Papers by Muhammad Fachrie
English School argues that the existence of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) phenomena is d... more English School argues that the existence of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) phenomena is due to the anarchical Society. This research explains how English School views the main root of security problems is not in perspective of state as focus of inquiry, but it explains how to view the main root of security problems in perspective of Society. It criticizes to the traditional perspectives which only emphasize anarchy as absolute situation or unchangeable thing. This research uses qualitative method which researcher collects data from literatures and analyzes by using theory of English School. In this research, it gives alternative solution to manage international conflict and security caused by the ISIS by building common values, common interests, justices, fairness, communication and dialogue in relations among actors.
This research discusses about Tunisian Revolution and a lesson learned for recent Indonesian Poli... more This research discusses about Tunisian Revolution and a lesson learned for recent Indonesian Politics. The fall of Ben Ali is a proof that social media can be a non-military weapon for society in ruining the ruling regime. Social media can create public sphere for Tunisian people in communicating each other, sharing information and even mobilizing the protest over Ben Ali’s regime. This experience gives lesson learned for many country, including Indonesia. Recently, Indonesian people are active in internet, particularly social media, so that Tunisian Revolution experience alerts Indonesian people to always pay attention about that. This research uses qualitative method to gather data and describe the phenomenon by using Critical Theory. This research views that Tunisian experience influences to the government in managing protests in Indonesia, because the policy and regulation about internet and social media occur in Joko Widodo’s administration in order to counter hoaxes, SARA and ...
This research discusses why Indonesia ratified the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollutio... more This research discusses why Indonesia ratified the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP). AATHP has been signed by ASEAN’s member states since 2002, but not all of them directly ratify it. Indonesia had not ratified AATHP for more than one decade because it faced domestic political barriers. The interest of private groups becomes the reason for the non-ratification policy for many years. In 2014, Indonesia made a contrast change by AATHP ratification policy. It obviously raises a question about the cause of that change. In order to answer the question, liberalism is proposed to be the framework theory to analyze the influence of private sectors and other actors in Indonesia's domestic policy on the AATHP ratification. Liberalism considers that AATHP ratification policy is encouraged by the support of domestic political actors in Indonesia, especially the private group. In the sphere of Indonesian domestic politics, behavioral change of private group and support...
This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution t... more This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution that is happened in Tunisia in 2010 to 2011. Restraint of political freedom anddemocracy on regime of Ben Ali in Tunisia causes the society to be tough to get a free public sphere, so that the society seeks a strategic media to get free public sphere. At the time of the political revolution in Tunisia, the social networking site is a strategic media used for socialinteraction, disseminating information and mobilizing the masses, because the restraint of freedom of politics and democracy in cyberspace is not effective. This research is aimed to determine the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in political revolutions that takes place in Tunisia. This research shows that the political, social and economic turmoil in Tunisia encourage people to build public sphere. The public sphere has a realimpact for the community or society in support of the political revolution in...
Malaysian Journal of International Relations, 2020
This paper explains the analysis of human security to Indonesia's forest fires and haze pollution... more This paper explains the analysis of human security to Indonesia's forest fires and haze pollution. Traditionally, security is related to national security, but nowadays, the security of human is also a challenging issue. State is no longer a lone threatened actor, as lives of individuals are also significantly impacted by threats. Forest fires and haze pollution are long time threats for environmental security in Indonesia and even in neighbouring states. First, this research explains the background of forest fires and haze pollution in Indonesia and their impacts on neighbouring states. This will be followed by reviews of literatures relating to human security, especially environmental security. Finally, this research analyses the phenomenon of forest fires and haze pollution by using human security concept, especially environmental security. The findings of this research include a result that forest fires and haze pollution affect seven dimensions of human security, such as the economy, food, health, environment, person, community and politics. In addition, human dignity, health and wellbeing, livelihood, safety and survival are not fully achieved by the people because of the severity in threats (causing domestic regional impacts of haze), sensitivity in vulnerability (occurring as an almost annual disaster), and deprivationexclusion (worsened by relative deprivation and exclusion).
Abstrak Penelitian ini mengeksplanasi bagamana Cina mempengaruhi keamanan lingkungan dan perdamai... more Abstrak Penelitian ini mengeksplanasi bagamana Cina mempengaruhi keamanan lingkungan dan perdamaian di Mongolia. Di Mongolia, Cina melibatkan diri di beberapa sektor seperti ekosistem, energi, populasi, makanan dan ekonomi. Aktivitas-aktivitas ini menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan seperti penggurunan, kepunahan hewan liar, deforestasi, kerusakan lingkungan yang disebabkan pembangkit listrik tenaga air, kesehatan makanan, dan polusi lingkungan yang disebabkan pertambangan. Peter Hough, seorang ahli keamanan lingkungan, dalam bukunya yang berjudul “Memahami Keamanan Global, Edisi Kedua”, menjelaskan bahw permasalahan-permasalahan lingkungan bisa menjadi sebuah keamanan manusia. Ini berarti bahwa keamanan lingkungan adalah salah satu dari beberapa dimensi-dimensi dari keamanan manusia. Kerusakan lingkungan tidak hanya menjadi permasalahan lingkungan saja, akan tetapi ini juga menjadi permasalahan keamanan. Untuk mengeksplanasi hal tersebut, konsep dimensi keamanan lingkungan dan pend...
Dilema Kebijakan Sanksi Swiss dalam Merespon Krisis Ukraina (2014-2020)
This research analyzes how Switzerland faces dilemmatic options in responding to the European Uni... more This research analyzes how Switzerland faces dilemmatic options in responding to the European Union Sanctions towards Russia in the crisis of Ukraine. Switzerland faces dilemmatic options, because it has good political and economic European Union. In this research, journals, books and reports are collected and used as data and theory in order to analyze the problem. Eventually, this research found that Switzerland decides to not directly relations with the European Union (EU) and Russia. In this study, the qualitative method is used to analyze the attitudes and behavior of Switzerland as a country in considering its national interests. Neoliberalism is used as a framework in analyzing the attitude and behavior of Swiss in imposing sanctions towards Russia as a response of its national interest, because this country considers non-state actors in decision making process in relations between Switzerland and European Union. Finally, this research found that Switzerland decides not to un...
Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik
The rivalry between China and Australia in the Pacific region shows high tension. This rivalry ha... more The rivalry between China and Australia in the Pacific region shows high tension. This rivalry has increasingly intense in the form of providing assistance to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, where both countries have various motives of interest by providing the assistance. This article aims to describe the economic and political motives of China and Australia in order to provide assistance in handling COVID-19 to countries in the Pacific region. This article used a descriptive method by collecting several sources from books, journals, official documents, and scientific articles on the internet. It finds that China and Australia have economic and political-security motives from the assistance provided to countries in the Pacific region. The large natural resources in the Pacific region and its transformation into a world maritime trade route become the economic motives. The political motives for China are the principle of “One China” and a “Good Image/Perception” for China, while th...
Motivasi Meksiko Melakukan Penetapan Tarif Terhadap Distribusi Produk as Ke Meksiko Dalam Hubungan Perdagangan Antara Dua Negara
This research discusses the analysis of Mexican motivation in determining tariffs on the distribu... more This research discusses the analysis of Mexican motivation in determining tariffs on the distribution of US products to Mexico. In international law, Mexico and the US build a strong free trade cooperation in the North American Free Trade Zone (NAFTA) agreement. They agreed to implement the agreement that is built in that agreement, particularly for the exemption of tariff inthe distribution of products between two countries. In fact, the US could not complete the tariff exemption agreement in the distribution of Mexican products that has been agreed in NAFTA. It delays the implementation of this agreement by complicating the distribution of goods from Mexico to the US with unilateral regulations. Eventually, this research found that Mexico motivation is to respond US regulations on its products for several years. That US action, particularly the logisticsdistribution cooperation, has caused Mexico experiencing difficulties in gaining profits.
The Motivation of Indonesia in Doing Carbon Trading with Norway (2010-2016)
Indonesian Journal of International Relations
This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As ... more This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As a country which has tropical rainforest, Indonesia has become important for the developed countries in the carbon trade cooperation, especially Norway. Indonesia has the potential natural resources, such as tropic rainforest and large of land, that can be used to reduce carbon emissions in the world. By signing the letter of intent (LoI) on May 26th in 2010 in Oslo, Indonesia and Norway have agreed to conduct carbon trading both of these two countries. On the one hand, this cooperation can be advantageous for Indonesia, because Indonesia gets one billion US dollars from Norway for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program , but on the other hand Indonesia can not maximize the exploitation of forestry sector and land because of the limitation caused by REDD. It eventually causes the carbon trading between Indonesia and Norway becomes important to be inquir...
The Motivation of Indonesia in Doing Carbon Trading with Norway (2010-2016)
Indonesian Journal of International Relations
This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As ... more This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As a country which has tropical rainforest, Indonesia has become important for the developed countries in the carbon trade cooperation, especially Norway. Indonesia has the potential natural resources, such as tropic rainforest and large of land, that can be used to reduce carbon emissions in the world. By signing the letter of intent (LoI) on May 26th in 2010 in Oslo, Indonesia and Norway have agreed to conduct carbon trading both of these two countries. On the one hand, this cooperation can be advantageous for Indonesia, because Indonesia gets one billion US dollars from Norway for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program , but on the other hand Indonesia can not maximize the exploitation of forestry sector and land because of the limitation caused by REDD. It eventually causes the carbon trading between Indonesia and Norway becomes important to be inquir...
The University of Riau, 2013
This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution t... more This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution that is happened in Tunisia in 2010 to 2011. Restraint of political freedom and democracy on regime of Ben Ali in Tunisia causes the society to be tough to get a free public sphere, so that the society seeks a strategic media to get free public sphere. At the time of the political revolution in Tunisia, the social networking site is a strategic media used for social interaction, disseminating information and mobilizing the masses, because tthe restraint of freedom of politics and democracy in cyberspace is not effective. This research is aimed to determine the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in political revolutions that takes place in Tunisia. This research shows that the political, social and economic turmoil in Tunisia encourage people to build public sphere. The public sphere has a real impact for the community or society in support of the political revolution in Tunisia. Tunisia society has the opportunity to articulate the interests, needs of the country, and build a political movement through public space. Restraint of democratic freedoms through sensors in cyberspace for democratization in Tunisia are not effective. Social networking site is public sphere for Tunisian society to disseminate information, communicate and mobilize social and political movements to overthrow the regime of Ben Ali.
INSIGNIA: Journal of International Relations, 2018
ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengeksplanasi bagamana Cina mempengaruhi keamanan lingkungan dan perdamai... more ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengeksplanasi bagamana Cina mempengaruhi keamanan lingkungan dan perdamaian di Mongolia. Di Mongolia, Cina melibatkan diri di beberapa sektor seperti ekosistem, energi, populasi, makanan dan ekonomi. Aktivitas-aktivitas ini menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan seperti penggurunan, kepunahan hewan liar, deforestasi, kerusakan lingkungan yang disebabkan pembangkit listrik tenaga air, kesehatan makanan, dan polusi lingkungan yang disebabkan pertambangan. Peter Hough, seorang ahli keamanan lingkungan, dalam bukunya yang berjudul "Memahami Keamanan Global, Edisi Kedua", menjelaskan bahwa permasalahan-permasalahan lingkungan bisa menjadi sebuah keamanan manusia. Ini berarti bahwa keamanan lingkungan adalah salah satu dari beberapa dimensi-dimensi dari keamanan manusia. Kerusakan lingkungan tidak hanya menjadi permasalahan lingkungan saja, akan tetapi ini juga menjadi permasalahan keamanan. Untuk mengeksplanasi hal tersebut, konsep dimensi keamanan lingkungan dan pendekatan konflik lingkungan digunakan, karena fenomena keamanan ini berfokus pada manusia dan bukan negara. ABSTRACT This research explains how China influence environment security and peace in Mongolia. In Mongolia, China enggages itself in several sectors such as ecosystem, energy, population, food, and economy. This activities caused environmental damage like desertification, wildlife extinction, deforestation, damage caused by water-powered plant, food health, and environmental polution caused by mining. Peter Hough, an environment security expert, explained on his book, "Understanding Global Securty, Second Edition", that environmental problem could be an issue of human security. It means that environment security is a part of human security dimension. Environmental degradation is not just an environmental issue, but also become security issue. To explain this, the concept of environment security dimension and environtmental conflict approach were used, because this security phenomena is focused on men instead of state.
IJIR Indonesian Journal of International Relations, 2017
This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As ... more This research explains about the motivation of Indonesia in doing carbon trading with Norway. As a country which has tropical rainforest, Indonesia has become important for the developed countries in the carbon trade cooperation, especially Norway. Indonesia has the potential natural resources, such as tropic rainforest and large of land, that can be used to reduce carbon emissions in the world. By signing the letter of intent (LoI) on May 26 th in 2010 in Oslo, Indonesia and Norway have agreed to conduct carbon trading both of these two countries. On the one hand, this cooperation can be advantageous for Indonesia, because Indonesia gets one billion US dollars from Norway for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program , but on the other hand Indonesia can not maximize the exploitation of forestry sector and land because of the limitation caused by REDD. It eventually causes the carbon trading between Indonesia and Norway becomes important to be inquired. Abstrak Penelitian ini menjelaskan tentang motivasi Indonesia dalam melakukan perdagangan karbon dengan Norwegia. Sebagai negara yang memiliki hutan hujan tropis, Indonesia menjadi penting bagi negara-negara maju dalam kerja sama perdagangan karbon, terutama Norwegia. Indonesia memiliki potensi sumber daya alam, seperti hutan hujan tropis dan lahan yang luas, yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi emisi karbon di dunia. Dengan menandatangani letter of intent (LoI) pada 26 Mei 2010 di Oslo, Indonesia dan Norwegia telah sepakat untuk melakukan perdagangan karbon kedua negara ini. Di satu sisi, kerjasama ini dapat menguntungkan bagi Indonesia, karena Indonesia mendapat satu miliar dolar AS dari Norwegia untuk program Pengurangan Emisi dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi Hutan (REDD), tetapi di sisi lain Indonesia tidak dapat memaksimalkan eksploitasi sektor kehutanan dan lahan karena keterbatasan yang disebabkan oleh REDD. Hal tersebut menyebabkan perdagangan karbon antara Indonesia dan Norwegia menjadi penting untuk dipertanyakan.
Politea: Jurnal Pemikiran Politik Islam, 2020
This research discusses about Tunisian Revolution and a lesson learned for recent Indonesian Poli... more This research discusses about Tunisian Revolution and a lesson learned for recent Indonesian Politics. The fall of Ben Ali is a proof that social media can be a non-military weapon for society in ruining the ruling regime. Social media can create public sphere for Tunisian people in communicating each other, sharing information and even mobilizing the protest over Ben Ali's regime. This experience gives lesson learned for many country, including Indonesia. Recently, Indonesian people are active in internet, particularly social media, so that Tunisian Revolution experience alerts Indonesian people to always pay attention about that. This research uses qualitative method to gather data and describe the phenomenon by using Critical Theory. This research views that Tunisian experience influences to the government in managing protests in Indonesia, because the policy and regulation about internet and social media occur in Joko Widodo's administration in order to counter hoaxes, SARA and radicalism.
Malaysian Journal of International Relations, 2020
This paper explains the analysis of human security to Indonesia's forest fires and haze pollution... more This paper explains the analysis of human security to Indonesia's forest fires and haze pollution. Traditionally, security is related to national security, but nowadays, the security of human is also a challenging issue. State is no longer a lone threatened actor, as lives of individuals are also significantly impacted by threats. Forest fires and haze pollution are long time threats for environmental security in Indonesia and even in neighbouring states. First, this research explains the background of forest fires and haze pollution in Indonesia and their impacts on neighbouring states. This will be followed by reviews of literatures relating to human security, especially environmental security. Finally, this research analyses the phenomenon of forest fires and haze pollution by using human security concept, especially environmental security. The findings of this research include a result that forest fires and haze pollution affect seven dimensions of human security, such as the economy, food, health, environment, person, community and politics. In addition, human dignity, health and wellbeing, livelihood, safety and survival are not fully achieved by the people because of the severity in threats (causing domestic regional impacts of haze), sensitivity in vulnerability (occurring as an almost annual disaster), and deprivation-exclusion (worsened by relative deprivation and exclusion).
Thesis Chapters by Muhammad Fachrie
Riau University, 2013
This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution t... more This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution that is happened in Tunisia in 2010 to 2011. Restraint of political freedom and democracy on regime of Ben Ali in Tunisia causes the society to be tough to get a free public sphere, so that the society seeks a strategic media to get free public sphere. At the time of the political revolution in Tunisia, the social networking site is a strategic media used for social interaction, disseminating information and mobilizing the masses, because tthe restraint of freedom of politics and democracy in cyberspace is not effective. This research is aimed to determine the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in political revolutions that takes place in Tunisia. This research shows that the political, social and economic turmoil in Tunisia encourage people to build public sphere. The public sphere has a real impact for the community or society in support of the political revolution in Tunisia. Tunisia society has the opportunity to articulate the interests, needs of the country, and build a political movement through public space. Restraint of democratic freedoms through sensors in cyberspace for democratization in Tunisia are not effective. Social networking site is public sphere for Tunisian society to disseminate information, communicate and mobilize social and political movements to overthrow the regime of Ben Ali.
The University of Gadjah Mada, 2016
This research discusses on why Indonesia ratifying the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Poll... more This research discusses on why Indonesia ratifying the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP). AATHP has been signed by ASEAN’s member states since 2002, but not all of them directly ratify it. Indonesia had not ratified AATHP for more than one decade, because it faced domestic political barriers. The interest of private group becomes the reason of non-ratification policy for many years. In 2014, Indonesia made a contrast change by AATHP
ratification policy. It obviously raises a question about the cause of that change. In order to answer the question, liberalism is proposed to be the framework theory to analyze the influence of private sectors and other actors in Indonesia domestic policy on the AATHP ratification. Liberalism considers that AATHP ratification policy is encouraged by the support of domestic politic actors in Indonesia, especially the private group. In the sphere of Indonesian domestic politics, behavioral change of private group and supports of other actors towards the ratification, these both aspects become the background of the emergence of Indonesia AATHP ratification policy.
The University of Riau, 2013
This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution t... more This research explains the influence of social networking site against the political revolution that is happened in Tunisia in 2010 to 2011. Restraint of political freedom and democracy on regime of Ben Ali in Tunisia causes the society to be tough to get a free public sphere, so that the society seeks a strategic media to get free public sphere. At the time of the political revolution in Tunisia, the social networking site is a strategic media used for social interaction, disseminating information and mobilizing the masses, because tthe restraint of freedom of politics and democracy in cyberspace is not effective. This research is
aimed to determine the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in political revolutions that takes place in Tunisia.
Explanative qualitative method is the method used in this research, that is based on secondary data or data obtained from previous researches. This research is a look on the nature of the variables and explore more about the causal relations between variables. Qualitative research strategies in the approach taken in this study is the implementation of case study. This research uses critical theory as theory of international relations to reveal the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in the political revolutions in Tunisia. This research shows that the political, social and economic turmoil in Tunisia
encourage people to build public sphere. The public sphere has a real impact for the community or society in support of the political revolution in Tunisia. Tunisia society has the opportunity to articulate the interests, needs of the country, and build a political movement through public space. Restraint of democratic freedoms through sensors in cyberspace for democratization in Tunisia are not effective. Social networking site is public sphere for Tunisian society to disseminate information, communicate and mobilize social and political movements to overthrow the regime of Ben Ali.
Teaching Documents by Muhammad Fachrie
Tulisan ini membahas tentang bagaimana perspektif English School memandang eksistensi dari "Islam... more Tulisan ini membahas tentang bagaimana perspektif English School memandang eksistensi dari "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (ISIS) atau "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL). Pada awal tulisan, pembahasan diawali dengan penjelasan singkat tentang ISIS/ISIL. Selanjutnya, tulisan ini memandang eksistensi ISIL/ISIL dengan menggunakan perspektif English School untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tentang latar belakang kemunculan ISIS/ISIL, implikasi dari eksistensi ISIS/ISIL, dan solusi yang ditawarkan dalam mengatasi ISIS/ISIL. Pada akhir tulisan, Penulis memberikan kesimpulan tentang pandangan perspektif English School terhadap eksistensi dari ISIS/ISIL. Singkat tentang ISIS/ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and Syria(ISIS) atau Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant(ISIL), dikenal sebagai sebuah insugensi yang beraliran Islam Sunni dan kelompok teroris yang memperluas kontrolnya di area-area dari barat laut Irak dan timur laut Suriah sejak tahun 2013. 1 ISIS mengancam keamanan Irak, Syria, negara-negara di perbatasan, Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara barat lainnya, sehingga kelompok teroris tersebut menarik perhatian komunitas internasional untuk merespon perkembangannya. Amerika Serikat (AS) dan sekutu melakukan serangan terhadap ISIS/ISIL dengan menggunakan kekuatan militer. Namun, serangan yang dilakukan AS dan sekutu menjadi kontroversi tentang apakah serangan tersebut efektif atau tidak dalam menghancurkan ISIL/ISIL. Perspektif English School : Studi Kasus ISIS Page2 diselesaikan. Selain itu, English School memandang anarki terjadi di dalam masyarakat atau dikenal dengan anarchy of society. Di mata English School, negara memang tetap menjadi fokus utama akan tetapi perspektif ini juga melihat individu sebagai bagian dari umat manusia secara keseluruhan daripada sebuah komunitas politik tertentu, yang nantinya akan berujung pada konsep dengan terminologi "International Society". Menurut Hadley Bull, "A society of states (or international society) exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions". 2 Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan fondasidari Masyarakat Internasional adalah: 1. Common Interests Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Islam & the West:Testing the 'Clash of Civilizations' Thesis. John F. Kennedy: School of Government, Juli 2002, hal 15 TUGAS KELOMPOK PERSPEKTIF : ENGLISH SCHOOL Perspektif English School : Studi Kasus ISIS Page3 Dari poin international society yang diusung English School, perjuangan ISIS/ISIL dapat dilihat sebagai suatu proses untuk membentuk society baru yaitu Khilafah dunia yang di Irak dan Suriah. Bahkan komandan ISIS/ISIL, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, "menyerukan" Muslim di seluruh dunia untuk bermigrasi ke negara Islam dan dia menyebutnya sebagai sebuah kewajiban. 4 Dan karena adanya common interest dan commonvalues yang kuat dalam konsep jihad, cukup banyak warga negara yang berasal dari Australia, Kanada, Amerika Serikat, Inggris Prancis, Spanyol, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Yordania dan Libya pergi ke Irak untuk mengikuti "panggilan istimewa" dari al-Bagdadi tersebut. Secara keseluruhan hingga kini sudah ada 12.000 foreign fighters (pejuang asing) dari seluruh belahan dunia bergabung dengan ekstremis Sunni ISIS. 5
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Papers by Muhammad Fachrie
Thesis Chapters by Muhammad Fachrie
ratification policy. It obviously raises a question about the cause of that change. In order to answer the question, liberalism is proposed to be the framework theory to analyze the influence of private sectors and other actors in Indonesia domestic policy on the AATHP ratification. Liberalism considers that AATHP ratification policy is encouraged by the support of domestic politic actors in Indonesia, especially the private group. In the sphere of Indonesian domestic politics, behavioral change of private group and supports of other actors towards the ratification, these both aspects become the background of the emergence of Indonesia AATHP ratification policy.
aimed to determine the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in political revolutions that takes place in Tunisia.
Explanative qualitative method is the method used in this research, that is based on secondary data or data obtained from previous researches. This research is a look on the nature of the variables and explore more about the causal relations between variables. Qualitative research strategies in the approach taken in this study is the implementation of case study. This research uses critical theory as theory of international relations to reveal the influence arising from the use of social networking sites in the political revolutions in Tunisia. This research shows that the political, social and economic turmoil in Tunisia
encourage people to build public sphere. The public sphere has a real impact for the community or society in support of the political revolution in Tunisia. Tunisia society has the opportunity to articulate the interests, needs of the country, and build a political movement through public space. Restraint of democratic freedoms through sensors in cyberspace for democratization in Tunisia are not effective. Social networking site is public sphere for Tunisian society to disseminate information, communicate and mobilize social and political movements to overthrow the regime of Ben Ali.
Teaching Documents by Muhammad Fachrie