Synthesis of Zeolites

This study aimed to assess the impact of low plastic tunnels integrated with potassium silicate spraying on the physiological traits and root productivity of two radish cultivars under cold stress conditions. A field experiment was performed on a private sector farm in Albuhidari, Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq, during the autumn season of 2023. The experiment was conducted in a split-split plot design using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, testing the effects of three factors: growth conditions (open field versus plastic tunnels) designated as the main plots, cultivars (red versus white) assigned as subplots and doses of silicon spraying (0, 400, 600 mg L-1) assigned as sub-subplots. The results showed that plastic sheeting significantly improved total chlorophyll in leaves, nitrogen and potassium percentages in the leaves, total plant dry matter and root yield compared to the open field. The red cultivar outperformed the white cultivar in chlorophyll content, potassium percent, total plant dry matter and yield. Furthermore, silicon spraying enhanced the studied traits, as total chlorophyll, total dry matter and root yield gradually increased with higher silicon concentrations. Moreover, the triple interaction of plastic tunnels, red cultivar and silicon at 600 mg L-1 was the best regarding all attributes except phosphorus percentage in leaves. These results suggest that plastic sheeting combined with silicon spraying represents an effective strategy for improving radish productivity under cold stress.

A pot experiment was carried out in the glass house of the Experimental Nursery of Ornamental Horticulture Department, Cairo University, Giza during 24 months -After a month from transplantingfrom 2006 to 2008. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Magnolia grandiflora L. seedlings to foliar spray with magnesium at 25 and 50 ppm, zinc at 25 and 50 ppm and boron at 10 and 20 ppm. Data recorded on vegetative growth such as plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves/plant, fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots and root length were significantly affected by the aforementioned treatments which were used in this study. As well as all the treatments of magnesium, zinc and boron had a clear effect on the chemical composition such as chlorophyll-a, b, carotenoids mg/gm F.W. in the leaves, carbohydrates % D.W. in the different organs of plants and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium % D.W. in the different organs of Magnolia grandiflo...

Detailed insight into molecular diffusion in zeolite frameworks is crucial for the analysis of the factors governing their catalytic performance in methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) reactions. In this work, we present a molecular dynamics study of the diffusion of methanol in all-silica and acidic zeolite MFI and Beta frameworks over the range of temperatures 373–473 K. Owing to the difference in pore dimensions, methanol diffusion is more hindered in H-MFI, with diffusion coefficients that do not exceed 10 × 10−10 m2s−1. In comparison, H-Beta shows diffusivities that are one to two orders of magnitude larger. Consequently, the activation energy of translational diffusion can reach 16 kJ·mol−1 in H-MFI, depending on the molecular loading, against a value for H-Beta that remains between 6 and 8 kJ·mol−1. The analysis of the radial distribution functions and the residence time at the Brønsted acid sites shows a greater probability for methylation of the framework in the MFI structure com...

Zeolite X was synthesized from clay using the alkaline fusion method and hydrothermal treatment to remove Pb(II) in aqueous solutions. Clay and zeolite were characterized through X-ray diffraction and fluorescence (XRD, FRX), as well as through specific surface area (SSA). The adsorbents were prepared as cylindrical extrudates using clay and a clay-zeolite combination (60-40%, respectively). The effects of pH, isotherm, and adsorption kinetics on the removal of Pb(II) in solutions of 80 mg Pb(II)/L were studied. It was possible to obtain a zeolite X from clay, with an SSA of 376 m 2 /g, 30 times greater than that of clay (12 m 2 /g). In the combined extrudate was present the zeolitic structure, with an SSA 12 times higher compared to the clay extrudate. The adsorption capacity, at 30 • C and V/m ratio of 1 g/L, is almost double compared to the clay extrudate (24 mg Pb(II)/g vs. 13 mg Pb(II)/g). Adsorption follows second order kinetics, and the Langmuir isotherm equation showed a good fit with the experimental equilibrium data for the two extrudates. The Webber-Morris and Bangham-Burt's models suggest that pore and film diffusion influence the kinetic mechanism.

The study aimed to synthesize and characterize a zeolite type X from recycling fly ash by hydrothermal treatment in the presence of sodium hydroxide and used it as decontaminant agent to remove some heavy metals (Zn+2, Pb+2 and Cu+2) from standard aqueous solution by adsorption process. The prepared zeolite from fly ash by hydrothermal process was successively analyzed and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transfer infra-red (FTIRs) spectroscopy. Atomic absorption was used to determine the adsorption kinetic isotherm profile for the synthetic Zeolite-X, whilst the order of reaction was determined by application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results showed that, the produced yield of Zeolite-X (Potassium Sodium Aluminum Silicate, Chemical formula: (K57Na42(Al96 Si96 O38) was (74.8%). The kinetic isotherm studies showed time-dependent heterogenous adsorption profile following Freundlich isotherm model with first order kinetic reaction. Finally, we ...

Cotton important cash crop and is moderately tolerant to salinity but its yield is markedly affected due to poor germination and subsequent abnormal plant development under severe saline conditions. Therefore, cotton accessions need to be screened and evaluated for salt tolerance. The genus Gossypium herbaceum has benefits of biotic and abiotic stress resistance along with higher yield. The present study aimed to investigate the physiological response of desi cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.) cultivars viz., GN.Cot-25, G.Cot-21, V-797 and GShv-907/13 under four different salt concentrations viz., 0.8 dS/m, 3 dS/m, 7 dS/m, 10 dS/m at seedling stage (30 DAS). The physiological traits viz., membrane stability (%), leaf relative water content (RWC) (%), chlorophyll content (μmol m -2 ), photosynthesis rate (μmol CO2 m -2 sec -1 ), carotenoid content (mg g -1 ), transpiration rate (mmol m -2 sec -1 ) and stomatal conductance (μmol CO2 m -2 sec -1 ) were significantly reduced; while, surface wax content (μg/g of tissue) increased under different salt stress condition. However, GN.Cot-25 was able to maintain higher leaf relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll content, carotenoid content, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance as compared to GShv-907/13 under of salt stress conditions whereas, the varieties, G.Cot-21 and V-797 showed moderate type of reduction for all parameters studied. Overall the study of physiological characterization proved to be effective in discriminating the desi cotton cultivars for salt tolerance.

Background Salinity is a major threat to rice growth and productivity. Utilizing wild rice-derived genes and biostimulants with high growth promoting-and stress-alleviating potential can significantly improve salinity tolerance in cultivated rice. Herein, we investigated the vegetative growth and physiological responses of Giza 177 (Oryza sativa, salinity sensitive, high-yielding cultivar) and a promising introgression salt tolerant line (sativa/glaberrima; SG 65) from a population of Giza 177 × African rice (Oryza glaberrima) under low (2.75 mS/cm) and high (5.5 mS/cm) salinity stress. The possible ameliorative effects of priming rice seeds in moringa leaf extract (MLE) on these responses were also tested. Results The two salinity levels induced differential reduction in plant growth in both cultivars. In the MLE-unprimed plants, salinity induced 34-54% and 30-45% reductions in biomass accumulation in Giza 177 and SG 65, respectively. These responses were associated with significant differential reductions in relative water content, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and gas exchange parameters (transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO 2 concentration), ascorbic acid, and total protein. Conversely, salinity induced the accumulation of H 2 O 2 , malondialdehyde, proline, carbohydrate fractions, and membrane injury. MLE treatment mitigated the above salinity-induced adverse effects in both cultivars via reducing the salt-induced oxidative stress through the induction of non-enzymic (total phenols, and flavonoids) and enzymic antioxidants including ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase in both cultivars. SG 65 plants exhibited consistently higher salt tolerance and responsiveness to MLE than Giza 177. Conclusions This study reports significant differences in an array of critical physiological and biochemical indices that underpin the divergent responses between the two salinized cultivars. It demonstrates the potential of African rice-derived genomic fragments and MLE priming in mitigating salinity stress, highlighting their use as a sustainable strategy for increasing rice production in salt-affected soils.

Many waste water effluents have lead(II) concentration exceeding a local standard of 0.05mg/L and 0.1mg/L by the Environmental Protection Agency and Municipality respectively, and poses a serious hazard to the environment. A detailed study was carried out to investigate the use of fly ash as zeolite for removing lead(II) ions from filling station effluents. Fly ash of mesh 125micron passing was used and activated with 1 M HCl, fused with 1.16M NaOH for alumino-silicates solubilisation and lead ion removal efficiencies were examined. The samples were hydrothermally boiled, washed, and dried to produce sodium based fly ash zeolite. Experiments were carried out under laboratory batch conditions and were run at different pH values ranging from 6.75 to 8.75 and varying contact time up to 3 hours. Different masses of the zeolite were used and the optimum mass obtained was 0.5g/100ml of 50ppm Pb solution yielding an 83.1% removal efficiency. The maximum removal efficiency of 99.78% was obtained with a 2.5g/100ml solution dose at 80 rpm shaking speed.

This study investigated the synthesis of faujasite zeolite catalysts from aluminosilicate-containing natural sediments modified by biowaste silica in the catalysis of transesterification of jatropha oil. Zeolite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method with NaOH at 3.07g/mol, SiO2 at 10.50g/mol, and Al2O3 at 2.61g/mol were the optimum amount required in the synthesis of a zeolite-Y in an autoclave. Transesterification reaction was conducted on constant temperature magnetic stirrer fitted with a reflux condenser. Functional group study of synthesized zeolite revealed that silicone (Si-O-Si) was highly prevalent at 1095.8cm-1 in IR spectrum. XRD and EDS examination showed a faujasite zeolite-Y with Si at 85.60g and Al at 17.50g with Si/Al ratio of 4.891g/mol. The synthesized zeolite catalysis in transesterification reaction yielded 91.63% biodiesel which had 0.17% FFA. Biodiesel characteristics met ASTM standard having kinematic viscosity of 4.97mm 2 /s and flashpoint of 113°C. The fatty acid profile showed that fatty acid constituent was mostly linoleic acid methyl ester (30.29%) and hexadecanoic acid (20.81%), from GCMS analysis. The synthesized faujasite zeolite-Y, with its large mesoporous structure, exhibits remarkable catalytic activity in the transesterification of jatropha oil to produce biodiesel.

ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized by sourcing silica from wheat husk ash and was converted into its protonated form following careful, conventionally accepted ion-exchange method and calcinations. The H-ZSM-5 zeolite (Si/Al ratio = 30) prepared was appropriately characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, TG-DTA, CV, and so forth, and evaluated as recyclable catalyst in selective organic transformations including three- and four-component reactions. The catalytic activity of the zeolite sample supposedly relates to increased density of the accessible acid sites.

Sludge from a treatment water Brazilian plant station is, frequently, disposed and launched directly in the water bodies, causing a negative impact in the environment. Also, fly ash is produced by burning of coal in coalfired power stations and is the industrial solid waste most generated in southern Brazil: approximately 4 million tons/y. An efficient disposal of coal fly ash is an issue due to its massive volume and harmful risks to the environment. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating cyclone fly ash (CFA) and sludge from a waste water treatment plant (SWTP) in the production of ecological bricks. The wastes were analyzed for physico-chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties. Various mixtures were prepared by incorporating these industrial wastes in brick production. The effects of wastes incorporation on physical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption have been determined. The best result, in terms of compression strength and water absorption, was reached by the series of bricks produced with 60 % soil, 12 % cement, 8 % coal fly ash and 20 % SWTP by weight. The results showed that SWTP and CFA presented a potential to be used as waste additives in the production of soil-cement bricks.

Sugarcane straw ash (SCSA), an agricultural waste of sugar industry with disposal problems, was utilized as a source for the synthesis of zeolitic material. Zeolitic material was synthesized by alkali fusion followed by hydrothermal treatment. The effect of crystallization time was studied and the conditions optimized. The materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, FT-IR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area techniques, particle size analyzer, TG /DSC and nitrogen physisorption. The presence of zeolite NaP1 in adsorbent confirms successful conversion of native SCSA into zeolitic material. The physico-chemical properties of SCSA and zeolitic material were compared. The particle size distribution of zeolitic material was in the range of 0.796 -399 µm and nitrogen adsorption indicated a surface area around 350 m 2 g -1 . Zeolitic material from sugarcane straw ash was examined by removal of Crystal violet from aqueous solution.

Although zeolite N ( . ) is used commercially for the removal and recovery of ammoniacal nitrogen from wastewater, it has received limited attention in academic literature. The hypothesis was that if an improved understanding of zeolite N synthesis and resultant physical parameters and performance can be acquired, then the application of this material may be accelerated. This study successfully addressed existing research challenges including: maximizing the cation exchange capacity (CEC); selection of preferred synthesis conditions; control of the size, shape, and dispersion of zeolite N crystals; and improvement of ion exchange properties. Zeolite N was hydrothermally synthesised from kaolin clay added to solutions of potassium hydroxide and potassium chloride in a "one pot" process. CEC values increased to 563 meq/100 g (c.f. 528 meq/100 g in previous literature). Reaction between 120 and 140 o C for 2 to 4 h under static conditions was preferred as higher temperatures (180 o C) produced kalsilite. The KOH molarity (1.2 to 4.3 M) controlled the average zeolite crystal size, dispersion, and crystal shape; with highest molarity values optimal. Whereas, added KCl acted as a template which promoted zeolite N formation. Removal of KCl resulted in creation of zeolite F ( ( ) . ) which also belonged to the EDI structural type. Ammonium ion exchange from aqueous solution was improved when diffusion restrictions were eased; as evidenced by using smaller zeolite crystals which were highly dispersed and not agglomerated. Not only was a greater cation capacity recorded but also the time to reach equilibrium was increased.

Among the most perilous factors affecting tomato plant functioning and yield is salinity.
The efficacy of halotolerant marine macroalgal extract of Chaetomorpha antennina (Seaweed Extract—
SWE) in mitigating the toxic effects of salt stress (150 mM) in tomato plants to promote and enhance
both plant functionality and yield was tested. It was evident that salt stress undesirably affected
germination and plant growth in terms of quality and quantity. Treatment with SWE improved the
functionality of salt-strained tomato plants by enhancing their germination indexes, growth and
morphological traits, and photosynthetic pigments, as well as protein and phenol concentrations. SWE
also exerted a positive influence on protecting the plant against salt stress by increasing the synthesis
and accumulation of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and lipoxygenase enzymes, along
with the contents of lycopene and vitamin C. SWE also increased the nutraceutical quality, flavour and
organolepty of emerged tomato fruits. GCMS analysis of fruit pericarp showed increased siloxane,
phenol, antioxidant and indole acetic acid compounds, along with aromatic benzene compounds.
These results indicate the potentiality of SWE in protecting plants against salt stress induced toxicities
by prompting the synthesis of protective compounds such as siloxane and antioxidant enzymes.
It was also noted that SWE plays a crucial role in promoting plant growth and survivability by
improving plant functionality, yield and nutrition, by promoting cultivation in saline soils in an
eco-friendly and sustainable manner.

The one-pot stepwise reductive amination of arylaldehydes with nitroarenes is described, using reusable nickel nanoparticles (Ni-pol) as catalyst and NaBH 4 as mild, inexpensive, and safe reducing agent. The proposed catalytic system holds several advantages such as the use of a non-precious and earth-abundant metal, the facile separation of the catalyst from the reaction mixture by centrifugation, excellent stability towards air and moisture, very mild reaction conditions, good recyclability, broad substrate scope with good to excellent yields, and easy scalability (up to 1.0 g). FESEM analyses indicate that the active species are cubic nanocrystals of Ni in the average cross section value of 35 nm with a quite narrow (25-45 nm) and monomodal distribution, which becomes bimodal with the recycling reactions but without agglomeration.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are generally explored for gas adsorption and separation but more recently they have been studied for use in biomedical applications. The present study focuses on the incorporation of a nitric oxide (NO) donor, called a diazeniumdiolate (NONOate), into a new MOF using a one-step post-synthetic method. The MOF, Cu-TDPAT, contains copper nodes linked by 2,4,6tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (H 6 TDPAT). This MOF adsorbs NO and the TDPAT linker contains secondary amines which react with NO to form a NONOate. The covalently bound NONOate donor group allows for greater control over the NO storage and delivery rate. Over the course of 7 days, the Cu-TDPAT NONOate will yield approximately 175 lmol/g NO by exposure to 85% humidity and 53 lmol/g NO by heating to 37 °C.

Analcime (NaAlSi 2 O 6 •H 2 O) powders having controlled particle size distribution were designed [1, 2] as a potential precursor for the fabrication of leucite (KAlSi 2 O 6) dental ceramics retaining high fracture toughness and the thermal expansion coefficient adjusted those of metals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the synthesis of analcime and the effect of principal factors influencing its crystallisation. Analcime powders were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave. The role of the composition of the reaction mixture (raw materials, OHconcentration, and water content), reaction temperature and time were studied. Prepared analcime was in form of homogenous powders with the uniform particle size at intervals 1-5 µm depending on process parameters.

Zeolites are nano porous aluminosilicate crystalline material that possess excellent uniform molecular sized pores, chemical resistance, and good thermal stability. Thus, zeolites are extensively used in catalysis, water desalination, gas separation, corrosion protective coatings and so on. Here, we focus on ZSM-5 zeolite. Each ZSM-5 zeolite crystal has 0.51nm*0.55nm sinusoidal channel that interconnects the 0.53 nm *0.56 nm straight channels. These opening of the channels forms nanopores on the surface of the crystal. The ZSM-5 zeolite when grown over the substrate can greatly help in altering the surface property like the selective growth on the micropatterned surface, or injection of desired property fluid to the nanopores of the zeolite and so on.

Conventionally, zeolite synthesis on lab used to be done using hydrothermal method which often encounters problems like low heating rate, longer duration of time and high-power requirement. In present study, ZSM-5 zeolite is grown over silicon substrates using microwave heating. Microwave heating method provides a better alternative to reduce the synthesis time (from ∼24 hr. to ∼15 min), control the heating process accurately and uniformly and consequently improve the efficiency of synthesis. A uniformly mixed reagent of TEOS (Si source), TPAOH (Templating agent) and H2O of varying molar composition is used as synthesis solution. The synthesis involves heating the synthesis solution in two consecutive steps: in-situ seeding step (15 min at 80oC) and crystallization step (15 min at 165oC). Then, the obtained ZSM-5 crystals grown over the surface is calcined to a temperature of 4500C for 4 hours to remove the organic components deposited on the surface.

SEM reveals etching of silicon substrate due to higher concentration of alkaline TPAOH synthesis solution. Thus, there is a direct dependence of etching rate with concentration of TPAOH. Uniformity in both size and orientation was observed in the zeolite crystals grown over the surface using synthesis solution (1TEOS:0.32TPAOH:165H2O). Furthermore, the size of the ZSM-5 crystal was also found to be ∼1μm and ∼1.6μm for heating time of 15 min and 35 min, respectively.

This study aims to make adsorption-capable zeolite from coal fly ash, a waste product from coal-fired power
plants (CFA). When it comes to commercializing sorbent, the total cost and efficiency of the adsorbent material are
critical. This work used tap water instead of distilled water (DW) to synthesis zeolite from fly ashes at 90°C
crystallization temperatures. The discovery lays the door for a cost-effective but easy technique of synthesizing viable
zeolitic materials for adsorption applications using waste products like coal fly ash. According to the comprehensive
characterization, the support for the use of TP to make zeolites is based on its larger particle size, and lower carbon
impurities. The generated zeolite was homogenous and A-type, and applied as an adsorbent to remove traces of heavy
metals contaminants. During a 25-minute agitation period, the zeolites produced with TP had a greater adsorption
capacity. In principle, the proposed approach permits the synthesis of low-cost, high-efficiency zeolite-based adsorbent
materials for environmental remediation without the use of harmful or expensive chemicals

In this study, we evaluate the use of a sample of fly ash from TERMOPAIPA (Boyacá, Colombia) as the starting material for the synthesis of zeotypes on laboratory scale through its transforming via alkaline fusion, using solid or water dissolved NaOH, followed by aging during 6, 12 and 24 h under static or ultrasound conditions prior to hydrothermal treatment during 6, 12 and 24 h of reaction time. Experimental data reveal that the method, state of alkaline fusion, temperature and time of reaction strongly affect the zeotype to be synthesized. Low-silica sodium zeotypes were synthesized, which include zeolite NaP1, faujasite, and traces of sodalite. The synthesis of zeotypes from fly ash represents an interesting alternative for the mitigation of the environmental problem associated to the disposal of industrial wastes. Therefore, fly ash-based zeotypes synthesized under optimum experimental conditions can be used in several applications for environmental waste treatment.

Malaysia mainly produced low quality kaolin and the paper describes the development of a process to produce high purity alumina and zeolite from this mineral. Selective leaching technique was applied to remove 45% of the Al 2 O 3 content in kaolin. The high purity alumina produced shows similar characteristic to the commercial product. An alkaline fusion stage was then carried to transform the kaolin mineral into zeolite. Identification of the crystalline phase by XRD shows that it consists of both zeolite P and hydroxysodalite. This was also confirmed by the FTIR technique.

Malaysia mainly produced low quality kaolin and the paper describes the development of a process to produce high purity alumina and zeolite from this mineral. Selective leaching technique was applied to remove 45% of the Al 2 O 3 content in kaolin. The high purity alumina produced shows similar characteristic to the commercial product. An alkaline fusion stage was then carried to transform the kaolin mineral into zeolite. Identification of the crystalline phase by XRD shows that it consists of both zeolite P and hydroxysodalite. This was also confirmed by the FTIR technique.

National Mineral Development Corporation is involved in diamond mining in the country & Kimberlite produce as a mines waste during kimberlite mining .N M D C is producing around 0.9 million tones of Kimberlite per year in Panna.. With estimated life of 20 years for Panna mines , it is pertinent to look for commercial application of kimberlite. Around 3-4 million tones of Kimberlite is already available from Panna mines accumulated during previous mining. Due to the fact that Kimberlite / Diamond ratio is 100 tones of kimberlite per 10 carat of Diamond produced, there is a need to look for development of multi-product which are of bulk usage from the Kimberlite. Technological option for Eco-friendly & Economically Efficient Utilization of Kimberlite needed and in view of their wide application, also bulk usage, the following three products were identified to be developedfrom Kimberlite. Sodium Silicate Sodium Silicate because of their exceptional properties and their relatively low cost has widespread usage in many industries. It is used in manufacture of Soaps and Detergents which contain around 5-15% Sodium Silicate. Precipitated Silica The oldest and most important use of Precipitated Silica is the reinforcement of elastomer products such as Shoe soles, technical rubber article and cable sheeting and tire components. Zeolite-A Zeolite-A has replaced the Phosphate in household detergents, it act as water softener due to its ion exchange behavior. The technology has been demonstrated through pilot scale operation, process has been established and filed for patenting. There is no reference on the synthesis of these products from Kimberlite in open or classified literature. Therefore, this is a novel and challenging application of Kimberlite. The phenomenon poses a double pressure on the diamond industry, to lower cost and to keep growing. This call for focus on large scale, long life, cost conscious industrial operation having Ecofriendly and safe performance.

The paper investigates the properties of sodium zeolites synthesized using the hydrothermal method under autogenous pressure at low temperature with NaOH solutions of varying concentrations. During this modification, zeolites X, NaP 1 and hydroxysodalite were synthesized. The synthesis parameters, and thus, phase composition of resulting samples, significantly affected the specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). SSA increased from 2.9 m 2 /g to a maximum of 501.2 m 2 /g, while CEC rose from 16 meq/100 g to a maximum of 500 meq/100 g. The best properties for use as a sorbent were obtained for perlite waste modified with 4.0 M NaOH at 70°C or 80°C.

In this paper a review of the recent studies on the synthesis of zeolites from expanded perlite under hydrothermal conditions is presented. Attention is paid to possible outcomes of synthesis from low cost glass material, such as perlite. The study also investigates the phase composition of zeolitic materials obtained by modification of by-product derived from an expanded perlite production process. The synthesis was made using the hydrothermal method with sodium hydroxide under autogenous pressure at a temperature below 100°C for 1 to 72 h. It was possible to obtain a zeolitic material at a temperature as low as 60°C using 4.0 M NaOH. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed the biggest peak intensity of zeolite X with 4.0 M NaOH at the temperature of 70°C. During synthesis at higher temperature zeolite NaP 1 (with 3.0 M NaOH at 90°C) and hydroxysodalite (with 5.0 M NaOH at 90°C) were obtained.

In the present work, coal fly ash (CFA) was converted to zeolite (CFAZP) experimentally at atmospheric 31 pressure via a conventional hydrothermal heating for 6 h at low temperature (90 ± 3°C) followed by 32 microwave irradiation for 30 min. The synthesized products were characterized using XRD, TGA/DTA, 33 SEM, PSD, BET, and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) techniques. The effect of microwave on the crystal 34 growth of nucleated CFAZP at different solid/liquid ratios (suspended CFA mass to NaOH solution volume, 35 g/mL) was studied. A three-variable, three level central composite statistical experimental design was 36 applied to investigate the effect of the independent variables on the response function defined as the ratio 37 of the characteristic peak intensity at 2h: 28°of a sample to that of the same peak of a sample run for 24 h 38 with conventional heating. The relative peak intensity of CFAZP as high as 97% was achieved under opti-39 mum experimental conditions with 1 M of NaOH concentration, 6 h of conventional heating followed by 40 30 min microwave irradiation with a solid/liquid ratio of 0.40 g/mL. Under constant microwave energy, 41 higher solid/liquid ratios led to higher relative peak intensity of the product. 42

The ever increasing consumption of coal around the world has given rise to the by-product coal fly ash 29 that requires an urgent attention and is gaining much needed research attention. This paper introduces 30 pioneering work on zeolitization of coal fly ash utilizing conventional heating methods and reviews the 31 progress made in the conversion of coal fly ash to zeolite and its applications while strongly focusing on 32 the utilization of microwave and ultrasound energies in achieving this goal. An introduction to coal fly 33 ash and zeolitic materials is given and the conversion of the formal to the latter is discussed. Zeolites 34 are multi-utility crystals that have attracted much attention in the research community. Zeolites synthe-35 sized from pure chemical precursors are inherently different from zeolites produced from coal fly ash 36 therefore; published works which have investigated the application of zeolites produced from coal fly 37 ash are also discussed. Microwave and ultrasound energies have been reported to dramatically decrease 38 reaction times due to the influences on the induction periods and nucleation. In the last few years these 39 novel energies have blossomed in a useful technique for many applications. As novel energies they hold 40 great promise in rapid and efficient conversion of coal fly ash to value added materials such as zeolites.

h i g h l i g h t s Coal fly ash zeolitized using a zero liquid discharge technique. Zeolitization of CFA is techno-economically feasible at larger scales. Elimination of liquid discharge will obviate the need to comply with environmental regulations. Zeolitic product can be used in eco-friendly technologies to immobilize different pollutants.

This paper investigates the effects of single mode microwave irradiation on the synthesis of zeolite Na‐A from sodium aluminate and sodium silicate gel at atmospheric pressure. Microwave irradiation has been shown to accelerate the zeolitization process from several hours to several minutes. The microwave irradiation employed was produced in a single mode lab scale microwave, which enabled control of irradiated power and temperature of the reaction mixture, while the pressure was controlled by affixing a condenser to a Teflon reactor vessel with a working volume of 20 mL. Two sets of experiments were conducted, the first with three levels of temperature and reaction time, and the second with three levels of power and reaction time. The characteristics and physical properties of the synthesized samples were analyzed with different instrumental techniques including XRD, Rietveld refinement, SEM, BET, TGA, and by determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC). It was observed that the...

This paper investigates the effects of microwave irradiation on the synthesis of zeolite Na-A from coal fly ash at atmospheric pressure. Microwave irradiation has shown to accelerate zeolitization from several hours to several minutes. A single-mode laboratory-scale microwave was employed, which enabled control of irradiated power and temperature of the reaction mixture, while the pressure was controlled by affixing a condenser on the 40 mL Teflon reactor vessel with a working volume 20 mL. Design of Experiment was used to compare two methods of converting CFA to zeolite-A, direct hydrothermal method and indirect fusion method. Experiments conducted were two level four factorial designs. The first factor considered was the categorical factor of conversion method (hydrothermal vs fusion), while the other three factors investigated were power (P), time (h), and aluminate concentration (d). Zeolite produced from CFA (CFAZA) was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, TGA, BET, and cation exchange capacity. It was observed that the crystallinity of the product was influenced by factors such as, conversion method, power, time, and aluminate concentration. The hydrothermal and fusion products were comparable to each other in their characteristics, however, hydrothermal CFAZA performed better at immobilizing heavy metal ions and showed better crystalline structure, whereas fusion CFAZA had a higher BET surface area and a slightly higher CEC. Regardless of the performance of the categorical factors the other factors, i.e., power, time, and aluminate concentration followed the same trend for both types of CFAZA.

Under the current water crisis in agriculture, irrigation methods for saving and conserving water are necessary. However, these methods must guarantee an appropriate yield with a concomitant economic benefit and a reduced environmental impact. In this study, two irrigation thresholds for irrigation timing (IT) based on thermal imagery were analyzed with the UNICA potato variety in three trials under drip (DI) and furrow (FI) irrigation during 2017–2018 in Lima, Peru. The control (T1) remained at >70% of soil field capacity. For other treatments, thresholds were defined based on stomatal conductance at light saturation (T2: 0.15 and T3: 0.05 mol H2O m−2s−1) and crop water stress index (T2: 0.4 and T3: 0.6) based on canopy temperature. An integrated index (IIN) was established for the valuation of treatments using the criteria of high fresh tuber yield (FTY) and a low total amount of irrigated water, production cost (PC), and total C emissions (TE) and using criteria of a score. FI...

The local vegetable oils (Coconut and Palm Kernel Oils) are usually faced with short shelf-life which has been associated with the presence of some unwanted materials present in them. This study explores the potential of using locally manufactures Zeolites in removing these impurities to improve the shelf life of these oils. The Zeolite used in this study was synthesized using locally available raw materials such as bauxite and kaolin through the hydrothermal process X-ray diffraction studies of the synthesized Zeolite were found to be part of the ZSM-11 Zeolite type group. FTIR analysis of the sample showed a weak vibrational peak at 1642cm-1 and a strong band at 987cm-1. Batch process for the removal of these unwanted materials was performed. Percentage reduction of 85.71%, 89.22%, 89.36% and 83.81% was recorded for impurities, moisture content, free fatty acid and peroxide value reduction in Palm Kernel Oil and 85.71%, 83.33%, 93.26%, 90.57% for Coconut Oil. Kinetic studies showe...

Two methods have been evaluated for the synthesis of zeolites using a UK fly ash as raw material. One method consists of a conventional hydrothermal technique in which fly ash is mixed with NaOH solution and the other comprises a combination of alkaline fusion of fly ash with NaOH prior to a hydrothermal treatment, where the fusion product is mixed with water. Both processes have been evaluated at different conditions of temperature, time and proportion of NaOH:PFA:H 2 O in order to optimise the synthesis. Products have been characterised in terms of mineralogical composition and cation exchange capacity. Experimental results have demonstrated that parameters such as the NaOH/PFA ratio, time and temperature have a significant effect on the type and degree of zeolitisation achieved, with types X being dominant under optimised conditions. In both cases, the synthetic zeolite products display significantly increased adsorption capacities compared to the raw material. However the fusion method yield better results in terms of shorter times necessary to obtain a product with high crystallinity and excellent performance as cation exchanger.

In this article, we investigated the optimum formulation towards synthesis of hierarchical nanoporous 34 HY zeolites from acid activate kaolin. A central composite design (CCD) helped to investigate the influ-35 ence of aging (X 1), crystallization (X 2) and NaOH solution to kaolin ratio (X 3) on crystallinity (C%), specific 36 surface area (SSA) and hierarchical factor (HF). From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), we deduced that 37 all the process variables show statistical significance towards obtaining high C% and SSA while only X 3 is 38 statistically significant for optimal HF. The effectiveness of models was further evaluated using margin of 39 error and tolerance interval. The Optimum formulation for this hierarchical nanoporous HY zeolite was 40 obtained as 43.60, 64.23 and 6.97 for X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 , respectively. The developed models show that X 3 41 is the most statistically significant variable because it has the highest coefficient and the lowest 42 p-value in the entire model. These results give instrumental insight into the synthesis of hierarchical non-43 porous HY zeolite.

Potatoes—a global food security and staple crop—is threatened by dry spells in drought-prone areas. The use of physiological thresholds to save water while maintaining a reasonable tuber yield has been proposed, but their effects on physiological performances and usefulness under different irrigation methods are yet to be evaluated. In this study, photosynthetic traits were monitored to assess the effect of water restriction and rewatering under drip (DI) and furrow (FI) irrigations. The treatments consisted of two maximum light-saturated stomatal conductance (g s _ m a x ) irrigation thresholds (T2: 0.15 and T3: 0.05 mol H 2 O m − 2 s − 1 ) compared with a fully irrigated control (g s _ m a x > 0.3 mol H 2 O m − 2 s − 1 ). DI used less water than FI but promoted early senescence and low percentage of maximum assimilation rate (PMA) at late developmental stages. FI caused no yield penalization in T2 and higher recovery of carbon isotope discrimination and PMA than DI. It is sugge...

A potential route to minimize the environmental impact of industrial activities is, among other approaches, the use of hazardous wastes as less-common raw materials for the preparation of other materials. Realistic technologies for waste management should include simple and lowcost processes as well as the nonproduction of new wastes. Thus, the total conversion of a type of hazardous aluminum waste into zeolite was achieved at the pilot-scale (200 l autoclave reactor) under mild hydrothermal operating conditions. In a one-step process, 3.2 tons of zeolite, 76.4 Nm 3 of ammonia and 105.9 Nm 3 of hydrogen can be produced per ton of aluminum waste. The process does not generate other wastes. The recycling of process effluents (mother liquor and rinse water), along with the process gases capture and its subsequent commercialization, would increase the environmental impact and the economic yield. The obtained Linde type-A zeolite, exhibited structural, textural and morphological characteristics similar to those of zeolites prepared from commercial reagents. A conceptual design for zero-waste process is proposed. The sustainable process developed can contribute to reduce the high environmental impact of aluminum industry waste, and contribute to the circular economy by converting a hazardous waste into a raw material.

This Virtual Special Issue of Journal of Environmental Management dealt with the recycling of waste and byproducts, focusing on their use in controlling environmental pollution. The field of research was previously considered as promising, in view of its relevance and the increasing number of papers published in last years. And this Special Issue allows going a step ahead in the matter, with 90 submissions and a number of 48 high quality papers finally accepted and published. We think that it will be useful at a global level, especially for researchers, social partners, and social actors involved in environmental and public health issues related to environmental pollution. References Clarivate Analytics, 2019. Accessed at. https://apps.webofknowledge.com/UA_ GeneralSearch_input.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&SID= C2M46rP4bVhJbP4FddX&preferencesSaved=.

Zeolites are advanced chemical materials that play a significant role in many petrochemical applications. In recent years, research interest in improving and enhancing the effectiveness of ZSM-5 as a catalyst has grown immensely. In particular, finding cheaper, environmentally friendly alternative starting materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 has gained much attention. Kaolin has been widely investigated as a zeolite precursor as it comprises the required constituents for an aluminosilicate zeolite material; ubiquitous nature and its benefit in synthesising zeolites are well known as an inexpensive way of obtaining catalysts. This chapter deals with the factors affecting ZSM-5 synthesis when utilising a kaolin precursor. The effects of kaolin crystallinity, kaolinite content and synthesis parameters on ZSM-5 formation and its physicochemical properties are discussed. The potential of kaolin-based ZSM-5 as an oligomerisation catalyst is investigated. Pure, crystalline ZSM-5 could be successfully synthesised from a kaolin precursor. Physicochemical properties such as morphology, porosity and acidity are affected by the kaolin precursor and optimum synthesis conditions are required for synthesis of ZSM-5 from particular kaolin. Kaolin-based ZSM-5 catalyst showed good activity and selectivity to valuable fuel range hydrocarbons.

A field trial was conducted through two successive winter seasons 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to evaluate the influence of TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles on two wheat cultivars (Gimeza 12 and Sids 13) under different water irrigation requirements of 100% (WW) and 75% (WS). The results showed that drought stress decreases morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and wheat yield (ha−1). However, the total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, proline content, and water productivity were increased. Application of TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles declines the negative influence of water deficit. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE revealed in Gimeza 12 treated with TiO2 or ZnO nanoparticles, it stimulates the appearance of some proteins at the MW of 28 kDa in WW and WS, while in WS, it records the new polypeptide at 18 kDa. Moreover, Gimeza 12 treated with nano-TiO2 led to the disappearance of two bands at 163 and 51 kDa in WS. However, for Sids13, there was no difference between the treatments in WW and...

This study emphasizes tuning the synthesis conditions of MFI zeolites to achieve better catalytic properties by optimizing the mesoporosity, the balance between Brønsted and Lewis sites, and the zeolite particle sizes. The MFI zeolites were hydrothermally synthesized at various temperatures employing different silica sources. The synthesis temperature was varied between 110 to 180°C at constant synthesis time (15 h). Different silicon sources led to variations in structure, morphology, and size of the MFI zeolite along with tuned Lewis and Brønsted acid sites in parallel correlation with shape selectivity of the reaction. The catalytic activities of synthesized zeolites were investigated in the catalytic cracking of n-dodecane to produce value-added chemicals. The zeolite synthesized at 180°C using fumed silica presented the highest catalytic conversion (96.6%), while maximum light olefin gaseous products (73.1%) were obtained for the sample synthesized at 140°C using tetraethyl orthosilicate as the silica source. The MFI zeolite synthesized at 180°C employing tetraethyl orthosilicate as a silica source facilitated the formation of both naphthenes and aromatics (71.3%) as major liquid products.

Research objective: The paper presents the results of research aiming plant growth and to stimulate microbial communities in rhizosphere of Cleistocactus strausii which was watered with structured water under controlled conditions.
Materials and Methods: The experiments, which began in January 2023, were conducted in the CREA-OF greenhouses in Pescia (PT), Tuscany, Italy (43°54′N 10°41′E) on Cleistocactus strausii. The plants were placed in ø12 cm pots; 30 plants per thesis, divided into 3 replicates of 10 plants each. The experimental groups were: i) group without structured water, irrigated with water and previously fertilised substrate; ii) group with structured water, previously fertilised substrate. On 20 January 2024, plant height, stem circumference, vegetative weight, root weight, root lenght, number of new suckers, microbial count in the plants (evaluation of the type of bacteria and fungi in the substrate) were measured.
Results and Discussion: The experiment showed that the use of structured water can improve the vegetative and root growth of Cleistocactus strausii plants grown in pots. The treatment also resulted in an increase in plant height, stem circumference, root hair length and number of new suckers. The trial also highlighted how the use of structured water in plant growing media can increase bacterial and fungal biodiversity in terms of number and taxonomic diversity. In fact, the substrates of the treated plants showed the presence of 5 different bacterial and fungal taxa compared to the control. The presence of fewer plants affected by biotic phytopathologies is evident in the treatment with structured water.
Conclusions: Specifically, structured water has been shown to promote the growth of Cleistocactus strausii, according to experimental results. Plant height, vegetative and root biomass were significantly increased. Additionally, the number of useful microorganisms found on the substrate of theses treated with structured water increased, which likely supported plant growth improvement. Plants can also be affected by microorganisms in their substrates if they are exposed to biotic or abiotic stress. These aspects consequently become very interesting for the grower who can reduce the use of water and fertilisers and increase the quality of the plants by using alternative techniques.

miR-34a-mediated asymmetric cell division reins in excessive stem cell expansion during tissue regeneration in the intestine and colon. Loss of miR-34a switches asymmetric division to symmetric division and enhances stem cell proliferation. Asymmetric division also occurs in the early stages of colon cancer stem cells. Mechanistically, miR-34a, Numb, and Notch form a feed-forward loop that specifies cell fate when stem cells divide.

A novel method for preparation of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ substituted mullite is described. Aluminosilicate gels are applied as precursors instead of crystalline aluminosilicates as used in other common syntheses. The process is composed of three stages. First, iron is introduced into a homogeneous aluminosilicate gel by ion exchange. The gel is converted to a mixture of mullite and amorphous silica in a 1263 K 3 h isothermal calcination in the the second stage. Finally, in order to obtain the nano-scale pure mullite phase the formed amorphous silica is removed by a dissolution in alkaline media. The components formed in various stages of the process are characterized by 57 Fe Mössbauer and Fourier transform infra red spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. Spectroscopic and diffraction methods helped the identification of the mullite phase. Mössbauer measurements revealed the presence of both Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ states providing a chance for perspective catalytic application of the obtained Fe-mullite.

The mesoporosity development in high silica HZSM-5 was carried out by alkaline desilication treatment and soft template method, and its relationship with the catalytic performance of the modified catalysts in methanol-to-propylene reaction was studied. High propylene selectivity (42.2%) and propylene/ethylene ratio (10.1) were observed on the high silica HZSM-5 catalyst modified by alkaline desilication. The enhanced catalytic performance can be attributed to the newly created open mesopores on the surface of the zeolite crystals together with the low Brønsted acidity. A greater amount of mesoporosity could be readily formed in HZSM-5 crystals via the soft template route. However, the mesopores formed in this method are randomly distributed in the zeolite crystals and play a minor role in the molecular transport of the reaction, so the improvement in propylene selectivity and propylene/ethylene ratio of the catalyst is less evident. The higher propylene selectivity and propylene/ethylene ratio on modified HZSM-5 (especially by alkaline treatment) than unmodified HZSM-5 could be also related to different contributions of the methylaromatics route and olefins methylation/cracking route in MTP reaction.

The tremendous fuel ashes are deserted by palm oil industries into environment were not processed for commercializable products such as zeolites, etc. There are a few methods for zeolites synthesis, such as molten-salt, sol-gel, etc., but it takes considerable time, extensive set up and needs to high cost, thus this work aims to solve this issues by knowledge transfer of hydrothermal-alkaline-ultrasound technique (HAUT) for palm oil mill fuel ash (POMFA) based zeolites synthesis as sustainability and green material processing technology initiatives. The knowledge transfer methods of the POMFA characterization and analysis procedure completed via talks, workshop, practical, exercise and data analysis. The analysis of POMFA using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Flourescent (XRF) for composition approval has been conducted. The XRF result reveals 37.92 % silicon dioxide and 3.42% aluminium oxide etc. as major components typically used in the manufactures of zeolites. Next, the green technology transfer for zeolites synthesis from POMFA via HAUT utilization, process parameter effect, analysis equipments and operational procedure has been achieved. The highest Green Palm Oil Mill Fuel Ash Zeolites (G-POMFAZ) using HAUT was found at the operation condition of POMFA-akaline ratio of 1:2, ultrasonic exposure time of 2.5 h, medium temperature of 80°C, irradiation power of 800 W and frequency of 45 kHz. The synthesized G-POMFAZ can be considered as an alternative material for industrial application, like construction, petrochemical, etc. The knowledge transfer program via training and dissemination of morphology analysis of G-POMFAZ was directed to the company staff. The staff knowledge is drastically increased on the POMFA characterization and zeolites synthesis. The project contributes also to the reduction of the CH Biotech-wastes and contaminated particulate matter gradually.

The tremendous fuel ashes are deserted by palm oil industries into environment, like CH Biotech Sdn Bhd, etc. without processing for commercializable products such as zeolites, etc. There are a few methods for zeolites synthesis, such as molten-salt, sol-gel, etc., but it takes considerable time, extensive set up and needs to high cost, thus this work aims to solve this issues by knowledge transfer of hydrothermal-alkaline-ultrasound technique (HAUT) for palm oil mill fuel ash (POMFA) based zeolites synthesis as sustainability and green material processing technology initiatives. The knowledge transfer methods of the POMFA characterization and analysis procedure completed via talks, workshop, practical, sample and data analysis. The analysis of POMFA using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Flourescent (XRF) for composition approval has been conducted. The XRF result reveals 37.92...