO 2), nitrogen dioksida (NO 2), ozon (O 3) dan karbon monoksida (CO). Data kualiti udara telah diperolehi daripada stesen pemonitoran Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. (ASMA) yang menjalankan kerja-kerja pemonitoran kualiti udara bagi pihak Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia (JAS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan purata kepekatan jangka panjang PM 10 , SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 dan CO adalah masih di bawah paras yang disarankan oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar Malaysia. Status kualiti udara di stesen ini jelas dipengaruhi oleh kenderaan bermotor. Kepekatan PM 10 menunjukkan peningkatan yang ketara dari tahun 1998 hingga ke tahun 2007. Pengaruh luaran seperti faktor pembakaran biojisim dan sinaran ultra ungu (UV) juga mempengaruhi bahan pencemar udara seperti PM 10 dan O 3. Faktor meteorologi seperti kelembapan udara dan suhu juga boleh mempengaruhi status kualiti udara di pulau ini. Hasil kajian ini mencadangkan beberapa langkah penting terutama dalam pengawalan jumlah kenderaan dan penambahbaikan pengangkutan awam bagi memastikan status kualiti udara di Langkawi terus terpelihara dan secara langsung menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan komuniti di Langkawi.