The Hundred Years War

The latest work of Borbála Zsuzsanna Török, Exploring Transylvania: Geographies of Knowledge and Entangled Histories in a Multiethnic Province, 1790-1918, traces the institutionalization of the Landeskunde discipline, together with its Hungarian adaptation called honismeret, throughout the long nineteenth century in Transylvania. The author defines both terms generally as the “scholarly mapping of a certain territory” and “the encyclopedic and systematic description of the land or the ‘fatherland’ [Translyvania]” (p. 1). Her book explores the evolution of Landeskunde and honismeret from their encyclopedic outlook during the Enlightenment to a singular focus on the nation and its history by the turn of the century. She states that, “indeed, Transylvania has been considered a ‘locus classicus’ of entangled and rival nationalisms” (p. 9). Up to now, only a couple of works provide a limited analysis of nineteenth-century Transylvanian cultural developments, including Török’s own earlier...

While numerous studies have attempted to define forms of communication for the experience of eye witnessing the atrocities of war, little has been written on the inverse experience: how can one bear witness to not seeing warfare? I propose that this question has a profound ethical and political importance in the present, as the elimination of war's demolition from the European horizon is essential to understanding the political situation that contemporary authors are witnessing. Retracing recent adaptations of the constructions of peace and war in the field of international studies may serve as a point of departure for determining a literary genre of 'neither peace nor war' related to contemporary French life-writings of writers such as Jean Rouaud and Jean-Yves Jouannais. Without being physically present for the events of extreme violence their writing describes in a first-person narrative, this genre creates a space for a reappearance of the war through the reconstructed European horizon of the present and opens a window toward a mode of resistance to the adverse political situation of 'neither peace nor war'.

'REFRAIN THE IMPETUS FOR BATTLE': THE ENGLISH REFUSAL TO FIGHT IN THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR

Abstract: The last decades of the Hundred Years War (1337 –1453) witnessed a wide production of  scattered  regulations  regarding  the  conflict  among  registers,  commentaries  and  refletions written both by lay and religious Englishmen. In such writtings, two interpretative axis addressed a common dilemma: is it licit to a warrior to deliberately avoid participation in a battle? One of the interpretative  axis  argued  that  when  refusing  to  do  battle,  men-at-arms  acted ignobly, in opposition to the proper governance of war. Another, by contrast, also brought forth the possibility to frame such attitude among justifiable guidelines according that same body of regulations. Therefore, this article aims to scrutinize contemporary understandings in order to better outline how both poles were established in the contemporary war-making moralyzing thinking.




Resumo: Nas décadas finais da Guerra dos Cem Anos (1337-1453), regulações dispersas entre registros, comentários e reflexões de leigos e religiosos ingleses acerca do conflito indicam para um mesmo dilema: é lícito a um guerreiro evitar deliberadamente a participação em uma batalha? Um dos eixos interpretativos sobre o assunto ponderou que, ao se recusarem a combater, os homens de armas estariam agindo de modo ignóbil, contrários ao bom governo da guerra. Outro, pelo contrário, abriu margens para enquadrar tal atitude dentre as diretrizes justificáveis daquele mesmo conjunto de regramentos. No presente artigo, o objetivo que se coloca é o de escrutinar entendimentos contemporâneos e melhor delinear os contornos sobre como se constituíram ambos os polos no pensamento moralizante acerca do fazer bélico no período.

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a(s) noção(s) de governo presente(s) no texto The Governance of England de Sir John Fortescue (c. 1396 -c. 1476) oferecido ao rei Eduardo IV (rei de 1461-1470 e de 1471-1483) como parte de sua reconciliação com a Coroa. Em seguida trata-se de verificar em que medida a(s) noção(s) de governo de Fortescue era praticada no Parlamento inglês, em que medida seu texto é apenas um artifício materializado em tratado político e como ele possivelmente foi apropriado por Eduardo IV. Para tanto analisamos a freqüência e a variação de noções chave no texto de Fortescue que nos permitiu articular com os processos vigentes, com a cultura política inglesa desse período, com as práticas parlamentares e com o debate historiográfico. Acreditamos que a partir desta pesquisa seja possível melhor compreender, do ponto de vista da cultura política, esse período conturbado da história inglesa -tanto no que diz respeito aos acontecimentos quanto ao debate historiográfico.

Герцог Бедфорд, регент Франции и наследник двух корон Ланкастеров, на поле боя После смерти в 1422 г. Генриха V и Карла VI и провозглашения по договору в Труа королем Франции младенца Генриха VI управление французским королевством в составе двуединой монархии Ланкастеров оказалось в руках старшего из дядей нового короля, Джона, герцога Бедфорда (1389-1435). Заняв пост регента Франции, он сохранил его до своей смерти в 1435 г., являясь одновременно наследником корон Англии и Франции. В историографии его обычно изображают прежде всего умелым администратором и политиком, несколько упуская из виду значительный военный опыт Бедфорда и его личное участие в боевых действиях уже в качестве регента. Статья анализирует подобные эпизоды -принятие капитуляции Иври и сражение при Вернёе (1424 г.), противостояние при Монтепилуа (1429 г.), осады Мёлана (1423 г.) и Ланьи-сюр-Марн (1432 г.) -и роль, которую регент играл на поле боя. Представляется, что Бедфорд становился во главе войска в тех случаях, когда речь шла о существенной угрозе власти династии Ланкастеров во Франции или их контролю над Парижем. Таким образом, можно полагать, что для него участие в военных действиях было не средством снискать воинскую славу, а скорее частью обязанностей и ответственности правителя.

The chroniclers of the medieval La Manche expressed their thoughts regarding shipping and its various dangers in their historical narratives. In my presentation, I would like to focus on a smaller segment of this topic: what kind of descriptions and images can be found concerning sea creatures in the chronicles written in the English and French territories? These narratives differ in extent and style: in some cases, the chroniclers try to present a living creature of the sea world from a completely scientific approach, but at other times they give room to their imagination and associate all kinds of supernatural abilities or interpretations with them. In my presentation, I try to systematize these descriptions and measure how much the medieval chroniclers knew about the maritime creatures and how their knowledge was complemented by imagination. I also feel that it is worth examining which creatures the chroniclers fear or even admire and in what context we can find descriptions where the historian emphasizes the practical use of an animal (in this regard, the utilization of the carcasses of giant fish and whales is a particularly interesting aspect).

FROM FRIEND TO FOE Duke Władysław of Opole and the Přemysl–Árpád Conflict in the Second Half of the 13th Century

The paper focuses on a particular aspect of thirteenth century Polish– Hungarian relations, the relationship between King Béla IV of Hungary and Duke Władysław of Opole, and more broadly on the role of the Piast coalitions in the Bohemian–Hungarian struggle for the so-called Babenberg heritage, i.e. the Duchies of Austria and Styria. The protagonist mentioned in the title, the ruler of the Silesian Duchy of Opole-Racibórz, first sided with the Hungarian king and waged war in Moravia in 1253. A few years later, however, he appeared on the side of the Bohemian ruler, Ottokar II, in the fighting, and from the Hungarian ruler’s point of view he went from friend to foe. The present paper seeks to explore the causes and circumstances of this change of sides, as well as the personality of the Duke of Opole, with an analysis of the effects of the turbulent relations between the Piast princes of the Polish duchies. Furthermore, the events of the conflict up to the death of Władysław around 1281 are also described in the text.

A continued Essay in status nascendi. Here the version from 15.07.2025
I write this alternative history of Jeanne d`Arc, not found anywhere else,
after intensive and extensive historical research, in a continous, growing
manner, to be updated and presented in an ever more refined form, more and more, to be kindly receipted by the inclined readership. My aim is to bring justice to the truth, and to get rid of the utterly ridiculous common historical view, that a simple
countryside farmer girl was educated, proficient and professional in the way Jeanne was.
Her most likely true identity will be revealed - explaining by this all happenings, events, motives of Jeanne.
Also, to highlight the treason that brought about her downfall and torment, acknowledge her true friends and bothers in arms, to whom also injustice was done, and explain one of the earliest and most refined PsyOps in known history.

Published first in "X" under my X nom de plume "@TheMorriganMFA"

THE LONG SWORD № I–418 FROM THE TIVADAR LEHOCZKY MUSEUM OF TRANSCARPATHIAN LOCAL STUDIES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF JOHANNES LIECHTENAUER`S «RECITAL» AND ITS INTERPRETERS
The article's main objective is to study the functional and constructive features of the long sword No. I-418 from the collection of the Tivadar Lehotskyi Museum of Transcarpathian Local Studies. According to the book of museum acquisitions, the sword I-418 was found in 1956 in Uzhhorod on Sobranetska Street in house number 9. The object is corroded, most likely in the ground for some time, so it is possible to make a cautious assumption about its local usage. The total length of the object is 122.7 cm, and the weight is 1745 g. The sword I-418 is a so-called long sword of type XVIa, according to the typology of Evart Oakeshott. This type of sword appeared in Western and Central-Eastern Europe in the first third of the fourteenth century as a product of the reaction of military technologies of that time to the emergence of armour, the improvement and spread of tactics of foot armored combat, and the crisis of knightly tactics of mounted combat. Numerous constructive analogies of the sword I-418, originating from the Kingdom of Bohemia during the Luxembourgish rule, allow us to date the sword to the second half of the 14th to the first half of the 15th century, and to assume its German or Bohemian origin. The analysis of the functional features of the sword I-418, based on the Starhemberg fencing book (Cod . 44. A. 8) or the so-called ‘Peter of Danzig's codex’, leads to the conclusion that it was multifunctional and capable of performing a wide range of fencing techniques for both foot and mounted combat. Despite its considerable size and weight, the sword is perfectly balanced—its relatively large width with a subtle cross-section allowed for effective slashing and cutting blows. The distinctive point of the I-418 sword ensured effectiveness in stabbing attacks. Due to the lenticular sharpening of both blades, the primary purpose of the I-418 sword was to penetrate cotton-padded and mail armour, which was still popular among the lower strata of the military community in late medieval Central-Eastern Europe. However, the I-418 sword could also be used effectively counter an enemy wearing “coat of plate” or full plate armour, as the balance and configuration of the blade allows for precise stabbing attacks in the weak points of such armour (the helmet's openings, shoulder cuts of the cuirass, palms, groin, etc.). Due to this multipurposeness, swords of type XVIa, such as the sword I-418, were widespread among Central and Eastern European military communities in the Late Middle Ages.

The bishop of Prague, Tobias of Benešov (1278-1296), constituted a significant advance in the economic security of the Prague diocese. The partially preserved economic agenda from the time of his episcopate (comprising a fragment of an urbarium, charters, and a collection of forms known from several manuscripts) allows us to trace the bishop's strategy. This includes especially the emphyteutic locations of villages and market towns, the extension of their rights, the transformation of the nature of the bishop's tithe, the efforts to make individual districts function efficiently, and the written record of this agenda itself. The bishop was able to exploit the crisis of the so-called 'evil years' to the diocese's advantage in terms of its economic development and ecclesiastical emancipation.

The military history of the Wars of the Roses has received little attention from academic historians in recent years. While the Hundred Years War and the armies of Henry VIII have been the subject of several substantial scholarly studies, the military aspects of the domestic struggles of the later fifteenth century have been relatively neglected. This new study argues that later fifteenth-century England was a highly militarised society, but that warfare and developments in weaponry, tactics and military organisation took place within a distinctly English legal and cultural framework. It examines the conduct of armed conflict, within the context of rebellion against royal authority, the effects of that conflict across English society, and the ways in which the Wars of the Roses were memorialized and made sense of by contemporaries and later generations.

Despite his early grave and the subsequent loss of the French territories, there can be no doubt that Henry V changed the course of British history, and he is rightly the stuff of national myth and legend. To all intents and purposes, even though Agincourt did not play out the way Shakespeare wrote it, we might even argue that it is still true, fact and fiction alchemically blending to form a new reality. Shakespeare’s Henry V, after all, wouldn’t be the first fictional character to change the world. That said, there is something satisfyingly random about the real Battle of Agincourt. It could all have been so different. I wonder if Henry ever acknowledged this to himself. It was not his military acumen, God’s will, or the heroism of his men that carried the day. It was blind luck.

The fate of Louis XVII, the last Dauphin of France, remains uncertain. While some believe he died in the Temple during the French Revolution, others claim he escaped and lived on. The existence of multiple claimants and conflicting accounts further complicates the matter, leaving the truth of his death a subject of historical debate.

The text delves into the numerous claims of individuals asserting to be Louis XVII, the Dauphin of France. It highlights the cases of Eleazar Williams, Baron de Richemont, and Naundorff, among others, examining their claims and the evidence supporting them. The text also mentions the earlier claimants, Jean Marie Hervagault and Mathurin Bruneau, and their alleged connections to the Dauphin’s story.

The Naundorff claim to the French throne, though disputed, remains a subject of interest. While some argue Naundorff’s French proficiency was lacking, his claim gained traction and financial support. Ultimately, the true identity of the Dauphin remains uncertain, leaving the Naundorff claim, like others, unresolved.

Il seguente elaborato, dopo un breve excursus sulla fase Lancasteriana relativa alla guerra dei Cento Anni, si concentra, fin dalle prime pagine, sulla figura di Giovanna d'Arco, pastorella proveniente dalla Lorena che, presentatasi alla corte di Carlo VII di Valois per volontà divina, avrebbe ricevuto l'incarico di liberare la Francia dagli inglesi invasori. Di particolare importanza si sono rivelati gli studi di Larissa Juliet Taylor la quale, nella sua pubblicazione Giovanna d'Arco e la Guerra dei Cento Anni 1 , traccia in maniera approfondita la vita e le gesta della pulzella di Orléans fin dalla sua infanzia riproponendo, con perizia storica, quelle che sono le cronache di Perceval di Boulainvilliers consigliere del re di Francia Carlo VII che, in diverse corrispondenze scritte, aveva parlato della misteriosa ragazza comparsa dal nulla e di come la sua nascita, avvenuta tra l'altro il sei gennaio del 1412, fosse da ritenere un segno divino. Per la stesura dell'elaborato sono stati presi in considerazione anche gli studi e le pubblicazioni dello storico Franco Cardini il quale, oltre ad una pura riproposizione degli eventi che riguardano la vita della fanciulla proveniente dalla Lorena, appena diciassettenne, ci fornisce delle preziose informazioni riguardo la geografia della Francia affermando con sicurezza come, durante il XV secolo, periodo in cui visse Giovanna d'Arco, fosse quasi del tutto sconosciuta ai francesi e di come, il territorio delle valle della Mosa, luogo in cui si trova anche il villaggio di Giovanna, fosse attraversato da numerosi pellegrini e commercianti e, con ogni certezza, era soggetto a numerose invasioni nemiche. Per tracciare un quadro quanto più possibile esaustivo inerente alla vita e alle gesta della pulzella di Orléans è stato necessario soffermarsi specialmente su quelle testimonianze e quei documenti che provengono dal processo svoltosi a Rouen del 1431. In quest'ultimo, infatti, sono comprese numerose deposizioni (circa cento testimonianze) che ci conferiscono preziose informazioni riguardo la vita, la formazione e la campagna militare di Giovanna. Per quanto concerne l'analisi delle voci che lei stessa affermava di udire e che la spinsero verso la sua campagna contro gli inglesi, indispensabile è stato il contributo della storica Régine Pernaud 2 ; Riprendendo le testimonianze dei cronisti dell'epoca ci narra del fervore e della devozione che la fanciulla provava da sempre per la chiesa, la confessione, l'eucarestia e le sacre scritture. In particolar modo, una delle fonti più citate dalla studiosa Pernaud è quella dell'eremita agostiniano Jean Pasquerel che ebbe modo di conoscere Giovanna di persona e di rimanerne così affascinato da diventarne il suo confessore fi-

the myth a more consumable reality than actual facts. It is this legend of Agincourt more than historical truth which informed Shakespeareʼs own highly politicized history, and through him that legend continues to be perpetuated and built upon up to the present day. Anglo-Norman, Black Death, chanson de geste, chivalry, chivalric code,

Este artigo oferece uma análise da relação entre o serviço militar e a concessão de perdões reais na Inglaterra durante o reinado de Ricardo II (1377-1399). Através de uma investigação aprofundada de fontes primárias, o estudo explora como o serviço militar se tornou um fator determinante na prática régia de concessão de perdões a criminosos neste período da Guerra dos Cem Anos. Este estudo não só examina a tipologia dos crimes cometidos por indivíduos que participaram no serviço militar, mas também discute a atribuição do perdão régio a criminosos que serviriam como recrutas em operações bélicas. Ao revelar os contextos políticos, sociais e jurídicos que envolvem essa prática, o estudo ilumina a complexidade da política de perdões, mostrando como ela refletia as necessidades estratégicas do reino e influenciava as dinâmicas de poder e justiça na Inglaterra medieval.

The recent purchase by The Richard III Society of the original letters patent granting Sir James Tyrell the custody of Guînes castle in January 1485 has shed the spotlight on Calais, England's last remaining possession on the continental mainland. The challenges facing the Ricardian regime-the adequate financing of the garrison, the threat of French attack, and the relationship between the constituent parts of the English establishment there-were ostensibly the same as those faced by other fifteenth-century rulers. Yet Richard's control of Calais was threatened from the beginning by the influence of men close to the previous lieutenant, William, Lord Hastings, who had been executed in 1483 less than a fortnight before Richard's accession. In the final year or so of his reign, Calais became the centre of open rebellion against the king. This article examines Ricardian policy towards Calais and assesses the success, or otherwise, of Richard III in dealing with the challenges posed by rebels and loyal subjects alike there.

Malgré l’octroi d’une charte communale accordant à la ville de Caen le droit à un sceau en 1203, nous ne lui connaissons pas de sceau avant l’époque moderne. Cependant, on recense à ce jour pour cette cité près d’une centaine de sceaux conservés en Normandie, aux Archives nationales à Paris et en Angleterre. Employés du début du XIIIe siècle à la fin du XVe siècle, ils appartenaient aux représentants du pouvoir royal (français comme anglais), aux autorités religieuses de la ville ou encore aux bourgeois caennais. Les jeux d’emblèmes sur les sceaux de juridiction traduisent l’alternance des pouvoirs capétiens et anglais dans la ville au cours de la Guerre de Cent ans. Mais l’expression d’un pouvoir ne se limite pas à l’emploi d’armoiries. La qualité de gravure et la dimension des sceaux dont est dotée l’Université fondée par le duc de Lancastre au début du XVe siècle traduit bien la volonté des autorités anglaises d’afficher le prestige de cette institution. Par ailleurs, les sceaux révèlent des pouvoirs autres que politiques ou administratifs. On pense notamment au rôle économique des bourgeois qui scellent diverses ventes et donations de maisons ou terres au profit des établissement religieux de Caen. Parmi ceux-ci, les abbayes Saint-Etienne et de la Sainte-Trinité expriment leur ancienneté et leurs prestigieuses origines ducales au travers de sceaux de bonnes dimensions et à l’iconographie soignée qui n’ont rien à envier à des sceaux épiscopaux, absents de Caen, si l’on omet le sceau de Gilon de Caen, évêque de Coutances. A l’inverse, l’idéal de pauvreté des frères mineurs de Caen se traduit par le recours à des images humbles et des dimensions modestes, malgré une popularité auprès des fidèles qui les enrichit grâce aux aumônes et donations. Par ailleurs, les grands sceaux abbatiaux, réalisés par les meilleurs orfèvres, tranchent avec les petits sceaux aux images simples, parfois maladroites, qu’emploient la plupart des bourgeois, révélant le recours à des artisans du métal moins habiles. On le voit, renoncer à étudier la sigillographie de la ville de Caen au motif de l’absence de sceau communal serait un contresens : les sceaux y sont nombreux, traduisant par leur image ou leur qualité de réalisation la diversité et les évolutions de pouvoirs.

En 1502, on apprend que Olivier de Gontaud, recteur de Cabrerets et prieur de Sainte-Livrade, échangeait contre un canonicat de Cahors que lui cédait Jean de Cardaillac, l'église du castrum de Saint-Séré avec son annexe de Saint-Laurent 1 . On ignore comment Olivier de Gontaud était entré en possession de

Se o conclave é uma partida — de xadrez, de futebol, de pebolim —, o tabuleiro ou campo não é apenas o Vaticano, e sim o mapa-múndi. Alguém observa que os cardeais se agrupam por afinidades nacionais, especialmente os idiomas. É outra chave de leitura para o espectador, porque a distribuição dos concorrentes no espectro ideológico e dos pecados é feita por critérios de hemisfério, raça, etnia, língua. Nesse sentido, é como se a eleição do papa fosse uma alegoria para uma certa visão (problemática) das dinâmicas político-ideológicas que temos acompanhado em eleições de governantes ou nos discursos midiáticos na nossa e em outras nações.

https://adrianabaggio.medium.com/conclave-uma-alegoria-futebolística-política-e-ideológica-d9629860d512

Wie weleens een Britse boekhandel binnenstapt, weet dat het uitkijken is om niet te struikelen over een stapel biografieën van royals. Van respectabele academici tot broodschrijvers, in Albion voelt menigeen vroeg of laat de neiging om zich te buigen over Tudors en Plantagenets, de Rozenoorlogen en de Honderdjarige Oorlog tussen Frankrijk en Engeland. Je kunt je dus de vraag stellen of er nood is aan nog een nieuw boek over Hendrik V.
Vast en zeker. Toch als je toevertrouwt aan een rasverteller als Dan Jones. Jones, die behalve publicaties over tempeliers en kruisvaarders al twee boeken over Hendriks illustere regeerperiode uitbracht, weet met deze biografie van begin tot einde te beklijven.

The most important topical issues are 15th century Italian fencing treatises’ dating, biographies of their authors and customers. The purpose of the article is an answer to the question: “Did Fiore dei Liberi's "Flower of Battle" treatises influence on the formation of the Italian fencing tradition from the 1400s to the 1480s?” In addition should be considered more carefully the circumstances of meeting Fiore dei Liberi with the potential patron Nicolo III d'Este, based on a number of already known facts about the life of the Friulian fencing master. The version about the Venetian nobility participation in the creation of the first Fiore’s treatises (MS. M 383 from the collection of the Pierpont Morgan Museum) is considered separately. The author also proposed to revise the chronological framework of some treatises based on a comprehensive analysis of visual and written sources. Some facts in this article shed light on the "Paris Manuscript" creation and its connection with the knightly community of the Burgundies court in the middle of the 15th century. The question of the treatise "De Arte Gladiatoria Dimacandi" author’s origin and activity in Ferrara is still open. Due tue there are the popular versions and some new details about it. This especially concerns an  influence of medicine thought on Philippo di Vadi da Pisano's ideas. The participation  of d'Este family plays an important role, including a treatise creation and martial arts teaching under their patronage. This research should expand the field for solving the key problems facing researchers of the Italian fencing tradition of the 15th century. All of these versions, which presented in the article require further research and additional verification with written sources. However, the discussion and criticism of these ideas will allow us to look at the life, work and community of Italian fencing masters from a different perspective. This will provide a broader understanding of the influence of "Flower of Battle" on other fencing treatises of this period.

This article uses the exceptionally detailed records of the English exchequer to examine the development of the Calais arsenal in the late Middle Ages, by tracing the procurement, distribution and storage of non-gunpowder weaponry and armour. It demonstrates that large quantities of a limited range of armaments were acquired and expended from the stocks, which were not only used to replace and sell equipment to soldiers serving in the garrison, but also to equip expeditionary armies. The article argues that the arsenal was a key part of the Crown’s ability to project military power onto the Continent through Calais and was the most important store of armaments in the kingdom for much of the fifteenth century. It also provides new insights into how weapons were used by the English in warfare in the late Middle Ages.

The purpose of this article is to present English participation in the war between France and the Habsburg Monarchy during the reign of Mary I. The queen’s husband was Philip Habsburg, son of Emperor, and he persuaded the English Secret Council to participate in the conflict. This war proved to have catastrophic consequences for England, due to the loss of Calais by the country of Mary I.

From the end of the 14 th century, following the example of the French King, the princes of Lorraine ennobled their most zealous servants by letters patent. 1 The phenomenon was of minor importance until the arrival of René I of Anjou as Duke of Bar and Lorraine in 1431, and increased slowly under his reign. It was René II of Lorraine (1473-1508), however, who was the first prince to develop a policy of integrating new elites into the Second Estate. 2 Hitherto marginal (some thirty ennoblements prior to 1473), the phenomenon increased significantly during the reigns of Antoine (1508-1544) and Charles III (1545-1608). 3 The oldest ennoblement letters still in our possession do not mention any grant of arms, but the latter were granted systematically from René I onwards. 4 The form of the letters patent was established during his reign and remained the same under René I, Nicolas d'Anjou, and René II. The initial was ornate but the emphasis was on the representation of the coat of arms of the new nobleman. Emblazoned into the text, the coat of arms was painted on the bottom right and protected by a fold. 5 From Antoine's reign onwards, the ducal coat of arms adorned the initial and the model was fixed once and for all, reaching a certain form of perfection under Charles III. 6

One of the most important events in the foreign policy of the
English Kingdom in the second half of the XV century was the French
expedition of Edward IV in 1475. The number of troops that went on a
campaign and its financing, it would seem, obliged the organizers of the
expedition to achieve significant results. However, the expedition ended
without starting. Its result was the signing of the treaty of Picquigny, which
not only actually determined the vector of further development of the
foreign policy of the English Kingdom in the last quarter of the XV century,
but also caused an ambiguous reaction from contemporaries. The most
interesting thing to consider in this study is the assessment of the contract by
the English society, which was conditionally divided into opponents (critics)
and beneficiaries of the agreement in Picquigny. Among the consistent
opponents, the Duke of Gloucester and Baron Hastings can be distinguished,
whose knightly positions did not allow compromise with the traditional
enemy. The position of the Burgundian side is presented in the form of
testimonies of the Burgundian knights Jean de Haynin and Olivier de La
Marche, as well as the court chronicler Jean Molinet. The main source for
reconstructing events from the French side is the memoirs of Philippe de
Commynes, a confidant of Louis XI. At the same time, a critical assessment
of the treaty from the French side can be found in the records of the
chronicler Thomas Basin.

Французская экспедиция Эдуарда IV 1475 г. завершилась подписанием неоднозначного договора в Пикиньи, который фактически определил дальнейшую внешнюю политику Англии последней четверти XV в. "Великое предприятие" Эдуарда IV было завершено без единого сражения, и заключение столь спорного соглашения вызвало неоднозначную оценку у современников, что представляет большой интерес для исследования.

L'auteur  s'interroge sur l'origine de cette armure, objet de passionnantes études dans les domaines technique, artistique et historique, attribuée dans un premier temps au quercynois Galiot de Genouilhac , Maître de l'Artillerie de François Ier , puis au roi Henry VIII d'Angleterre. Cette étude a été scindée en 2 parties : la première correspondant aux chapitres I et II du sommaire cidessous, a été publiée dans notre précédent Bulletin (pp. 24-52) et la seconde publiée dans ce numéro.

Neste trabalho desenvolvemos reflexões que envolvem as razões reconhecidas e legítimas de expulsão de nobres do reino, por parte da Corte régia em Leon e Castela e Portugal. O contexto de análise documental centra-se nos séculos XIII e XIV no qual se desenrola o processo de aplicação dos ditames do Direito Comum na latinidade e a análise tangencia a linha da História do Direito e História das Instituições. As fontes são de natureza jurídica, legislativa e narrativa respectivamente, as Siete Partidas, Livro das Leis e Posturas, Ordenações Afonsinas e Crônicas régias. A problemática envolve a discussão da aparente dicotomia entre razões de malquerencia e ira régia e a simultânea formação de uma cultura jurídica sistematizadora, quase sempre idealizada pela literatura, segundo padrões anacrônicos de institucionalidade que pretendemos resgatar para níveis reais em conformidade com a realidade tardo medieval em análise. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: IRA REGIS; PAX REGIS; EXÍLIO. RESUMEN. En este trabajo desarrollamos reflexiones que involucran los motivos reconocidos y legítimos de expulsión de nobles del reino, por parte de las Cortes reales en León y Castilla y Portugal. El contexto del análisis documental se centra en los siglos XIII y XIV en los que se desarrolla el proceso de aplicación de los dictados del Derecho Común en

O presente artigo: “Flechas contra Armaduras:  um  estudo  da  eficácia  do  arco longo inglês na Guerra dos Cem Anos”, tem como objetivo analisar o quão efetivo foi o arco  longo  inglês -em  batalha -durante  a Guerra  dos  Cem  Anos.  Para  isso,  serão analisados  o  recrutamento,  o  treinamento dos  arqueiros,  a  estratégia  em  batalha,  os equipamentos  e  mantimentos  necessários para suprir a infantaria de mísseis e,no final, com  maior  ênfase,  será  apresentado  um estudo  metalúrgico  das  pontas  das  flechas. Adjunto,  ao  longo  do  corpo  de  texto,  dois estudos  de  caso:  as  Batalhas  de  Crécy  e Azincourt. Será usada a pesquisa bibliográfica,  que  consiste  na  coleta  de dados a partir de artigos, livros e revistas que constarão nas citações e referências.

Francesc Eiximenis, a Catalan polyhistor, Franciscan, and writer, left a significant mark on 14th-century literature in the Crown of Aragon. Well-educated in influential academic centres of pre-Renaissance Europe, he did not limit his treatises to religious matters alone. Instead, he explored a wide range of topics related to secular, everyday life. This paper examines one such theme: warfare, which was considered of prime importance during that time, and Eiximenis dedicated part of his most ambitious work, Lo Crestià (The Christian), to this subject.
The paper consists of two parts: a translation of selected fragments from Dotzè llibre del Crestià (The Twelve Book of the Christian) and an introductory section, which discusses the style and sources of the text, as well as Eiximenis’ original concept of soldier training and its significance for the art of war. To facilitate analysis, the war-related portion of Dotzè (chapters 213 to 337) is herein separated and described as the Treaty on Military Affairs. This approach also highlights its strong reliance on ancient authors such as Vegetius (Epitoma rei militaris), Aristotle, and Ptolemy.
The translation presented in the second part of the article is the first Polish version of the Treaty on Military Affairs’ fragments related to soldier training. The text consists of chapters 213, 217, and 222–227, accompanied by commentary notes that compare them to source fragments from Vegetius’ work, and explain passages that may pose challenges for contemporary readers. As there is no modern critical edition of this part of Dotzè, the basis for the translation is the incunabulum printed in 1484 by Lambert Palmart in Valencia.

In this paper, I'm presenting in detail my discoveries about Joan of Arc and her time (history, politics and military issues) as well as my libretto's sources and dramaturgic thinking which shaped my opera dedicated to her.
The general score (voices and orchestra) with Preface and libretto was edited by the Musical Publishing House of the Romanian Union of Composers and Musicologists in 2020, on the occasion of the Canonization Centenary of the French Saint. 
I've also made a Romanian translation of this paper for the "Convorbiri literare" prestigious review of Iassy.

Esta coletânea apresenta alguns estudos que foram desenvolvidos no Brasil sobre a Idade Média insular, com particular enfoque na Matéria da Bretanha, o conjunto de textos que forma o que hoje conhecemos como mundo arturiano. Ainda que nem todos os textos abordem diretamente o lendário monarca, a opção pela alcunha "Estudos Arturianos" se mostra valiosa na presente empreitada. Por um lado, pois o universo de Arthur é amplo e comporta uma variedade gigantesca de temas, narrativas, personagens e acontecimentos que, não raramente, se "desgarram" em tradições independentes. O que faz do termo "arturiano" um guarda-chuva pertinente para esse tipo de abordagem. Por outro, pois foi o gosto em comum pela literatura medieval concernente a este monarca que deu coesão ao grupo responsável pela obra. O Arturus Insularum, originado da experiência proporcionada pelo Insulae (Grupo de Estudos sobre Britânia, Irlanda e Ilhas do Arquipélago Norte, na Antiguidade e no Medievo), mas também de vários outros grupos, núcleos e laboratórios de nosso país, nasceu deste interesse em comum. Da intenção de contribuir com a popularização desses estudos e, em dada medida, encorajar jovens medievalistas a se aventurarem numa temática que, ainda hoje, é geradora de encanto e fascínio. A(O)s autora(e)s que participam desta coletânea se encontram em vários estágios da caminhada acadêmica, com perfis profissionais e viéses teórico-metodológicos que diversificam os trabalhos aqui apresentados. Além de uma obra de divulgação científica, Estudos Arturianos presta uma singela homenagem a um nicho particular da nossa medievalística, a(o)s profissionais que têm realizado esforços para consolidar os estudos da Idade Média Insular em nosso cenário acadêmico tupiniquim.

Nous tenons ici à remercier Valérie Salle (SRA) pour la communication de ces informations. 2 La découverte de fragments de tuiles à rebord est également signalée par Christian et Jean-Michel Lassure dans le fossé de la motte de Panassac I (Lassure, Lassure 1980 : 207). Ces terres cuites architecturales sont fréquemment retrouvées dans les centres seigneuriaux médiévaux gersois et soulève la question d'une production au Moyen Âge. L'utilisation de la tuile à rebord est en effet attestée aux XIV e et XV e siècles en Limousin, dans l'Hérault et en Provence. Dans les Pyrénées-Orientales, ce type de terre cuite architecturale sert de couverture pour les édifices religieux médiévaux (Guinaudeau 2012, vol. 1 : 440-441). * = document copié (photographie, photocopie ou PDF), dépouillement à faire. ** = consulté, dépouillement fait

Nous ne saurons sans doute jamais le destin des trente-six jeunes garçons, âgés de 7 à 20 ans, disparus dans la ville de Nantes et son arrière-pays durant les années 1430. Mais le procès de Gilles de Rais aura été une fenêtre ouverte sur une frange de la population souvent modeste, issue de la grande ville, de ses faubourgs et des campagnes, qui n’a que rarement droit à la publicité des archives : elle a pu ainsi sortir de l’anonymat au moment d’exposer ses doléances auprès de l’État ducal et de l’Église locale . De ces dépositions, il apparaît que les enfants au XVe siècle jouissaient d’une grande autonomie et d’une capacité de déplacement ainsi que d’action qui ne peuvent qu’étonner le lecteur contemporain. Ce procès aura aussi permis d’éclairer un objet historiographique encore mal connu pour le Moyen Âge, les disparitions d’enfants et d’adolescents, appréhendé ici par une étude de cas sur un temps court et un espace limité. Les motifs de disparition pouvaient être divers, incluant la fugue temporaire ou définitive, l’engagement au service d’un homme d’armes dans l’espoir d’une vie aventureuse, mais aussi l’enlèvement par des bandes de pillards, l’accident ou le crime crapuleux . Enfin, par les témoignages de parents, le plus souvent des mères, de membres de la famille, de voisins, plusieurs tranches de vie ont été exposées, faisant jaillir des émotions puissantes, des souffrances, des angoisses liées à la douleur de parents confrontés à la perte d’un enfant : entendre la voix de ces femmes et de ces hommes, avant qu’elles ne se perdent dans les limbes de l’histoire, c’est aussi une façon de faire le récit de cet événement et d’en créer une mémoire alternative.