Traditional house

Tradisional ritual at the gate of the village is an unique ritual in Kaenbaun village and behind this ritual there is an unique territorial concept. This paper is based on field observation and interview, guided by fenomenology paradigm and inductive – qualitative method. This research strategy was used to find the relationship between the ritual and architectural space concept which is based on the local perspective. The research found that the gate traditional ritual has a closed relationship with the territorial concept of Kaenbaun village. The concept describes that Kaenbaun is a village with physical and supra-natural aspects of territory

Damage of natural disasters and man-made environment has been happening everywhere. As a result, human settlements declined in quality, so not hospitable and not conducive to the preservation of culture, architecture and nature. Over the last few decades, the planning and design of settlements in the Indonesian archipelago tend to ignore local wisdom. This paper discusses the architecture of settlement in the village of Dawan tribe at Kaenbaun (Purbadi, 2010) to learn about design principles and paradigms of Dawan people, in designing a comfortable and friendly neighborhood environment. The method used in this paper is to use single-exposure case is analyzed by the method of contextual understanding. The results of study are the principles of local way of thinking and design direction, which is believed to be still relevant to preserved for environmental design of new settlements in the present. This paper would raise Kaenbaun typical way of thinking as a paradigm, which can be used...

This study aims to create environmentally comfortable building designs in hot and dry steppe climates using more effective approaches. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between mean radiant temperature (MRT) and indoor air temperature (Tia), taking into account the orientation of buildings, for better building thermal performance. For this purpose, residential buildings with different orientations were selected in the study region 'Garmian-northern Iraq', and their thermal performance was evaluated. The results show how MRT contributes to the buildings' thermal comfort. The outcomes of this research provide innovative empirical quantification of the correlation of MRT-Tia, as the regression coefficient (β) represents the rate of change in Tia per unit increase in MRT and ranges by orientation in the study area. The findings demonstrate that northfacing buildings buffer radiant heat gain (β~0.52), resulting in a 0.5 °C increase in indoor air temperature for each 1 °C rise in MRT. Moreover, west orientation delivers promising winter passive heating (MRT up to 22 °C and indoor air temperature up to 22.8 °C with a β of ~0.82). However, south-facing buildings perform poorly in the winter, with low MRT and a weak β (~0.44), contrasting with passive solar design strategies that favor southfacing buildings in the northern hemisphere. Furthermore, in the summer, the MRT is always higher than Tia, while it is lower in winter, indicating poor envelope and fenestration thermal insulation properties, which lead to excessive energy usage to maintain thermal comfort. Finally, the study suggests the novel quantified MRT-Tia mathematical correlation responds to the orientations for such climates, offering both diagnostic and predictive tools for thermal comfort performance optimization. This study is the first to empirically quantify orientation-specific MRT-Tia relationships in BSh climates, offering a novel diagnostic tool for sustainable building design. This study involved field observations in 36 residential row houses across four orientations. Key environmental and personal variables measured included mean radiant temperature (MRT), indoor air temperature (Tia), air velocity, relative humidity, metabolic rate, and clothing insulation.

The role of Active Street Frontage (ASF) identity is crucial in Ubud as a world-renowned tourist destination. The traditional Balinese street-frontage (TBF) elements provide a sense of place and identity in Ubud that has economic, social, and environmental impacts. This study seeks to examine the influence of TBF components on creating ASF identity in Ubud. The TBF elements under examination comprise such as fence walls (penyengker), green areas (telajakan), foyers (lebuh), roadways (marga), gates (kori), walkways (rurung), and crossroads of primary highways as a civic center (catuspatha). This study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology that incorporates field observations and comprehensive interviews. TBF’s elements are not merely architectural features but encoded cosmological and spiritual narratives. The findings indicate that “TBF’s activeness” brings the existence of sensory complexity and dynamic socio-cultural moments that encourages tourists to walk. The emergence of traditional space adaptability defines the unique identity of Ubud’s ASF. For tourists, TBF elements encourage walkability, due to the physical uniqueness and cultural activities involvement. For residents, the TBF not only has a physical role but also promoting collective identity, community bonds, and a sense of belonging to the area. Cognitively, TBF fostered place attachment through daily rituals and communal practices, embedding collective memory of ASF identity.

The purpose of this article is to describe the barriers to socio-political development in Iran in order to define, justify and ultimately infer the two categories of "constructive West" and "real West". This justification is said to be the prerequisite for developing a theory to transform "tradition" into "reflective traditionalism" in Iran over the past two centuries. The research method is historical-analytical and is used in the sense of the American sociologist Robert Merton and at the same time the terms and methods of modern historical sociology. The results showed that the social developments in Iran paved the way for the formation of controversial attitudes from the "West" category, so that, in addition to the idea of the real West, a constructive view of the West was formed under the name of "constructive West". This attitude laid the foundation for the anti-reform movement against reforms inspired by Western societies. The effects of this counter-reform movement can be clearly seen in the social unrest of the past hundred years, such as the "Tobacco Movement", the "Constitutional Movement" and the "Islamic Revolution", although this movement has been labeled "Anti-Reform". " Anti-Colonialism", "anti-imperialism" and "fight against arrogance". The inactive "tradition" changes into the actionist movement of "reflective traditionalism". The reform movement of the 19th and 20th centuries in Iran proceeds in this way in the dialectical and contradicting direction of the antidevelopment movement and the struggle against the "constructive West". The end result of this study shows that the struggle against the West has become a worldview that has devastating effects on the development of the country. The struggle against the West gradually affected all aspects of Iranian existence and even Iranian life over time and became the main target .

The effect of modernization in Iran has taken place in different ways in many different fields. The modernization that emerged with its unique features in politics, economy, religion, culture, art and architecture started in Iran from the Qajar period (1789-1925). During this period, Iran's relationship with Europe made Iranians familiar with Western paintings and ornaments. The national state established after the Qajar period corresponds to the I. Pahlavi period (1925-1941). The first Pahlavi period has an important role in the development of modernization in different layers of Iranian society and in various regions of the country. After the first Pahlavi period, the second Pahlavi period (1941-1979) also saw major developments in the field of architecture. In this period, Western architects were invited to Iran to design modern structures and reconstruction plans were implemented with great speed. The traditional fabric of many cities has changed significantly, and new building typologies have emerged. It is seen that new building materials such as steel, cement and glass were used in this period. Tehran, the capital of Iran, has been severely affected by this change in every sense of the word. In this period, the effect of modernization in the city first appeared in public buildings, then in civil architectural structures and religious buildings. In addition to these buildings, it is seen that mass housing projects were implemented in Tehran for the first time in this period. Mass housing projects were carried out first in the north of Tehran, then in other parts of the city. In this study, the modern period, public buildings, civil architectural structures (detached houses, multi-storey houses, mass housing structures, cultural and artistic structures, educational buildings) and religious buildings built in Tehran during the II. Pahlavi period were examined, and three mass housing settlements were identified, with particular emphasis on mass housing structures. (ASP Towers, Eskan Towers, Ekbatan Complex).
KEYWORDS: Modernization in Iran, II. Pahlavi period in Tehran, modernization in Tehran, modern architecture in Tehran, mass housing settlements in Tehran

Ev, toplumun çekirdeğini oluşturan ailenin barınması gibi temel yaşam ihtiyaçlarının yanı sıra aile fertlerinin eğitilmesi gibi farklı ihtiyaçlara cevap veren ve dışarıdan gelecek her türlü tehlikeye karşı korunma imkânı sağlayan çok fonksiyonlu bir yapıdır. Tarih boyunca insanlar, bu ihtiyaçlarını çeşitli şekillerde karşılamışlardır. Kimi zaman ağaç dallarını birleştirerek oluşturdukları mekânlarda, kimi zaman mağaralarda, kimi zaman çadırlarda, kimi zaman da kulübelerde yaşamışlardır. Geleneksel Türk evleri Türk halkının kültürel değerleriyle inşa edilmiş ve bu değerleri her bölümünde yansıtan yapılardır. Türk evlerinin kökeni Türklerin göçebelik zamanlarına kadar uzanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede biz de Kızılırmak’ın çizdiği hilal içinde yer alan Bozok Platosu üzerinde bulunan Yozgat’taki geleneksel Türk evlerini ve sokak dokusunu çalışmamıza konu edindik. Çalışmamız giriş, iki ana başlık ve değerlendirme-sonuç kısımlarından oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında insanoğlunun barınmaya neden ihtiyaç duyduğu ve tarihsel süreç içerisinde günümüze kadar barınmak için neler yaptığı açıklandıktan sonra ev kavramının genel bir tanımı yapılmıştır. Ardından Yozgat şehrinin kuruluşu ve coğrafi özellikleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Birinci başlık altında, giriş kısmındaki bilgiler ışığında, geleneksel Türk evi, Türk evinin özellikleri, Türk evini oluşturan unsurlar ve sokak kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci başlık altında ise konuyu daha da özelleştirip Türk mimarisi dikkate alınarak geleneksel Yozgat Türk evi, sokak dokusu, bu dokuyu oluşturan unsurlar, sokak, cadde ve mahallelere verilen isimler, konutların yapı malzemeleri, yerleşim düzenleri, sokaktaki diğer unsurlar ve bazı yapıların günümüze ulaşan halleri görsellerle detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Bu aşamada öncelikli olarak yapılar sınırlandırılmış, günümüzde ayakta olan ve bugüne ulaşamayan yapılar olmak üzere iki grupta incelenmiştir. Günümüze ulaşan evler terk edilmiş vaziyette oldukları için bu noktada müze müdürlüğü başta olmak üzere Yozgat’ta yaşayan, eskileri iyi hatırlayan veya hatırlayamayıp başkalarına yönlendiren kişilerle görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Mahalleler çalışılırken de Yozgat’ın bütün mahallelerinden ziyade arşiv belgelerinde isimleri geçen mahalleler üzerinde durulmuştur. Son olarak ise makalemiz değerlendirme ve sonuç başlığıyla nihayete ermiştir. Bu çalışmada; Yozgat özelinde maddi kültürel mirasın tespit ve korunmasına katkı sağlamak üzere öncelikli olarak günümüze ulaşan Yozgat evlerinin bulundukları konumların, yapı planlarının, yapısal özelliklerinin, inşalarında kullanılan malzemelerin tespit ve belgelendirilmesi, bunun yanı sıra çeşitli nedenlerle terk edilmiş ve harap durumda olanlarının görsel arşiv kayıtlarından hareketle özgün yapılarının açığa çıkarılması; günümüze ulaşamayanların ise yine görsel arşiv kayıtlarıyla tespitinin yapılması amaçlanmaktadır.
The house is a multifunctional structure that meets basic living needs such as sheltering the family, which forms the core of the society, as well as different needs such as educating family members, and provides protection against all kinds of dangers from outside. Throughout history, people have met these needs in various ways. Sometimes theylived in places they created by combining tree branches, sometimes in caves, sometimes in tents, and sometimes in huts. Traditional Turkish houses are structures built with the cultural values of the Turkish people and reflect these values in every part. The origin of Turkish houses dates back to the nomadic times of the Turks. In this context, we focused on the traditional Turkish houses and street texture in Yozgat, located on the Bozok Plateau within the crescent drawn by Kızılırmak, as the subject of our study. Our study consists of an introduction, two main headings and evaluation-conclusion parts. In the introduction, after explaining why human beings need shelter and what they have done to shelter throughout the historical process until today, a general definition of the concept of home is made. Then, information about the foundation and geographical features of the city of Yozgat is given. Under the first heading, in the light of the information in the introduction, the traditional Turkish house, the characteristics of the Turkish house, the elements that make up the Turkish house and the concept of street are emphasized. Under the second heading, we specialize the subject further and take Turkish architecture into consideration; the traditional Yozgat Turkish house;
The street texture, the elements that make up this texture, the names given to streets, avenues and neighbourhoods, the building materials of the houses, the layouts, other elements on the street and the extant states of some buildings are discussed in detail with visuals. At this stage, the buildings were first limited and examined in two groups: those that are still standing today and those that have not survived to the present day.
Since the houses that have survived to the present day were abandoned, at this point, interviews were held with the museum directorate and people living in Yozgat, who remembered the old ones well or could not remember them and referred them to others. While studying the neighbourhoods, the focus was on the neighbourhoods whose names are mentioned in the archive documents rather than all the neighbourhoods of Yozgat. Finally, our article concluded with the title of evaluation and conclusion. In
this study; In order to contribute to the detection and preservation of the material cultural heritage in Yozgat, the priority is to identify and document the locations, building plans, structural features and materials used in the construction of the Yozgat houses that have survived to the present day, as well as to identify the original buildings of the Yozgat houses that have been abandoned and in ruins for various reasons, based on visual archive records. revealing their structures; The aim is to identify those that have
not survived to the present day through visual archive records.

Climate change in combination with inadequate European water resources will impact the water cycle in Europe with potentially disastrous effects. Against this background, there is an urgent need to revise the management of water resources and to develop strategies for adaptation to the changes. This paper is designed to assess whether EU water law and policy are ready to face the challenge set by climate change, whether the Water Framework Directive responses are good enough, and what can be done for adapting water resources management to climate change impacts. Generally speaking, successful adapting strategies shall be under the framework of the WFD along with its 'daughter' directives, based on the approach of integrated water resources management supplemented by measures in water-related sectors, and complemented by new typologies and screening tools, greater control and quality of information as well as a clearer relationship with other relevant legal documents for climate change adaptation.

I had the opportunity to read through two significant books on Houses, one of which was available in the British Library.  The House Book by Phaidon Press Limited (2001) and the other in the Dr. D.Y. Patil of Architecture Library called Houses of the World - an original Spanish publication called Casas Del Mundo written by Francisco Asensio Cerver, translated into English (Publisher Koneman Verlagsegesellschaft mb H – Cologne – 2001).

Tripoli has undergone a dramatic transformation from a historical Islamic port city into a metropolis. Layers of urban interventions in the built environment mainly by Ottoman and Italian colonization and modernization reforms, each era forms a layer with its unique dynamics that distinguish the growth and change of built form and the public spaces within it. This historical research aims to understand the evolution of public spaces in the urban core of Tripoli, defined by the old medina and its context, their continuity and disruption within the urban context, by investigating the forces behind their growth and change in three layers of time: Tripoli under the Ottomans rule, Tripoli as an Italian colony, and the postcolonial era. The research design is a historical interpretive research, analysing all means of historical data (i.e. archives, Travellers' documentation, documented movies and historical photos). The research tests an original method; A historical simulation research, by turning historical evidence (maps-photos-aerial views) into a 3D model, recreating the urban spaces and virtual-walk through in these different sets of time. This research of public spaces is an original attempt to build knowledge around public spaces by combining historical, observational, qualitative data with experiential data, to conduct an architectural and urban spatial mapping and analysis of the core area of Tripoli. A unitary approach to public spaces and its historical context.

Tripoli has undergone a dramatic transformation from a historical Islamic port city into a metropolis. Layers of urban interventions in the built environment mainly by Ottoman and Italian colonization and modernization reforms, each era forms a layer with its unique dynamics that distinguish the growth and change of built form and the public spaces within it. This historical research aims to understand the evolution of public spaces in the urban core of Tripoli, defined by the old medina and its context, their continuity and disruption within the urban context, by investigating the forces behind their growth and change in three layers of time: Tripoli under the Ottomans rule, Tripoli as an Italian colony, and the postcolonial era. The research design is a historical interpretive research, analysing all means of historical data (i.e. archives, Travellers' documentation, documented movies and historical photos). The research tests an original method; A historical simulation research, by turning historical evidence (maps-photos-aerial views) into a 3D model, recreating the urban spaces and virtual-walk through in these different sets of time. This research of public spaces is an original attempt to build knowledge around public spaces by combining historical, observational, qualitative data with experiential data, to conduct an architectural and urban spatial mapping and analysis of the core area of Tripoli. A unitary approach to public spaces and its historical context.

Загальні риси, регіональні особливості та локальна специфіка житла становлять одну з головних ознак традиційної етнічної культури чи властивість етносу загалом. Сьогодні дослідники отримали більший доступ до наукових джерел, зокрема іноземних, деякі з яких раніше були практично не доступними для українських вчених. Це дає можливості для нового осмислення та опрацювання народної архітектури загалом і народної архітектури Західного Полісся зокрема. Адже її повноцінне дослідження вимагає в тому числі широкого залучення праць польських етнологів та архітекторів 1920-х—1930-х рр., комплексний аналіз та введення до наукового обігу яких дасть змогу повніше та об’єктивніше дослідити обрану тематику, що й зумовлює актуальність дослідження. Метою статті є аналіз та характеристика народного будівництва житлових та господарських споруд Західного Полісся за матеріалами польових досліджень та інвентаризацій народної архітектури 1920-х—1930-х рр. Об’єктом дослідження є народна архітектура Західного Полісся, а предметом — планувальна структура населених пунктів, садиб та дворів, планування, конструктивні особливості, будівельний матеріал та будівельна техніка, система опалення та інтер’єр житла, а також господарські будівлі та малі архітектурні форми. Основними методами, використаними у дослідженні, є порівняльний, типологічний та метод комплексного аналізу. Територія дослідження охоплює частину Західного Полісся, зокрема окремі села Любомльщини, Ковельщини, Камінь-Каширщини та Берестейщини.

Traditional house is one of the local wisdoms passed down from ancestors to their descendants in a community. The study aims to understand the diversity of plant species used as building materials for traditional houses of ethnic Dawan in North Central-Timor Regency. The samples were three traditional houses from different areas, namely Tunbaba, Fafinesu, and Tamkesi traditional house. The techniques used are interviews, observation and documentation. This study used the ethnobotany and ethnoecological approach. The results showed that 15 species of plants used as building materials for traditional houses, consists of wood, rope and roof categories. Plant species that have the highest important value index from three samples of traditional houses are (1) red wood (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) 14.64, 112.14, and 57.70 respectively, (2) trengguli (Cassia fistula L.) 105.44, 13.52, and 50.06 respectively. Uneven distribution of plant species in each region shows that the influence of abiotic environmental factors and human activities are greatly influence the existence of plants in terms of preservation.

The role of Active Street Frontage (ASF)
identity is crucial in Ubud as a world-renowned tourist
destination. The traditional Balinese street-frontage (TBF)
elements provide a sense of place and identity in Ubud that
has economic, social, and environmental impacts. This
study seeks to examine the influence of TBF components
on creating ASF identity in Ubud. The TBF elements under
examination comprise such as fence walls (penyengker),
green areas (telajakan), foyers (lebuh), roadways (marga),
gates (kori), walkways (rurung), and crossroads of primary
highways as a civic center (catuspatha). This study
employs a descriptive qualitative methodology that
incorporates field observations and comprehensive
interviews. TBF’s elements are not merely architectural
features but encoded cosmological and spiritual narratives.
The findings indicate that “TBF’s activeness” brings the
existence
of
sensory
complexity and dynamic
socio-cultural moments that encourages tourists to walk.
The emergence of traditional space adaptability defines the
unique identity of Ubud’s ASF. For tourists, TBF elements
encourage walkability, due to the physical uniqueness and
cultural activities involvement. For residents, the TBF not
only has a physical role but also promoting collective
identity, community bonds, and a sense of belonging to the
area. Cognitively, TBF fostered place attachment through
daily rituals and communal practices, embedding
collective memory of ASF identity.

Читаво људско постојање је испуњено ратовима... Ова чињеница није ни најмање изненађујућа али јесте то што људи увијек нађу начин да тај гнусни чин оплемене и оправдају тражећи његов узрок у неким тобожњим аксиолошким непомирљивостма умјесто у потреби олигархије да гомила капитал и силу. Жан-Жак Русо проницљиво констатује: „Први који је оградио земљиште и рекао: ’Ово је моје’, наишавши на простодушне људе који су му повјеровали, у ствари је оснивач образованог друштва. Колико би спријечио злочина, убистава и ратова, од колико би биједе и страхоте пиштедио људски род онај који би почупао коље и затрпао јарак, довикујући ближњима: ’Не вјерујте варалици! Пропшћате ако сметнете с ума да плодови земље припадају сваком и да земља није ничија!’“ Идеја о трулости концепта приватне својине коју данас ентитет Запад назива светињом, јер доиста и јесте то и једина светиња једног савременог Американца, Француза, Енглеза, не схватајући да је он сам постао „оруђе које говори“, односно приватна својина у рукама моћника, одржала се и у наредним вјековима. Пјер-Жозеф Бурзон је у својој књизи Филозофија биједе, објављеној 1846. године, записао: „Својина је крађа.“ А вијек након њега Макс Хоркхајмер износи једну изврсну мисао: „Богатство је непружена помоћ“. Управо је одбрана (јер сваки освајач ће освајање назвати одбраном) неке територије једно од средстава за „оплемењивање рата“ која се, апсурдно, назива отаџбином и упоређује с мајком. А шта је стварно наш дом, отаџбина, завичај и да ли она стварно може бити нешто овдашње, овоземаљско?

The Complex of Hue Monuments
(abbreviated as the Monuments), the first UNESCO World
Cultural Heritage site in Vietnam, is well-known for its
wealth of scientific materials for research. This paper
begins by providing a general introduction to the
construction history and architectural typology of the Hue
Imperial Palaces (abbreviated as the Imperial Palaces), a
key component of the Monuments. These include the
existing heritage buildings located within the Hue Citadel
and the Emperor Mausoleums of the Nguyen dynasty
(1802–1945). Next, this paper examines the floor plan
design methods of the Imperial Palaces, with particular
focus on the Twin-Ridge Beam Buildings (abbreviated as
Twin Buildings), which are unique in ancient Asia. The
name of this building type is derived from its characteristic
design, which consists of two or three buildings connected
and placed on the same platform. This construction style
represents the highest level of architectural achievement
during the Nguyen dynasty. Drawing mainly from
historical documents of the Nguyen dynasty, surveys of
remaining heritage Twin Buildings, dimensional analysis,
investigations into traditional design methods, and
interviews with master carpenters, we analyze the
proportions of the floor plans and re-determine the primary
architectural design methods used. Through this study, the
units of measurement, parametric factors, design principles,
and design processes for the floor plans of Twin Buildings
have been clearly defined. This study provides a
comprehensive understanding of the principles behind the
floor plan design of the Twin Buildings in Hue imperial
architecture. It also offers valuable guidance for the precise
restoration and reconstruction of the Monuments.
Moreover, the findings published in this paper serve as a
valuable reference for researchers, graduate students, and
architecture students, contributing to academic education
and scientific research.

Bir Türk hanlığı olarak İran' da (1795-1925) 130 yıl hüküm sürmüş Kaçar Hanedanlığı gerek kültürel gerekse sanat açısından İran için bir geçiş dönemidir. Bu devrin hemen başında Feth Ali Şah (1797-1834) zamanından itibaren İran' da etkin bir mimari yapılanma meydana gelmiştir. Bu mimari yapılar arasında dikkate değer ve üslup birliğinin görüldüğü eserlerden biri evlerdir. Evler bireylerin yaşam biçimleri ve kültür düzeyleri arasında sıkı bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermenin yanı sıra halkın sosyo-kültürel yaşam biçimiyle de paralellik olduğunun bir kanıtı niteliğindedir. Bu bildiride Tebriz' de bulunan Kaçar Hanedanlığına (1795Hanedanlığına ( -1925) ) ait bir grup sivil mimari eser olan üç ev tanıtılacaktır. Bu evler, Emir Nizam, Alavi, Anayasa (Kuzeh Konâni) evleridir. Evlerde ön plana çıkan en önemli özellikler; kuzey-güney olarak iki cepheli olmaları, cephelerin eyvanlı balkonlarının varlığı ve bu balkonların simetriğinde düzenlenmiş olan iç-dış bahçe oluşturulması, ön cephe olan kuzey cepheye açılan "tenabi" adı verilen büyük ve süslü odaları, bu odanın hemen alt kısmında yer alan "havuz odası", yine bu odayı takip eden ve genellikle batı cepheye yerleştirilmiş, Kaçar Hanedanlığının erken, orta ve geç dönemlerinde yapılan yapılarda ana mimari elemanlardan biri olan zemin katta bulunan depo-kiler kısımlarıdır. Restore edilerek korunan bu yapılar, Kaçar döneminin mimari gelişmelerinden olan bütün bu özellikleri kendinden sonra gelen dönemde de devam ettirmesi bakımından önemini korumaktadır. İran toplumunda hâkim olan kapalı ilişkiler ve toplumun dışa dönük olmayışının ev mimarisi üzerinde nasıl bir etki bıraktığı plan, mimari ve süsleme özellikleri ile açıklanıp bilimsel olarak tanıtılmaya çalışılarak evlerin İran' daki ev mimarisine katkıları ve dönem içerisindeki önemleri vurgulanacaktır.

Religious conversion has occurred in the residents of Banjar Umacandi in Buduk Village, Badung Regency, Bali Province since 1930 until now. Majority of the Banjar Umacandi community converted their religion from Hinduism into Christianity due to health, economic, educational and environmental factors. The religion conversion have resulted in the changing of layout of the Balinese traditional houses. Some buildings which are commonly found in the Balinese Hindu traditional houses are not finding in the Balinese Christian homes. A study objective to determine the layout of traditional houses in Banjar Umacandi before and after religious conversion. The method uses in this research is a qualitative phenomenology, by this method all phenomenologies are described in original setting in term of the spatial setting.The supporting data are carried out by the observations, documentations and interview activities. Data is presented in the form of tables, graphs, maps and images, anda discussi...

Malgré les variations qu'elle peut subir, l'architecture de la maison arabe répond à un modèle de base : elle est constituée d'un ensemble de pièces réparties sur un ou deux étages et qui entourent une cour intérieure à ciel ouvert, ceinte par des arcades et un escalier extérieur, et dont le centre est occupé par un bassin. Si la maison arabe, vue de l'extérieur, donne l'impression d'une clôture extrême, vue de l'intérieur, elle donne l'impression d'une grande ouverture : à l'hostilité de la façade lisse et muette s'oppose l'accueil chaleureux de la cour intérieure, ce jardin dans la maison. Or l'ouverture intérieure de la maison arabe n'a pas uniquement une fonction compensatoire de sa fermeture du côté de la rue. En reprenant le schéma de la maison du prophète et des mosquées, et en s'ouvrant vers le ciel, elle obéit à des déterminations non seulement fonctionnelles, mais aussi religieuses et cosmogoniques. Ainsi, si la maison arabe est « fermée au public », elle est « ouverte au religieux ». Il en résulte une sorte d'oscillation entre fermé et ouvert illustrée par plusieurs éléments : les arcades qui ouvrent l'espace tout en le délimitant, l'escalier extérieur, la cour et le balcon intérieurs, ainsi que le moucharabieh. L'archétype de la maison arabe où le rapport entre dedans et dehors est variable, illustre un mode de pensée bien particulier, fondé sur la séparation d'avec le public, et sur l'ouverture vers le ciel, vers Allah.

Residential buildings are not only a major energy consumer, but also have considerable ecological impact. Quite often, architects can constitute a large part of the problem of tackling climate change. It is notable, however, that architects around the world have recently been encouraged to embrace the principles of sustainable design, which essentially aims to promote a suite of sustainable architectural practices such as those centred on enhancing household energy and water efficiency. Nonetheless, there seems to be a comparatively limited interest in pursuing the sustainability agenda among architects in the Middle East. In addition, there has been a corresponding dearth of academic research on this topic in spite of its apparent importance. This thesis considers the case of Saudi Arabia, and analyses the energy and water consumption of its current residential buildings in the context of two different climatic settings in the country, with the ultimate aim of establishing guidelines towards achieving sustainable architectural practices within the Saudi residential sector. An extensive literature review has been conducted in order to establish a broad understanding of existing sustainable architectural practices around the world. Using

Purpose-This paper aims out to analyze the confluence of spatial analysis and computational design strategies to support the reestablishment of Mosul's city housing fabric. According to a UN-Habitat report, Mosul suffered from catastrophic losses on an urban scale, resulting in a housing crisis that requires a largescale response. However, the need for immediate shelters might lead to a rapid, uninformed reconstruction process, causing the loss of the architectural identity that the city accumulated over the years. Design/methodology/approach-The study utilizes a two-phase sequential research method. In Phase 1, the study applies space syntax techniques to transform the floor plans of the collected traditional and contemporary houses into "quantifiable data." This phase aims to identify design criteria that capture the "spatial configuration" of both types of houses. In the subsequent phase, the study utilizes the identified design criteria to develop a genetic algorithm inspired by traditional and contemporary practice that facilitates an informed design process. Findings-The outcome of the study indicates that informed computational synthesis can assist in generating multiplicities floor plan layouts that mimic the inner spatial configuration of existing traditional courtyard houses and contemporary noncourtyard houses. In addition, the developed genetic algorithm was able to generate hybridized design solutions that have been spatially validated. Originality/value-The study concludes with observations linking informed computational synthesis to the postwar construction process as a remedial methodology to analyze and redesign Mosul's city fabric in an informed, affordable and accessible fashion.

The Osing Tourism Village has been designated by the Banyuwangi
Regency Government (Pemkab) as a cultural heritage site and has
developed it into a tourism village. This Tourism Village has been
established since it was inaugurated as a cultural heritage by the Regency
Government. It has a special area with only a few houses that were built in
the 1830s, namely during the Dutch colonial period and has its own charm
and was inaugurated as a tourism village in 1995 by the Governor of East
Java (Basofi Sudirman) and still survives today. This study examines the
visual form of vernacular architecture in the Osing Kemiren Tourism
Village, Banyuwangi. The Osing Kemiren Tourism Village was chosen as
the research location based on the uniqueness of its architectural form
which is interesting to explore. The purpose of this study is to obtain an
overview of the visual form of the architecture of the Osing traditional
house located in the Tourism Village which still maintains traditional
houses since the 1960s. The research method used is descriptive
qualitative, by conducting a data collection process from several building
samples of 9 houses which are divided into two parts which are divided
based on the orientation of the house which is then carried out the results
of the observation study as primary data. The results of the observation are then analyzed qualitatively and described by presenting a comparative
table of several selected house objects based on several research factors
to obtain a visual form of its architecture. The results of this study will
describe the comparative data of each object in the visual form of the
Osing traditional house architecture in the Osing Tourism Village, Kemiren.
Keywords : form; architecture; Osing tribe, vernacular

Pop, kimchi, bulgogi, ramen, etc. are the words that come to mind most of all foreigners when they think of Korea. Although these words have greatly contributed to the popularization of Korean music and cuisine abroad, they constitute only a small part of Korean history, tradition, and culture. My goal in this thesis is to expand the readers' understanding and knowledge of Korea by adding another word that is an integral part of Korean architectural history and culture. This word is "Hanok" and hanok is a traditional wooden house created by the Joseon Dynasty in the late 14th century. This thesis provides general information about the purposes for which hanok is used, its architectural structure, types, and how local residents use these buildings.

Gangnam Style, K-Pop, kimçi, bulqoqi, ramen və.s Koreya dedikdə bütün əcnəbilərin ən çox ağlına gələn sözlərdir. Bu sözlər Koreya musiqisinin, mətbəxinin xaricdə populyarlaşmasına böyük töhfə versə də, Koreya tarixinin, ənənəsinin və mədəniyyətinin yalnız kiçik bir hissəsini təşkil edir. Bu tezisdə məqsədim Koreya memarlıq tarixinin və mədəniyyətinin ayrılmaz hissəsi olan başqa bir sözü əlavə etməklə oxucuların Koreya haqqında təsəvvür və biliklərini genişləndirməkdir. Bu söz “Hanok”-dur və hanok XIV əsrin sonlarında Coson sülaləsi tərəfindən yaradılan ənənəvi taxta evdir. Bu tezisdə ümumi olaraq hanokun hansı məqsədlərlə istifadə olunduğu, onun memari quruluşu, növləri, yerli sakinlərin bu tikililərdən necə istifadə etdikləri haqqında məlumat verilib.

A&A è una rivista scienti ca di architettura con testi in Italiano e Inglese. Gli articoli sono sottoposti a double-blind-review | A&A is an architectural scienti c magazine with texts in Italian and English. e articles are submitted to double-blind-review.

Throughout the history of architecture, the structure has always played an effective role on architecture. Paying attention to the fact that the structure is a necessary and unavoidable part of the building can play a significant role in improving the quality of architecture. The traditional Iranian architect, by using the principles of Islamic architecture and geometry in the implementation of the building, has been able to be effective in improving the quality of the architecture of the implemented buildings. As a museum of traditional and Islamic architecture, Khorasan Architecture presents numerous and diverse works in this field. In this research, 41 historical monuments were selected by examining the religious buildings of Mashhad. The condition of the studied buildings was investigated in terms of the qualitative improvement of the Plate structure, the spatial structure and the illustrative structure in different historical periods from the Sassanid era to the Pahlavi period. With field surveys, it was found that 26 buildings have 65% improvement in the quality of plate structures, 15 buildings have 37.5% improvement in the quality of spatial structures, and 2 buildings have illustrative quality improvement in their records. Through the analysis, it was observed that most of the buildings were executed during the Safavid period and the quality improvement of the internal surfaces due to the plate structure was the most used with 22.5%.

Posterior a 1535, quizás c. 1540
Autor desconocido
Universidad de Salamanca, Biblioteca General Histórica, guardas delantera y trasera del libro Claudii Prolemaei Alexandrini Geographicae enarrationis libri octo. Ex Bilibaldi Pirckeymheri tralatione, sed ad Graeca & prisca exemplaria a Michaele Villanouano iam primum recogniti. Adiecta insuper ab eodem scholia, quibus exoleta urbium nomina ad nostri seculi morem enponuntur. Quinquaginta illae quoque cum ueterum tum recentium tabulae adnectuntur, uarijsque incolentium ritus & mores explicantur, Lugduni, ex officina Melchioris et Gasparis Treschsel fratrum, 1535, procedente de la librería de la Compañía de Jesús en Salamanca. Signatura BG/12855
Muestra en planta de dos residencias urbanas; una de ellas, lindante al norte y al sur con otros edificios y con una calle en la delantera y una calleja en la trasera; la otra, lindante al norte y al sur con otros edificios y con una calle en la delantera al oeste y un callejón trasero al este. Ambas cuentan con varias dependencias, dos patios y escaleras de acceso a planta superior.

Köy odaları, geçmişten günümüze kadar devam eden önemli Türk mimarlık geleneklerinden biridir. Geçmişte köy halkının birlikte veya köydeki zengin ailelerden bir ya da birkaçının inşa ettirdiği köy odaları; günümüzde taziye evi, köy konağı, konuk odası, köy odası gibi isimlerle varlığını devam ettirmektedir. Günümüzde köy odaları; düğün, cenaze, bayram vb. zamanlarda halkın toplanma ihtiyaçlarını karşılayarak eski köy odası geleneğini devam ettirmektedir. Köy odalarının temelde halkın toplanma ve konaklama ihtiyaçlarına hizmet ettiği bilinmektedir. Bu odalar, Türk kültürünün en belirgin özelliklerinden olan konukseverlik ve dayanışma olgularını gözler önüne seren önemli mekânlardır. Mimarî açıdan dış cephede genellikle gösterişten uzak bir görünüme sahip olan köy odaları, iç mekân süslemeleri ile dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Sivas'ın Merkez ilçesine bağlı Menşurlu köyünde yer alan Şekerzade Osman Ağa'nın odası incelenmiştir. Oda, içerisinde yer alan ve yapıyla çağdaş olduğu düşünülen ahşap çerçeveli "Mâşallâh Teâla" kitabesindeki tarihe göre 1880-1881 yıllarında inşa edilmiştir. Doğu-batı doğrultuda dikdörtgen planlı oda nim sekili ve tek katlı olarak inşa edilmiştir. Kaba yonu taş, moloz taş ve ahşap malzemeler ile inşa edilen yapının içerisinde yoğun ahşap süsleme kompozisyonları yer almaktadır. Günümüze değin çeşitli tahribat ve tadilatlar geçirmiş olan odanın inşa edildiği dönemde ahşap süslemelere ek olarak duvar resimlerine de sahip olduğu iç mekânda günümüze gelebilen tek parça ağaç tasvirinden anlaşılmaktadır. Sivas İlbeyli köylerinde benzer örnekleri bulunan "nim sekili" planda inşa edilmiş ve geleneksel konut mimarisinin ahşap bezeme özelliklerini barındıran bu yapı, günümüzde kaderine terkedilmiş durumdadır. Köy odasının aslına uygun biçimde restore edilerek yeniden kullanıma açılması elzemdir. Tanzimat Dönemi'ne ait, banisi ve tarihi belli olan bu önemli halk mimarisi örneği koruma altına alınarak gelecek nesillere aktarılmalıdır.

Traditional Urfa houses were built with masonry construction technique using limestone, which is a local material. These structures were designed in accordance with the climate and topography of the region. However, today, the decrease in the number of stonemasons who have mastered traditional construction techniques and the interruptions in the transfer of knowledge between generations cause this knowledge to be forgotten, leading to various problems in the restoration of Urfa houses built with traditional methods. In this context, a detailed examination of the construction techniques of traditional Urfa houses will contribute to both the solution of restoration problems and the sustainability of the cultural value of these buildings. This article analyses the foundation and wall construction techniques of traditional Urfa houses in detail. The foundations of traditional Urfa houses were generally built on solid rock ground and local limestone was mostly used in their construction. Foundation construction methods also contributed to the preservation of the multi-layered cultural structure. Wall construction techniques in traditional Urfa houses were analyzed and evaluated according to the way the stone wall was built, the way the stones were chipped and the position of the walls. In this context, the details of the wall elements in traditional Urfa houses, which are rich examples of design, are also included. At the end of the study, while emphasizing the importance of the use of traditional materials and construction techniques, suggestions are presented for the preservation of the original qualities of traditional houses.

Singengu village is one of the vernacular settlements that have unique characteristics, mainly related to the pattern of house formation especially orientations. Houses in Singengu having marsiadopan (face to face) pattern are mirrored/reflected. The orientations toward the sun is forbidden. These phenomenon raised a question, what is the underlying concept behind the pattern of house formation especially its orientation? This study aims to find the concept behind the pattern of house formation. The research was guided by Husserlian phenomenology paradigm. The results showed that the pattern of house formation is an intensional consciousness of Bincar-Bonom concept. Directions of Bincar is a symbol for the future, direction for the young, junior and something new; while the directions of Bonom is a symbol of the past, directions for the elderly, seniors and something old. Bincar-bonom is the basis of house orientations and formations which is based on the philosophy of obedience to ...

STEFANI ENGELSTEIN spricht mit STEFAN WILLER über ihr Buch "Geschwister-Logik. Genealogisches Denken in der Literatur und den Wissenschaften der Moderne." Darin spürt sie Geschwisterbeziehungen nach, die in Genealogien oft zugunsten der vertikalen Abfolge der Generationen vergessen werden. Welche neuen Perspektiven eröffnet der Blick auf horizontale Verästelungen für Fragen der Ähnlichkeit und Identität? Und welche Rolle spielt die Literatur bei der Verhandlung von Geschwisterverhältnissen?

Rural settlements have always been affected by the geographical features of the environment in which they are located. Many factors, such as the natural resources of the region, soil characteristics, and climate structure are effective here. Today, like the change seen in every area, rural dwellings have faced a rapid change due to reasons such as improving economic level, technological opportunities, transportation and communication conditions becoming favorable. Rural dwellings in the 21st century have come under the pressure of reinforced concrete houses of the modern era due to these changes. In this research, the traditional houses located in the village of Akbelen in the Central District of Tokat province and the changes these houses have undergone have been discussed. In addition, the study has focused on the changes and developments of dwellings that contain all the characteristics of the geographical environment within the historical process and the issues affecting it. In the study, document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was applied regarding the historical development of the settlement. Also, field work was carried out in the settlement, and interview technique from qualitative research methods was applied to the indigenous people living in the settlement. In the interview technique, data related to the social, cultural and economic structure and development of the settlement were compiled. As a result, it has been seen that in Akbelen village, a large part of the traditional dwellings have undergone changes due to reasons such as closure, conversion, replacement or reconstruction owing to the inability to meet the needs.

This book aims to create a bridge connecting the past and the future by addressing contemporary approaches to architecture. The book, "Contemporary Approaches in Architecture" underits title, it focuses on various dimensions of the architecturaldiscipline and specifically addresses how modern approaches can be integrated into the architecture of historic buildings. The chapters in this book aim to analyze important issues in architectural design and offer various perspectives to ourvalued readers. In the first episode, "The Relationship withDesign Notions and the Architectural Harmony of New Additions in Historic Building, the delicate relationshipbetween additions and creative architecture to preserve the original texture and identity of historical structures is examined. The second part, under the heading "Contemporary Building Materials: Biocomposites and Their Use in Architecture", discusses in detail the general characteristics of composite materials, the definition of biocomposites, theiradvantages, uses and importance in architecture. In the lastsection, under the heading "Spatial Organization Criteria in the Design of Additions to Historical Buildings", spatialarrangement and related add-ons to historical buildings areexamined. These three sections aim to contribute to the architectural literature by providing an important scope for the preservation of historical structures in architectural design, the use of contemporary materials and the spatial arrangement of add-ons. Our book is a guide for all who aim to explore and comprehensively evaluate the various elements of the world of architecture. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the coordinators, referees, writers and the editorial team. We arehappy to share these important issues with you and I hope thisbook will help you to open new horizons in architecture.

Anzia Yezierska and Agnes Smedley grew up in the United States in poverty-stricken, working-class families. Both women became famous authors and participants in social movements of the early decades of the 20th century. Yezierska's "Bread Givers" and Smedley's "Daughter of Earth", published in the 1920s, were fictionalized autobiographies that detailed their growing dissatisfaction with the traditional role of women in society. The books contain several similarities. Both Yezierska's Sara Smolinsky and Smedley's Marie Rogers left home in search of a consciousness that poverty denied them and returned home again only to witness their mothers' deaths. The death scenes depicted a maternal bonding between mothers and daughters that had not existed before because the daughters had been trying to escape the harshness of their mothers' lives. While Yezierska only touched on subjects of marriage, sex, and motherhood, Smedley wrote a polemic against marriage, as she attacked women's financial dependence, frequent childbirths, and loss of self. Both characters rejected their fathers for failure to financially support their mothers and offspring. Each book contains a scene where the daughters meet their fathers again after many years of separation. Smedley's Marie again rejected the man, while Yezierska's Sara took her father home. Both women searched for father substitutes in selecting husbands, and Sara assimilated into society through her marriage, while Marie divorced twice. Smedley left the United States for China. She died in Europe in 1950 under mysterious circumstances following an operation. Yezierska died in California as she still searched for a home. A 5-item bibliography is included. (DJC)

Traditional houses are attached to life because they are the space and place where indigenous people live. Generally, traditional houses in the Toraja tribe are known as tongkonan. Meanwhile, there is also another traditional house from the Toraja Mamasa tribe (West Toraja) as a sub-tribe of Toraja that has a special traditional house called banua. For the Toraja Mamasa people, the meaning of a traditional house is more than that. In fact, banua is not just a place to live, but a space that contains religious values within it. Indigenous people have beliefs about banua as a sacred traditional house. The purpose of this research is to argue the sacredness of the banua traditional house of the Toraja Mamasa tribe in shaping the connectivity and collectivity of indigenous peoples with local beliefs. This research used a qualitative approach with a realist ethnography research type. Data collection was conducted using interview techniques and documents, including the use of books and scientific articles. The results showed that the sacredness of the banua traditional house and the kitchen space (lombon) in particular became the basis for the formation of their connectivity and collectivity as indigenous peoples with local beliefs. The most sacred part is the kitchen. The sacredness of the banua socio-theologically functions to construct their communal identity and religiosity related to connectivity and collectivity.

Türkiye'nin güneyinde, Akdeniz kıyısında bulunan Antalya kenti, Helenistik
dönemden günümüze farklı uygarlıkların yaşadığı bir liman kentidir. Antalya' nın bugünkü tarihi çekirdeğini oluşturan Kaleiçi, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinden günümüze kalan kültür varlıklarını barındırmaktadır. Bugünkü Kaleiçi'nin sınırlarını, şehri savunma amaçlı inşa edilmiş surlar belirler. Helenistik dönemde yapımı başlayan surlar, Roma, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde bazı eklemeler ve onarımlarla günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Kaleiçi'nin günümüzdeki tarihi konut dokusu bütünüyle 19. - 20. yüzyıla aittir. Teze konu olan Ömer Lütfü Lülü Konağı, Kaleiçi 19. yüzyıl sivil mimari mirasına örnektir. 19. yüzyıl sonunda Antalya belediye başkanlığı yapmış olan Ömer Lütfü Lülü tarafından yaptırıldığı düşünülmektedir. Ömer Lütfü Lülü Konağı, Antalya İli, Muratpaşa İlçesi, Kaleiçi, Kılınçarslan Mahallesi, 115 ada 10 parselde bulunmaktadır. Yapı, Kaleiçi kentsel ve III. derece arkeolojik sit alanında bulunmaktadır. Yapı bahçesine 115 ada 13, 15 ve 16 parseller dahil olup, 15 parselde sur duvarı ve burç yer almaktadır. Konak, Antalya Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kurulu'nun 13.05.1992 gün ve 1442 sayılı kararı ekindeki Korunması
Gerekli Taşınma Kültür Varlığı olarak KV(2) müdahale türünde tescil kaydı devam eden taşınmazlara ait listede yer almaktadır. Ömer Lütfü Lülü Konağı, yıllar içerisinde farklı işlevlerde kullanılmış, bazı müdahaleler görmüştür. Ancak günümüzde kullanılmayan yapı, özgün detaylarını
büyük ölçüde korumaktadır. Görkemli biçimlenişiyle Kaleiçi silüetinde ve şehir dokusunda dikkat çekici görünümü olan sivil mimari örneği bu konağın, çağdaş restorasyon ilkelerine göre restorasyon projesinin hazırlanması, böylece kültür mirasımızdan bir örneğin, gelecek kuşaklara güvenilir şekilde aktarılması tez çalışmasının temel hedefidir.

Народная архитектура Сюника и её переосмысление в проектах 30-х годов 20-ого столетия
В статье представлены основные принципы народной архитектуры Сюника и их применение в градостроительных проектах 30-х годов 20-ого столетия. Этому периоду свойственны искания форм и содержания национальной архитектуры. Основоположники армянской новаторской архитектурной школы Каро Алабян, Микаэл Мазманян, Геворк Кочар считали, что национальная архитектура должна развиватся на основе народной архитектуры с применением современных техничеких возможностей. В мастерской Мазманяна были разработаны проекты, в которых были переосмыслены принципы народного зодчества Сюника. Некоторые из проектов и сейчас актуальны и их изучение может помочь современным архитекторам.

Throughout the ages, human beings have carried out the act of construction due to the need for shelter for their lives. In rural settlements where this action took place, accessible, easily extracted and cheap materials were used. The traditional form of the house has been influenced by climatic data, topography, material diversity, construction methods and traditions. When we examine the traditional rural housing architecture of Ireland, it is seen that the people built houses with their own hands, using trial and error method, based on many local characteristics such as climate, topography, tradition, building materials, and reached forms that evolved and developed for different needs over time. Although these dwelling structures in the Irish countryside appear to be the same, they have shown diversity in terms of plan type, material and construction technique in different regions of Ireland. It has been observed that this diversity is an effect of the common type of material extracted in the region and the related different construction techniques and lifestyle. There are important types of furniture used in Irish rural houses, and these are generally designed for necessity and also used for storage purposes. In this research, the development of traditional Irish rural house architecture, plan types, construction materials, roof forms, roof and wall construction methods, the development of hearths and chimneys and finally traditional furniture are discussed.

The forthcoming assembly of the adultDrosophila melanogastercentral brain connectome, containing over 125,000 neurons and 50 million synaptic connections, provides a template for examining sensory processing throughout the brain. Here, we create a leaky integrate-and-fire computational model of the entireDrosophilabrain, based on neural connectivity and neurotransmitter identity, to study circuit properties of feeding and grooming behaviors. We show that activation of sugar-sensing or water-sensing gustatory neurons in the computational model accurately predicts neurons that respond to tastes and are required for feeding initiation. Computational activation of neurons in the feeding region of theDrosophilabrain predicts those that elicit motor neuron firing, a testable hypothesis that we validate by optogenetic activation and behavioral studies. Moreover, computational activation of different classes of gustatory neurons makes accurate predictions of how multiple taste modalities in...

Anatolian wooden architectural heritage may have relations and similarities considering construction techniques with Scandinavian wooden buildings. The "log houses" of Anatolia are mostly situated on the hillsides along the Black Sea region their usage, their plan types and their roof shapes and details quite same. For example, our larder type storage buildings which are granaries that called 'serender and ambar' are very similar or so close to each other with "Sami Storehouse" of Sweeden or "loft" of Norway [1]. Also it is very interesting to discover the similarities between the solid log houses which are built in Turkey and in one of the Nordic Countries. So we have to protect this highly valuable common heritage and craftsman skills for transferring this delicate culture to our next generations.

Introduction: Building one's own home in the traditional manner of ethnic groups with a long history of settlement was perceived as an extremely important milestone in the life of a family. Accordingly, the construction of a house by the Ukrainian highlanders was accompanied by a complex and diverse complex of ritual activities created over the centuries. They determined the process of choosing a «clean» place for housing, building material, erecting the main building structures, the process of entering a newly built house, etc. Problem Statement: Since the Ukrainian Carpathians, due to the specifics of the history of settlement and isolation over a long period, have become a region that has preserved a large number of relict phenomena and a lot of specific local features, it is here that you can follow such a rare phenomenon as the functioning of a construction tree not only at the stage of construction completion. Its significant research potential determines the relevance of the article. The purpose of the article is to study the place of the ceremonial tree and its semantic counterparts in the rites and customs that accompanied the construction of housing by Ukrainians in the Carpathians, to distinguish local specificity and semantics. The object of the study is the traditional building rituals of the Ukrainian Carpathians, and the subject is the functioning of the ritual tree and its alloforms in the ritual activities that accompanied the construction of housing. the scientific novelty is that such an analysis is done comprehensively for the first time. The main methods used by the author are structural, typological analysis, historical reconstruction and comparative methods. Results: From the given material, we can see that the ritual construction tree accompanied all stages of the construction of housing, lived for a long time and in a fairly wide area. Regarding its semantics, in our opinion, R. Siletskyi's opinion that the ritual building tree is connected with a layer of archaic, pre-Christian ideas about «one's» and «other people's» dead, honoring ancestors and the need to involve their support. The method of manufacture (often without the use of metal objects), its appearance on the rafters and subsequent cleaning after the completion of the main works (mostly by burning or throwing it in the attic of the house) should be considered as a kind of way of «inviting» the spirits of deceased ancestors to help in such an important matter. as the construction of a new home, and further «seeing» them to the afterlife. The described mechanism of inviting and sending off ancestors is universal and has broad analogies in the calendar and family rituals of the Ukrainian highlanders and correlates with their presence of the ritual and tree and its alloforms as significant attributes.
Key words: ceremonial tree alloforms, building rituals, folk architecture, Ukrainian Carpathians, Bojky, Lemky, Hutsuls.

Most of daily life of human takes place in House. However, in contemporary Iranian housing has been paid less attention to religious lifestyles ontologically. This study first examines the concept of lifestyle and the concept of privacy; then the impact of these concepts with the ontology of house architecture is examined. For this purpose, the social stratum of clerics has been selected because of their greater adherence to 1Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, corresponding author f.haghparast@tabriziau.ac.ir Associate Professor of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University p.hashempour@tabriziau.ac.ir PhD student in Islamic Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University r.ghadrdan@tabriziau.ac.ir Received: 09/04/2020 Reviewed: 27/07/2020 Revised: 13/12/2020 Accepted: 28/12/2020 162 شهوژپ همانلصف ود یتخانش یتسه یاه religious teachings. The method is qualitative research and its practical procedure is completing questionnaire by clerics. Findings show t...

State formation in what has been known as Kwa-Zulu Natal since 1994, has always been linked to the rise of the Zulu Kingdom (known as Natal before 1994). This ignores the role of other powerful kingdoms in the region, such as those of Mthethwa and Ndwandwe. The rise of the Zulu Kingdom in the 1820s and during the Mfecane as the only reason of state formation, ignores the dynamics that were taking place in the region. This article endeavours to focus on the role of powerful chiefdoms such as the Mthwethwa and the Ndwandwe in giving birth to the Zulu Kingdom which historians sometimes oversimplify. Colonialism also played a crucial role in promoting ethnic identities in the 1920s which purported the Zulu Kingdom to be the most powerful that shaped the state formation in the later KwaZulu-Natal. The nineteenth century in South Africa is noted for the revolutionary processes that formed new states such as the Zulu Kingdom. State formation in the nineteenth century had tremendous consequences on how different people defi ned themselves (identity formation). The processes of state formation refer to the political and military struggles that resulted in the rise of new states and the downfall of others in the period between 1800 and 1870.

Problem statement: Tabriz has received much attention as one of the important cities of Iran in various periods of history, especially in the last few centuries. During the Qajar era, many new achievements of the new world were experienced in this city of Iran for the first time. As a pioneer city in the formation of modernity in Iran, the architecture of Tabriz underwent changes during this period and influenced the traditional architecture of Iran. The main question of the research is how the impact of modernity on the architectural forms of Tabriz houses was manifested and what changes were made in the architecture of this era.
Research objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of modernization in Iran on the architecture of the Qajar period in Tabriz.
Research method: This research employs a qualitative approach, which seeks to answer the research question by using the interpretive-historical research method for historical issues and the descriptive-analytical research method for architectural issues. Data were collected through library research.
Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the acquaintance of the people of Tabriz with the manifestations of modernity by traveling to Europe led to the tendency of this city to move toward Westernization and the usage of Western elements in architecture such as pair columns in the facade, Corinthian order columns, two-way stairs at the entrance, the use of semicircular arches, the use of metal railing for stairs, the use of curved lines, and extraversion in some buildings.

Illustrations and Photographs: Can Mehmet Hersek All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrival system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2. GENERAL INFORMATION CHAPTER 3-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALAÇATI CHAPTER 4. RESIDENTIAL TEXTURE OF ALAÇATI CHAPTER 5. CHANGES IN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL TEXTURE E CHAPTER 6-CONCLUSION ________________________Chapter 1 ________________________Chapter 2 GENERAL INFORMATION LOCATION Alaçatı is a typical Aegean town located at the farthest end of a western Anatolian peninsula between the towns named Çeşme and Urla. Town of Alaçatı covers Koca Mountain's west foots and stands on the Central area of Ilıca gulf and Alaçatı bay. Alaçatı is surrounded with Alaçatı port to the south, Ilıca gulf to the north, Aegean sea to the west, Çeşme to the northwest and Urla counties to the east sides (Fig. 2). Alaçatı is seven kilometers from Çeşme and seventynine kilometers from İzmir going on the Izmir-Çeşme highway. Alaçatı is a subdistrict of Çeşme county. Çeşme county covers a total of 260 sq. km. surface area at an average altitude of 5 m (1). However, Alaçatı is 16 m. above sea level These main districts Çeşme Central and Alaçatı have seven vilages around them. These are lldırı, Germiyan, Şifne, Karaköy, Reisdere, Dalyan, Ovacık and Çiftlik (2). Fig. 3. The location of Alaçatı in relation to airflight and motorways. Transportation and Circulation: There is an 80 kilometer express highway that links Çeşme and Alaçatı to İzmir(3). The bus and minibüs services depart from Central İzmir, and are available even during most crowded days of the tourism season. The journey to Alaçatı on the main road is enjoyable, from time to time with views of hills, mountains, forests, vineyards, citrous gardens and near the end of the road with beaches. The scenery presents a different compositions at every curve of the road. The old road from İzmir to Çeşme passed through Alaçatı. However the existing İzmir-Çeşme highway is about 2,5 kilometers away from Alaçatı. There are 2 different connections to Alaçatı from this highway. The main one is at the connection of Ilıca road and the other one is at the road that links Alaçatı to Reisdere. Along the Ilıca road there are big pinetrees on both sides shading very nicely the vehicles and pedestrians. This road branches to the left near Alaçatı goes directly in to Alaçatı center and the other which passes by the town ends at the seashore of Agrilya Port, 1.5 kilometers after. Due to the narrow strees conditions the vehicular traffic is limited in the town. Some of the roads are oneway. There are some parking lots at the çenter of the town behind the mosque and close to the windmills. Ussually there are no sidewalks on the roads. Therefore vehicular and pedestrian traffic are mixed. Mithat Paşa Avenue connects to old İzmir road and the road to the port. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Physical Characteristics: Topography: The town is settled to uneven ground of "Değirmen Dağ" at the north of town which defines the boundry of Alaçatı. Residential houses are located at the foot of these small hills follovving their slopes. Corning towards the seaside at the south of the town, ground becomes much less slopy. However there is a rushy land which is partly swampy. This is a land fiil between Alaçatı and the sea through which Karşıyaka dried-out creek passes. Geological Situation: According soil analysis in Alaçatı, the soil is found fertile with vegetable extracts 0.50-1.00 meter deep on a yellow marn white chalky base (4). There are a few dried-out stream lines in the town, and also an underground stream passing through Alaçatı 3 or 4 meters below ground level. Clear drinking water can be found in wells of 8 to 11 meters deep (5).During rainy seasons excess water may cause floods due to over flowing from dried out streams (6). Alaçatı is located on a "first degree hazard' Earth quake belt. This area is under the influence of Aegean Earth faulty crease. Incidence of sliding grounds have not been recorded (7). Cllmate: The climate of Alaçatı is typically Mediteranean. From May to October it is quite hot and the winter months are generally mild. The sea surrounding the peninsula regulates the weather and sudden temperature changes do not occur often (8). The average temperatures in centigrates are given in Table 1.