Sustainable Water & Sanitation

This paper examined the innovative approaches of occupational health and safety among factory workers in Nigeria. Occupational health and safety in every establishment have been seen to play a role in the area of providing a conducive environment for its workers. Occupational safety can be regarded as a process of making sure that all categories of individuals are always in a state of safety. Health problems associated with occupational hazards include: Accidents, injuries and musculoskeletal diseases, deafness. Ways of improving occupational health and safety among factory workers are: Train employees well and reward employees for safe behaviours. It was concluded that occupational safety can be regarded as a process of making sure that all categories of individuals are always in a state of safety. It was suggested that government should enact policies that will help in safeguarding the lives of all those who work in factories so that they can live healthy lives.

This paper focused on Ethical consideration in the management of health education, inclusive education, digital literacy and andragogic education for sustainable national development. Management is defined as a process whereby all human resources and material resources are put together to achieve a common goal. Management ensures that every task to be executed is properly planned in order to achieve positive outcomes to promote sustainable growth and development. Health education is a subject matter that brings about behavior change. Challenges of management include: Shortage of funds, poor maintenance culture, political will and low staff morale. Challenges of health education management are: Lack of competent health instructors, insufficient funding, absence of curriculum implementation, inaccessibility to relevant materials and cultural barriers. It was concluded that health education is a subject matter that brings about positive behavior change. It was suggested that all stakeholders owe it as a responsibility in the area of adopting positive attitudes in order for them to be healthy at all times.

El acceso a la informacion y la eliminacion de barreras espacio-temporales son ventajas de la adopcion de las tecnologias de la informacion y de la comunicacion -TIC-. Estas ventajas cobran especial interes en la actual situacion de pandemia global frente a la necesidad no solo de brindar continuidad en la disponibilidad de servicios y contenidos sino ademas, implementar otras modalidades para sustituir las practicas que transcurrian habitualmente en condiciones de presencialidad para su inicio y finalizacion y con alto grado de informatizacion al interior de las organizaciones. En el ambito de las obras sociales las TIC no solo han facilitado los procesos de digitalizacion de informacion sino ademas, la virtualizacion de los procesos administrativos a traves de la gestion electronica de servicios para los afiliados. Sin embargo, esta adopcion resulta asimetrica para las diversas entidades y con mayor enfasis segun el tipo de prestaciones que se ofrezca, disponiendo barreras para un...

By taking into account the adoption of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in Malaysia, this case study was carried out within the Langat River Basin (LRB) to examine institutional challenges and complexity and interconnectedness of factors affecting policy processes and outcomes surrounding integrated river basin management (IRBM) implementation. Literature review, field observation, IAD framework for institutional analysis, stakeholder interview in 2009, regression analysis and RS image analysis for land use change were carried out. After analysis, result of the study revealed that policy outcomes fall significantly short of policy intention due to institutional constraints of learning. However, it was suggested that polycentric institutional arrangements under Federal administration are capable to coordinate and integrate river basin management by extending the scope for iterative learning by involving stakeholders at the lowest appropriate level. This learning was conceptualized as social learning and a framework was proposed.

It has been debated that effective essential public services delivery is crucial to inculcate inclusive growth in cities over the past decades. Cities continue to be central to the debate; however, the current study focuses on industrial towns. As industrial towns' development around cities attract investment and promote economic growth, the present research studies the impact of essential public services delivery on promoting inclusive growth for inhabitants of industrial towns in developing countries. Human Capabilities Dimension Approach and its parameters (Social and Physical Infrastructure) have been employed to explore the role of basic amenities in transferring growth levels across all population sections. The idea explored is studied through Mandideep Industrial Town's case study, where six parameters (Physical and socioeconomic status, water supply, sanitation, health care facilities, education facilities), and perceived inclusive growth have been considered for data collection and analysis. Indicators under each parameter are analyzed based on the 4A's-Availability, Accessibility, Awareness, and Affordability. Site selection revolved around a city reconnaissance survey and Household survey for 200 households. Aggregated analysis for the city and ward-wise comparative analysis and statistical correlation tools were used to establish a relationship between basic public services delivery and perceived inclusive growth. The research aims to study and establish a correlation between public service delivery and perceived inclusive growth by the industrial town's inhabitants. Discussions following data analysis led to recommendations for city and ward-level. The importance of efficient service delivery for increased perception of inclusive growth is established. Along with the six parameters considered for the study, physical and environmental planning emerge as crucial parameters that impact other public services for enhanced inclusive growth in industrial cities.

Deterioration of quality of drinking water is one of the major threats to public health in India. Drinking water sources, across the nation are largely polluted due to the excessive presence of inorganic and organic chemicals, toxic metals and microorganisms. Both the natural and human activities contribute to this. Human activities like improper disposal of municipal and industrial wastes and improper applications of agrochemicals are the main contributing factors to the deterioration of water quality. This severe deterioration of drinking water quality has potential health impacts. A significantly large number of casualties, including children were reported every year due to the consumption of contaminated water. In this backdrop, this review focuses on the pollution of drinking water due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities as well as the consequent health problems and attempt to come up with a clear picture regarding the status of the studies and the shortcomings that needed to be bridged.

Los programas y proyectos que ejecuta IULA/CELCADEL en Latinoamérica están dirigidos a fortalecer los gobiernos locales y sus asociaciones nacionales. Para nosotros el Municipio es el núcleo permanente donde se relacionan los vecinos con el Estado. Porque allí se expresan los problemas sociales con mayor fuerza, es donde las demandas y necesidades tienen que ser atendidas. El crecimiento de la población en barriadas con grandes carencias y el aumento de la pobreza, son realidades que requieren de gobernantes locales con gran imaginación y creatividad para responder con políticas inmediatas. La falta de recursos financieros, la baja capacidad de pago de muchos vecinos, el elevado porcentaje de municipios con ineficiente recaudación de los tributos, requieren también de estrategias claras, tanto fiscales como financieras. La formación de autoridades locales necesita, además de técnicas y procedimientos, de la transmisión de experiencias prácticas que ayuden a encontrar soluciones a los problemas existentes. Por ello, a comienzos de la década de los noventa, el Centro Latinoamericano de Capacitación y Desarrollo de los Gobiernos Locales de IULA concluye un conjunto de estudios breves en municipalidades latinoamericanas en diversos países. Partiendo por Ecuador, el proceso se extendió a Perú, Costa Rica, Uruguay y Chile. El objeto de los estudios era, básicamente, encontrar las razones del buen funcionamiento municipal. Más que averiguar sobre muchos y conocidos males, nos interesaba saber por qué hay gobiernos locales que funcionan bien. A los estudios de caso, se adicionaron seminarios y cursos internacionales que permitieron analizar de manera comparada el funcionamiento municipal de la casi totalidad de los países latinoamericanos. Entre 1991 y 1993, IULA/CELCADEL ejecuta un nuevo programa denominado "Desarrollo Local Integral". Se interviene en dos pequeños municipios, uno en Ecuador y otro en Chile. Esas experiencias permiten poner a prueba, no sin tropiezos, las ideas acerca del buen funcionamiento de municipalidades reales. Las conclusiones de todo este proceso de aprendizaje se sintetizan en las afirmaciones que hemos llamado "Los Secretos del Buen Alcalde". Allí se propone estimular los cambios de conducta que permitan mejores liderazgos, trabajar más humanamente y en equipo, escuchar creativamente los criterios de los vecinos y desatar procesos participativos. En definitiva: consolidar la democracia local como sistema cotidiano de gobierno. Ponemos a disposición de los municipios y sus autoridades electas el presente manual

Khoupum Dam Project was constructed in 1978, during sixth plan under the Irrigation and Flood Control Department of the Government of Manipur with an outlay of Rs. 296 lakhs. This is the irst dam in northeast India which is constructed in the hill areas. The project comprises of an Earth Dam of 17 meters height and around 600 square meter across the Mengchean River, tributary to Irang River, in Manipur. The dam is situated in south eastern part of the Khoupum Valley with a latitude 24°41’ north and 93° 33’ east longitude which is 85 km away from Imphal, the capital of Manipur passed through the Tongjeimaril (Old Cachar Road). For running the project, Abstract

Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 target 2 aims to provide universal access to sanitation by the year 2030. However, floodable areas which cover about 10% of the Earth's surface pose major constraints in the achievement of this grail. Nyando Sub-County in particular, which is prone to flooding registered a sanitation access reversal rate of 3.1% in the subsequent year after Open Defecation Free verification in 2013. The study aimed to investigate the influence of social factors on the promotion of safe fecal management in Nyando Sub-County. The area was selected due to prevalent flooding which led to the collapse of pit latrines stemming open defecation and reversal in sanitation access. The study employed a convergent parallel design approach that incorporated both quantitative and qualitative techniques. A sample size of 177 households was chosen as a representative of the 38,460 total households in the study area. Structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used for data collection. (SPSS) version 26 was used to analyze quantitative data and the relationship between the variables was examined using Pearson's Product Moment correlation at a 5% significance level. Similarly, MAXQDA software was used to group coded data from qualitative methods into themes. From the results, household wealth and gender roles had the strongest influence on the regressor variable with correlation coefficients of (r =.722; P ≤.022) and (r =.687; P ≤.049) respectively. Additionally, the study revealed that 18.4%, (n=30) of the respondents did not have toilets and 55.2%, (n=90) of the toilets were unimproved. In conclusion, the choice of affordable sanitation solutions incorporating the aspects of gender may increase sanitation access during floods events. Therefore, bridging the socioeconomic disparities and empowering communities to take ownership of sanitation facilities and fostering a sense of collective responsibility for fecal sludge management can lead to increased access to improved sanitation. Additionally, more studies should be carried out to explore the suitable sanitation alternatives for Nyando Sub-County which are acceptable to the community to reduce the impact of flooding on sanitation facilities and public health.

• Understand the difficulties in obtaining reliable data on the quality and quantity of faecal sludge production on a citywide scale. • Know which parameters are important for faecal sludge characterisation, how they are analysed, and which ranges determine high, medium and low strength faecal sludge. • Be able to describe how operational factors impact the variability of faecal sludge. • Have an understanding of faecal sludge management and treatment targets and objectives. The first step in designing faecal sludge (FS) treatment technologies that will meet defined treatment objectives is to quantify and characterise the FS to be treated. Ideally, this should be carried out as part of the Feasibility Study as described in Chapter 17, but is however difficult due to the lack of standardised methodologies for the quantification or characterisation of FS. This complicates the design of adequate and appropriate systems. The quantities of FS generated and the typical FS characteristics are difficult to determine due the variety of onsite sanitation technologies in use, such as pit latrines, public ablution blocks, septic tanks, aqua privies, and dry toilets. In many cities, a mixture of these technologies often exist side-by-side, and there is generally a prevalence of different technologies in different geographical regions. For example, in Bangkok, Thailand; Dakar, Senegal; Hanoi, Vietnam, and Buenos Aires, Argentina septic tanks are the predominant form of onsite FS containment technology; whereas in Kampala, Uganda; Nairobi, Kenya; and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, various types of pit latrines are the predominant form of FS containment technology (e.g. improved and unimproved private latrines, shared and public latrines). high income countries 1 100-200 low income countries, rural 2 350 low income countries ,urban 2 250 China 3 315 Kenya 4 520 Thailand 5 120-400

Background: The coverage of family toilet at Sub District of Panti is still relatively low (20.28%), morbidity from diarrhea is relatively high (8.89%) and outbreak sometimes occurs in this area. An effort that has been made by Pasaman District Health Office to widen the coverage of family toilet and minimize morbidity from diarrhea at Sub District of Panti is encouraging community participation in the provision of family toilet through Community Lead Total Sanitation (CLTS). However, the result is still far from the expectation. This may be due to limited knowledge, attitude, education, income and participation of the community in the provision of family toilet through CLTS. Objectives: To identify factors related to community participation in the provision of family toilet through CLTS at Sub District of Panti, District of Pasaman. Methods: This was a quantitative approach research cross sectional design. Location of the study was Subdistrict of Panti, District of Pasaman. Subject...

Urban informality in the form of ger districts is growing in Mongolia's urban spheres. Their current sanitation options are inadequate and impose a public health risk. Yet, there is a significant disconnect between policymaking and their implementation process, further marginalising the residents of ger districts. Limited research has been conducted in smaller towns like Sainshand, especially using a qualitative methodology. This thesis aims to fill this gap while also placing ger districts in the broader academic discourse of urban informality. This research concludes that a bottom-up approach with citizen participation is necessary to solve the sanitation issues, and the root causes of rural-to-urban migration must be addressed to hinder the expansion of informality in Mongolia.

Latrines are an effective way for people in low- and middle-income countries to move away from open defecation. Guidelines are used to provide a recommended horizontal setback distance from a latrine to a downgradient well to ensure the safety of the well from subsurface contaminants. We collected 107 journal papers, books, and reports to critically review the recommended setback distances and how these recommendations are derived. It was discovered that the four most common guidelines/reviews are all based principally on just four field studies, all of which were conducted over 40 years ago, which casts doubt on a frequently used one-size-fits-all approach. More recent methods for latrine siting use both field data and some sort of modeling component to account for the different site conditions, but these models have not been verified for use outside their respective studies. They are also limited in how they consider the hydraulic connection between the latrine and the well. We re...

In residential care environments, effective laundry management is essential for infection control, hygiene, and safety. With shared linens in daily use, it’s critical that materials are handled, cleaned, and stored using safe, compliant procedures. This paper outlines key practices based on public guidance.

Sustainability education and conservation have become an international imperative due to the rising cost of energy, increasing scarcity of natural resource and irresponsible environmental practices. This paper presents Makahiki, an open source serious game framework for sustainability, which implements an extensible framework for different organizations to develop sustainability games. It provides a variety of built-in games and content focused on sustainability; game mechanics such as leaderboards, points, and badges; a variety of common services such as authentication, real-time game analytics and ability to deploy to the cloud, as well as a responsive user interface for both computer and mobile devices. The successful implementation of six sustainability educational games in different organizations provides evidence regarding the ability to customize the Makahiki framework successfully to different environments.

Access to basic amenities such as safe drinking water and sanitation are not only an important measure of socioeconomic status of the household, but also, they are fundamental elements for the health of people. Inadequate sanitation and poor-quality drinking water not only result in severe illness and large-scale mortality, but also augments health costs, cause low worker productivity and declining school enrolment rates. As a result, an estimated 180 million person-workdays are lost each year due to the incidence of waterborne diseases (Chaplin 2011). The existence of waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea is due to the contamination of drinking water through faecal matter, particularly human faecal and pathogenic organisms (Fawell and Nieuwenhuijsen 2003). The purpose of this study is to examine the health status of India and the associated health implications of diarrhoea. This Study is fully based on Secondary data such as census of India, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16, WHO report, UNICEF and UN report. Secondary data have been collected from several books, reports, journals and newspapers. In India 46.9 percentage household have toilet facility available within premises. Kerala state has the highest percentage of households having toilet facility available within premises almost 95.2 percentage. Jharkhand is a highest percentage of household not have toilet facility within premises almost 78 percentage. Diarrhoea is prevalent in 9.2 percent of the population at the national level. Diarrhoea affects approximately 9.5 percent of male children and 8.9 percent of female children. Based on the result of this study it is suggested that public health programmes be targeted to hot spot states/UT where higher diarrhoea prevalence persists, and that necessary preventive measures be taken to reduce the incidence and severity of childhood diarrhoea.

In the developing countries, health sector plays a predominant role in the improvement of sanitation. Inadequate and poor quality of sanitation results in severe health issues and huge economic loss like health cost, less productivity of worker and increase in school dropout rate. With this background, the present study has made an attempt to analyze the household sanitation and health status of slums in Tamil Nadu. The study used both primary and secondary data for the analysis; secondary data were collected from various reports of Census and National Family Health Survey (NFHS) whereas primary survey were collected from 120 sample households on the basis of purposive sampling technique with the help of structured interview schedule in urban slum of Vellore district. The study found that, diarrhea (36.7%) followed by stomach pain (35.8%), worm (28.3%), typhoid (17.5%), jaundice (10%) and urinary infection (12.5%) are the major health diseases identified in the study area. The study suggests, government should provide more awareness programmes among the households especially in the slums areas to make them aware about the impacts of improper sanitation and hygiene.

The household sanitation target during the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) period used a binary “Improved”/”Unimproved” metric to evaluate progress. The “Unimproved” category was divided into three service levels: Shared Sanitation (facilities acceptable), Unimproved Facilities, and Open Defecation (no facility). Despite these data being publicly available, no analysis of country-level progress across these sanitation service levels during the MDGs has been published. We propose that retrospective analysis of progress across service levels can illuminate the diverse approaches used to address particular urban and rural sanitation deficits, and may provide insight to national and global actors in their ongoing efforts to address household sanitation. Additionally, we propose that a Sanitation Ladder Score, weighted to ascribe full, partial, and no credit to use of improved, shared and unimproved, and open defecation, respectively, is essential for concise communication of progress....

The study determined the association of access to safe water and the type of toilet facilities versus household characteristics in the Philippines. Data from the Department of Science and Technology Food and Nutrition Research Institute consisting of 39,771 respondents were included in the analysis. Cramer's V was used as a statistical tool to determine the association of toilet facility versus the access to safe water, water source, and whether the toilet is shared or not. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the type of toilet facility with other household characteristics. Meanwhile, a Classification and Regression Tree was used to classify the type of toilet facilities based on access to safe water, water sources and a wealth quintile. Statistically, the result showed that there is a high association among the variables mentioned. The study concludes that access to sanitation such as the type of toilet facility per household, is highly associated with water sources and access to safe water. Furthermore, there is a need to provide means of access to sanitation among the poorest households. To reduce the inequalities in these services, the decision rule presented in this study can be a guiding principle in providing such intervention.

India's one of the best tourist city Shimla is facing acute shortage of water supply. The present. study has been based on both primary (household sample collection and respondents perception) and secondary information (Water Supply & Sewerage Division, New Shimla; Dept. ofl&PH Division II, Shimla, etc.). Dhalli ca~chment area, Churat Nallah, Chair Nallah, Giri Khad, Nauti Khad and Ashwani Khad, as well as eleven major reservoirs,are playing an important role to serve Shimla Planning Area (SPA).The ward-wise WQI is ranging from 53.45 to 100.36. Based on people's perception of water Quantity, Taste and Pressure, the study reveals that most of the ratings fall in average, followed by good and poor. Dwellers are not satisfied with taxation rate as well. The water tankers played a major role during the crises or lean• period. Rainwater harvesting offers alternate support during the lean period. Leakage problem and irregularity of water supply also arrested in the study. At current growth of permanent and floating population, the water requirement of Shimla City and its surrounding areas is expected to be 76.43mld for the horizon year 2021 and 95.77mld for 2041 respectively which creates a huge gap between present supply (33mld) and expected demand.

All over the world polluting water is increasing rapidly. The worst cases are found in Asia. Though Sri Lanka is a water rich country, the water sources around the cities are threatened already. Among the ways of polluting water, untreated or partially treated wastewater is one of the leading modes of contamination. Some of the current practices in Sri Lanka are not favourable for eliminating the acts of contamination of usable water. Urbanization has contributed much to such unfavourable practices. However, it is seen that the authorities are not fully aware of the consequences of allowing wastewater to flow into the water without treatment. The centralized treatment, and the on-site treatment are being practiced for treating wastewater. The centralized system needs more capital whereas the other is low cost and simple in construction and maintenance. Hence properly designed and constructed on-site treatment facilities such as Septic Systems could be encouraged for the compounds where possible and suitable. The Code of practice SLS 745: Part 1 gives proper guidelines for design, construction and maintenance of such systems. However, it was followed very seldom for designing septic systems. In order to motivate the designers to practice the code, A computer aided design tool is developed based on the requirements set in the code SLS 745 and introduced here. A properly designed and build septic system is a proper infrastructure to control water pollution through sewage. It is recommended to aware professionals to practice the code SLS 745 and the relevant authorities to make sure that the septic systems that they are approving for construction are in accordance with SLS 745.

This study analysed the determinants of rural community participation in promotion of sanitation and hygiene in Minakulu and Aber sub-counties in rural Apac district. Community participation in sanitation and hygiene promotion was considered in the context of establishing and maintaining sanitary facilities such as latrine, bathing shelter, rubbish pits, drying rack and hand washing facility; and practicing positive hygiene through hand washing after using latrine/before cooking/eating food, using clean utensils,

This paper focused on digitalization of management of pre-primary, primary and secondary educational system in Nigeria. Digitalization era today has taken the lead in the educational sector which has made everything much easier. Digitalization is simply described as carrying out assignments that are meant to fit into technological advancements through information communication in order to make life easier for people. Pre-Primary education is defined as the education given to a particular group of children in order for them to be acquainted with the basic things before transiting into primary education. Primary education is a subject matter that is best described as the aspect of education that a child attains from the ages of 6-11 years. Secondary education is regarded as the second stage of education that children undergo which begins from the ages of 12-17 years. Challenges of pre-primary, primary and secondary education include: Resources and early childhood curriculum while that of primary education include: Expansion of primary education and inadequate provision of infrastructural facilities and challenges facing secondary education include: Poor primary education and examination malpractice. It was concluded that digitalization is simply described as converting analogue items to fit into technological advancements. It was recommended that government should try as much as possible to improve the welfare of teachers both at the state level as well as that of the federal level.

Adventure tourism has gained immense popularity in recent years, contributing significantly to the economic growth of various regions worldwide. This research paper aims to conduct a comparative study of adventure tourism development between Kullu and Bilaspur districts of Himachal Pradesh, India. The purpose of this comparative study is to evaluate the development of adventure tourism in the Kullu and Bilaspur districts of Himachal Pradesh, with a focus on understanding the distinct strategies and outcomes in each region. This comparative study employs a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data is gathered from government tourism reports, economic surveys, and tourism statistics specific to the Kullu and Bilaspur districts. Qualitative data is derived from interviews with key stakeholders, including local tourism operators, government officials, and community representatives. Additionally, field observations and case studies of specific adventure tourism projects in both districts are used to assess infrastructure development, sustainability initiatives, and community participation. Sustainability is a critical focus of this study, assessing initiatives in both Kullu and Bilaspur that aim to balance tourism growth with environmental conservation and local community benefits. In Kullu, efforts include waste management programs, eco-friendly accommodations, and the protection of fragile mountain ecosystems through regulations on trekking and rafting. Bilaspur focuses on preserving biodiversity around Govind Sagar Lake, promoting responsible water sports, and minimizing the environmental footprint of new tourism infrastructure. Additionally, both regions emphasize community-driven tourism models to ensure local populations benefit economically, maintain cultural heritage, and have active roles in tourism planning and decision-making.

Cet article fait l’analyse, sous un prisme constructiviste, des déterminants de l’usage communautaire des ouvrages
de drainage des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain. Les investigations, suivant une approche mixte, ont mobilisé
techniques qualitatives (18 personnes ressources) et quantitatives (88 ménages). Les résultats présentent des
ouvrages utilisés pour le rejet et l’évacuation des déchets liquides et solides. Ce détournement des ouvrages
d’assainissement public résulte de croyances socialement construites et met en lumière une insuffisance
d’éducation des communautés à l’utilisation du patrimoine public.
Mots clés : assainissement, croyances sociales, éducation à l’assainissement, ouvrage de drainage, déchets urbains

This article uses a constructivist approach to analyze the determinants of community use of rainwater drainage
infrastructure in urban areas. Using a mixed-methods approach, investigations involved both qualitative (18
individuals) and quantitative (88 households) techniques. The results show facilities used for the discharging and
evacuation of liquid and solid waste. This misuse of public sanitation facilities is the result of socially constructed
beliefs, and highlights a lack of community education in the use of public assets.
Keywords: sanitation, social behaviour, sanitation and hygiene education, drainage infrastructure, urban waste

Baidoa, located in Somalia's arid Southwest State, faces recurrent water shortages heightened by climate variability, population growth, and limited infrastructure. This article explores the critical role of real-time groundwater surveillance systems in anticipating and mitigating water crises in such water-scarce regions. By integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, satellite remote sensing, and community-based data collection, real-time monitoring can provide early warnings of aquifer depletion, enabling timely interventions. The discussion highlights Baidoa's unique challenges-erratic rainfall, over-reliance on groundwater, and conflict-driven displacement-and underscores how proactive monitoring aligns with sustainable water management goals. The conclusion emphasizes scalable, cost-effective systems to ensure water security, offering a model for other arid regions.

Baidoa, Somalia, hosts one of the largest populations of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Horn of Africa, driven by conflict, drought, and economic hardship. Access to reliable water in IDP camps has long been a critical challenge, exacerbated by erratic rainfall and overstretched infrastructure. This paper examines the transformative role of solar-powered boreholes in enhancing the water supply reliability for Baidoa's displacement camps. By harnessing renewable energy, these systems provide a sustainable, cost-effective solution to meet the water needs of vulnerable populations. Drawing on recent projects, such as those implemented by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), this study highlights the operational benefits, socioeconomic impacts, and challenges of solarpowered water systems. Findings suggest that integrating solar technology into water infrastructure improves access and fosters resilience against climate variability, offering a scalable model for humanitarian settings.

The Indonesian Government estimates that it will cost US$21.6 million to achieve the country's 2019 Universal Sanitation Access goal. However, an assessment, by Plan in ten districts found that district governments were allocating under 1% of their annual budget to WASH. A key pathway to achieving the Universal Sanitation goal and to improving WASH service sustainability is through enabling local governments to independently and sustainably resource and support WASH improvements. This is critical for improving services sustainably for the poor, who are most affected by government resource decisions. Within a project context, Plan and local government partners developed and applied a series of successful strategies to influence government decision making processes. The combination of these strategies had not been undertaken previously in Indonesia. In only three years, these strategies have resulted in the project's five district governments securing funding for sanitation and hygiene implementation for 363,000 people in 242 villages.

The Indonesian Government estimates that it will cost US$21.6 million to achieve the country’s 2019 Universal Sanitation Access goal. However, an assessment, by Plan in ten districts found that district governments were allocating under 1% of their annual budget to WASH. A key pathway to achieving the Universal Sanitation goal and to improving WASH service sustainability is through enabling local governments to independently and sustainably resource and support WASH improvements. This is critical for improving services sustainably for the poor, who are most affected by government resource decisions. Within a project context, Plan and local government partners developed and applied a series of successful strategies to influence government decision making processes. The combination of these strategies had not been undertaken previously in Indonesia. In only three years, these strategies have resulted in the project’s five district governments securing funding for sanitation and hygien...

Pakistan's agricultural sector, which consumes 91.6%
of the country’s annual water resources, faces
significant challenges in water efficiency. Despite its
contributions to GDP, the sector's water productivity
lags behind international standards due to traditional
irrigation practices and low adoption of modern
techniques. This research evaluates strategies for
reducing water wastage over the next decade by
adopting High-Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS)
and modern conservation technologies. A situational
analysis highlights the inefficiencies of current
irrigation methods, the financial and technological
barriers faced by farmers, and the inadequacies of
government support. Lessons from international best
practices are analyzed, offering insights into effective
policy frameworks and community-driven initiatives.
Recommendations focus on enhancing governance,
economic policies, and adaptive capacities, alongside
shifting cropping patterns to optimize water use. The
study underscores the urgency of aligning legislative
priorities with sustainable agricultural water
management to mitigate future resource constraints

Nampungu of WASH (Water, Environmental Sanitation) through awareness, construction of improved toilets, use of hand washing facilities (kibuyu chirizi), distribution of SATO toilets, waste management (environmental hygiene). The target group of this project is the whole community, for improved environmental sanitation and hygiene. The purpose of the project is to make the community understand the importance of a clean environment by creating awareness, mobilizing the community on the use of better toilets, and motivating the community to use water toilets.

Globally, there is an increasing demand for energy to support development needs. The challenge of inadequate energy resources is more pronounced in developing countries/ regions like the Sub Saharan Africa. The quench for energy resources has translated into environmental degradation contributing to climate change. The waste industry is also growing with corresponding increase in population and urbanization. Most of the wastes especially municipal and domestic wastes contribute to global warming. This study sought to devise means of utilizing some waste streams like faecal sludge to partly address the energy deficiency in developing countries, but also trigger studies in similar line. The application of the findings in the study will also solve public health and sanitation issues in urban or peri-urban areas. In this paper, one will find effective and efficient means of dewatering and carbonizing faecal sludge to produce fuel briquettes for cooking.

Many peri-urban cities of Sub-Saharan Africa are overwhelmed with overloading the existing centralised wastewater treatment plants and high capital costs of operations and maintenance. In this work, a pilot decentralized faecal sludge treatment system (DEFASTS) was constructed in Kampala for assessing the performance and potential benefits of the treatment system. It consisted of a sedimentation tank, 2 m3, where liquid overflowed sequentially through anaerobic baffled reactor and anaerobic filter. Effluent was polished by a Cyperus papyrus planted gravel filter. The system was loaded daily with 0.5m3/day of mixed raw faecal sludge from both septic tanks and pit latrines operated with a total retention time of 12.52 days. Monitored parameters were; Chemical Oxygen Demand, five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand total suspended solids pH, temperature, total phosphorus, total nitrogen faecal coliforms total volatile solids and ash content. Results obtained were 95.7±24 %, 96.4±1.9%, 96.8±1...

Constipation is a common problem in developing countries, exacerbated by insufficient sanitation facilities and poor hygiene habits. Traditional therapies, such as dietary changes and laxatives, are sometimes ineffectual due to resource restrictions. Portable toilet sprayers provide an innovative and practical way to improve bowel motions and
hygiene. These devices stimulate nerves and muscles in the perineal area, hydrate and lubricate the anal region, and relax the anal sphincter muscles to aid stool transit. Beyond bowel health, portable sprayers improve overall hygiene by effectively eliminating fecal waste and lowering infection risks. They are affordable and user-friendly, making them accessible to low-income households and potentially enhancing public health outcomes. Implementing portable sprayers necessitates a multimodal approach that includes pilot studies to measure effectiveness, educational initiatives to
promote awareness, and collaborations with local and international health
organizations for distribution and funding. Achieving cost and accessibility through local manufacture and distribution is critical for wider adoption. Continuous monitoring and assessment will help to fine-tune the intervention. Future research should concentrate on randomized controlled trials, longitudinal health outcome studies, and qualitative studies to better understand user experiences and barriers. When properly implemented, portable toilet sprayers can significantly contribute to public health gains
in resource-constrained settings.

The Kumbh Mela is held in Prayagraj (formerly Allahabad), a city located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Prayagraj is situated at the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers, which provides a sacred and picturesque backdrop to the festival. The surrounding area is flat and fertile, with vast expanses of agricultural land and small villages. The city of Prayagraj is steeped in history and culture, with several ancient temples, monuments, and landmarks that are of great significance to Hindus. One of the most sacred sites in Hinduism is the Triveni Sangam, which is the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers. The Kumbh Mela grounds are a vast area of over 3,200 acres that is specially designated for the festival. The grounds are equipped with modern amenities, including temporary shelters, toilets, and medical facilities, to accommodate the millions of pilgrims who attend the festival. During the Kumbh Mela, the city's infrastructure is augmented with additional facilities, including roads, bridges, and public transportation systems, to ensure the smooth movement of people and goods. It is considered one of the largest human gatherings in the world, attracting millions of devotees, sadhus, and tourists. The festival holds immense cultural, spiritual, and historical significance, and is believed to be a time when the gods and goddesses of the Hindu pantheon descend to earth, and devotees can attain spiritual liberation by bathing in the sacred rivers.

As construcoes e reconstrucoes dos espacos urbanos nao resultam apenas de uma pressao imperiosa do sistema socioeconomico. Elas tambem sao o fruto de modelos ideologicos sobre o desenvolvimento e a modernidade que se impoem aos detentores de poder. Incluida nesta problematica e submetida a forte pressao por intensas e diversas formas de uso e ocupacao do solo, a nivel mundial, as Zonas Costeiras podem ser consideradas regioes de contrastes, constituindo-se num desafio para o exercicio de diferentes estrategias de gestao ambiental. Nesse cenario, o planejamento urbano ambiental surge como ferramenta essencial de analise e gestao urbana. Sendo necessaria uma abordagem ecossistemica, uma visao holistica da cidade, trazendo consigo o Principio da Complexidade, na qual todos os elementos, incluindo as sociedades humanas, interagem numa gigantesca rede de relacoes. O presente trabalho identifica com base na situacao atual, as compatibilidades e incompatibilidades fisico-ambientais e legai...

A partire dalla disposizione in tema di aggregazioni, introdotta con la riforma della disciplina dei servizi pubblici locali, lo scritto si interroga su tre diversi questioni ovvero la condivisibilità della scelta di individuare la città metropolitana come dimensione territoriale ottimale per la fornitura del servizio pubblico locale; la reale capacità degli incentivi previsti di stimolare l'istituzione di nuove unioni tra i Comuni e quindi permettere in concreto l'attuazione delle aggregazioni; infine, i possibili riflessi delle aggregazioni e unioni tra Comuni in relazione alle conseguenti fusioni o diverse operazioni straordinarie tra società a partecipazione pubblica, che erano, in precedenza, incaricate della prestazione del servizio distintamente nei medesimi singoli Comuni.

El documento presenta dos grandes apartados con la información necesaria para comprender y aplicar el instrumento de autoevaluación de la gestión municipal: el primero presenta aspectos generales y conceptuales como sus objetivos, por qué es importante, ...

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan makalah yang berjudul "Dampak Sanitasi Lingkungan Terhadap Kualitas Air Bersih" ini dengan baik. Shalawat serta salam semoga senantiasa tercurah kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, keluarga, sahabat, dan seluruh umatnya. Makalah ini disusun sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Perundang-undangan. Kami berharap, makalah ini dapat memberikan wawasan bagi para pembaca. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada dosen pembimbing, Bapak Fauzan Ma'ruf, S.ST, M.Kes, yang telah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian makalah ini. Akhir kata, kami ucapkan terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam proses penyusunan makalah ini.

Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan makalah yang berjudul "Dampak Sanitasi Lingkungan Terhadap Kualitas Air Bersih" ini dengan baik. Shalawat serta salam semoga senantiasa tercurah kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW, keluarga, sahabat, dan seluruh umatnya. Makalah ini disusun sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Perundang-undangan. Kami berharap, makalah ini dapat memberikan wawasan bagi para pembaca. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang bersifat membangun demi perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada dosen pembimbing, Bapak Fauzan Ma'ruf, S.ST, M.Kes, yang telah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan dalam penyusunan makalah ini. Penulis juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian makalah ini. Akhir kata, kami ucapkan terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam proses penyusunan makalah ini.

Introduction: The Kutuba campaign was implemented in Monze District, Zambia, as part of the Resolution to Revolution (R2R) project to influence sustainable hygiene behaviour change among healthcare facility (HCF) staff. It evaluated the effectiveness of the campaign by comparing key hygiene practices between HCFs where the campaign was implemented and those where it was not. Methods: A case-control study design was used. Data were collected from 24 HCFs and 58 staff members through semi-structured questionnaires and direct observations. Statistical analysis involved two-sample proportion tests and chi-square tests to determine the effect of campaign exposure. Results: The odds of following correct handwashing steps were 6.27 times higher for exposed respondents (95% CI: 1.56-25.25). this means there is significant improvement correctly following the steps during handwashing by facility staff at exposed HCFs compared to HCFs not exposed. Similarly, exposed respondents had 3.71 times higher odds of drying hands properly (95% CI: 1.15-11.89). Significant differences were observed in waste management practices, such as the presence of incinerators and ash pits, at exposed HCFs compared to nonexposed HCFs. However, time spent on handwashing and frequency of surface cleaning showed no significant differences. Conclusion: The Kutuba campaign effectively improved specific hygiene practices in exposed HCFs. The campaign's participatory and community-centered approach demonstrates potential for sustainable hygiene behavior change.

Responders must search for ways to provide urgently needed public goods without undermining public authority. • Responders must address the psychological as well as the physical needs of victims. • Greater steps must be taken to improve global and regional disaster preparedness.