TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Eggshell is an agricultural waste which has been found to possess pozolanic property and has been used as partial replacement of cement in other materials. It is against this background that it is been used as a stabilizing agent on problematic lateritic soil. The laterite soil was obtained from a borrow pit at Ajegunle along Ilaro-Papalanto road, Yewa South Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. The borrow pit site lies within the coordinates 6°53 ' 11.81 " N and 3°7 ' 44.88 " E.The eggshells were obtained from Obasanjo Farms Nigeria Limited, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria and grounded to powder. In line with BS 1377 (1990) and other relevant codes of practice, consolidation tests on 1hour and 24hours soaked samples were conducted to determine the relevant consolidation parameters and settlement indices. Eggshell powder was substituted in the lateritic soil (sedimentary formation) in range of 0% to 50% with 0% serving as control experiment for both the 1-hour soaked and 24-hour soaked samples. The results indicated that for the 1hour soaked sample, the value of the coefficient of consolidation is within the range of 1.22 at 50% substitution to 1.68 at 10% substitution, while the range is 0.63 at 50% substitution to 1.60 at 20% substitution. Finally, from the results, coefficient of consolidation reduces as the percentage eggshell powder substitution increases.

The construction of road pavements requires large amount of aggregates, which contributes to the depletion of natural resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and high cost. The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contributes to achieving green roads by reducing aggregate exploitation, haulage, cost, emissions and dumping. However, the presence of aged binder in RAP had limited the incorporation of RAP to a small amount in asphalt pavement. In order to achieve sustainable high content utilization of RAP, this research provides an assessment of extracted RAP aggregates with an emphasis on characterization, strength, durability, and performance. RAP samples were found to contain 6.5% aged binder and 93.5% aggregates, which were separated using a centrifuge extraction process with 100% of aggregates recovered. The gradation of RAP aggregates was sufficient for asphalt production without outsourcing virgin aggregates to complement for meeting with standards. The bulk of extracted RAP aggregates showed good physical properties, gradation and hardened qualities from the obtained aggregate impact value of 17.4% and aggregate crushing value of 19.5%, making them an effective replacement for natural aggregates in asphalt. The asphalt mixtures demonstrated acceptable volumetric properties and performance with a peak stability of 31.91 KN at 5.3% optimum bitumen content. It was observed that extracted RAP aggregate contained absorbed bitumen that contributed to higher weight, higher specific gravity and lower water absorption, which could also reduce the consumption and demand of fresh bitumen in large road projects.

This study investigates the effects of different compactive efforts on the strength of laterites stabilized with sawdust ash (SDA). Laterites in the categories of A-7-5 and A-7-6 were considered because they are not suitable in the natural states as subgrade materials. The geotechnical properties of the laterites in their natural states were determined. The sawdust was burnt and sieved through 600micron. The sawdust ash (at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) was added to the laterites and the atterberg limits were determined, while the California bearing ratio and Unconfined compression test were determined using three compactive efforts (596, 1192 and 2682KN-m/m 3). It was generally observed that the maximum dry densities of the natural and stabilised laterites increase with increase in the compactive efforts, while the optimum moisture contents reduce. The plasticity indices of the laterites increased with the addition of SDA. The optimum values of the MDDs (2006 and 1878 kg/m 3) were observed at 4% and 6% SDA of 2682 kN-m/m 3 compactive effort for samples A and B, respectively. The soaked and unsoaked CBR values of the soils at natural state are 4.89 and 16.33%, and 3.4 and 5.62% for samples A and B, respectively. The results indicate that the higher the compactive efforts, the higher the CBR values of the two samples. Increase in SDA contents of soil samples A and B showed a non-predictable trend on their CBR values. The Unconfined Compressive Strength values at natural and treated states fell below the requirements. Generally, it was found that the use of sawdust ash alone as stabilizer was not effective. Therefore, it was concluded that future studies should consider the use of the sawdust ash in combination with cement or lime.

Soft ground improvement to provide stable foundations for infrastructure is national priority for most countries. Weak soil may initiate instability to foundations reducing their lifespan, which necessitates the adoption of a suitable soil stabilization method. Amongst various soil stabilization techniques, using appropriate admixtures is quite popular. The present study aims to investigate the suitability of bagasse ash and stone dust as the admixtures for stabilizing soft clay, in terms of compaction and penetration characteristics. The studies were conducted by means of a series of laboratory experimentations with standard Proctor compaction and CBR tests. From the test results it was observed that adding bagasse ash and stone dust significantly upgraded the compaction and penetration properties, specifically the values of optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and CBR. Comparison of test results with available data on similar experiments conducted by other researchers were also performed. Lastly, a study on the cost effectiveness for transport embankment construction with the treated soils, based on local site conditions in the study area of Assam, India, was carried out. The results are analyzed and interpreted, and the relevant conclusions are drawn therefrom. The limitations and recommendations for future research are also included.

A grade-separated crossing allows a bicycle/pedestrian to continue over or under a barrier without conflict with a vehicle. However, the serviceability of these facilities is compromised in underdeveloped countries, including Pakistan. This research examines the effectiveness of pedestrian bridges and underpasses in terms of their usage by pedestrians. A total of 80,017 pedestrian crossings were observed at four sites (3 overhead bridges and one underpass) for four weeks (one week per site) using manual and video photography. The data about age, gender, and serviceability of each pedestrian was collected and analyzed using the chi-square test, t-test, and descriptive analysis. The study site selection was based on different characteristics, i.e., the number of lanes, type of median barriers, and type of facility (bridge/underpass). The analysis shows that most of the pedestrians (71.83%) did not use the crossing facilities, resulting in the poor serviceability of these structures. A comparison between bridges and underpasses also reveals that underpass usage (62.5%) is statistically more significant than bridge usage (11.62%). There is an effect of age (p<0.001) and gender (p<0.001) on the serviceability of these facilities as well, with pedestrians aged more than 25 years old and females using the facilities more than their counterparts. The study also provides implications for the effect of barriers and the height of facilities on the serviceability of these facilities. The number of lanes and the presence of a median barrier, as well as the height of the facility (number of steps), are the primary factors influencing the serviceability of grade-separated pedestrian crossings.

This report details my internship experience at the Central Materials Laboratory (CML) in Kireka, Uganda, under the Ministry of Works and Transport (MoWT), focusing on materials testing for infrastructure projects. The internship provided hands-on training in engineering practices, emphasizing quality assurance for construction materials such as soils, aggregates, and concrete.

This report is a detailed account of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) and Industrial Training (IT) undertaken by Bolaji Reuben Ayodeji at Setraco Nigeria Limited, Ihube yard in Imo state, for an internship period of six months, and has been prepared in accordance to regulations guiding the preparation of technical reports in the Department Of Civil And Environmental Engineering, Federal University Of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the Degree Of Bachelor Of Engineering (B. Eng.) in Civil Engineering.

Seasonal flooding significantly undermines the performance and longevity of flexible pavements in Southwestern Nigeria, where intense rainfall, poor drainage, and weak subgrade materials exacerbate pavement deterioration. This study investigates the effects of flood events on pavement structures through field surveys, deflection testing, and geotechnical analyses in Lagos, Oyo, and Ogun States. The research identifies key distress mechanisms such as rutting, cracking, and subgrade softening caused by prolonged water exposure, confirming that flood duration and intensity directly correlate with decreased structural integrity. Laboratory tests reveal that post flood California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values declined by up to 45%, while Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflections increased by 30%, signaling substantial strength loss. A multivariate regression model was developed to predict Pavement Condition Index (PCI) based on flood variables, achieving a strong correlation (R² = 0.87). The study also evaluates economic impacts, estimating that flood damaged roads incur 40–50% higher rehabilitation costs. Mitigation strategies, including enhanced drainage design and use of resilient materials, are recommended. Findings support the need for policy reforms and adaptive pavement design to improve infrastructure resilience in flood prone areas of Nigeria.

The practice of building local housing units with laterite is common in Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. This practice helps to reduce the rising cost of building construction. This paper investigates the engineering properties of both used and unused laterite soils with intent to reuse the laterite soil in construction of housing units. Disturbed samples of both used and unused laterite soils were investigated for engineering index, compaction and strength properties. Sieve analysis, atterberg limits, specific gravity, compaction, air-dry moisture content, triaxial compression and compressive strength tests were performed on the samples of two types of soils in accordance with BS 1377-2; 1990. The results from the study revealed that the geotechnical properties of the unused laterite soil samples are better than that of the used laterite soil samples, which supports their suitability and preference for construction of local houses than the used laterite soil samples. However the used ...

Incessant road failures in Nigeria have become an issue of serious concern in recent times as a large portion of states and federal budgets are dedicated to revamping road infrastructures. In this study, we examined the geotechnical properties of clay samples collected from Ntak Inyang along Calabar-Itu highway, in Itu LGA of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining whether the earth material at the study location is suitable for road construction. We carried out proctor’s compaction test, sieve analysis, California bearing ratio test and Attenberg’s limit test to analyse the clay samples for moisture content, California bearing ratio, plasticity and plastic limit, dry density and particle sizes. Results obtained indicate that the clay sample has an optimum moisture content of 13.53 %, dry density value in the range: 1580 kgm-3-1650 kgm-3, plastic limit of 22.15 %, plasticity index of 23 %, liquid limit of 45.63 %, sieve of 43.36 % with particles less than 0.075 mm and ...

Geotechnical investigation was done in some areas of Umuaku-Isuochi, Umunneochi Local Government Area of Abia State to identify, classify and determine the suitability of the soils as subgrade material. Three (3) geotechnical boreholes were drilled using hand auger to a depth of 2.0 meter at three (3) different locations Ozuohoro-Aguata Umudi (BH1), Umuaku-Central School (BH2) and Umuaku-Secondary School (BH3), top soils were collected and other samples were taken at 0.5 meter intervals. From detailed laboratory analysis carrie d out, the soil profile and classification were done and the soils at the three sites are predominantly clayey silty sand. The natural moisture content from the three (3) locations has average values of 7.3%, 8.4%, and 10.7%. These values are considerably low values and soils having low moisture content tend to have high shear strength, and this is a property of good subgrade material.

This paper conducts a comprehensive study of the Lagrangian-based hydrodynamic model with application to highway state estimation. Our analysis is motivated by the practical problems of freeway traffic monitoring and estimation using multi-source data measured from mobile devices and fixed sensors. We conduct rigorous mathematical analysis on the Hamilton-Jacobi representation of the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model in the transformed coordinates, and derive explicit and closed-form solutions with piecewise affine initial, boundary, and internal conditions, based on the variational principle. A numerical study of the Mobile Century field experiment demonstrates some unique features and the effectiveness in traffic estimation of the Lagrangian-based model.

Current practices in the design of bituminous paving mixtures require a compromise between the properties of asphalt paving mixture. Properties of particular interest to the highway or pavement engineer are stability, flexibility, tensile strength, stiffness, fatigue and skid resistance. All of these properties help to define the overall durability of the pavement which is of paramount interest in design of bituminous mixtures-bituminous pavement. The present study investigated the use of hydro carbon fillers obtained from recycled polyethylene wastes (RPEW) to increase durability of bituminous pavements submerged in water. The study was simulated in the laboratory by submerging bituminous concrete mixtures resembling bituminous pavements in the field and studied the impact of the RPEW on the submerged concretes. Results obtained revealed that addition of RPEW to these concretes increased retained strength of the concretes (RSI). Finally, the addition of RPEW to the concretes reduce...

Maps illustrating the variance in the plasticity of the soils in Port Harcourt and its surroundings were created using data from 147 soil study reports, primarily the Atterberg Limits, on a scale of 1:5000 meters at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters, 3 meters, and 6 meters. These maps were intended to serve as a rapid reference for land use planning as well as for the planning, designing, and building of civil engineering buildings. Soil samples taken at 1.5, 3 and 6 m depths showed a Natural Moisture Content that clustered around 17.93% with little variation from this average value. At the depth of 1 to 1.5 meters, where the majority of shallow building foundations are positioned, the study's liquid limit results ranged from 22% to 180%, with an average of 45.11%. The average value of the Plasticity index was 22%, with a range of 9.5% to 87%. According to the USCS soil classification, the soils were categorized as CI, CL, and CH, with a few sites having MH-OH. This suggests that the majority of the clays in the Port Harcourt regions are inorganic clays with medium to high plasticity. According to regression analysis, the consistency limits and moisture contents have negligible to marginally significant associations. These engineering geology maps were created to help planners and decision-makers allocate land for civil engineering projects and sustainable land use.

At Eteo Eleme, a geotechnical assessment was conducted to see if the soils were suitable for use as foundations. In compliance with applicable ASTM standards, laboratory tests such as bulk density, moisture content, particle size distribution, triaxial, and Atterberg limit were performed on 15 soil samples that were gathered between 0 and 2 meters below the surface. The soil profile and the parameters of the soil classification test were acquired by means of a thorough field and laboratory examination. The soil types at the three places were found to be Dark Brown silty clayey sand at the first location, Brown/Reddish silty clayey sand at the second location, and Dark/Gray clayey silty sand at the third location. This research was conducted in several areas of Eteo, Eleme. In all three (3) locations, the average natural moisture content of the soil is 10.72%, 14.62%, and 12.22%. The low moisture content measurements show that the soils have a high carrying capacity due to their strong shear strength. Locations 1, 2, and 3 have average bulk densities of 1278.00 kg/cm3, 1278.00 kg/cm3, and 1673.93 kg/m3, respectively. The bulk density value and the level of compaction increase with depth. To improve the soil's in-situ (natural state) stiffness and bearing capability, compaction is required. Compaction adds friction from the particles' interlocking, which raises the soils' shear strength. According to the Atterberg limit finding, Locations 1 and 2 have moderate plasticity with liquid limit average values of 32.05 and 35.85, respectively. Locations 1 and 2 have plastic limit average values of 24.07 and 25.86, respectively, indicating that the soil in these areas is readily distorted. site 1 has a low swelling potential, whereas site 2 has a medium swelling potential, as shown by the average plasticity index values of 10.07 and 17.41, respectively. According to the particle size result, the soils at site 2 (0.5 m) have a coefficient of uniformity of less than 5, which suggests that the soils there are poorly graded. The soil at site 3 (1.5 m and topsoil) has a coefficient of uniformity <5, which suggests that the soils there are not well graded. The soil's bearing capacity, as determined by the triaxial test conducted at position 2 at 1 m, is 30.09 kN/m2. This suggests that putting weights on the foundation that are greater than these values will cause settling.

Soil, aggregate, bitumen, concrete, steel, and sand are some of the various materials used in highway construction. Every material has specific desirable qualities that are appropriate for its intended function. Properties including soundness, hardness, G.I. value, crushing strength, and water absorption capacity are all examined when studying roadway materials. Highway materials are characterized using laboratory experiments and field testing. Pavement testing and evaluation is an important part of highway design because it affects the safety, durability, and performance of the road. To create a safe highway, three main factorshuman, vehicular, and roadway-as well as their interactions must be taken into account. Human aspects include car-following behaviour, visual acuity for the traffic signs and signals, and reaction time for the steering and braking. In this project we can briefly study about chemical and physical properties of highway material. The highway material include soil, sand, bitumen, aggregate, steel, cement, this different material has different properties which is very important for the strong and durable highway construction. Soil is the main part of highway construction in this project we can test the bearing ratio of soil by using California Bearing Ratio method. This method is mainly utilized to know the strength of soil at the particular location where we have to construct the infrastructure. CBR values and soil type The soil sample's CBR value directs how hard the surface is. For example, clay typically has a CBR value of 2 %, but other sands can have a CBR value of 10 %. A high-quality sub-base has a CBR value among 80 and 100 %.

Globally, most of the factories have some waste that can be regularly produced. Cement factories generate cement kiln dust (CKD) waste, releasing large plumes into the air. Accumulation of factory waste, such as CKD, is a serious issue that has been considered in much research for some time to find the best cost-effective methods to utilize CKD for various purposes in construction projects. In this study, clay soil (CL) that covers most of north Iraq is considered to characterize its geotechnical characteristics in the in-situ condition and as a soil-CKD mixture. CKD was utilized with percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% as an additive to replace the dry mass of the in-situ soil sample. The study's experimental program involves conducting geotechnical experiments to determine compression index, expansion index, standard proctor compaction, compressibility, and hydraulic conductivity. CKD improved the compaction characteristics, increasing the maximum dry density (MDD) after adding 10% CKD, and the optimum moisture content (OMC) linearly rose. The reduction in the porosity value was noticed particularly after 20% addition of CKD. Compressibility parameters, compression index (Cc) and expansion index (Ce), settlement, and swelling were also enhanced for stabilization and their reductions were significantly noticed. CKD successfully reduced the hydraulic conductivity values of soil-CKD mixtures. The study indicates that CKD is a significant soil stabilizer, suggesting that its removal and use for soil stabilization could have positive environmental consequences.

A nation's development depends on the transportation of goods and services via roads. Subgrade properties control the structural design of road pavement systems. Poor subgrade soil conditions can result in inadequate pavement support and reduced pavement life. In the subgrade construction of roads, the use of all natural materials is largely unavoidable due to technical, economic and environmental considerations. As a result, identifying and treating poor soils is one of the most important objectives. Soil stabilization can be used to improve the quality of subgrade soil materials. Stabilization can be achieved through different techniques such as compaction, chemical stabilization, and mechanical stabilization. These techniques are used to improve the load bearing capacity of soil and reduce the shrink-swell potential. This ensures a stronger foundation and better performance of the pavement. In the past conventional materials such as Portland cement and bitumen were used as additives to improve qualities of subgrade soil. However, due to the cost and environmental concerns, more eco-friendly and cost-effective materials such as lime and fly ash are being used as alternatives. These materials also have the same stabilizing effects as conventional materials. These materials not only reduce the cost of construction but also reduce the environmental impact. This makes them a great alternative for stabilizing subgrade soil and improving pavement performance. However, increase in the cost of these materials in recent times has led to some construction companies avoiding their use and a search for other alternatives. The LL, PL, LS and PI were 48.0, 16.5, 9.0 and 31.5%, respectively for laterite soil with lime while its LL, PL, LS and PI were 48.0, 17.5, 9.0 and 30.5% respectively for laterite soil with CKD, it has been found to be advantageous over some other stabilizers, due to its effectiveness in improving soils strength, minimizing work time and cost. Therefore, research into the other alternatives has been undertaken, such as geosynthetic materials, which have been found to be a promising solution. Geosynthetics are also cheaper and require less maintenance than conventional materials. Lime is utilized as an effective way of modifying subgrade soil conditions, thereby improving both workability and load-bearing characteristics while increasing stability and impermeability. Geosynthetic materials are also more environmentally sustainable than conventional materials, making them a preferred option for many projects.

Traffic counts are essential for assessing road capacity to provide efficient, effective, and safe mobility. However, current methods for generating models for traffic count studies are often limited in their accuracy and applicability, which can lead to incorrect or imprecise estimates of traffic volume. This study focused on analyzing and predicting traffic conditions on Ikorodu Road in Lagos State. The analysis involved an examination of historical traffic data, specifically focusing on daily and hourly traffic volumes. The prediction involved the use of machine learning models, including decision trees, gradient boosting, and random forest classifiers. The results of this study revealed significant variations in traffic volume across different days of the week and times of the day, indicating peak and off-peak periods. The study also highlighted the need for a more comprehensive approach that includes additional factors, such as weather conditions, road work, and special events, which could significantly impact traffic volume.

A nation's development depends on the transportation of goods and services via roads. Subgrade properties control the structural design of road pavement systems. Poor subgrade soil conditions can result in inadequate pavement support and reduced pavement life. In the subgrade construction of roads, the use of all natural materials is largely unavoidable due to technical, economic and environmental considerations. As a result, identifying and treating poor soils is one of the most important objectives. Soil stabilization can be used to improve the quality of subgrade soil materials. Stabilization can be achieved through different techniques such as compaction, chemical stabilization, and mechanical stabilization. These techniques are used to improve the load bearing capacity of soil and reduce the shrink-swell potential. This ensures a stronger foundation and better performance of the pavement. In the past conventional materials such as Portland cement and bitumen were used as additives to improve qualities of subgrade soil. However, due to the cost and environmental concerns, more eco-friendly and cost-effective materials such as lime and fly ash are being used as alternatives. These materials also have the same stabilizing effects as conventional materials. These materials not only reduce the cost of construction but also reduce the environmental impact. This makes them a great alternative for stabilizing subgrade soil and improving pavement performance. However, increase in the cost of these materials in recent times has led to some construction companies avoiding their use and a search for other alternatives. The LL, PL, LS and PI were 48.0, 16.5, 9.0 and 31.5%, respectively for laterite soil with lime while its LL, PL, LS and PI were 48.0, 17.5, 9.0 and 30.5% respectively for laterite soil with CKD, it has been found to be advantageous over some other stabilizers, due to its effectiveness in improving soils strength, minimizing work time and cost. Therefore, research into the other alternatives has been undertaken, such as geosynthetic materials, which have been found to be a promising solution. Geosynthetics are also cheaper and require less maintenance than conventional materials. Lime is utilized as an effective way of modifying subgrade soil conditions, thereby improving both workability and load-bearing characteristics while increasing stability and impermeability. Geosynthetic materials are also more environmentally sustainable than conventional materials, making them a preferred option for many projects.

Heart diseases are common diseases which affects the human health. The arrhythmias, which might not be critically life-threatening but still, need attention and therapy to avoid deterioration. There is no fast and accurate method to analyse ECG signal. In this paper a new approach is designed for heartbeat classification based on DWT and RBF neural network. Discrete Wavelet transform will be applied separately to each heartbeat to extract static features. In addition, RR interval information like QRS points is computed to provide dynamic features. These two different types of features are concatenated as feature vector and a Radial Basis Function Neural Network classifier is utilized for the classification of heartbeats into one of different classes. The work is done on the data from two ECG leads and both decisions are fused for the final classification decision. It will be validated on the baseline MIT/BIH arrhythmia database for accuracy and different performance parameter. The c...

Three phase diagram Water content w Specific Gravity of solids G Bulk density of soil w= Ww/Ws * 100% 1. Oven dry method  Take a mass of soil in a small container. Take its weight (W1).  Place it in an oven at 110ᵒC temperature for 24 hrs and take its weight again (W2)  Water content (w) = W1-W2 x100% W2  This method gives accurate result.

Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar os aspectos do tráfego e das vias do local em estudo, a fim de verificar se os resultados satisfazem as condições para implantação de sinalização semafórica, dispostas no Manual de estudo do CONTRAN ( ), e assim propor uma possível solução que seja viável para o local, como forma de melhoria para a fluidez do tráfego e segurança dos usuários. Esta análise foi feita através de pesquisas de tráfego como levantamento do volume, do horário de pico, caracterização das vias bem como levantamento de dados estatísticos em relação ao número de acidentes no local, onde se constatou que os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios para a possível implantação. E para a escolha da sinalização mais viável foi feita a simulação no software PTV -VISSIM, mostrando assim que a sinalização proposta para o local traria melhorias para seus usuários.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho e analisar os aspectos do trafego e das vias do local em estudo, a fim de verificar se os resultados satisfazem as condicoes para implantacao de sinalizacao semaforica, dispostas no Manual de estudo do CONTRAN (2014), e assim propor uma possivel solucao que seja viavel para o local, como forma de melhoria para a fluidez do trafego e seguranca dos usuarios. Esta analise foi feita atraves de pesquisas de trafego como levantamento do volume, do horario de pico, caracterizacao das vias bem como levantamento de dados estatisticos em relacao ao numero de acidentes no local, onde se constatou que os resultados obtidos foram satisfatorios para a possivel implantacao. E para a escolha da sinalizacao mais viavel foi feita a simulacao no software PTV - VISSIM, mostrando assim que a sinalizacao proposta para o local traria melhorias para seus usuarios.

Bridges are the backbone of any Nation and it is categorized under Critical Infrastructure. Modern bridges are complex and with the rapid advancements in the construction of Highway infrastructures all over the world, the bridges are gradually showing multiunit characteristics. Safe and reliable operation of bridges are very much required to be ensured in the interest of any nation.

Bridges are the backbone of any Nation and it is categorized under Critical Infrastructure. Modern bridges are complex and with the rapid advancements in the construction of Highway infrastructures all over the world, the bridges are gradually showing multiunit characteristics. Safe and reliable operation of bridges are very much required to be ensured in the interest of any nation.

Pavement maintenance is a critical aspect of transportation and infrastructure management, as it directly impacts traffic flow, vehicle maintenance, safety and accident rate. Effective prediction and prevention of pavement deterioration are essential for optimizing pavement maintenance strategies, reducing cost, and ensuring the lifespan or longevity of transportation. This study presents the development of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for predicting pavement deterioration. The data used for this analysis is a historical data and field investigation data from the Cross River State pavement Maintenance Agency, Calabar, Nigeria. The ANFIS model was trained using a dataset with input variables, the

The ability of any nation to support economic growth and commerce relies on their capacity to 12 preserve and to sustain the performance of pavement assets. The ever-widening funding gap to 13 maintain pavements challenges the scaling of existing techniques to measure ride quality. The 14 international roughness index is the primary indicator used to assess and forecast maintenance 15 needs. Its fixed simulation procedure has the advantage of requiring relatively few traversals to 16 produce a consistent characterization. However, the procedure also underrepresents roughness 17 that riders experience from spatial wavelengths that fall outside of the model’s sensitivity range. 18 This paper introduces a connected vehicle method that fuses inertial and geospatial position data 19 from many vehicles to expose roughness experienced from all spatial wavelengths. This study 20 produced both roughness indices simultaneously from the same inertial profiler. The statistical 21 distribution o...

Researchers previously demonstrated that a roughness index called the road impact factor (RIF) is directly proportional to the international roughness index (IRI) when measured under identical conditions. A RIF-transform converts inertial signals from connected vehicle accelerometers and speed sensors to produce RIF-indices in realtime. This research examines the relative sensitivities of the RIF and the IRI to variations in dominant profile wavelengths. The findings are that both indices characterize roughness from spatial wavelengths up to 2 meters with equal sensitivity. However, the RIF transform maintains its sensitivity when characterizing roughness from wavelengths beyond that. The case studies used a certified inertial profiler to collect both RIF and IRI data simultaneously from five different pavement surface types. The RIF/IRI proportionality factors distributed normally among the profiles tested. This result affirms that the RIF and IRI generally agrees. However, differences in the dominant profile wavelength among pavements will produce some spread in the degree of roughness that the indices express.

Researchers previously demonstrated that a roughness index called the road impact factor (RIF) is directly proportional to the international roughness index (IRI) when measured under identical conditions. A RIF-transform converts inertial signals from connected vehicle accelerometers and speed sensors to produce RIF-indices in realtime. This research examines the relative sensitivities of the RIF and the IRI to variations in dominant profile wavelengths. The findings are that both indices characterize roughness from spatial wavelengths up to 2 meters with equal sensitivity. However, the RIF transform maintains its sensitivity when characterizing roughness from wavelengths beyond that. The case studies used a certified inertial profiler to collect both RIF and IRI data simultaneously from five different pavement surface types. The RIF/IRI proportionality factors distributed normally among the profiles tested. This result affirms that the RIF and IRI generally agrees. However, differences in the dominant profile wavelength among pavements will produce some spread in the degree of roughness that the indices express.

Aggregate Crushing Value and 10% Fines Value 7.7.1 Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV) 7.7.1.1 Introduction. One of the requirements, for the suitability of aggregates for construction, is the ability of the aggregate to resist crushing. The Aggregate Crushing Value gives a relative measure of the resistance of the aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. 7.7.1.2 Scope. The particular purpose which an aggregate is meant to serve requires the aggregate to have a particular strength. This strength is usually stated in the specification. This test provides a method for measuring this strength. This method is not suitable for testing aggregates with a crushing value higher than 30, and in this case the ten percent fines value is recommended. A test specimen, of chosen fractions, is compacted in a standardised manner, into a steel cylinder fitted with a freely moving plunger. The specimen is then subjected to a standard loading regime applied through the plunger. This action crushes the aggregate to a degree which is dependent on the aggregate's crushing resistance. This degree is assessed by a sieving test on the crushed specimen and is taken as the Aggregate Crushing Value. The sample used for this test shall be taken in accordance with Chapter 2.

The poor geotechnical characteristics of soft clay soils are worldwide problems that pose several challenges for extensive damage to structures if not adequately treated. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate
the suitability of quarry dust and cement for stabilization of Niger Deltaic Marine clay. The soil sample was classified in the laboratory, and initial findings indicate that the soil falls under the AASHTO classification system's A-7-5 class. The Moisture Content test, Sieve Analysis test, Atterberg limit test, Specific Gravity test, Proctor Compaction test, CBR
test, and Triaxial test are a few geotechnical laboratory tests used to assess the geotechnical characteristics of the soil. A concentration of 1% to 5% cement and 0% to 20% quarry dust was used to stabilize the
soil. The analysis showed that the Quarry Dust and cement increased the maximum dry density (MDD) of the soil and decreased the optimum moisture content (OMC). The additives also improved the CBR but did meet the minimum requirement for CBR for the soil in Nigeria. When the additives were combined, the soil geotechnical properties improved further. The highest value for CBR was (14.15%) and cohesion (88kPa) occurred at 20% quarry dust and 5% cement. The highest MDD occurred at 20% Quarry Dust and 5% cement with an MDD value of 1410kg/𝐦𝟑 when both additives were combined.

Johan Georg Windecker was born 17 October 1715 in Schmidtsdorf, Schoharie, NY to Hartmann Windecker and Barbara Elizabeth Bellinger. He married Elizabeth Walrath (daughter of Conrad Heinrich Walrath and Anna Christina Mattheus). George reesided on the Windecker Tract owned by his father, but purchased land elsewhere for speculation. He was also a "rum runner" travelling down the Susquehanna River selling rum to the local Indian groups. He died in February 1761 apparently at this residence on the Windecker Tract and was buried at Sand Hill Church Cemetery. His widow married Christopher Fuchs (Fox) and she died 1 September 1793 and was buried in the Cemetery at Ft. Plain.

The study deals with application of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and Quarry Stone Dust
(QSD) as stabilizer to improve CBR of the weak subgrade soil. Laboratory
experiments were conducted to determine the Particle size distribution, Atterberg’s
limit, Compaction Characteristics, CBR and Unconfined compression strength test
and Permeability test of nine test specimens prepared by mixing different combination
of CKD (5%, 10% and 15%) and QSD (10%, 15%, and 20%) with 5% increment by
dry weight. It is observed that CBR value increases with increment of CKD and QSD
dosage. Percentage increase in CBR was noticed 78.25% in least and 401.23% in
maximum for S1 (5% CKD & 10% QSD) and S9 (15% CKD & 20% QSD)
respectively. Hence, CKD and QSD could be considered as the effective stabilizer and
S9 can be considered as the best combination having maximum CBR value.

Highway Safety Manual: Warts, Blemishes and Unexamined Assumptions.
A non-researcher’s summary
Ezra Hauer, 2/4/2025

I started on this inquiry when I noticed that the HSM gives what seems to be incorrect guidance about the safety effect of signalization. Asking ‘why’ led me to dig deeper and deeper and to realize that there are major problems. Relying on the SPFs in the HSM can lead to bad decisions. The full document explains what these problems are in tedious detail. Here I list some of the main ones:
1. The HSM user expects the SPF equations to correctly predict the crash frequency (by severity) for AADTs arising in practice. They seldom do so. The model equation chosen for the HSM acts as a straitjacket. As a result there are AADT regions where it underpredicts and regions where it overpredicts. The model equation in the HSM was chosen for no good reason. One can do better.

2. For each facility type the HSM lists the parameters to be used in the model equation. The assumption is that, except for one parameter (the ‘a’), all other parameters are nearly the same in all jurisdictions. That assumption has not been checked and there is reason to think that it is not generally true. In jurisdictions for which it is not true, the so called ‘calibration to local conditions’ just does not work. The assumption needs to be substantiated and, if found unwarranted, the implications thereof heeded.

3. Researchers estimate parameter values from data. Because each facility type serves a characteristic range of AADTs, most data are in that range. The SPFs in the HSM do not tell the user what that range is. When users of the HSM predict beyond that unspecified range they are extrapolating. Extrapolation of a model equation that is not backed by theory is problematic. For every SPF the HSM must tell users what the AADT limits beyond which prediction is unreliable are.
4. The SPFs in the HSM are often used to compare the safety performance of different facility types. That use is highly problematic and, as in the case of STOP and signal-controlled intersections, it can mislead. There should be an explicit warning in the HSM against such use.

5. I compared the predictions by models for STOP and signal-controlled intersections on multilane rural roads in the first edition of the HSM and those for the second edition. They lead to diametrically opposite conclusions. Such instability in an important guidance document should not be tolerated.

This article focuses on modeling vehicle acceleration noise in different road conditions, emphasizing urban, highway, and rural roads in Ukraine. Acceleration noise, which refers to the fluctuations in a vehicle's acceleration, is a critical factor in vehicle safety, fuel efficiency, and driving comfort. The research aims to improve current vehicle dynamics models by integrating multi-body dynamics and machine learning algorithms, allowing for more precise predictions of acceleration variability in real-time. The study is based on the existing literature, showing that road surface quality significantly affects acceleration noise. With frequent stop-and-go traffic, urban roads produce moderate but irregular noise patterns. Highways show stable acceleration noise at moderate speeds, but noise increases sharply as vehicles approach higher speeds due to aerodynamic forces. Rural roads, especially those in poor condition, exhibit the highest variability in acceleration noise, even at low speeds. The proposed model has been validated using real-world data. It demonstrates a strong correlation between the predictions and actual vehicle behavior on various road types. One of the key innovations in this research is the use of machine learning to adjust model parameters in real-time dynamically. This adaptive approach enhances the model's accuracy and applicability, especially in intelligent transport systems. The model can inform traffic management strategies, allowing for real-time adjustments to speed limits, traffic signals, and routing decisions based on road conditions. This contributes to safer, more efficient, and sustainable transport systems, particularly in regions with inconsistent road infrastructure. The research concludes that integrating acceleration noise modeling into intelligent transport systems can significantly improve traffic flow and vehicle safety. Future research will expand the dataset to include a broader range of vehicle types and road conditions, further refining the model's predictive capabilities.

The paper contains theoretical substantiation for machines and equipment troubleshooting, machine bodies in rotational motion. It analyses the dynamic rotary machines, fitted with elastic rotor in rigid bearings without damping, as well as the rotor symmetrically rotational movement with the elastic bearings without depreciation. The main dynamic rotating equipment defects are removed by static and dynamic balancing, which apply directly to predictive maintenance.

The paper contains theoretical substantiation for machines and equipment troubleshooting, machine bodies in rotational motion. It analyses the dynamic rotary machines, fitted with elastic rotor in rigid bearings without damping, as well as the rotor symmetrically rotational movement with the elastic bearings without depreciation. The main dynamic rotating equipment defects are removed by static and dynamic balancing, which apply directly to predictive maintenance. Key words: predictive maintenance, troubleshooting, dynamic rotary machines.

Soils with a significant proportion of clay or silt tend to have poor geotechnical characteristics (such as volumetric change and low strength) when exposed to varying moisture contents. The chemical stabilizers currently used are costly and have negative effects on the environment. Arkansas, in the United States, is the leading producer of rice in the country. During rice production, ~20% of the harvested grain consists of rice husk (RH). The rice milling process produces ash with a considerable amount of silicate. Research is being conducted to address the environmental concerns associated with its disposal in Arkansas, as there is growing interest in using rice husk ash (RHA) as a stabilizing additive for problematic soils. For RHA to be effective, an activator such as lime may be needed. The present study focuses on investigating the effectiveness of RHA in stabilizing substandard soils, as no prior study has used RHA as a stabilizing agent in the United States. Additionally, the research aims to determine the optimal proportions of RHA, hydrated lime (HL), or a combination of both. The study employs varying percentages of RHA (3%, 6%, and 9%) and HL (1%, 3%, and 5%) in a unary system. In the binary system, 3%, 4%, and 5% of RHA are combined with 1% HL. The study includes a range of routine tests, such as assessments of Atterberg limits, modified proctor compaction, pH levels, California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and free swell (FS). Furthermore, results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with X-ray diffractometer analyses demonstrated significant improvements in UCS and CBR values for the treated soils, indicating enhanced strength and stability. Moreover, the FS test reveals a reduction in swelling characteristics for the stabilized soils. It was found the optimal dosages of RHA and HL were 6% and 3%, respectively. Notably, when RHA and HL were combined, a blend of these two stabilizing agents exhibited the most promising results in terms of improving the swelling. The optimum percentage of the combined stabilizing agents was 4% RHA + 1% HL. The findings of this proof-of-concept research hold substantial potential for the construction industry in Arkansas, offering cost-effective alternatives to conventional soil stabilization methods while promoting the sustainable and environmentally conscious use of RHA.

Concrete is predominantly made up of cement. Cement manufacturing results in the emission of a large quantity of carbon dioxide in the air. Use of fly ash in concrete is advantageous for the environment and provides lasting durability. By utilizing a reduced amount of cement, it contributes to the conservation of materials such as limestone and coal that are essential for cement production. While it remains ever-present and never diminishes, generating it requires a considerable amount of power. So, it's a good idea to use cement carefully. Concrete is a durable substance can be moulded into various forms. It is frequently employed in construction for its multifunctionality. Finding a good replacement for cement in concrete is really important because we don't want to make the quality of the concrete worse. A powdery substance known as fly ash contains a significant quantity of cement. The study investigated the replacing other materials with fly ash on the M30 grade high strength concrete. We tested different quantities of cement, such as no cement, 10%, 20%, and 30%. Incorporating a larger amount of fly ash in the concrete mix creates a more manageable and robust material. Furthermore, it's been discovered that the inclusion of higher proportions of fly ash results in a reduction of concrete durability.

This research is to determine the engineering index properties of soil for suitable foundation design in Ajah, Southwestern Nigeria. Three samples were acquired from a well bore in the area at depth of 1m, 3m and 5m. The following laboratory tests were carried out on the soil samples collected from the study area (Particle size analysis, Specific gravity, Atterberg limit, Triaxial test, and Compaction). The particle size analysis test revealed the predominance of granular materials ranging from fine to coarse sands in the sample. The specific gravity of the soil shows a gradual increase with depth, from 2.41 (at 1m), 2.50(at 3m) and 2.57(at 5m). The results from the Atterberg limit test showed that the three samples have liquid limit of 20.44%, 23.27%, and 25.61% respectively. The samples are also non plastic in nature, having neither plastic limit nor plastic index. The samples are almost cohesionless, having cohesion of 0.17, 0.95 and 0.76; and having angle of internal friction of about 13.73º, 11.62º, and 11.36º. Further analysis of the soil samples revealed that the optimum moisture content for the samples are 12.4%, 14.2% and 13.2% respectively, from top to bottom, while the maximum dry density for the samples are 1.75g/cm 3 , 1.68g/cm 3 and 1.76g/cm 3. The aforementioned properties of the soil proves that the soil is suitable for foundation, having low retention water capacity and relatively high specific gravity and permeability; high percentage of coarser grained fraction and very low percentage of clay minerals.

The assessment of the impacts of solid waste dump sites on the quality of water resources was done with the main objective of determining the possibility of contamination of the open and ground water resources by the resultant leachate from the Kabale municipality solid waste dump site at Kabalaga hills in Kyanamira, Kabale District South Western Uganda. The improper management of the leachate from the dump site accompanied with the uncontrolled access to runoff in the rainy season together with the impaired rain water harvest system on the dump site structures makes it very vulnerable. This therefore make the leachate easily carried away by the runoff from the rain water as well as the water from the roof of the dump site structures and these likely get deposited in the river (downstream) and this is likely to impact the aquatic life in the river as well as the other users such as the livestock farms in its very close proximity as well as the irrigation schemes along the river bank. The research study among other reasons was also carried out to characterize the leachate produced at the dump site, to characterize the neighboring water sources that included two gravity springs and a river as well as identify any possible contamination of such by the dumpsite poorly managed leachate and the one most vulnerable to contamination of the three water resources state above. Water (collected from a radius of 1000m) and leachate samples were collected from the spring one (317 metres from dump site), spring two (608 metres from dump site), a main stream, River Rwabakazi (973m) as well as from the leachate collection pit present at the dump site using suitable sampling bottles. Some sample tests were done at site while others were carried out at Mbarara National Water and Sewerage Corporation laboratory and among the tests that were done included pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD. These were compared with the WHO and Uganda standards for portable water. From the research findings, the water from the two springs and the river where all contaminated with a high value of feacal coliforms and E. coli components that are very harmful to humans and other living organisms.

This study aimed to assess the opportunity and challenge of toll road with context of Dire Dawa Dewelle Toll road. The study mainly tried to assess the soforth opportunity brought by the toll road and ecountered challenge in oeration and management practice . To achieve its objectives the study employed descriptive research design through combining  both qualitative and quantitative research approaches.The data were collected through  questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, non-participant observations and documentary reviews. The sample size was 300 road user and 175 employee participants. The results from the study indicate that since it commencement in 2018 the toll road has made some progress in revenue collection, traffic operation and creating socio-economic opportunity. The growth of traffic flow and revenue has well performed above the amount forecasted at design stage
However many unanswered question and challenge still persist which mainly emanate from poor policy and legal framework. To mention some Unaddressed of issue from project lifecycle ,lack of comprehensive and clear vision, limited institutional capacity ,imatured policy and institutional frameworks, absence of coherent organizational structure(lack of clearly defined responsibilities and overlapping mandate among a number of inistitution ), highly growing maintaiance demand,property damage ,lack of technology transfer,poor human resource practice ,disregard for sustainability issue ,poor performance  and objective of performance measurement and weak monitoring among the other. To sum up the finding  from operational status assessment, opportunity and challenge analysis underlines the undesired level many study variable. The study recommend  formulating comprehensive legal frameworks based on cross-sectoral collaboration and active involvement of stakeholders in accordance with prevailing conditions and realities. The policy reform initiative needs to be supported by the four building blocks of ownership, financing responsibility and management.
Key Words:Toll Road,opportunity ,Challenge .

Karewa soils are extensively spread in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and they've been used as subgrade of pavement layers. Karewa soils are generally muddy soils and are characterized as low bearing capacity materials for flexible pavement layers. When similar soils can not be replaced, its subgrade performance should be increased by several revision ways. In the place, where ground water table is high, the strength of subgrade is negatively affected by humidity infiltration to subgrade and base due to capillary action. The purpose of this design is to estimate the use of low contents of lime in the revision of Karewa soil properties. The main goal of this research is to find the ideal lime dosage for stabilising the readily available karewa soil in the area. The research includes analyses of basic characteristics of soil. Moreover tests are done to find the extent of modification by analyzing the impact of adding different amounts of lime to estimate the extent of revision on MDD, OMC, and CBR of the soil. The experimental examinations shown that there's a tremendous increase in the CBR value of the soil treated with lime, therefore leading to dropped consistence conditions of the sub-base and base courses.

O modelo veículo seguidor -ou car-following -é o coração dos softwares de simulação microscópica de tráfego. Quando bem calibrados, esses softwares são capazes de replicar a realidade em ambiente controlado. Ainda hoje há uma resistência quanto à calibração do modelo veículo seguidor e, mesmo que muitos trabalhos relatem formas de realizá-la, são escassas as referências na literatura sobre calibração utilizando dados de sistemas ônibus. Este trabalho consiste na elaboração de um método de calibração do modelo veículo seguidor de Gipps, combinado ao modelo de aceleração linear, para a replicação da operação de ônibus em corredores exclusivos. A elaboração do método iniciou com uma revisão dos principais modelos veículo seguidor e uma posterior avaliação dos modelos GHR e de Gipps para manobras típicas de sistemas ônibus. A seguir elaborou-se o procedimento de calibração utilizando coleta de dados por meio de filmagens da operação dos ônibus em corredores e da extração dos dados utilizando uma ferramenta de reconhecimento de imagem. O método das coordenadas retangulares foi utilizado para corrigir a paralaxe. Concomitante às filmagens analisou-se visualmente a ocupação dos ônibus para que as taxas de aceleração e desaceleração dos ônibus pudessem ser diferenciadas conforme o nível de ocupação. A calibração foi realizada através da comparação da distância percorrida pelos veículos ao longo do tempo e as correspondentes modeladas. Os resultados para taxas de aceleração e desaceleração obtidas a partir de dados coletados em Curitiba evidenciam a validade do procedimento. A simplicidade do método desenvolvido é uma característica importante, pois permite a replicação em outros ambientes sem a necessidade de equipamentos sofisticados. Palavras-chave: modelo veículo seguidor, Gipps, BRT, simulação de sistemas ônibus.

Permeability is a major factor in determining the use of a soil. Most civil works are affected to some degree by the ease or difficulty with which soils drain. This work seeks to investigate the permeability of the soil in Uselu, Egor LGA of Edo state. Soil sample were collected from Uselu and the and the soil properties and coefficient of permeability tests carried out in accordance BS 1377: 1990. The results indicate that the soil has a coeficient ofpermeability of 1. 102 x 10°m/s and plasticity index of 26.97%. Ii is very fine sand, silt and clay -silt laminate in nature. This moderate value of permeability can help explain the heavy flood water in the area. Also this value of coefficient ofpermeability can be used to evaluate the stability of road and building foundations in the area and the suitability of the soil as an engineering sD. lyeke; U. Ukeme And A.

Urban population growth in India observes continuous increase since 1901 with 34.03 % in 2018 allowing swelling of urban limits as per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Considering urban growth the Ministry of Transport has been active for developing urban roads increasing road length to 58, 97, 671 km in 2017. Consequent to urban growth and developed roads is observed the raise in vehicle ownership adding on to motorized vehicles adapting modal shifts leading to amassed use of speed moving motorized vehicle/s. The total number of motorized vehicles in 2017 is 253,311 thousands. A research study marks the rate of increase in motorized vehicles as 11.69% against the 1.84% growth of the population in India. These Motorized vehicles are the major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution leading to significant number sharing about 2/3rd of air pollution-related deaths in India. The road side landscape can help in reducing the effect of pollution due to these vehicles if planted appropriately. The use of multimodal integrated transportation is one of the solution to integrate the public transport allowing private transport network with provisions for non-motorized transport. This paper aims to urban transport sustainability assessment for the use of motorized vehicles in road transport India. The objectives of this paper include the study of increasing rate of motorized vehicles as against the urban growth and accidents due to air pollution from these vehicles, and the probable solutions for the reduction of accidents in India with emphasis on study from Maharashtra. Maharashtra being at the top in the vehicle ownership in India it is selected for the case study along with the assessment study on multi modal transport solution at Nagpur.

The physical and mechanical properties of soil play a critical role in civil engineering and geotechnical applications, influencing the design and stability of structures. This paper reviews the fundamental physical properties of soil, including texture, density, porosity, moisture content, and plasticity, along with its mechanical properties such as shear strength, compressibility, permeability, and bearing capacity. Emphasis is placed on the interrelationship between these properties and their impact on soil behavior under different loading and environmental conditions. By examining laboratory and field testing methods, this study highlights advancements in soil characterization techniques, providing insights for optimizing construction practices and enhancing infrastructure resilience.